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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Netherlands" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Netherlands" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Etymology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Netherlands_and_the_Low_Countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands_and_the_Low_Countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Netherlands and the Low Countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands_and_the_Low_Countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Holland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Dutch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory_(before_800_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_(before_800_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory (before 800 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_(before_800_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celts,_Germanic_tribes_and_Romans_(800_BC–410_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celts,_Germanic_tribes_and_Romans_(800_BC–410_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Celts, Germanic tribes and Romans (800 BC–410 AD) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celts,_Germanic_tribes_and_Romans_(800_BC–410_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages_(411–1000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Middle_Ages_(411–1000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Early Middle Ages (411–1000) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages_(411–1000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Middle_Ages_(1000–1384)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Middle_Ages_(1000–1384)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 High Middle Ages (1000–1384) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Middle_Ages_(1000–1384)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burgundian,_Habsburg_and_Spanish_Habsburg_Netherlands_(1384–1581)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burgundian,_Habsburg_and_Spanish_Habsburg_Netherlands_(1384–1581)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Burgundian, Habsburg and Spanish Habsburg Netherlands (1384–1581) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burgundian,_Habsburg_and_Spanish_Habsburg_Netherlands_(1384–1581)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_Republic_(1581–1795)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_Republic_(1581–1795)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Dutch Republic (1581–1795) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_Republic_(1581–1795)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batavian_Republic_and_Kingdom_(1795–1890)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batavian_Republic_and_Kingdom_(1795–1890)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Batavian Republic and Kingdom (1795–1890) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batavian_Republic_and_Kingdom_(1795–1890)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_wars_and_beyond_(1890–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_wars_and_beyond_(1890–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 World wars and beyond (1890–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_wars_and_beyond_(1890–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decolonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decolonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 Decolonisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decolonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Floods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delta_Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delta_Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Delta Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delta_Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Nature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Caribbean islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Political culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture and natural resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Road transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Public transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Water transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Air transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art,_architecture_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art,_architecture_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Art, architecture and philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art,_architecture_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_value_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_value_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Dutch value system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_value_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Netherlands</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 288 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-288" aria-hidden="true" > 288 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanda" title="Blanda – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Blanda" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B6%D1%8C%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="ЩӀылъабжьэхэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ЩӀылъабжьэхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nederland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederlande" title="Niederlande – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Niederlande" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%94%E1%8B%98%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ኔዘርላንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኔዘርላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu%C3%A1l%C3%A1d%C3%A2hen%C3%A2meh" title="Vuáládâhenâmeh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Vuáládâhenâmeh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="नीदरलैंड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नीदरलैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B0erland" title="Niðerland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Niðerland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Недерланд – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Недерланд" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="هولندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هولندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Países Baixos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Países Baixos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%97%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%A2%DC%95%DC%90" title="ܗܘܠܢܕܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܗܘܠܢܕܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A8%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF" title="Նիտըրլենտ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նիտըրլենտ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanda" title="Olanda – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Olanda" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="নেদাৰলেণ্ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নেদাৰলেণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Baxos" title="Países Baxos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Países Baxos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="नीदरलैंड – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="नीदरलैंड" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%C3%A3ngu%C3%A9ra_Yv%C3%BDi" title="Tetãnguéra Yvýi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tetãnguéra Yvýi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Гьоланд – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гьоланд" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynacha_Jach%27a_Markanaka" title="Aynacha Jach'a Markanaka – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Aynacha Jach'a Markanaka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderland" title="Niderland – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Niderland" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="هولند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هولند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Belanda" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B8" title="নেদারল্যান্ডস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেদারল্যান্ডস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walanda" title="Walanda – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Walanda" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4-l%C3%A2n" title="Hô-lân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hô-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landa" title="Landa – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Landa" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Нидерланд – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Нідэрланды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нідэрланды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Нідэрлянды – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нідэрлянды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="नीदरलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नीदरलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands" title="Nederlands – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nederlands" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neselan" title="Neselan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Neselan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нидерландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нидерландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧོ་ལན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧོ་ལན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemska" title="Nizozemska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nizozemska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izelvroio%C3%B9" title="Izelvroioù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Izelvroioù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Нидерланд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%AFsos_Baixos" title="Països Baixos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Països Baixos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Нидерланд – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olandres" title="Olandres – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Olandres" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemsko" title="Nizozemsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nizozemsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holanda" title="Holanda – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Holanda" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holandi" title="Holandi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Holandi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paesi_Bassi" title="Paesi Bassi – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Paesi Bassi" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Iseldiroedd" title="Yr Iseldiroedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Iseldiroedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="هولاندا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هولاندا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuolleeatnamat" title="Vuolleeatnamat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vuolleeatnamat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederlande" title="Niederlande – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niederlande" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%AC%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ނެދަލޭންޑު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނެދަލޭންޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsin_Bikee%CA%BC_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tsin Bikeeʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsin Bikeeʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEozemska" title="Nižozemska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nižozemska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="नेदरल्यान्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नेदरल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B" title="ནེ་དར་ལེནཌསི་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ནེ་དར་ལེནཌསི་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ολλανδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ολλανδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ul%C3%A0nda" title="Ulànda – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ulànda" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нидерландонь Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Нидерландонь Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos" title="Países Bajos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Países Bajos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlando" title="Nederlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nederlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisis_Baxus" title="Paisis Baxus – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Paisis Baxus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbehereak" title="Herbehereak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herbehereak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="هلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands" title="The Netherlands – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="The Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B0urlond" title="Niðurlond – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Niðurlond" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays-Bas_(pays_constitutif)" title="Pays-Bas (pays constitutif) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pays-Bas (pays constitutif)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederl%C3%A2n" title="Nederlân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nederlân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holannda" title="Holannda – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Holannda" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%AEs_Bas" title="Paîs Bas – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Paîs Bas" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%8Dsilt%C3%ADr" title="An Ísiltír – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ísiltír" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_%C3%87heer_Injil" title="Yn Çheer Injil – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Çheer Injil" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderland" title="Niderland – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Niderland" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_T%C3%ACrean_%C3%8Csle" title="Na Tìrean Ìsle – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na Tìrean Ìsle" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Países Baixos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Países Baixos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Голланди – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Голланди" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD" title="荷蘭 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="荷蘭" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netharandi" title="Netharandi – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Netharandi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="નેધરલેંડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નેધરલેંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌽𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌽𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="नेदरलँड्स – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="नेदरलँड्स" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2-l%C3%A0n" title="Hò-làn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hò-làn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="네덜란드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네덜란드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holand" title="Holand – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Holand" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekelana" title="Nekelana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Nekelana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նիդերլանդներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիդերլանդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="नीदरलैण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नीदरलैण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEozemska" title="Nižozemska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nižozemska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemska" title="Nizozemska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nizozemska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walanta" title="Walanta – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Walanta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlando" title="Nederlando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nederlando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanda" title="Olanda – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Olanda" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="নেদারল্যান্ড – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="নেদারল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pais_Basse" title="Pais Basse – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pais Basse" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nederland" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Нидерландтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нидерландтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENetherlands" title="ENetherlands – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ENetherlands" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paesi_Bassi" title="Paesi Bassi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paesi