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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relatively_closed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relatively_closed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Relatively closed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relatively_closed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-More_open" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#More_open"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>More open</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-More_open-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_open_list" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_open_list"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Most open list</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_open_list-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_lists_or_panachage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_lists_or_panachage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Free lists or panachage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_lists_or_panachage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballot_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballot_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ballot format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballot_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia-Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia-Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Asia-Pacific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partially_recognized_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partially_recognized_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Partially recognized states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partially_recognized_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Open list</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llista_abierta" title="Llista abierta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llista abierta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llista_oberta" title="Llista oberta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llista oberta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorzugsstimme" title="Vorzugsstimme – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vorzugsstimme" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatud_nimekiri" title="Avatud nimekiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avatud nimekiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listas_abiertas" title="Listas abiertas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Listas abiertas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_ouverte" title="Liste ouverte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste ouverte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferencijsko_glasovanje" title="Preferencijsko glasovanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Preferencijsko glasovanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_proporsional_terbuka" title="Sistem proporsional terbuka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem proporsional terbuka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_di_preferenza" title="Voto di preferenza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Voto di preferenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C3%ADlt_lista" title="Nyílt lista – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyílt lista" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Отворени листи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Отворени листи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senarai_terbuka" title="Senarai terbuka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Senarai terbuka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_lijst" title="Open lijst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Open lijst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%8B%98%E6%9D%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B0%BF%E5%BC%8F" title="非拘束名簿式 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="非拘束名簿式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85pen_liste" title="Åpen liste – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Åpen liste" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_aberta" title="Lista aberta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lista aberta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B6%A1%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="මනාප ඡන්ද ක්‍රමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මනාප ඡන්ද ක්‍රමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otvorena_lista" title="Otvorena lista – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otvorena lista" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personval" title="Personval – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Personval" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="การเลือกตั้งระบบสัดส่วนแบบบัญชีรายชื่อเปิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเลือกตั้งระบบสัดส่วนแบบบัญชีรายชื่อเปิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1k_liste" title="Açık liste – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Açık liste" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Відкриті списки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відкриті списки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE" title="開放名單 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="開放名單" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q701215#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral-systems-gears.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/128px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/192px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/256px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_voting_rules" title="Comparison of voting rules">Comparison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems" title="List of electoral systems">List</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">By country</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">Single-winner methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Single vote - <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> methods</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First preference plurality (FPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_primary" title="Nonpartisan primary">Jungle primary</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> Alternative vote (AV)</li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> Ranked-choice (RCV)</li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tideman_alternative_method" title="Tideman alternative method">Condorcet-IRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_voting" title="Round-robin voting">Round-robin voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting" title="Positional voting">Positional voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">Plurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">IRV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin's method">Baldwin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-plurality_voting" title="Anti-plurality voting">Antiplurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Coombs_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Coombs method">Coombs</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rated_voting" title="Rated voting">Cardinal voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_median_voting_rules" title="Highest median voting rules">Majority judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_remnant" title="National remnant">National remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biproportional_apportionment" title="Biproportional apportionment">Biproportional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">List type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justified_representation" title="Justified representation">List-free PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localized_list" title="Localized list">Localized list</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">Quota-remainder methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Hare STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Borda_system" title="Quota Borda system">Quota Borda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Approval-based_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval-based committee">Approval-based committees</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Thiele's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmen%27s_voting_rules" title="Phragmen's voting rules">Phragmen's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_approvals_rule" title="Expanding approvals rule">Expanding approvals rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_equal_shares" title="Method of equal shares">Method of equal shares</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fractional_social_choice" title="Fractional social choice">Fractional social choice</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_representation" title="Direct representation">Direct representation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_representation" title="Interactive representation">Interactive representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_approval_voting" title="Fractional approval voting">Fractional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_ballot" title="Random ballot">Random ballot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional representation</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">SNTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>By results of combination</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">Mixed-member majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a></li></ul> <hr /><b>By mechanism of combination</b> <ul><li><b>Non-<a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel (superposition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_electoral_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional electoral system (page does not