Bassi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="הולנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הולנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walanda" title="Walanda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Walanda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyibaa" title="Peyibaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Peyibaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ನೆದರ್‍ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೆದರ್‍ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerlandia" title="Neerlandia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Neerlandia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нидерландла – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Нидерландла" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნიდერლანდები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიდერლანდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9derlandzk%C3%B4" title="Néderlandzkô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Néderlandzkô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Нидерланд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseldiryow" title="Iseldiryow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Iseldiryow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuholandi" title="Ubuholandi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubuholandi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uholanzi" title="Uholanzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uholanzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81" title="Нидерландъяс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Нидерландъяс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays-Bas" title="Pays-Bas – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Pays-Bas" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlanda" title="Nederlanda – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nederlanda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyiba" title="Peyiba – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Peyiba" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holenda" title="Holenda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Holenda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Нидерланд – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paejes_Basc" title="Paejes Basc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Paejes Basc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paizes_Bashos" title="Paizes Bashos – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Paizes Bashos" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83" title="Нидерландру – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Нидерландру" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ປະເທດໂຮນລັງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດໂຮນລັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABderlandeja" title="Nīderlandeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Nīderlandeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandia" title="Nederlandia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nederlandia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABderlande" title="Nīderlande – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nīderlande" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нидерландар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Нидерландар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyderlandai" title="Nyderlandai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nyderlandai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Belanda" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paixi_Basci" title="Paixi Basci – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Paixi Basci" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nederland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holanda" title="Holanda – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Holanda" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nederland" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alangomuat" title="Alangomuat – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Alangomuat" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nederland" title="nederland – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nederland" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paes_Bass" title="Paes Bass – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Paes Bass" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandia" title="Hollandia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hollandia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2l%C3%A2ndh%C3%A2" title="Bâlândhâ – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bâlândhâ" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Холандија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Холандија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="നെതർലന്റ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നെതർലന്റ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajji%C5%BCi_l-Baxxi" title="Pajjiżi l-Baxxi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pajjiżi l-Baxxi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Drana" title="Hōrana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hōrana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="नेदरलँड्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नेदरलँड्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ნიდერლანდეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიდერლანდეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="نيديرلاند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيديرلاند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="هلند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هلند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%81" title="ꯅꯦꯊꯔꯂꯦꯟꯗꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯦꯊꯔꯂꯦꯟꯗꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balando" title="Balando – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Balando" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2%CC%A4-l%C3%A0ng" title="Hò̤-làng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hò̤-làng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADzes_Baixos" title="Paízes Baixos – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Paízes Baixos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82" title="Недерлантт – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Недерлантт" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Нидерланд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="နယ်သာလန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နယ်သာလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oladi" title="Oladi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Oladi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nederland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlaand" title="Nederlaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Nederlaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="नेदरल्यान्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नेदरल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="नेदरल्यान्द्स् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नेदरल्यान्द्स्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80" title="オランダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オランダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulanna" title="Ulanna – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ulanna" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Нидерландаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нидерландаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neederl%C3%B6nje" title="Neederlönje – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Neederlönje" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem_Nethiland" title="Dem Nethiland – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Dem Nethiland" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nederland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nederland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_Bas" title="Pays Bas – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pays Bas" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlande" title="Nederlande – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nederlande" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%AFses_Basses" title="Païses Basses – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Païses Basses" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Нидерланды – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Нидерланды" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neezerlaandi" title="Neezerlaandi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Neezerlaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderlandiya" title="Niderlandiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Niderlandiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਨੀਦਰਲੈਂਡਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੀਦਰਲੈਂਡਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="नेदरलैंड्स – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="नेदरलैंड्स" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederlande" title="Niederlande – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Niederlande" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%C3%A1nda" title="Olánda – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Olánda" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B2" title="نیدرلینڈز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیدرلینڈز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="နယ်တာလန်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နယ်တာလန်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulanda" title="Hulanda – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hulanda" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%DA%89" title="هالنډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هالنډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedalanz" title="Nedalanz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nedalanz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Недерланд – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Недерланд" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="ហុល្លង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហុល្លង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Pa%C3%AFs" title="Bas-Païs – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bas-Païs" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pais_Bass" title="Pais Bass – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pais Bass" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holan" title="Holan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Holan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedderlannen_(Europa)" title="Nedderlannen (Europa) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nedderlannen (Europa)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holandia_(kraj_sk%C5%82adowy_Kr%C3%B3lestwa_Niderland%C3%B3w)" title="Holandia (kraj składowy Królestwa Niderlandów) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Holandia (kraj składowy Królestwa Niderlandów)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ολλανδία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ολλανδία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Países Baixos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Países Baixos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderlandiya" title="Niderlandiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Niderlandiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felemenk" title="Felemenk – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Felemenk" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neddel%C3%A4ng" title="Neddeläng – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Neddeläng" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9A%C4%83rile_de_Jos" title="Țările de Jos – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Țările de Jos" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanda" title="Olanda – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Olanda" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajais_Bass" title="Pajais Bass – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Pajais Bass" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urasuyu" title="Urasuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urasuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Нідерланды – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нідерланды" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Нидерланды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нидерланды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Нидерланд – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netalani" title="Netalani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Netalani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="नेदर्लेण्ड्देशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नेदर्लेण्ड्देशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisos_B%C3%A0scios" title="Paisos Bàscios – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Paisos Bàscios" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederlounde" title="Niederlounde – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Niederlounde" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4lan%C3%AA" title="Hôlanê – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Hôlanê" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holanda" title="Holanda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Holanda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisi_Vasci" title="Paisi Vasci – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Paisi Vasci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="නෙදර්ලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නෙදර්ලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B2" title="نيدرلينڊز – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيدرلينڊز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDashi" title="IDashi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IDashi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holandsko" title="Holandsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Holandsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemska" title="Nizozemska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nizozemska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%94%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%EA%99%91" title="Нидєрландꙑ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Нидєрландꙑ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ھۆڵەندا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھۆڵەندا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakrakondre" title="Bakrakondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Bakrakondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Холандија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Холандија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemska" title="Nizozemska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nizozemska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walanda" title="Walanda – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Walanda" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alankomaat" title="Alankomaat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alankomaat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederl%C3%A4nderna" title="Nederländerna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nederländerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="நெதர்லாந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெதர்லாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timura_n_Wadda" title="Timura n Wadda – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timura n Wadda" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paj%C3%A8sere_Vasce" title="Pajèsere Vasce – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pajèsere Vasce" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Нидерланд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%82%84%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၼႄႇတႃႇလႅၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၼႄႇတႃႇလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="నెదర్లాండ్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నెదర్లాండ్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanda" title="Olanda – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Olanda" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศเนเธอร์แลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเนเธอร์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%94%E1%8B%98%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ኔዘርላንድ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኔዘርላንድ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Ҳоланд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳоланд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dlani" title="Hōlani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Hōlani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%9B%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%82" title="ᎾᏍᎩ ᏁᏛᎳᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎾᏍᎩ ᏁᏛᎳᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollanda" title="Hollanda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hollanda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderlandi%C3%BDa" title="Niderlandiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Niderlandiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Нидерланд – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanda" title="Balanda – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Balanda" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Нідерланди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нідерланди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B2" title="نیدرلینڈز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیدرلینڈز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="گوللاندىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گوللاندىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hozlanz" title="Hozlanz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hozlanz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paezi_Basi" title="Paezi Basi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Paezi Basi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamad" title="Alamad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Alamad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_Lan" title="Hà Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hà Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned%C3%A4n" title="Nedän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nedän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_Payis" title="Bas Payis – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bas Payis" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD" title="荷蘭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="荷蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandes" title="Nederlandes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nederlandes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaand" title="Olaand – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Olaand" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0" title="尼德兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼德兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="האלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%B9%CC%81d%C3%A1l%C3%A1nd%C3%AC" title="Nẹ́dálándì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nẹ́dálándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD" title="荷蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="荷蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holanda" title="Holanda – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Holanda" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Nederland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABderland%C4%81" title="Nīderlandā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nīderlandā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="荷兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedelan" title="Nedelan – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Nedelan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolanda" title="Bolanda – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Bolanda" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welanda" title="Welanda – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Welanda" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolanda" title="Bolanda – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bolanda" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Belanda" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Belanda" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balando" title="Balando – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Balando" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderland" title="Niderland – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Niderland" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%80%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> 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.geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Netherlands&params=52_N_6_E_type:country">52°N 6°E / 52°N 6°E / 52; 6</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Northwestern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Nederland" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nederland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nederland (disambiguation)">Nederland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the constituent country. For the sovereign state, see <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Netherlands (disambiguation)">Netherlands (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Constituent country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192207">.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div td,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-official-below{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-other{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-caption{padding-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-motto{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-elevation{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-pol-div vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Netherlands</div><div class="ib-pol-div-native nickname">Nederland (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">In 2 regional languages<a href="#cite_note-co-official_languages-2">[a]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox" style="font-size:80%;font-weight:normal;"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Nederlân</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Papiamentu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Papiamentu language">Papiamentu</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Hulanda</td></tr></tbody></table> </li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Constituent country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Netherlands"><img alt="Flag of Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Flag</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Netherlands"><img alt="Official seal of Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/110px-State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/165px-State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/220px-State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="595" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Coat of arms of the Netherlands">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-pol-div-motto nickname"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Coat of arms of the Netherlands">Je maintiendrai</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>) ("I will maintain")</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus" title="Wilhelmus">Wilhelmus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>) ("William of Nassau") <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="65" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_(tempo_corrected).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=pap&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pap" label="Papiamentu ‪(pap)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Netherlands_(orthographic_projection).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/EU-Netherlands_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/220px-EU-Netherlands_%28orthographic_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/EU-Netherlands_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/330px-EU-Netherlands_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/EU-Netherlands_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/440px-EU-Netherlands_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a>Netherlands on the globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EU-Netherlands.svg/220px-EU-Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EU-Netherlands.svg/330px-EU-Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EU-Netherlands.svg/440px-EU-Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Metropolitan Netherlands in Europe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:BES_islands_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/BES_islands_location_map.svg/220px-BES_islands_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/BES_islands_location_map.svg/330px-BES_islands_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/BES_islands_location_map.svg/440px-BES_islands_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1156" /></a><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Municipalities</a> in the Caribbean</div></div><div class="ib-pol-div-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Netherlands (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (light green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (light green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before independence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26 July 1581</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Peace of Münster">Peace of Münster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 January 1648</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 March 1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Liberation Day</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 May 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom Charter</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15 December 1954</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles">Caribbean reorganisation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 October 2010</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-pol-div-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a><a href="#cite_note-central_cities-3">[b]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Netherlands&params=52_22_N_4_53_E_type:city">52°22′N 4°53′E / 52.367°N 4.883°E / 52.367; 4.883</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government seat</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a><a href="#cite_note-central_cities-3">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-lang"><a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">Regional languages</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Netherlands" title="English in the Netherlands">English</a><a href="#cite_note-co-official_languages-2">[a]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-lang">Recognised languages</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch Sign Language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a><a href="#cite_note-recognised_languages-5">[c]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic"> (2022)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">74.0% <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[d]</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">8.4% other European</li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.4% <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Netherlands" title="Turks in the Netherlands">Turkish</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.4% <a href="/wiki/Moroccans_in_the_Netherlands" title="Moroccans in the Netherlands">Moroccan</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.1% <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Indonesians#Netherlands" title="Overseas Indonesians">Indonesian</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.1% <a href="/wiki/Surinamese_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Surinamese people in the Netherlands">Surinamese</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.1% <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">7.6% <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Netherlands">other</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-7">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-pol-div-religion"> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-8">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>58% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Irreligion in the Netherlands">no religion</a></li> <li>30% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Netherlands">Christianity</a></li> <li>6% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Islam</a></li> <li>6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Netherlands">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Schoof" title="Dick Schoof">Dick Schoof</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Netherlands (European Parliament constituency)">Netherlands constituency</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 seats</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Netherlands">Area</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">41,865<a href="#cite_note-9">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-area-10">[e]</a> km2 (16,164 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">134th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">18.41<a href="#cite_note-cia-worldfactbook-nl-11">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Scenery" title="Mount Scenery">Mount Scenery</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">887 m (2,910 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Netherlands">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• 26 November 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 18,224,300<a href="#cite_note-Counter-12">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">69th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• 2011 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">16,655,799<a href="#cite_note-2011Census-13">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">520/km2 (1,346.8/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">33rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1.460 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NL-14">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">28th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $81,494<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NL-14">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">11th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1.218 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NL-14">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">17th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $67,984<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NL-14">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">11th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 26.4<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-15">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.946<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-16">[11]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">10th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (€) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</li><li>United States dollar (US$) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">USD</a>)<a href="#cite_note-18">[f]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC−04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">AST</a>)</li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-19">[g]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC−04:00</a> (AST)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone numbers in Netherlands">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telephone numbers in the Netherlands">+31</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Cura%C3%A7ao_and_the_Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Telephone numbers in Curaçao and the Caribbean Netherlands">+599</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[h]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.nl" title=".nl">.nl</a>, <a href="/wiki/.bq" title=".bq">.bq</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[i]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Netherlands,<a href="#cite_note-22">[j]</a> <a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Low_Countries" title="Terminology of the Low Countries">informally</a> Holland, is a country in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">overseas territories</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[13]</a> The Netherlands consists of <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">twelve provinces</a>; it borders <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> to the east and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> to the south, with a <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> coastline to the north and west. It shares <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime borders</a> with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, Germany, and Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-24">[14]</a> The official language is Dutch, with <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> as a secondary official language in the province of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-official-and-recognised-languages-1">[1]</a> Dutch, English, and <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a> are official in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-official-and-recognised-languages-1">[1]</a> Netherlands literally means "lower countries" in reference to its low elevation and flat topography, with 26% below <a href="/wiki/Height_above_mean_sea_level" title="Height above mean sea level">sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-25">[15]</a> Most of the areas below sea level, known as <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polders</a>, are the result of <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Land reclamation in the Netherlands">land reclamation that began in the 14th century</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cavendish_2003-26">[16]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Republican period</a>, which began in 1588, the Netherlands entered a unique era of political, economic, and cultural greatness, ranked among the most powerful and influential in Europe and the world; this period is known as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[17]</a> During this time, its trading companies, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">established colonies and trading posts</a> all over the world.<a href="#cite_note-28">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[19]</a> With a population of over 18 million people, all living within a total area of 41,850 km2 (16,160 sq mi)—of which the land area is 33,500 km2 (12,900 sq mi)—the Netherlands is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">33rd most densely populated</a> country, with a density of 535 people per square kilometre (1,390 people/sq mi). Nevertheless, it is the world's second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products by value, owing to its <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertile soil</a>, mild climate, <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive agriculture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_inventions_and_innovations" title="List of Dutch inventions and innovations">inventiveness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-hollandtrade.com-31">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic.com-32">[22]</a> The four largest cities in the Netherlands are <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[23]</a> Amsterdam is the country's most populous city and the nominal <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Netherlands" title="Capital of the Netherlands">capital</a>, though the primary national political institutions are located in the Hague.