exist)">Conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Fusion (majority bonus)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">Compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">Seat linkage system</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">'AMS'</a></li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">NZ</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">'MMP'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Negative vote transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Supermixed systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">Majority jackpot</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>By ballot type</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Single vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">Double simultaneous vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed electoral systems">Dual-vote</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pathological_(mathematics)#Voting" title="Pathological (mathematics)">Paradoxes and pathologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Spoiler effects</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of clones">Cloning paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Frustrated majorities paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">Center squeeze</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Pathological response</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perverse_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Perverse response">Perverse response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best-is-worst_paradox" title="Best-is-worst paradox">Best-is-worst paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-show_paradox" title="No-show paradox">No-show paradox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_districts_paradox" title="Multiple districts paradox">Multiple districts paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">Strategic voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sincere_favorite_criterion" title="Sincere favorite criterion">Lesser evil voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting#Exaggeration" title="Strategic voting">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncation_(voting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncation (voting)">Truncation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey-raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-raising">Turkey-raising</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Paradoxes of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discursive_dilemma" title="Discursive dilemma">Discursive dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Conflicting majorities paradox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social and collective choice</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_impossibility" title="Proof of impossibility">Impossibility theorems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Majority impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin%27s_impossibility_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulin's impossibility theorem">Moulin's impossibility theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKelvey%E2%80%93Schofield_chaos_theorem" title="McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem">McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbard%27s_theorem" title="Gibbard's theorem">Gibbard's theorem</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Positive results</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_voter_theorem" title="Median voter theorem">Median voter theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet%27s_jury_theorem" title="Condorcet's jury theorem">Condorcet's jury theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May%27s_theorem" title="May's theorem">May's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_theorem#Minimizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow's theorem">Condorcet dominance theorems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harsanyi%27s_utilitarian_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem (page does not exist)">Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickrey-Clarke-Groves_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickrey-Clarke-Groves mechanism">VCG mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratic_voting" title="Quadratic voting">Quadratic voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: inherit; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template talk:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Openlist_PR_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Openlist_PR_2020.svg/359px-Openlist_PR_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="359" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Openlist_PR_2020.svg/539px-Openlist_PR_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Openlist_PR_2020.svg/718px-Openlist_PR_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Countries using open-list proportional representation as of 2020.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00e32d; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Countries where all parties use an open list</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8400; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Countries where most parties use an open list</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00a8e6; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Varies by state</div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Open list</b> describes any variant of <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a> where voters have at least some influence on the order in which a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Candidate" title="Candidate">candidates</a> are elected. This is as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">closed list</a>, in which party lists are in a predetermined, fixed order by the time of the election and gives the general voter no influence at all on the position of the candidates placed on the <a href="/wiki/Party_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Party list">party list</a>. </p><p>An open list system allows voters to select individuals rather than, or in addition to parties. Different systems give the voter different amounts of influence to change the default ranking. The voter's candidate choices are usually called <b>preference vote</b>; the voters are usually allowed one or more preference votes for the open list candidates. </p><p>Open lists differ from <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional representation</a>, also known as "personalized proportional representation" in Germany. Some <a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">mixed systems</a>, however, may use open lists in their list-PR component. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relatively_closed">Relatively closed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relatively closed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A "relatively closed" open list system is one where a candidate must reach a full <a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">electoral quota</a> of votes on their own to be assured of winning a seat. The total number of seats won by the party minus the number of its candidates that achieved this quota gives the number of unfilled seats. These are then successively allocated to the party's not-yet-elected candidates who were ranked highest on the party list. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples">Examples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Iceland:</b> In both parliamentary and municipal elections, voters may alter the order of the party list or strike candidates from the list completely. How many votes need to be altered in this way to have an effect on the results varies by the number of seats won by the party in the constituency or municipality in question and the candidate's place on the list.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the parliamentary elections of <a href="/wiki/2007_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2007 Icelandic parliamentary election">2007</a> and <a href="/wiki/2009_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2009 Icelandic parliamentary election">2009</a>, voters altered the party lists enough to change the ranking of candidates within party lists. However, this did not affect which candidates ultimately got elected to parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Norway:</b> In parliamentary elections, 50% of the voters need to vote for a candidate in order to change the order of the party list, meaning that, in practice, it is almost impossible for voters to change the result and it is de facto a closed list system. In county elections there is a threshold of 8%.