<a href="#cite_note-34">[24]</a> The Netherlands has been a parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary structure</a> since 1848. The country has a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">pillarisation</a> (separation of citizens into groups by religion and political beliefs) and a long record of <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">social tolerance</a>, having legalised <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution in the Netherlands">prostitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">euthanasia</a>, along with maintaining a liberal <a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">drug policy</a>. The Netherlands allowed <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> in 1919 and was the first country to legalise <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">same-sex marriage</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-35">[25]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed-market</a> <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">advanced economy</a> has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">eleventh-highest</a> per capita income globally. The Hague holds the seat of the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">Cabinet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands" title="Supreme Court of the Netherlands">Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rotterdam" title="Port of Rotterdam">Port of Rotterdam</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_ports_in_Europe" title="List of busiest ports in Europe">busiest in Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20200402-2_2021-11-25-37">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Schiphol</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of the busiest airports in the Netherlands">busiest airport in the Netherlands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Europe" title="List of the busiest airports in Europe">fourth busiest in Europe</a>. Being a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a>, the Netherlands is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Ten_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Ten (economics)">G10</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>, as well as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> and the trilateral <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> Union. It hosts <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental organisations</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_court" title="International court">international courts</a>, many of which are in The Hague.<a href="#cite_note-38">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Low_Countries" title="Terminology of the Low Countries">Terminology of the Low Countries</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands_and_the_Low_Countries">Netherlands and the Low Countries</h3></div> The countries that comprise the region called the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> (Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>) all have comparatively the same <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponymy</a>. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nedre, Nether, Lage(r) or Low(er) (in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>) and Bas or Inferior (in <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>) are in use in low-lying places all over Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> made a distinction between the Roman provinces of downstream <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a> (nowadays part of Belgium and the Netherlands) and upstream <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>. Thus, in the case of the Low Countries and the Netherlands, the geographical location of this lower region is more or less downstream and near the sea, compared to that of the upper region of Germania Superior. The designation 'Low' returned in the 10th-century Duchy of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorraine</a>, which covered much of the Low Countries.<a href="#cite_note-Franks_(Columbia_Encyclopedia)-39">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Burgundy">Dukes of Burgundy</a> used the term les pays de par deçà ("the lands over here") for the Low Countries.<a href="#cite_note-BlockmansPrevenier2010-41">[31]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg rule</a>, this became pays d'embas ("lands down-here").<a href="#cite_note-42">[32]</a> This was translated as Neder-landen in contemporary Dutch official documents.<a href="#cite_note-Lem-43">[33]</a> From a regional point of view, Niderlant was also the area between the <a href="/wiki/Meuse_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse (river)">Meuse</a> and the lower <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> in the late Middle Ages. From the mid-sixteenth century, the "Low Countries" and the "Netherlands" lost their original <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deictic meaning</a>. In most <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, the term "Low Countries" is officially used as the name for the Netherlands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holland">Holland</h3></div> The term <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> has frequently been used <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">informally</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pars_pro_toto" title="Pars pro toto">refer to the whole</a> of the modern country of the Netherlands in various languages,<a href="#cite_note-MoFA-44">[34]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a><a href="#cite_note-Van_Dale-45">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[36]</a> and English. In some languages, Holland is used as the formal name for the Netherlands. However, Holland is a region within the Netherlands that consists of the two provinces of <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a>. Formerly these were a single province, and earlier the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">County of Holland</a>, which included parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a>. The emphasis on Holland during the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</a> in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, made Holland a <a href="/wiki/Pars_pro_toto" title="Pars pro toto">pars pro toto</a> for the entire country.<a href="#cite_note-47">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[38]</a> Many Dutch people object to the country being referred to as Holland instead of the Netherlands, on much the same grounds as many <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> people object to the United Kingdom being referred to as England.<a href="#cite_note-49">[39]</a> In particular, those from regions other than Holland find it undesirable or misrepresentative to use the term Holland for the whole country,<a href="#cite_note-MoFA-44">[34]</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> region only comprises two of the twelve provinces, and 38% of Dutch citizens. As of 2019, the Dutch government officially has preferred the Netherlands instead of Holland when talking about the country.<a href="#cite_note-50">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[42]</a> Often Holland or Hollanders is used by the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> to refer to the Dutch in the Netherlands,<a href="#cite_note-53">[43]</a> and by the Southern Dutch (Dutch living "<a href="/wiki/Grote_rivieren" title="Grote rivieren">below the great rivers</a>", a natural cultural, social and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">religious</a> boundary formed by the rivers <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>) to refer to the Northern Dutch (Dutch living North of these rivers).<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[44]</a> In the Southern province of Limburg, the term is used for the Dutch from the other 11 provinces.<a href="#cite_note-:2-55">[45]</a> The use of the term in this context by the Southern Dutch is in a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">derogatory</a> fashion.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-55">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch">Dutch</h3></div> Dutch is used as the adjective for the Netherlands, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a>. The origins of the word go back to Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz, <a href="/wiki/Onomastic_Latinisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Onomastic Latinisation">Latinised</a> into <a href="/wiki/Theodiscus" title="Theodiscus">Theodiscus</a>, meaning "popular" or "of the people", akin to <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> Dietsch or Old English þeodisc, meaning "(of) the common (<a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a>) people".<a href="#cite_note-56">[46]</a> At first, the English language used Dutch to refer to any or all speakers of <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a>. Gradually its meaning shifted to the West Germanic people they had the most contact with.<a href="#cite_note-57">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">History of the Netherlands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_(before_800_BC)">Prehistory (before 800 BC)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prehistory of the Netherlands">Prehistory of the Netherlands</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:5500vc_ex_leg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/5500vc_ex_leg.jpg/135px-5500vc_ex_leg.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/5500vc_ex_leg.jpg/203px-5500vc_ex_leg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/5500vc_ex_leg.jpg/270px-5500vc_ex_leg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="607" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The Netherlands in 5500 BC</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:BronzAgeElp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BronzAgeElp.png/199px-BronzAgeElp.png" decoding="async" width="199" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BronzAgeElp.png/299px-BronzAgeElp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BronzAgeElp.png/398px-BronzAgeElp.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="497" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Bronze Age cultures in the Netherlands</div></div></div></div></div> The oldest human (<a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a>) traces in the Netherlands, believed to be about 250,000 years old, were found near <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[48]</a> At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Weichselian_glaciation" title="Weichselian glaciation">Ice Age</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> late <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Palaeolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_culture" title="Hamburg culture">Hamburg culture</a> (13,000–10,000 BC) hunted <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> in the area, using spears. The later <a href="/wiki/Ahrensburg_culture" title="Ahrensburg culture">Ahrensburg culture</a> (11,200–9,500 BC) used <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow and arrow</a>. From <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolithic Europe">Mesolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Maglemosian_culture" title="Maglemosian culture">Maglemosian-like tribes</a> (c. 8000 BC), the world's <a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">oldest canoe</a> was found in <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[49]</a> Indigenous late Mesolithic <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Swifterbant_culture" title="Swifterbant culture">Swifterbant culture</a> (c. 5600 BC), related to the southern Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture" title="Ertebølle culture">Ertebølle culture</a>, were strongly linked to rivers and open water.<a href="#cite_note-Kooijmans1998-60">[50]</a> Between 4800 and 4500 BC, the Swifterbant people started to adopt from the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a> the practice of <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>, and between 4300 and 4000 BC agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-61">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker culture</a> (4300–2800 BC) erected the <a href="/wiki/Dolmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolmens">dolmens</a>, large stone grave monuments found in <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a>. There was a quick transition from the Funnelbeaker farming culture to the pan-European <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Corded Ware">Corded Ware</a> <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralist</a> culture (c. 2950 BC). In the southwest, the <a href="/wiki/Seine-Oise-Marne_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Seine-Oise-Marne culture">Seine-Oise-Marne culture</a>—related to the <a href="/wiki/Vlaardingen_culture" title="Vlaardingen culture">Vlaardingen culture</a> (c. 2600 BC)—survived well into the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, until it too was succeeded by the Corded Ware culture. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a> (2700–2100 BC)<a href="#cite_note-62">[52]</a> introduced metalwork in copper, gold and later bronze and opened new international trade routes, reflected in <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age Europe">copper artefacts</a>. Finds of rare bronze objects suggest that Drenthe was a trading centre in the Bronze Age (2000–800 BC). The Bell Beaker culture developed locally into the Barbed-Wire Beaker culture (2100–1800 BC) and later the <a href="/wiki/Elp_culture" title="Elp culture">Elp culture</a> (1800–800 BC),<a href="#cite_note-63">[53]</a> a Middle Bronze Age culture marked by <a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">earthenware</a> pottery. The southern region became dominated by the related <a href="/wiki/Hilversum_culture" title="Hilversum culture">Hilversum culture</a> (1800–800 BC). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celts,_Germanic_tribes_and_Romans_(800_BC–410_AD)">Celts, Germanic tribes and Romans (800 BC–410 AD)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_the_Roman_era" title="Netherlands in the Roman era">Netherlands in the Roman era</a></div> From 800 BC onwards, the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age</a> Celtic <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> became influential, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Hilversum_culture" title="Hilversum culture">Hilversum culture</a>. Iron ore brought a measure of prosperity and was available throughout the country. <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">Smiths</a> travelled from settlement to settlement with bronze and iron, fabricating tools on demand. The <a href="/wiki/Vorstengraf_(Oss)" title="Vorstengraf (Oss)">King's grave of Oss</a> (700 BC) was found in a burial mound, the largest of its kind in Western Europe. The deteriorating climate in Scandinavia from 850 BC and 650 BC might have triggered the migration of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribes from the North. By the time this migration was complete, around 250 BC, a few general cultural and linguistic groups had emerged.<a href="#cite_note-64">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Verhaal-65">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a> inhabited the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. They would later develop into the <a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a> and the early <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Verhaal-65">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Weser%E2%80%93Rhine_Germanic" title="Weser–Rhine Germanic">Weser–Rhine Germanic</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a>) extended along the middle Rhine and <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a> and inhabited the Low Countries south of the great rivers. These tribes would eventually develop into the <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Verhaal-65">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> (c. 450 BC to the Roman conquest) expanded over a wide range, including the southern area of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. Some scholars have speculated that even a third ethnic identity and language, neither Germanic nor Celtic, survived in the Netherlands until the Roman period, the <a href="/wiki/Nordwestblock" title="Nordwestblock">Nordwestblock</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-66">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lendering-67">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germania_70.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Germania_70.svg/220px-Germania_70.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Germania_70.svg/330px-Germania_70.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Germania_70.svg/440px-Germania_70.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>The Rhine frontier around 70 AD</figcaption></figure> The first author to describe the coast of <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> was the geographer <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a>, who noted in c. 325 BC that in these regions, "more people died in the struggle against water than in the struggle against men."