<sup id="cite_ref-valgloven_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valgloven-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_open">More open</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: More open"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a "more open" list system, the quota for election could be lowered from the above amount. It is then (theoretically) possible that more of a party's candidates achieve this quota than the total seats won by the party. It should therefore be made clear in advance whether list ranking or absolute votes take precedence in that case. The quota for individuals is usually specified either as a percentage of the party list quota, or as a percentage of the total votes received by the party. </p><p>Example: The quota is 1000 votes and the open list threshold is specified as 25% of the quota, i.e. 250 votes. Therefore, a party which received 5000 votes wins five seats, which are awarded to its list candidates as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Candidate position<br />on the list </th> <th>Preference votes </th> <th>25% of the quota </th> <th>Elected </th></tr> <tr> <td>#1 </td> <td>3500 </td> <td>x (first) </td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>#2 </td> <td>50 </td> <td> </td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>#3 </td> <td>150 </td> <td> </td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>#4 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>x (third) </td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>#5 </td> <td>100 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>#6 </td> <td>100 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>#7 </td> <td>450 </td> <td>x (second) </td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>#8 </td> <td>50 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vdots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋮</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vdots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f8039d9feb6596ae092e5305108722975060c083" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.647ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vdots }"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Candidates #1, #7 and #4 have each achieved 25% of the quota (250 preference votes or more). They get the first three of the five seats the party has won. The other two seats will be taken by #2 and #3, the two highest remaining positions on the party list. This means that #5 is not elected even though being the fifth on the list and having more preference votes than #2. </p><p>In practice, with such a strict threshold, only very few candidates succeed to precede on their lists as the required number of votes is huge. Where the threshold is lower (e.g. in Czech parliamentary elections, 5% of the total party vote is the required minimum), results defying the original list order are much more common. </p><p>Parties usually allow candidates to ask for preference votes, but without campaigning negatively against other candidates on the list. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Austria)" title="National Council (Austria)">National Council</a> are elected by open list <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> in nine multi-member constituencies based on the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Austria">states</a> (with varying in size from 7 to 36 seats) and 39 districts. Voters are able to cast a single party vote and one preference votes each on the federal, state and electoral district level for their preferred candidates within that party. The thresholds for a candidate to move up the list are 7% of the candidate's party result on the federal level, 10% on the state level and 14% on the electoral district level.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Candidates for the district level are listed on the ballot while voters need to write-in their preferred candidate on state and federal level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Croatia">Croatia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Croatia" title="Elections in Croatia">Croatia</a>, the voter can give their vote to a single candidate on the list, but only candidates who have received at least 10% of the party's votes take precedence over the other candidates on the list.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Elections in the Czech Republic">Czech</a> parliamentary elections, voters are given 4 preference votes. Only candidates who have received more than 5% of preferential votes at the regional level take precedence over the list.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For elections to the European Parliament, the procedure is identical but each voter is only allowed 2 preference votes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Elections in Indonesia</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, any candidate who has obtained at least 30% of the quota is automatically elected.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This isn't mentioned in the most recent Indonesian electoral law of 2017. (February 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the voter can give their vote to any candidate in a list (for example, in elections for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of the Netherlands">House of the Representatives</a>); the vote for this candidate is called a "preference vote" (<i>voorkeurstem</i> in Dutch). Candidates with at least 25% of the quota takes priority over the party's other candidates who stand higher on the party list but received fewer preference votes. Most people vote for the <a href="/wiki/Lijstrekker" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijstrekker">top candidate</a>, to indicate no special preference for any individual candidate, but support for the party in general. Sometimes, however, people want to express their support for a particular person. Many women, for example, vote for the first woman on the list. If a candidate gathers enough preference votes, then they get a seat in parliament, even if their position on the list would leave them without a seat. In the <a href="/wiki/2003_Dutch_general_election" title="2003 Dutch general election">2003 elections</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilbrand_Nawijn" title="Hilbrand Nawijn">Hilbrand Nawijn</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio#Netherlands" title="Minister without portfolio">minister</a> of migration and integration, was elected into parliament for the <a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn_List" title="Pim Fortuyn List">Pim Fortuyn List</a> by preference votes even though he was the <a href="/wiki/Lijstduwer" title="Lijstduwer">last candidate on the list</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Slovakia" title="Elections in Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, each voter may, in addition to the party, select one to four candidates from the ordered party list. Candidates who are selected by more than 3% of the party's voters are elected (in order of total number of votes) first and only then is the party ordering used. For European elections, voters select two candidates and the candidates must have more than 10% of the total votes to override the party list. In the <a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Slovakia" title="2009 European Parliament election in Slovakia">European election in 2009</a> three of Slovakia's thirteen MEPs were elected solely by virtue of preference votes (having party-list positions too low to have won otherwise) and only one (<a href="/wiki/Katar%C3%ADna_Neve%C4%8Falov%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Katarína Neveďalová">Katarína Neveďalová</a> of SMER) was elected solely by virtue of her position on the party list (having fewer preference votes than a number of other candidates who themselves, nevertheless had preferences from fewer than 10 percent of their party's voters). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sweden" title="Elections in Sweden">Sweden</a>, a person needs to receive 5% of the party's votes for the personal vote to overrule the ordering on the party list.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voting without expressing a preference between individuals is possible, although the parties urge their voters to support the party's prime candidate, to protect them from being beaten by someone ranked lower by the party. The share of voters using the open list option at <a href="/wiki/2022_Swedish_general_election" title="2022 Swedish general election">2022 Swedish general election</a> was 22.49%.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_open_list">Most open list</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Most open list"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finnish_parliamentary_election_uses_the_open_list_method.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Finnish_parliamentary_election_uses_the_open_list_method.JPG/220px-Finnish_parliamentary_election_uses_the_open_list_method.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Finnish_parliamentary_election_uses_the_open_list_method.JPG/330px-Finnish_parliamentary_election_uses_the_open_list_method.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Finnish_parliamentary_election_uses_the_open_list_method.JPG/440px-Finnish_parliamentary_election_uses_the_open_list_method.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Finnish parliamentary election uses the open list method. Here an official poster rack in central Helsinki displays the candidates and their assigned ballot numbers by party.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valsedel_Finland_riksdagsval_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Valsedel_Finland_riksdagsval_2011.jpg/220px-Valsedel_Finland_riksdagsval_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Valsedel_Finland_riksdagsval_2011.jpg/330px-Valsedel_Finland_riksdagsval_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Valsedel_Finland_riksdagsval_2011.jpg/440px-Valsedel_Finland_riksdagsval_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Ballot during the <a href="/wiki/2011_Finnish_parliamentary_election" title="2011 Finnish parliamentary election">Finnish parliamentary election of 2011</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamuratomoko-uenoparkexit-e-july2-2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tamuratomoko-uenoparkexit-e-july2-2016.jpg/220px-Tamuratomoko-uenoparkexit-e-july2-2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tamuratomoko-uenoparkexit-e-july2-2016.jpg/330px-Tamuratomoko-uenoparkexit-e-july2-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tamuratomoko-uenoparkexit-e-july2-2016.jpg/440px-Tamuratomoko-uenoparkexit-e-july2-2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>A campaign bus in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> for (successful) <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Communist</a> proportional candidate <a href="/wiki/Tomoko_Tamura" title="Tomoko Tamura">Tomoko Tamura</a> in Japan's <a href="/wiki/2016_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="2016 Japanese House of Councillors election">2016 Councillors election</a>. Tamura received roughly half of her votes in Tokyo, other proportional candidates on the same list won most of their votes in other prefectures.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proportional district is nationwide; but limited by a very short legal campaign period, some proportional candidates focus their campaign efforts on only certain regions where they personally or their party have a local base.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>most-open list</i>, <i>fully-open list,</i> or simply <i>open list</i> system is one where the number of votes for each candidate fully determines the order of election. This system is used in all <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Latvia" title="Elections in Latvia">Latvian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Brazilian</a> multiple-seat elections. Since 2001, lists of this "most open" type have also been used in the elections to fill the 96 proportional seats in the 242-member <a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Councillors (Japan)">upper house of Japan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_lists_or_panachage">Free lists or panachage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Free lists or panachage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a></div> <p>A "free list", more usually called <a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">panachage</a> or mixed list, is a variant on the most open list where voters may support candidates on <i>different</i> lists. Candidates are typically elected using either <a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">cumulative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Block_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="Block plurality">block plurality</a> voting. This gives the voters full control over which candidates are elected, not just within a particular party, but even across them. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Independent_voter" title="Independent voter">independents</a> are not forced to support candidates of only one party, and can support candidates across multiple lists, while still ensuring the results are ultimately proportional.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is used in elections at all levels in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Liechtenstein" title="Elections in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Luxembourg" title="Elections in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, in congressional elections in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ecuador" title="Elections in Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_El_Salvador" title="Elections in El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Honduras" title="Elections in Honduras">Honduras</a>, as well as in local elections in a majority of <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">French communes</a> with under 1,000 inhabitants, and in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Elections in the Czech Republic">Czech</a> municipal elections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ballot_format">Ballot format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ballot format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some ways to operate an open list system when using traditional paper-based voting are as follows: </p> <ul><li>One method (used in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>) is to have a large ballot paper with a box for each party and sub-boxes for the various candidates. In <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, when electronic voting is used (in Flanders and Ostbelgien), the voter has to choose with an electronic pencil on a touchscreen between lists and blank vote, then on the list's page between the top box (vote for the list without preference for specific candidates) or the box(es) for one or several candidates on the same list.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Another method (used in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>) is to have a separate ballot paper for each party. To maintain voter secrecy, the voter is handed ballot papers for every party. The voter chooses the candidates (or may vote for the party as a whole) on one of the ballot papers, for example, by drawing circles around the candidate numbers (which is why casting preference votes is called <i>circling</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>). Then, the voter puts the party ballot paper into an envelope and puts the envelope into the ballot box.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, each candidate is assigned a number (in which the first 2 digits are the party number and the others the candidate's number within the party). The voting machine has a telephone-like panel where the voter presses the buttons for the number of their chosen candidate. In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, each candidate is assigned a 3-digit number.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the voter must write the name of each chosen candidate in blank boxes under the party box.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_country">By country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of these states may use other systems in addition to an open list, for example <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> in individual constituencies. Some countries use open list may only be used in one of the chambers of the legislature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Americas">Americas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a><sup id="cite_ref-mainw_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mainw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a><sup id="cite_ref-mainw_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mainw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a><sup id="cite_ref-colombia_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colombia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CEPPS 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Asia-Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup id="cite_ref-indo_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CEPPS 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> for <a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a> elections<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a><sup id="cite_ref-srilanka_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srilanka-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CEPPS 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-eupaper_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eupaper-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><sup id="cite_ref-eupaper_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eupaper-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup id="cite_ref-eupaper_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eupaper-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-cze_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cze-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CEPPS 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><sup id="cite_ref-eupaper_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eupaper-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-est_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-est-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CEPPS 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><sup id="cite_ref-eupaper_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eupaper-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li>Municipal elections in various states</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a><sup id="cite_ref-eupaper_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eupaper-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> for <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">regional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Communes of Italy">municipal</a> elections. (formerly used for <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Italy">national parliamentary elections</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><sup id="cite_ref-lat_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CEPPS 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a><sup id="cite_ref-eupaper_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eupaper-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a><sup id="cite_ref-luxembourg_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luxembourg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CEPPS 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><sup id="cite_ref-net_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-net-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CEPPS 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><sup id="cite_ref-norway_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norway-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CEPPS 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a><sup id="cite_ref-eupaper_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eupaper-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a><sup id="cite_ref-slovak_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slovak-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CEPPS 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a><sup id="cite_ref-slovenia_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slovenia-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CEPPS 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><sup id="cite_ref-sweden_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweden-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CEPPS 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a><sup id="cite_ref-mainw_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mainw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partially_recognized_states">Partially recognized states</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Partially recognized states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Types of open list systems used in the lower house of the national legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Legislative body </th> <th colspan="2">System </th> <th>Variation of <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Variation">open