<a href="#cite_note-68">[58]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>, the area south and west of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman forces</a> under <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> from 57 BC to 53 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Lendering-67">[57]</a> Caesar describes two main Celtic tribes living in what is now the southern Netherlands: the <a href="/wiki/Menapii" title="Menapii">Menapii</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> would conquer the entirety of the modern day Netherlands, incorporating it into the province of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Antiqua" title="Germania Antiqua">Germania Antiqua</a> in 7 BC, but would be repelled back across the Rhine after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of Teutoburg Forest</a> in 9 AD, with the Rhine becoming fixed as Rome's permanent northern frontier around 12 AD. Notable towns would arise along the <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voorburg" title="Voorburg">Voorburg</a>. In the first part of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a>, the area south of the Limes became part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a>. The area to the north of the Rhine, inhabited by the Frisii, remained outside Roman rule, while the Germanic border tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a> served in the <a href="/wiki/Ala_(Roman_allied_military_unit)" title="Ala (Roman allied military unit)">Roman cavalry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[59]</a> The Batavi rose against the Romans in the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Batavi" title="Revolt of the Batavi">Batavian rebellion</a> of 69 AD but were eventually defeated. The Batavi later merged with other tribes into the confederation of the Salian Franks, whose identity emerged in the first half of the third century.<a href="#cite_note-Previté-Orton-70">[60]</a> Salian Franks appear in Roman texts as both allies and enemies. They were forced by the confederation of the Saxons from the east to move over the Rhine into Roman territory in the fourth century. From their new base in <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a> and the Southwest Netherlands, they were raiding the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. Roman forces pacified the region but did not expel the Franks, who continued to be feared at least until the time of <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian the Apostate</a> (358) when Salian Franks were allowed to settle as <a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a> in <a href="/wiki/Texandria" title="Texandria">Texandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Previté-Orton-70">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages_(411–1000)">Early Middle Ages (411–1000)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Kingdom">Frankish Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franks_expansion.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Franks_expansion.gif/220px-Franks_expansion.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Franks_expansion.gif/330px-Franks_expansion.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Franks_expansion.gif/440px-Franks_expansion.gif 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Frankish expansion (481 to 870 AD)</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> government in the area collapsed in roughly the year 406,<a href="#cite_note-:022-71">[61]</a> the Franks expanded their territories into numerous kingdoms. By the 490s, <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> had conquered and united all these territories in the southern Netherlands in one <a href="/wiki/Frankish_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish kingdom">Frankish kingdom</a>, and from there continued his conquests into <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. During this expansion, Franks migrating to the south (modern territory of France and Walloon part of Belgium) eventually adopted the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> of the local population.<a href="#cite_note-Verhaal-65">[55]</a> A widening cultural divide grew with the Franks remaining in their original homeland in the north (i.e. the southern Netherlands and Flanders), who kept on speaking <a href="/wiki/Old_Frankish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Frankish">Old Frankish</a>, which by the ninth century had evolved into Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-Verhaal-65">[55]</a> A Dutch-French language boundary hence came into existence.<a href="#cite_note-Verhaal-65">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[62]</a> To the north of the Franks, climatic conditions improved, and during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, the closely related <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a> settled the coast.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_Constructs_in_Antiquity-73">[63]</a> Many moved on to England and came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>, but those who stayed would be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a> and their language as <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_Constructs_in_Antiquity-73">[63]</a> Frisian was spoken along the entire southern North Sea coast. By the seventh century, a <a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a> (650–734) under King <a href="/wiki/Aldegisel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldegisel">Aldegisel</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Redbad,_King_of_the_Frisians" class="mw-redirect" title="Redbad, King of the Frisians">Redbad</a> emerged with <a href="/wiki/Traiectum_(Utrecht)" title="Traiectum (Utrecht)">Traiectum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht (city)">Utrecht</a>) as its centre of power,<a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_Constructs_in_Antiquity-73">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[64]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Dorestad" title="Dorestad">Dorestad</a> was a flourishing trading place.<a href="#cite_note-75">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-76">[66]</a> Between 600 and around 719 the cities were often fought over between the Frisians and the Franks. In 734, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boarn" title="Battle of the Boarn">Battle of the Boarn</a>, the Frisians were defeated after a <a href="/wiki/Frisian%E2%80%93Frankish_wars" title="Frisian–Frankish wars">series of wars</a>. With the approval of the Franks, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mission" title="Anglo-Saxon mission">Anglo-Saxon</a> missionary <a href="/wiki/Willibrord" title="Willibrord">Willibrord</a> converted the Frisian people to Christianity and established the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Utrecht_(695%E2%80%931580)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Utrecht (695–1580)">Archdiocese of Utrecht</a>. However, his successor <a href="/wiki/Boniface" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface">Boniface</a> was murdered by the Frisians in 754. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rorik_by_H._W._Koekkoek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Rorik_by_H._W._Koekkoek.jpg/170px-Rorik_by_H._W._Koekkoek.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Rorik_by_H._W._Koekkoek.jpg/255px-Rorik_by_H._W._Koekkoek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Rorik_by_H._W._Koekkoek.jpg/340px-Rorik_by_H._W._Koekkoek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rorik_of_Dorestad" title="Rorik of Dorestad">Rorik of Dorestad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> (romantic 1912 depiction)</figcaption></figure> The Frankish <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian empire">Carolingian empire</a> controlled much of Western Europe. In 843, it was divided into three parts—<a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a>. Most of present-day Netherlands became part of Middle Francia, which was a weak kingdom and subject to numerous partitions and annexation attempts by its stronger neighbours. It comprised territories from <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (medieval)">Kingdom of Italy</a> in the south. Around 850, <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a> of Middle Francia acknowledged the Viking <a href="/wiki/Rorik_of_Dorestad" title="Rorik of Dorestad">Rorik of Dorestad</a> as ruler of most of Frisia. When the kingdom of Middle Francia was partitioned in 855, the lands north of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> passed to <a href="/wiki/Lothair_II_of_Lotharingia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothair II of Lotharingia">Lothair II</a> and subsequently were named <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>. After he died in 869, Lotharingia was partitioned, into <a href="/wiki/Upper_Lotharingia" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Lotharingia">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lotharingia" title="Lower Lotharingia">Lower Lotharingia</a>, the latter comprising the Low Countries that became part of <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> in 870. Around 879, another Viking expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Godfrid,_Duke_of_Frisia" title="Godfrid, Duke of Frisia">Godfrid, Duke of Frisia</a>, raided the Frisian lands. Resistance to the Vikings, if any, came from local nobles, who gained in stature as a result, and that laid the basis for the disintegration of Lower Lotharingia into semi-independent states. One of these local nobles was <a href="/wiki/Gerolf_of_Holland" title="Gerolf of Holland">Gerolf of Holland</a>, who assumed lordship in Frisia, and Viking rule came to an end.<a href="#cite_note-77">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Middle_Ages_(1000–1384)">High Middle Ages (1000–1384)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_centres_in_the_Low_Countries" title="History of urban centres in the Low Countries">History of urban centres in the Low Countries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graftombe_Ridder_Arnold_van_der_Sluijs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Graftombe_Ridder_Arnold_van_der_Sluijs.jpg/220px-Graftombe_Ridder_Arnold_van_der_Sluijs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Graftombe_Ridder_Arnold_van_der_Sluijs.jpg/330px-Graftombe_Ridder_Arnold_van_der_Sluijs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Graftombe_Ridder_Arnold_van_der_Sluijs.jpg/440px-Graftombe_Ridder_Arnold_van_der_Sluijs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A medieval tomb of the Brabantian knight Arnold van der Sluijs</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> ruled much of the Low Countries in the 10th and 11th century but was not able to maintain political unity. Powerful local nobles turned their cities, counties and duchies into private kingdoms that felt little sense of obligation to the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-78">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gelre" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Gelre">Gelre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> were in a state of almost continual war or paradoxically formed personal unions. As Frankish settlement progressed from Flanders and Brabant, the area quickly became Old Low Franconian (or Old Dutch). Around 1000 AD, due to several agricultural developments, the economy started to develop at a fast pace, and the higher productivity allowed workers to farm more land or become tradesmen. Towns grew around <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castles" class="mw-redirect" title="Castles">castles</a>, and a mercantile middle class began to develop in these urban areas, especially in Flanders, and later Brabant. Wealthy cities started to buy certain <a href="/wiki/City_rights_in_the_Low_Countries" title="City rights in the Low Countries">privileges</a> for themselves from the sovereign. Around 1100 AD, farmers from <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> began draining and cultivating uninhabited swampy land in the western Netherlands, making the emergence of the County of Holland as the centre of power possible. The title of <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Holland" title="Count of Holland">Count of Holland</a> was fought over in the <a href="/wiki/Hook_and_Cod_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hook and Cod Wars">Hook and Cod Wars</a> between 1350 and 1490. The Cod faction consisted of the more progressive cities, while the Hook faction consisted of the conservative noblemen. These noblemen invited Duke <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a> of Burgundy to conquer Holland.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burgundian,_Habsburg_and_Spanish_Habsburg_Netherlands_(1384–1581)">Burgundian, Habsburg and Spanish Habsburg Netherlands (1384–1581)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Habsburg Netherlands</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:282px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_V_en_M%C3%BChlberg,_by_Titian,_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Carlos_V_en_M%C3%BChlberg%2C_by_Titian%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/238px-Carlos_V_en_M%C3%BChlberg%2C_by_Titian%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Carlos_V_en_M%C3%BChlberg%2C_by_Titian%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/357px-Carlos_V_en_M%C3%BChlberg%2C_by_Titian%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Carlos_V_en_M%C3%BChlberg%2C_by_Titian%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/476px-Carlos_V_en_M%C3%BChlberg%2C_by_Titian%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="25284" data-file-height="30000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, Lord of the Netherlands at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Battle of Mühlberg</a> (1547), by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_map_of_the_Low_Countries_(1350)-NL.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Political_map_of_the_Low_Countries_%281350%29-NL.svg/121px-Political_map_of_the_Low_Countries_%281350%29-NL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Political_map_of_the_Low_Countries_%281350%29-NL.svg/182px-Political_map_of_the_Low_Countries_%281350%29-NL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Political_map_of_the_Low_Countries_%281350%29-NL.svg/242px-Political_map_of_the_Low_Countries_%281350%29-NL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2818" data-file-height="3608" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The Low Countries in the late 14th century</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:William_I,_Prince_of_Orange_by_Adriaen_Thomasz._Key_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_SK-A-3148.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/William_I%2C_Prince_of_Orange_by_Adriaen_Thomasz._Key_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_SK-A-3148.jpg/113px-William_I%2C_Prince_of_Orange_by_Adriaen_Thomasz._Key_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_SK-A-3148.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/William_I%2C_Prince_of_Orange_by_Adriaen_Thomasz._Key_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_SK-A-3148.jpg/170px-William_I%2C_Prince_of_Orange_by_Adriaen_Thomasz._Key_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_SK-A-3148.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/William_I%2C_Prince_of_Orange_by_Adriaen_Thomasz._Key_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_SK-A-3148.jpg/226px-William_I%2C_Prince_of_Orange_by_Adriaen_Thomasz._Key_Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_SK-A-3148.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4876" data-file-height="6728" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">Prince William I of Orange</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Dutch Revolt</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_Thomasz._Key" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriaen Thomasz. Key">Adriaen Thomasz. Key</a></div></div></div></div></div> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">French</a> fiefs in what is now the Netherlands and Belgium were united in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> by Philip the Good in 1433. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Valois-Burgundy</a> and their <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> heirs would rule the Low Countries from 1384 to 1581. The new rulers defended Dutch trading interests. The fleets of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">County of Holland</a> defeated the fleets of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> several times. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> grew and in the 15th century became the primary trading port in Europe for grain from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a>. Amsterdam distributed grain to the major cities of Belgium, Northern France and England. This trade was vital because Holland could no longer produce enough grain to feed itself. Land drainage had caused the <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> of the former <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> to reduce to a level that was too low for drainage to be maintained.<a href="#cite_note-79">[69]</a> Under Habsburg <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, all fiefs in the current Netherlands region were united into the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a>, which included most of present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of France and Germany. In 1568, under Phillip II, the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> between the Provinces and their <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> ruler began. The level of ferocity exhibited by both sides can be gleaned from a Dutch chronicler's report:<a href="#cite_note-80">[70]</a> <blockquote>On more than one occasion men were seen hanging their own brothers, who had been taken prisoners in the enemy's ranks... A Spaniard had ceased to be human in their eyes. On one occasion, a surgeon at Veer cut the heart from a Spanish prisoner, nailed it on a vessel's prow, and invited the townsmen to come and fasten their teeth in it, which many did with savage satisfaction.</blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a> attempted to suppress the Protestant movement in the Netherlands. Netherlanders were "burned, strangled, beheaded, or buried alive" by his "<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Troubles" title="Council of Troubles">Blood Council</a>" and Spanish soldiers. Bodies were displayed along roads to terrorise the population into submission. Alba boasted of having executed 18,600;<a href="#cite_note-81">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[72]</a> this figure does not include those who perished by war and famine.<a href="#cite_note-83">[73]</a> The first great siege was Alba's effort to capture <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a> and thereby cut Holland in half. It dragged on from December 1572 to the next summer, when Haarlemers finally surrendered on 13 July upon the promise that the city would be spared from being sacked. It was a stipulation <a href="/wiki/Fadrique_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_4th_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba">Don Fadrique</a> was unable to honour, when his soldiers mutinied, angered over pay owed and the miserable conditions of the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-84">[74]</a> On 4 November 1576, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">tercios</a> seized <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> and subjected it to the worst pillage in the Netherlands' history. The citizens resisted but were overcome; seven thousand were killed and a thousand buildings were torched.<a href="#cite_note-85">[75]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Antwerp" title="Sack of Antwerp">sack of Antwerp</a>, delegates from Catholic Brabant, Protestant Holland and Zeeland agreed to join Utrecht and <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a> in driving out Spanish troops and forming a new government for the Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Juan of Austria">Don Juan of Austria</a>, the new Spanish governor, was forced to concede initially, but within months returned to active hostilities. The Dutch looked for help from the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> of England, but she initially stood by her commitments to the Spanish in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bristol" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Bristol">Treaty of Bristol</a> of 1574. When the next large-scale battle occurred at <a href="/wiki/Gembloux" title="Gembloux">Gembloux</a> in 1578, the Spanish forces won easily.<a href="#cite_note-86">[76]</a> In light of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">defeat at Gembloux</a>, the southern states of the Seventeen Provinces distanced themselves from the rebels in the north with the 1579 <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arras" title="Union of Arras">Union of Arras</a>. Opposing them, the northern half of the Seventeen Provinces forged the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a> in which they committed to support each other against the Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-87">[77]</a> The Union of Utrecht is seen as the foundation of the modern Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-88">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beleg_van_Maastricht_(1579),_Johann_Jakob_Wick_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Beleg_van_Maastricht_%281579%29%2C_Johann_Jakob_Wick_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Beleg_van_Maastricht_%281579%29%2C_Johann_Jakob_Wick_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Beleg_van_Maastricht_%281579%29%2C_Johann_Jakob_Wick_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Beleg_van_Maastricht_%281579%29%2C_Johann_Jakob_Wick_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Beleg_van_Maastricht_%281579%29%2C_Johann_Jakob_Wick_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Beleg_van_Maastricht_%281579%29%2C_Johann_Jakob_Wick_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Fury" title="Spanish Fury">Spanish Fury</a> at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1579)" title="Siege of Maastricht (1579)">Maastricht</a>, 1579</figcaption></figure> Spanish troops sacked <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> in 1579, killing over 10,000 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-89">[79]</a> In 1581, the northern provinces adopted the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a>, the declaration of independence in which the provinces officially deposed Philip II.<a href="#cite_note-90">[80]</a> Against the rebels Philip could draw on the resources of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>. Elizabeth I sympathised with the Dutch struggle and sent an army of 7,600 soldiers to aid them.<a href="#cite_note-91">[81]</a> English forces faced the Spanish in the Netherlands under the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Duke of Parma</a> in a series of largely indecisive actions that tied down significant numbers of Spanish troops and bought time for the Dutch to reorganise their defences.<a href="#cite_note-92">[82]</a> The war continued until 1648, when Spain under King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a> recognised the independence of the seven north-western provinces in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Peace of Münster">Peace of Münster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:022-71">[61]</a> Parts of the southern provinces became de facto colonies of the new republican-mercantile empire.<a href="#cite_note-93">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_Republic_(1581–1795)">Dutch Republic (1581–1795)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of the Dutch Empire">Evolution of the Dutch Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_handelsloge_van_de_VOC_in_Hougly_in_Bengalen_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4282.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/De_handelsloge_van_de_VOC_in_Hougly_in_Bengalen_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4282.jpeg/220px-De_handelsloge_van_de_VOC_in_Hougly_in_Bengalen_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4282.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/De_handelsloge_van_de_VOC_in_Hougly_in_Bengalen_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4282.jpeg/330px-De_handelsloge_van_de_VOC_in_Hougly_in_Bengalen_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4282.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/De_handelsloge_van_de_VOC_in_Hougly_in_Bengalen_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4282.jpeg/440px-De_handelsloge_van_de_VOC_in_Hougly_in_Bengalen_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4282.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5972" data-file-height="3808" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a> by Hendrik van Schuylenburgh, 1665</figcaption></figure> Following the declaration of independence, the provinces of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" title="County of Zeeland">Zeeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Groningen" title="Lordship of Groningen">Groningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Friesland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lordship of Friesland">Friesland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Utrecht" title="Lordship of Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Overijssel" title="Lordship of Overijssel">Overijssel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gelderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Gelderland">Gelderland</a> entered into a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a>. All these duchies, lordships and counties enjoyed a significant degree of autonomy and was governed by its own administrative body known as the <a href="/wiki/States-Provincial" class="mw-redirect" title="States-Provincial">States-Provincial</a>. The confederal government, known as the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a>, was headquartered in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> and comprised representatives from each of the seven provinces. The sparsely populated region of <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Drenthe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lordship of Drenthe">Drenthe</a> was part of the republic, albeit not considered a province in its own right. Moreover, during the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>, the Republic came to occupy a number of <a href="/wiki/Generality_Lands" title="Generality Lands">Generality Lands</a> located in <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Limburg</a>. These areas were primarily inhabited by Roman Catholics and lacked a distinct governmental structure of their own. They were utilized as a buffer zone between the Republic and the Spanish-controlled <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hendrick_Avercamp_-_IJsvermaak_bij_een_stad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hendrick_Avercamp_-_IJsvermaak_bij_een_stad.jpg/220px-Hendrick_Avercamp_-_IJsvermaak_bij_een_stad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hendrick_Avercamp_-_IJsvermaak_bij_een_stad.jpg/330px-Hendrick_Avercamp_-_IJsvermaak_bij_een_stad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hendrick_Avercamp_-_IJsvermaak_bij_een_stad.jpg/440px-Hendrick_Avercamp_-_IJsvermaak_bij_een_stad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2303" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Winter landscape with skaters near the city of <a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Avercamp" title="Hendrick Avercamp">Hendrick Avercamp</a> (1620s)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Lingelbach_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Johannes_Lingelbach_001.jpg/220px-Johannes_Lingelbach_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Johannes_Lingelbach_001.jpg/330px-Johannes_Lingelbach_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Johannes_Lingelbach_001.jpg/440px-Johannes_Lingelbach_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2505" data-file-height="1475" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dam_Square" title="Dam Square">Dam Square</a> in 1656</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>, spanning much of the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a> grew to become one of the major seafaring and economic powers. Science, military and art (especially <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">painting</a>) were among the most acclaimed in the world. By 1650, the Dutch owned 16,000 merchant ships.<a href="#cite_note-95">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> established <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">colonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trading_post" title="Trading post">trading posts</a> all over the world. The <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">Dutch settlement in North America</a> began with the founding of <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> in 1614. In South Africa, the Dutch settled the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> in 1652. <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonisation_of_the_Guianas" title="Dutch colonisation of the Guianas">Dutch colonies in South America</a> were established along the many rivers in the fertile <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> plains, among them <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Colony of Surinam</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>). In Asia, the Dutch established a presence in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Formosa</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>), and the only western trading post in Japan, <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[86]</a> During the period of <a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-industrialisation">Proto-industrialisation</a>, the empire received 50% of textiles and 80% of silks import from the India's <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tong-97">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-esposito-98">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prakash-100">[90]</a> Many economic historians regard the Netherlands as the first thoroughly capitalist country. In early modern Europe, it had the wealthiest trading city in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, and the first full-time <a href="/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam" title="Euronext Amsterdam">stock exchange</a>. The inventiveness of the traders led to insurance and retirement funds as well as phenomena such as the <a href="/wiki/Boom_and_bust" class="mw-redirect" title="Boom and bust">boom-bust cycle</a>, the world's first <a href="/wiki/Asset_price_inflation" title="Asset price inflation">asset-inflation bubble</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">tulip mania</a> of 1636–1637, and the world's first <a href="/wiki/Bear_raid" title="Bear raid">bear raider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_le_Maire" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac le Maire">Isaac le Maire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[91]</a> In 1672 – known in Dutch history as the <a href="/wiki/Rampjaar" title="Rampjaar">Rampjaar</a> (Disaster Year) – the Dutch Republic was attacked by France, England and three German Bishoprics simultaneously, in what would become known as the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">At sea</a>, it could successfully prevent the English and French navies from blockading the western shores. On land, however, it was almost taken over by the advancing French and German armies from the east. It managed to turn the tide by <a href="/wiki/Hollandic_Water_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic Water Line">inundating parts of Holland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-102">[92]</a> From 1672 to 1712, the Republic, led by <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of Orange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthonie_Heinsius" title="Anthonie Heinsius">Anthonie Heinsius</a> would regularly clash with France in what some historians have come to call the Forty Years' War. In the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, the Republic was at the centre of anti-French coalitions. The Dutch ultimately successfully defended the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>, established a <a href="/wiki/Barrier_Treaty" title="Barrier Treaty">barrier</a> there, and their troops proved central to the alliance which halted French territorial expansion in Europe until a new cycle began in 1792 with the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020354-103">[93]</a> However, the wars left them effectively bankrupt, and inflicted permanent damage on the Dutch merchant navy; while they remained the dominant economic power in the Far East, Britain took over as the pre-eminent global commercial and maritime power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott20148-104">[94]</a> Between 1590 and 1713, the United Provinces consistently possessed one of Europe's largest and most capable armies. However, following the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">conclusion of the War of the Spanish Succession</a>, other major powers such as Prussia, Austria, Britain, and Russia significantly expanded their military forces. The Republic struggled to match these developments, and gradually assumed the status of a mid-tier power. However, historians have sometimes overstated the extent of this decline, especially when considering the period up to the 1750s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995985–986-105">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batavian_Republic_and_Kingdom_(1795–1890)">Batavian Republic and Kingdom (1795–1890)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></div> In the 18th century the Dutch Republic had seen a state of a general decline, with economic competition from England and long-standing rivalries between the two main factions in Dutch society, the republican <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Party" title="Dutch States Party">Staatsgezinden</a> and the supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> the <a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangism (Netherlands)">Prinsgezinden</a> as main political factions.<a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-102">[92]</a> With the armed support of <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">revolutionary France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriots_(Dutch_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriots (Dutch Republic)">Dutch republicans</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a>, modelled after the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a> and rendering the Netherlands a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> on 19 January 1795. The stadtholder <a href="/wiki/William_V_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William V of Orange">William V of Orange</a> had fled to England. From 1806 to 1810, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a> was set up by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> as a puppet kingdom governed by his brother <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a>. However, King Louis Bonaparte tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's, and he was forced to abdicate on 1 July 1810. The Emperor sent in an army and the Netherlands <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(Netherlands)" title="Incorporation (Netherlands)">became part of the French Empire</a> until November 1813, when Napoleon was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_Empire35.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dutch_Empire35.PNG/220px-Dutch_Empire35.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dutch_Empire35.PNG/330px-Dutch_Empire35.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dutch_Empire35.PNG/440px-Dutch_Empire35.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch colonial empire</a>. Light green: territories administered by or originating from territories administered by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>; dark green: the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a>. In yellow are the territories occupied later, during the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William Frederick</a>, son of the last stadtholder, returned to the Netherlands in 1813 and proclaimed himself <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Sovereign Prince</a>. Two years later, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> added the southern Netherlands to the north to create a strong country on the northern border of France. William Frederick raised this <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Netherlands</a> to the status of a kingdom and proclaimed himself as <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">King William I</a> in 1815.