lists</a> </th> <th>Number of votes (for candidates) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment method</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">Electoral threshold</a> </th> <th>Governmental system </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Albania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Parliament</a> (Kuvendi) </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>4% nationally or 2.5% in a district </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Armenia" title="Elections in Armenia">Armenia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td rowspan="2">Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">5% (parties), 7% (blocs) </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Party lists run-off, but only if necessary to ensure stable majority of 54% if it is not achieved either immediately (one party) or through building a coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a party would win more than 2/3 seats, at least 1/3 seats are distributed to the other parties. </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align: center;">—</div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Aruba" title="Elections in Aruba">Aruba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Aruba" title="Parliament of Aruba">Parliament</a> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0-1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Austria" title="Elections in Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Austria)" title="National Council (Austria)">National Council</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td rowspan="3">Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#More_open">More open</a>: <p>14% on the district level (among votes for the candidates party) </p> </td> <td rowspan="3">1 in each geographic level of candidate list </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">4% </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#More_open">More open</a>: <p>10% on the regional (state) level (among votes for the candidates party) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#More_open">More open</a>: 7% of the on the federal level (among votes for the candidates party) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belgium" title="Elections in Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(Belgium)" title="Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)">Chamber of Representatives</a> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>As many as there are mandates in the district </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>5% (per constitutiency) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0-1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Directorial_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorial republic">directorial republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0-1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>2% distributed in at least 9 Federation Units with at least 1% of the valid votes in each one of them </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bulgaria" title="Elections in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)" title="National Assembly (Bulgaria)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0-1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a> </td> <td>4% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Chile" title="Elections in Chile">Chile</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Chile" title="Chamber of Deputies of Chile">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Croatia" title="Elections in Croatia">Croatia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0-1 </td> <td> </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cyprus" title="Elections in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0-1 for every 4 seats in the district </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Elections in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0-4 </td> <td> </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0-1 to 0-5 depending on number of mandates in the district </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Denmark" title="Elections in Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Folketing" title="Folketing">Folketing</a> (Unicameral legislature) </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">two tier proportional representation with compensating</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0-1 </td> <td> </td> <td>2% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ecuador" title="Elections in Ecuador">Ecuador</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of Ecuador">National Congress</a> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">two tiers proportional representation without compensating</a> </td> <td><div style="text-align: center;">—</div> </td> <td>As many as there are mandates in the district Panachage allowed </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_El_Salvador" title="Elections in El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>As many as there are mandates in the district Panachage allowed </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">Estonia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Fiji" title="Elections in Fiji">Fiji</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Majority bonus</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0-1 to 0-5 depending on number of mandates in the district </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a>) </td> <td>3% </td> <td> </td> <td>Nationwide <a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">closed lists</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">open lists</a> in multi-member districts. The winning party used to receive a <a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">majority bonus</a> of 50 seats (out of 300), but this system will be abolished two elections after 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 parliament voted to return to the majority bonus two elections thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Honduras" title="Elections in Honduras">Honduras</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>As many as there are mandates in the district Panachage allowed </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iceland" title="Elections in Iceland">Iceland</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>May change order of candidates on list or cross out rejected candidates </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0-1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> </td> <td>4% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kosovo" title="Elections in Kosovo">Kosovo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0-5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Latvia" title="Elections in Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>May vote for as many candidates or reject as many candidates as there are on the list </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lebanon" title="Elections in Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0-1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Landtag of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>As many as there are mandates in the district </td> <td> </td> <td>8% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lithuania" title="Elections in Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0-5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a>) </td> <td>5% (parties), 7% (coalitions) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Luxembourg" title="Elections in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a> (number of votes equal to the number of members elected) </td> <td>May vote for or delete as many candidates as there are mandates in the district Panachage allowed </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>No <i>de jure</i> threshold </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#More_open">More open</a> <p>(25% of the quota to override the default party-list) </p> </td> <td>0-1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>0.67% (1/150) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Norway" title="Elections in Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Parliament (Storting)</a> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Two tier proportional representation with compensating</a> </td> <td>De facto closed list (50% of votes to override) </td> <td>May change order of candidates on list or cross out rejected candidates </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> </td> <td>4% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Panama" title="Elections in Panama">Panama</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>As many as there are mandates in the district </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Peru" title="Elections in Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0-2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Poland" title="Elections in Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>5% threshold or more for single parties, 8% or more for coalitions or 0% or more for minorities </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_San_Marino" title="Elections in San Marino">San Marino</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Majority jackpot / Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>3.5% </td> <td> </td> <td>If needed to ensure a stable majority, the two best-placed parties participate in a run-off vote to receive a <a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">majority bonus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Slovakia" title="Elections in Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>0-4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a>) </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Slovenia" title="Elections in Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td rowspan="2">Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainder</a> (Droop quota) </td> <td>4% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0-1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>4% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Elections in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td rowspan="2">Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Two tier proportional representation without compensating</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a> <p>(up to 3 preference votes)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>0-3 </td> <td>Hare quota with largest party receives bonus seat de facto <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td>5% <p>(per constituency) </p> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential system</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align: center;">—</div> </td> <td> </td> <td>? </td> <td><i>No threshold</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Suriname" title="Elections in Suriname">Suriname</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Suriname)" title="National Assembly (Suriname)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Most_open">Most open</a> </td> <td>0-1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> </td> <td><i>No threshold</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Assembly-independent_republics" title="List of countries by system of government">Assembly-independent republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sweden" title="Elections in Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a> </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Two tiers proportional representation with compensating</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#More_open">More open</a> <p>(5% of the party vote to override the default party-list)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>0-1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leveling_seat" title="Leveling seat">leveling seats</a>) </td> <td>4% nationally or 12% <p>in a given constituency </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a> (Lower house of national legislature) </td> <td style="background:#0066FF"> </td> <td>Open list <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party proportional representation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a> </td> <td>May vote for or delete as many candidates as there are mandates in the district Panachage allowed </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hagenbach-Bischoff_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagenbach-Bischoff system">Hagenbach-Bischoff system</a> </td> <td><i>No threshold</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Semi-direct_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-direct democracy">Semi-direct democracy</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Assembly-independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly-independent">assembly-independent</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">directorial</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>CEPPS</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-colombia-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-colombia_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=48">"Country Profile: Colombia"</a>. 2012-06-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402030719/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=48">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Colombia&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Fcountry.php%3FID%3D48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indo-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indo_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=102">"Country Profile: Indonesia"</a>. 2010-11-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329035601/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=102">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Indonesia&rft.date=2010-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Fcountry.php%3FID%3D102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-srilanka-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-srilanka_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=201">"Country Profile: Sri Lanka"</a>. 2010-02-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326092317/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=201">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2010-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Fcountry.php%3FID%3D201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cze-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cze_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionguide.org/countries/id/58/">"Country Profile: Czech Republic"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193806/http://www.electionguide.org/countries/id/58/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Czech+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Fcountries%2Fid%2F58%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-est-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-est_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=69">"Country Profile: Estonia"</a>. 2011-04-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160330174941/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=69">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Estonia&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Fcountry.php%3FID%3D69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lat-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lat_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=119">"Country Profile: Latvia"</a>. August 5, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402042242/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=119">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Latvia&rft.date=2011-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Fcountry.php%3FID%3D119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-luxembourg-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-luxembourg_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=126">"Country Profile: Luxembourg"</a>. February 4, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327014814/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=126">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Luxembourg&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Fcountry.php%3FID%3D126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-net-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-net_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=152">"Country Profile: Netherlands"</a>. 2010-10-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402092500/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=152">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Netherlands&rft.date=2010-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Fcountry.php%3FID%3D152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-norway-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-norway_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=162">"Country Profile: Norway"</a>. 2011-03-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324220155/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=162">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Norway&rft.date=2011-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Fcountry.php%3FID%3D162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slovak-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slovak_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=194">"Country Profile: Slovakia"</a>. February 1, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401110021/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=194">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Slovakia&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Fcountry.php%3FID%3D194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slovenia-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slovenia_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=195">"Country Profile: Slovenia"</a>. 2012-02-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329014935/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=195">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Slovenia&rft.date=2012-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Fcountry.php%3FID%3D195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sweden-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sweden_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=206">"Country Profile: Sweden"</a>. <i>ElectionGuide</i>. Consortium for Elections and Political Process Strengthening. 2010-08-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329205825/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?id=206">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ElectionGuide&rft.atitle=Country+Profile%3A+Sweden&rft.date=2010-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Fcountry.php%3FID%3D206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landskjor.is/kosningamal/kosningakerfi/nr/79">"Hvað þurfa margir að strika út mann til að hann færist niður?"</a>. <i>Landskjörstjórn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528204754/https://www.landskjor.is/kosningamal/kosningakerfi/nr/79">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landskj%C3%B6rstj%C3%B3rn&rft.atitle=Hva%C3%B0+%C3%BEurfa+margir+a%C3%B0+strika+%C3%BAt+mann+til+a%C3%B0+hann+f%C3%A6rist+ni%C3%B0ur%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.landskjor.is%2Fkosningamal%2Fkosningakerfi%2Fnr%2F79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelgason" class="citation web cs1">Helgason, Þorkell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landskjor.is/media/frettir/Greining2013nov.pdf">"Greining á úthlutun þingsæta eftir alþingiskosningarnar 27. apríl 2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Landskjörstjórn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124090128/https://www.landskjor.is/media/frettir/Greining2013nov.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greining+%C3%A1+%C3%BAthlutun+%C3%BEings%C3%A6ta+eftir+al%C3%BEingiskosningarnar+27.