<a href="#cite_note-107">[97]</a> William became hereditary <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Family_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg">Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a> in exchange for his German possessions. However, the Southern Netherlands had been culturally separate from the north since 1581, and <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">rebelled</a>. The south gained independence in 1830 as Belgium (recognised by the Northern Netherlands in 1839 as the Kingdom of the Netherlands was created by decree), while the <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> between Luxembourg and the Netherlands was severed in 1890, when <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a> died with no surviving male heirs. <a href="/wiki/Salic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Salic Law">Ascendancy laws</a> prevented his daughter <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Queen Wilhelmina</a> from becoming the next Grand Duchess.<a href="#cite_note-108">[98]</a> The Belgian Revolution and the <a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java War</a> in the Dutch East Indies brought the Netherlands to the brink of bankruptcy. However, the <a href="/wiki/Cultivation_System" title="Cultivation System">Cultivation System</a> was introduced in 1830; in the Dutch East Indies, 20% of village land had to be devoted to government crops for export. The policy brought the Dutch enormous wealth and made the colony self-sufficient.<a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a> The Netherlands abolished slavery in its colonies in 1863.<a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a> Enslaved people in <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> would be fully free only in 1873.<a href="#cite_note-111">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_wars_and_beyond_(1890–present)">World wars and beyond (1890–present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1900%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Netherlands (1900–present)">History of the Netherlands (1900–present)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_I" title="Netherlands in World War I">Netherlands in World War I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam,_Laurenskerk,_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg/220px-Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg/330px-Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg/440px-Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2269" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> after <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Blitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Blitz">German air raids</a> in 1940</figcaption></figure> The Netherlands remained neutral during World War I, in part because the import of goods through the Netherlands proved essential to German survival until the blockade by the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-Abbenhuis-112">[102]</a> That changed in World War II, when <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Germany invaded the Netherlands</a> on 10 May 1940. The <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Blitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Blitz">Rotterdam Blitz</a> forced most of the Dutch army to surrender. During the occupation, over 100,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Dutch Jews</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[103]</a> were transported to Nazi <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>; only a few survived. Dutch workers were conscripted for forced labour in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">civilians who resisted</a> were killed in reprisal for attacks on German soldiers, and the countryside was plundered for food. Although there were thousands of Dutch who risked their lives by hiding Jews from the Germans, over 20,000 Dutch fascists <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Legion_Netherlands" title="Volunteer Legion Netherlands">joined the Waffen SS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[104]</a> Political <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborators</a> were members of the fascist <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">NSB</a>, the only legal political party in the occupied Netherlands. On 8 December 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile">Dutch government-in-exile</a> in London declared war on Japan,<a href="#cite_note-115">[105]</a> but could not prevent the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[106]</a> In 1944–45, the <a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">First Canadian Army</a> liberated much of the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-117">[107]</a> Soon after <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">VE Day</a>, the Dutch fought a <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">colonial war against the new Republic of Indonesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decolonisation">Decolonisation</h4></div> In 1954, the <a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> reformed the political structure as a result of international pressure to carry out <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a>. The Dutch colonies of <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a> and the European country all became countries within the Kingdom, on a basis of equality. Indonesia had declared its independence in August 1945. <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> followed in 1975. The Netherlands was one of the founding members of <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[111]</a> In the 1950s, the Netherlands became one of the six founding countries of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>, following the 1952 establishment of the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, and subsequent 1958 creations of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NL:_EU_member_state-122">[112]</a> In 1993, the former two were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NL:_EU_member_state-122">[112]</a> Government-encouraged emigration efforts to reduce population density prompted some 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> to leave the country after the war.<a href="#cite_note-123">[113]</a> The 1960s and 1970s were a time of great social and cultural change, such as rapid de-<a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">pillarisation</a>. Students and other youth rejected traditional mores and pushed for change in matters such as <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">disarmament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environmental issues</a>. In 2002 the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> was introduced as <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat money</a>, and in 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a> was <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles">dissolved</a>. Referendums were held on each island. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a> (the BES islands) were incorporated as <a href="/wiki/Special_municipality_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special municipality (Netherlands)">special municipalities</a> upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The special municipalities are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geography of the Netherlands">Geography of the Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012-NL-prov-relief-3000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2012-NL-prov-relief-3000.jpg/220px-2012-NL-prov-relief-3000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2012-NL-prov-relief-3000.jpg/330px-2012-NL-prov-relief-3000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2012-NL-prov-relief-3000.jpg/440px-2012-NL-prov-relief-3000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3440" /></a><figcaption>Relief map of the European Netherlands</figcaption></figure> The European Netherlands has a total area of 41,543 km2 (16,040 sq mi), including water bodies, and a land area of 33,481 km2 (12,927 sq mi). The <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> has a total area of 328 km2 (127 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-125">[115]</a> It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/50th_parallel_north" title="50th parallel north">50°</a> and <a href="/wiki/54th_parallel_north" title="54th parallel north">54° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/3rd_meridian_east" title="3rd meridian east">3°</a> and <a href="/wiki/8th_meridian_east" title="8th meridian east">8° E</a>. The Netherlands is geographically very low relative to sea level and is considered a flat country, with about 26% of its area<a href="#cite_note-:1-25">[15]</a> and 21% of its population<a href="#cite_note-milrek-126">[116]</a> below sea level. The European part of the country is for the most part flat, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Foothills" title="Foothills">foothills</a> in the far southeast, up to a height of no more than 322 m (1,056 ft) at the <a href="/wiki/Vaalserberg" title="Vaalserberg">Vaalserberg</a>, and some low hill ranges in the central parts. Most of the areas below sea level are caused by <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> extraction or achieved through <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Land reclamation in the Netherlands">land reclamation</a>. Since the late 16th century, large <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polder</a> areas are preserved through elaborate drainage systems that include <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">dikes</a>, canals and pumping stations. Much of the country was originally formed by the <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> of three large European rivers: the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> (Rijn), the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> (Maas) and the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> (Schelde), as well as their <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a>. The south-western part of the Netherlands is a <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river delta</a> of these rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[117]</a> The European Netherlands is divided into north and south parts by the Rhine, the <a href="/wiki/Waal_(river)" title="Waal (river)">Waal</a>, its main tributary branch, and the Meuse. These rivers functioned as a natural barrier between <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefdoms</a> and hence historically created a cultural divide, as is evident in some phonetic traits that are recognisable on either side of what the Dutch call their "Great Rivers" (de Grote Rivieren). Another significant branch of the Rhine, the <a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a> river, discharges into <a href="/wiki/IJsselmeer" title="IJsselmeer">Lake IJssel</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee" title="Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a> ('southern sea'). Just like the previous, this river forms a linguistic divide: people to the northeast of this river speak <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> dialects (except for the province of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>, which has its own language).<a href="#cite_note-international2000-128">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geology of the Netherlands">Geology of the Netherlands</a></div> The Netherlands is mostly composed of <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">deltaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">aeolian</a> derived sediments during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Glacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial">glacial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> periods.<a href="#cite_note-international2000-128">[118]</a> Almost the entire west Netherlands is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>-<a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> river <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>. In the east of the Netherlands, remains are found of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last ice age</a>, which ended approximately ten thousand years ago. As the continental <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheet</a> moved in from the north, it pushed <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraine</a> forward. The ice sheet halted as it covered the eastern half of the Netherlands. After the ice age ended, the moraine remained in the form of a long hill-line. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> are built on these hills.<a href="#cite_note-129">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floods">Floods</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">Flood control in the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_floods_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of floods in the Netherlands">List of floods in the Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Storm_tides_of_the_North_Sea" title="Storm tides of the North Sea">Storm tides of the North Sea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_flood_1717.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Christmas_flood_1717.jpg/220px-Christmas_flood_1717.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Christmas_flood_1717.jpg/330px-Christmas_flood_1717.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Christmas_flood_1717.jpg/440px-Christmas_flood_1717.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3863" data-file-height="2370" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Flood_of_1717" title="Christmas Flood of 1717">Christmas Flood of 1717</a> resulted in the death of thousands.</figcaption></figure> Over the centuries, the Dutch coastline has changed considerably as a result of natural disasters and human intervention. On 14 December 1287, <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia%27s_flood" title="St. Lucia's flood">St. Lucia's flood</a> affected the Netherlands and Germany, killing more than 50,000 people in one of the most destructive floods in recorded history.<a href="#cite_note-130">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/St._Elizabeth%27s_flood_(1421)" title="St. Elizabeth's flood (1421)">St. Elizabeth flood</a> of 1421 and the mismanagement in its aftermath destroyed a newly reclaimed <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polder</a>, replacing it with the 72 km2 (28 sq mi) <a href="/wiki/Biesbosch" class="mw-redirect" title="Biesbosch">Biesbosch</a> tidal floodplains. The huge <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953" title="North Sea flood of 1953">North Sea flood of February 1953</a> caused the collapse of several dikes in the southwest Netherlands; more than 1,800 people drowned. The Dutch government subsequently instituted a large-scale programme, the "<a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta Works</a>", to protect the country against future flooding, which was completed over a period of more than 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-131">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Netherlands_compared_to_sealevel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Netherlands_compared_to_sealevel.png/220px-The_Netherlands_compared_to_sealevel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Netherlands_compared_to_sealevel.png/330px-The_Netherlands_compared_to_sealevel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_Netherlands_compared_to_sealevel.png/440px-The_Netherlands_compared_to_sealevel.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>Map illustrating areas of the Netherlands below sea level</figcaption></figure> The impact of disasters was, to an extent, increased through human activity. Relatively high-lying <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swampland</a> was drained to be used as farmland. The drainage caused the fertile <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> to contract and ground levels to drop; groundwater levels were lowered to compensate, causing the underlying peat to contract further. Additionally, until the 19th century peat was mined, dried, and used for fuel, further exacerbating the problem. Even in flooded areas, peat extraction continued through turf dredging.<a href="#cite_note-132">[122]</a> To guard against floods, a series of defences against the water were contrived. In the first millennium <a href="/wiki/AD" class="mw-redirect" title="AD">AD</a>, villages and farmhouses were built on hills called <a href="/wiki/Terp" title="Terp">terps</a>. Later, these terps were connected by dikes. In the 12th century, local government agencies called "<a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board (Netherlands)">waterschappen</a>" ("water boards") or "<a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board (Netherlands)">hoogheemraadschappen</a>" ("high home councils") started to appear, whose job it was to maintain the water level and to protect a region from floods; these agencies continue to exist. As the ground level dropped, the dikes by necessity grew and merged into an integrated system. By the 13th century <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmills</a> had come into use to pump water. The windmills were later used to drain lakes, creating the famous <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[123]</a> In 1932 the <a href="/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk">Afsluitdijk</a> ("Closure Dike") was completed, blocking the former <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee" title="Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a> (Southern Sea) from the North Sea and thus creating the <a href="/wiki/IJsselmeer" title="IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a> (<a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a> Lake). It became part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">Zuiderzee Works</a> in which four polders totalling 2,500 square kilometres (965 sq mi) were reclaimed from the sea.