+apr%C3%ADl+2013&rft.pub=Landskj%C3%B6rstj%C3%B3rn&rft.aulast=Helgason&rft.aufirst=%C3%9Eorkell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.landskjor.is%2Fmedia%2Ffrettir%2FGreining2013nov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-valgloven-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-valgloven_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2002-06-28-57/">"Valgloven §7-2, §11-5, §11-10, §11-12 og §6-2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605090954/https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2002-06-28-57/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valgloven+%C2%A77-2%2C+%C2%A711-5%2C+%C2%A711-10%2C+%C2%A711-12+og+%C2%A76-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flovdata.no%2Fdokument%2FNL%2Flov%2F2002-06-28-57%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.help.gv.at/Portal.Node/hlpd/public/content/32/Seite.320260.html">Vorzugsstimmenvergabe bei einer Nationalratswahl ("<i>Preferential voting in a federal election</i>")</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190302115618/https://www.help.gv.at/Portal.Node/hlpd/public/content/32/Seite.320260.html">Archived</a> 2019-03-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/HELP.gv.at" title="HELP.gv.at">HELP.gv.at</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zakon.hr/z/355/Zakon-o-izborima-zastupnika-u-Hrvatski-sabor">"Zakon o izborima zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor (Act on Election of Representatives to the Croatian Parliament)"</a> (in Croatian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180828035834/https://www.zakon.hr/z/355/Zakon-o-izborima-zastupnika-u-Hrvatski-sabor">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zakon+o+izborima+zastupnika+u+Hrvatski+sabor+%28Act+on+Election+of+Representatives+to+the+Croatian+Parliament%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zakon.hr%2Fz%2F355%2FZakon-o-izborima-zastupnika-u-Hrvatski-sabor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2083_B.htm">"IPU PARLINE database: Czech Republic (Poslanecka Snemovna), Electoral system"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224091611/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2083_B.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPU+PARLINE+database%3A+Czech+Republic+%28Poslanecka+Snemovna%29%2C+Electoral+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2F2083_B.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2147_B.htm">"IPU PARLINE database: INDONESIA (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat), Electoral system"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016132843/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2147_B.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPU+PARLINE+database%3A+INDONESIA+%28Dewan+Perwakilan+Rakyat%29%2C+Electoral+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2F2147_B.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swedish Election Authority: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.val.se/pdf/electionsinsweden_webb.pdf">Elections in Sweden: The way its done</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225072954/http://www.val.se/pdf/electionsinsweden_webb.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (page 16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.val.se/servicelankar/otherlanguages/englishengelska/electionresults/electionresults2022.4.14c1f613181ed0043d5583f.html">2022 Swedish election results, Section: Voting patterns, Personal votes in Riksdag elections (number), 2022, The Swedish electoral authority</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soumu.go.jp/senkyo/senkyo_s/data/sangiin24/index.html">Results of the 24th regular election of members of the House of Councillors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410170451/http://www.soumu.go.jp/senkyo/senkyo_s/data/sangiin24/index.html">Archived</a> 2019-04-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000430619.xls">Proportional election, Japanese Communist Party results (lists preference votes by candidate and prefecture)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831221206/http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000430619.xls">Archived</a> 2017-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd02/esd02e/esd02e03">Open, closed, and free lists</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055019/http://www.aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd02/esd02e/esd02e03">Archived</a> 2021-01-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>ACE Electoral Knowledge Network</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sWrV4S-P4c">Voilà comment voter électroniquement avec Smartmatic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923093747/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sWrV4S-P4c">Archived</a> 2016-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> », video posted on Youtube by the Belgian Federal Interior Ministry</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2375_B.htm">"IPU PARLINE database: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (Assemblée nationale), Electoral system"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224070537/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2375_B.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPU+PARLINE+database%3A+DEMOCRATIC+REPUBLIC+OF+THE+CONGO+%28Assembl%C3%A9e+nationale%29%2C+Electoral+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2F2375_B.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mainw-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mainw_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mainw_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mainw_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMainwaring,_Scott1991" class="citation journal cs1">Mainwaring, Scott (October 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/141.pdf">"Politicians, Parties, and Electoral Systems: Brazil in Comparative Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Comparative Politics</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F422200">10.2307/422200</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/422200">422200</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508120102/http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/141.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Politicians%2C+Parties%2C+and+Electoral+Systems%3A+Brazil+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=1991-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F422200&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F422200%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Mainwaring%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkellogg.nd.edu%2Fpublications%2Fworkingpapers%2FWPS%2F141.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig Arceneaux, <i>Democratic Latin Americ</i>a, Routledge, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34882-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34882-5">978-1-317-34882-5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=86DhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT339">p.339</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225011125/https://books.google.com/books?id=86DhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT339">Archived</a> 2021-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Rodriguez, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ticotimes.net/2015/02/28/voters-head-to-the-polls-in-el-salvador-to-elect-legislators-mayors">Voters head to the polls in El Salvador to elect legislators, mayors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507221652/http://www.ticotimes.net/2015/02/28/voters-head-to-the-polls-in-el-salvador-to-elect-legislators-mayors">Archived</a> 2021-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Tico Times</i>, 28 February 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://es.calameo.com/read/001686636ac80aa84289b">Papeletas para las elecciones 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227055350/http://es.calameo.com/read/001686636ac80aa84289b">Archived</a> 2021-02-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (reproduction of ballot papers and explanation of the new voting system)", <i>Tribunal Supremo Electoral</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ps.ucdavis.edu/people/mshugart">Matthew S. Shugart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224123337/http://ps.ucdavis.edu/people/mshugart">Archived</a> 2021-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fruitsandvotes.wordpress.com/2015/03/08/el-salvador-joins-the-panachage-ranks-presidents-party-holds-steady/">El Salvador joins the panachage ranks, president's party holds steady</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228150440/https://fruitsandvotes.wordpress.com/2015/03/08/el-salvador-joins-the-panachage-ranks-presidents-party-holds-steady/">Archived</a> 2021-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Fruits and Votes</i>, 8 March 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionpassport.com/electoral-systems/honduras/">Honduras</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424021246/http://www.electionpassport.com/electoral-systems/honduras/">Archived</a> 2021-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Election Passport</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2245_B.htm">"IPU PARLINE database: PANAMA (Asamblea Nacional), Electoral system"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407064215/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2245_B.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPU+PARLINE+database%3A+PANAMA+%28Asamblea+Nacional%29%2C+Electoral+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2F2245_B.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionguide.org/countries/id/170/">"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Peru"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422043153/http://www.electionguide.org/countries/id/170/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IFES+Election+Guide+%26%23124%3B+Country+Profile%3A+Peru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Fcountries%2Fid%2F170%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2299_B.htm">http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2299_B.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715064357/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2299_B.htm">Archived</a> 2018-07-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFijan_elections_office" class="citation web cs1">Fijan elections office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162747/http://www.electionsfiji.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Electoral-Decree-2014.pdf">"Electoral decree 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionsfiji.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Electoral-Decree-2014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+decree+2014&rft.au=Fijan+elections+office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionsfiji.gov.fj%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F03%2FElectoral-Decree-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%8B%98%E6%9D%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B0%BF%E5%BC%8F" class="extiw" title="ja:非拘束名簿式">ja:非拘束名簿式</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2163_B.htm">"IPU PARLINE database: JORDAN (Majlis Al-Nuwaab), Electoral system"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819214231/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2163_B.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPU+PARLINE+database%3A+JORDAN+%28Majlis+Al-Nuwaab%29%2C+Electoral+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2F2163_B.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/lebanon/lebanon-to-hold-parliamentary-elections-in-may-2018-1.2043638">"Lebanon to hold parliamentary elections in May 2018"</a>. 14 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618075837/https://gulfnews.com/news/mena/lebanon/lebanon-to-hold-parliamentary-elections-in-may-2018-1.2043638">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Instituti i Studimeve Politike (ISP). 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201235940/http://isp.com.al/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ISP-%E2%80%93-Broshure-informative-mbi-zgjedhjet-ne-Shqiperi-1991-2020.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Broshur%C3%AB+Informative+mbi+proceset+zgjedhore+Parlamentare+dhe+Lokale+n%C3%AB+Shqip%C3%ABri%2C+mbi+partit%C3%AB+politike%2C+legjislacionin%2C+rekomandimet+e+OSBE%2FODIHR+%281991-2020%29&rft.pub=Instituti+i+Studimeve+Politike+%28ISP%29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisp.com.al%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F11%2FISP-%25E2%2580%2593-Broshure-informative-mbi-zgjedhjet-ne-Shqiperi-1991-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evnreport.com/politics/armenias-new-electoral-code-open-vs-closed-party-lists-and-other-considerations/">"Armenia's New Electoral Code: Open vs. Closed Party Lists and Other Considerations"</a>. 12 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220824144607/https://evnreport.com/politics/armenias-new-electoral-code-open-vs-closed-party-lists-and-other-considerations/">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Government Systems, Party Politics, and Institutional Engineering in the Round". <i>Insight Turkey</i>. <b>18</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1302-177X">1302-177X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26300453">26300453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insight+Turkey&rft.atitle=Government+Systems%2C+Party+Politics%2C+and+Institutional+Engineering+in+the+Round&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26300453%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1302-177X&rft.aulast=Elgie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_list&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041010123536/http://www.citizensassembly.bc.ca/public/learning_resources/learning_materials/week5">British Columbia Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform</a> - A debate on the merits of open and closed lists by the <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Assembly_on_Electoral_Reform_(British_Columbia)" title="Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform (British Columbia)">Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform</a> in the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227085045/http://rcum.uni-mb.si/~jure/preferential8_emlist.pdf">"Preferential Voting: Definition and Classification"</a> - Paper presented by Jurij Toplak at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association's 67th Annual National Conference, Chicago, IL, April 2009.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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systems footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electoral_systems390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Single-winner_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-winner voting system">Single-winner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_approval_voting" title="Combined approval voting">Combined approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_primary" title="Unified primary">Unified primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet methods">Condorcet methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copeland%27s_method" title="Copeland's method">Copeland's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodgson%27s_method" title="Dodgson's method">Dodgson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemeny%E2%80%93Young_method" title="Kemeny–Young method">Kemeny–Young method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax Condorcet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanson%27s_method" title="Nanson's method">Nanson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">Exhaustive ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coombs%27_method" title="Coombs' method">Coombs' method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote" title="Contingent vote">Contingent vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplementary vote">Supplementary vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">Simple majoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">Plurality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional voting system">Positional voting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_majority_judgment" title="Graduated majority judgment">Graduated majority judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote#Proportional_systems" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_proportional_approval_voting" title="Sequential proportional approval voting">Sequential proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Clark_electoral_system" title="Hare–Clark electoral system">Hare–Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_vote" title="Spare vote">Spare vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_single_transferable_voting" title="Indirect single transferable voting">Indirect single transferable voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allocation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Webster/Sainte-Laguë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainders_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainders method">Largest remainders method</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagenbach-Bischoff_quota" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagenbach-Bischoff quota">Hagenbach-Bischoff quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperiali_quota" title="Imperiali quota">Imperiali quota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote_plus" title="Alternative vote plus">Alternative vote plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Scorporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage mixed system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_approval_voting" title="Satisfaction approval voting">Satisfaction approval voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criteria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Condorcet winner criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_loser_criterion" title="Condorcet loser criterion">Condorcet loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistency_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Consistency criterion">Consistency criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones_criterion" title="Independence of clones criterion">Independence of clones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">Independence of irrelevant alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Smith-dominated_alternatives" title="Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives">Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later-no-harm_criterion" title="Later-no-harm criterion">Later-no-harm criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_favorite_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority favorite criterion">Majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_loser_criterion" title="Majority loser criterion">Majority loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">Monotonicity criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion" title="Mutual majority criterion">Mutual majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">Participation criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality criterion">Plurality criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolvability_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Resolvability criterion">Resolvability criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversal symmetry">Reversal symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith criterion">Smith criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seats-to-votes_ratio" title="Seats-to-votes ratio">Seats-to-votes ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">Ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">Election threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_votes" title="First-preference votes">First-preference votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoilt_vote" title="Spoilt vote">Spoilt vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseating" title="Unseating">Unseating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" 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