<a href="#cite_note-134">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[125]</a> The Netherlands is one of the countries that may suffer most from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Not only is the rising sea a problem, but erratic weather patterns may cause the rivers to overflow.<a href="#cite_note-136">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delta_Works">Delta Works</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta Works</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">Flood control in the Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_der_Bauwerke_des_Deltaprojekts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Karte_der_Bauwerke_des_Deltaprojekts.png/220px-Karte_der_Bauwerke_des_Deltaprojekts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Karte_der_Bauwerke_des_Deltaprojekts.png/330px-Karte_der_Bauwerke_des_Deltaprojekts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Karte_der_Bauwerke_des_Deltaprojekts.png/440px-Karte_der_Bauwerke_des_Deltaprojekts.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1629" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta Works</a> are located in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>.</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Flood_of_1953" class="mw-redirect" title="North Sea Flood of 1953">1953 disaster</a>, the Delta Works was constructed, which is a comprehensive set of civil works throughout the Dutch coast. The project started in 1958 and was largely completed in 1997 with the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Maeslantkering" title="Maeslantkering">Maeslantkering</a>. Since then, new projects have been periodically started to renovate and renew the Delta Works. The main goal of the Delta project was to reduce the risk of flooding in South Holland and Zeeland. This was achieved by raising 3,000 km (1,900 mi) of outer sea-dikes and 10,000 km (6,200 mi) of the inner, canal, and river dikes, and by closing off the sea <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> of Zeeland. New risk assessments occasionally show problems requiring additional Delta project dike reinforcements. The Delta project is considered by the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> as one of the <a href="/wiki/Wonders_of_the_World#American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Wonders of the World">seven wonders of the modern world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[129]</a> It is anticipated that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> will result in a rise in sea level. The Netherlands is actively preparing for a sea-level rise. A politically neutral Delta Commission has formulated an action plan to cope with a sea-level rise of 1.10 m (4 ft) and a simultaneous land height decline of 10 cm (4 in). The plan encompasses the reinforcement of existing coastal defences like <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">dikes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a> with 1.30 m (4.3 ft) of additional flood protection. Climate change will not only threaten the Netherlands from the coast, but could also alter rainfall patterns and river run-off. To protect the country from river flooding, another programme is already being executed. The <a href="/wiki/Room_for_the_River_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Room for the River (Netherlands)">Room for the River plan</a> grants more flow space to rivers, protects the major populated areas and allows for periodic flooding of indefensible lands. The few residents who lived in these so-called "overflow areas" have been moved to higher ground, with some of that ground having been raised above anticipated flood levels.<a href="#cite_note-NYT021313-140">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Netherlands" title="Climate change in the Netherlands">Climate change in the Netherlands</a></div> The Netherlands is already affected by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. The average temperature in the Netherlands rose by more than 2 °C from 1901 to 2020.<a href="#cite_note-141">[131]</a> Climate change has resulted in increased frequency of droughts and heatwaves. Because significant portions of the Netherlands have been <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Land reclamation in the Netherlands">reclaimed from the sea</a> or otherwise are very near sea level, the Netherlands is very vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>. The Netherlands has the fourth largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita" title="List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita">greenhouse gas emissions per capita</a> of the European Union,<a href="#cite_note-142">[132]</a> in part due to the large number of cows.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-143">[133]</a> The Dutch government has set goals to lower emissions in the next few decades. The Dutch response to climate change is driven by a number of unique factors, including larger <a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">green recovery</a> plans by the European Union in the face of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands">COVID-19</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">climate change litigation</a> case, <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Netherlands_v._Urgenda_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Netherlands v. Urgenda Foundation">State of the Netherlands v. Urgenda Foundation</a>, which created mandatory <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> through emissions reductions 25% below 1990 levels.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-144">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP-145">[135]</a> In 2021 <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">CO2 emissions</a> were down 14% compared to 1990 levels.<a href="#cite_note-146">[136]</a> The goal of the Dutch government is to reduce emissions in 2030 by 49%.<a href="#cite_note-147">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature">Nature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of national parks of the Netherlands">List of national parks of the Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoca_vitulina_Terschelling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Phoca_vitulina_Terschelling.jpg/220px-Phoca_vitulina_Terschelling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Phoca_vitulina_Terschelling.jpg/330px-Phoca_vitulina_Terschelling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Phoca_vitulina_Terschelling.jpg/440px-Phoca_vitulina_Terschelling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Common seals</a> on <a href="/wiki/Terschelling" title="Terschelling">Terschelling</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a> island</figcaption></figure> The Netherlands has 21 national parks<a href="#cite_note-148">[138]</a> and hundreds of other nature reserves. Most of these are owned by <a href="/wiki/Staatsbosbeheer" title="Staatsbosbeheer">Staatsbosbeheer</a>, the national department for <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">nature conservation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vereniging_Natuurmonumenten" title="Vereniging Natuurmonumenten">Natuurmonumenten</a>, a private organisation that buys, protects and manages nature reserves.<a href="#cite_note-149">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a> in the north, with its <a href="/wiki/Tidal_flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal flat">tidal flats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, is rich in <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biological diversity</a>, and is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Nature Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Scheldt" title="Eastern Scheldt">Eastern Scheldt</a>, formerly the northeast <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> of the river <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> was designated a national park in 2002, making it the largest national park in the Netherlands at an area of 370 km2 (140 sq mi). <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, the European Netherlands is shared between the Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a>, the European territory of the Netherlands belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_mixed_forests" title="Atlantic mixed forests">Atlantic mixed forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-151">[141]</a> In 1871, the last old original natural woods were cut down.<a href="#cite_note-152">[142]</a> These woods were planted on <a href="/wiki/Heath_(habitat)#Anthropogenic_heaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Heath (habitat)">anthropogenic heaths</a> and sand-drifts (overgrazed heaths) (<a href="/wiki/Veluwe" title="Veluwe">Veluwe</a>). The Netherlands had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 0.6/10, ranking it 169th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-153">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen pollution">Nitrogen pollution</a> is a problem.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-143">[133]</a> The number of flying insects in the Netherlands has dropped by 75% since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-154">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean_islands">Caribbean islands</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba (island)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> islands of the Caribbean, the territories of <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a> have a constituent country status within the wider Kingdom of the Netherlands. Another three territories which make up the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> are designated as special municipalities. The Caribbean Netherlands have maritime borders with <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, France (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a>), <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caribbean-Borders-155">[145]</a> The islands of the Caribbean Netherlands enjoy a tropical <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> with warm weather all year round.<a href="#cite_note-156">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kleine_Bonaire-Underwater_life(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kleine_Bonaire-Underwater_life%28js%29.jpg/260px-Kleine_Bonaire-Underwater_life%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kleine_Bonaire-Underwater_life%28js%29.jpg/390px-Kleine_Bonaire-Underwater_life%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kleine_Bonaire-Underwater_life%28js%29.jpg/520px-Kleine_Bonaire-Underwater_life%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="4636" /></a><figcaption>Underwater life of <a href="/wiki/Klein_Bonaire" title="Klein Bonaire">Klein Bonaire</a></figcaption></figure> Within this island group: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/ABC_islands_(Leeward_Antilles)" title="ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)">ABC islands</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Antilles" title="Leeward Antilles">Leeward Antilles</a> island chain off the <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelan</a> coast. The Leeward Antilles have a mixed volcanic and coral origin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> are part of the <a href="/wiki/SSS_islands" title="SSS islands">SSS islands</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a>. They are located east of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a>. The locals (French, Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and the locally spoken English) consider them part of the Windward Islands, although in the international English language, the <a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> refer to other islands further south. These two islands are of volcanic origin and hilly, leaving little ground suitable for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. The highest point is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Scenery" title="Mount Scenery">Mount Scenery</a>, 887 m (2,910 ft), on <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a>. This is the highest point in the country and in the entire Kingdom of the Netherlands.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics of the Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Den_Haag_-_panoramio_-_Nikolai_Karaneschev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Den_Haag_-_panoramio_-_Nikolai_Karaneschev.jpg/220px-Den_Haag_-_panoramio_-_Nikolai_Karaneschev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Den_Haag_-_panoramio_-_Nikolai_Karaneschev.jpg/330px-Den_Haag_-_panoramio_-_Nikolai_Karaneschev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Den_Haag_-_panoramio_-_Nikolai_Karaneschev.jpg/440px-Den_Haag_-_panoramio_-_Nikolai_Karaneschev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Binnenhof" title="Binnenhof">Binnenhof</a>, where the lower and upper houses of the States General meet</figcaption></figure> The Netherlands has been a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> since 1815 and a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a> since 1848. The Netherlands is described as a <a href="/wiki/Consociational_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Consociational state">consociational state</a>. Dutch politics and governance are characterised by an effort to achieve broad consensus on important issues. The Netherlands was ranked as the 17th best electoral democracy in the world by <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> in 2023<a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-157">[147]</a> and 9th most democratic country in the world by the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index (The Economist)</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-158">[148]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">monarch</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, at present King <a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands</a>. Constitutionally, the position is equipped with limited powers due to ministerial responsibility. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:303px;max-width:303px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Zijne_Majesteit_Koning_Willem-Alexander_met_koningsmantel_april_2013_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Zijne_Majesteit_Koning_Willem-Alexander_met_koningsmantel_april_2013_%28cropped%29.jpeg/152px-Zijne_Majesteit_Koning_Willem-Alexander_met_koningsmantel_april_2013_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="152" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Zijne_Majesteit_Koning_Willem-Alexander_met_koningsmantel_april_2013_%28cropped%29.jpeg/228px-Zijne_Majesteit_Koning_Willem-Alexander_met_koningsmantel_april_2013_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Zijne_Majesteit_Koning_Willem-Alexander_met_koningsmantel_april_2013_%28cropped%29.jpeg/304px-Zijne_Majesteit_Koning_Willem-Alexander_met_koningsmantel_april_2013_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1343" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">King of the Netherlands</a> since 30 April 2013</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Directeur-generaal_AIVD_Dick_Schoof_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Directeur-generaal_AIVD_Dick_Schoof_%28cropped%29.jpg/143px-Directeur-generaal_AIVD_Dick_Schoof_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Directeur-generaal_AIVD_Dick_Schoof_%28cropped%29.jpg/215px-Directeur-generaal_AIVD_Dick_Schoof_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Directeur-generaal_AIVD_Dick_Schoof_%28cropped%29.jpg/286px-Directeur-generaal_AIVD_Dick_Schoof_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Schoof" title="Dick Schoof">Dick Schoof</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister of the Netherlands</a> since 2 July 2024</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive power</a> is formed by the government that includes the monarch and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Netherlands)" title="Council of Ministers (Netherlands)">Council of Ministers</a>, the deliberative organ of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">Dutch cabinet</a>. The cabinet usually consists of 13 to 16 ministers and a varying number of <a href="/wiki/State_Secretary_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secretary (Netherlands)">state secretaries</a>. One to three ministers are <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">ministers without portfolio</a>. The council of ministers is presided over by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister of the Netherlands</a>, who often is the leader of the largest party of the coalition. The Prime Minister is a <a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a>, with no explicit powers beyond those of the other ministers. <a href="/wiki/Dick_Schoof" title="Dick Schoof">Dick Schoof</a> has been Prime Minister since July 2024, succeeding the longest-serving Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rutte" title="Mark Rutte">Mark Rutte</a>. The cabinet is <a href="/wiki/Ministerial_responsibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministerial responsibility">responsible</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> parliament, the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a>, which also has <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative powers</a>. The 150 members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>, are elected in <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct elections</a> on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a>. These are held every four years, or sooner in case the cabinet falls. The provincial assemblies, the <a href="/wiki/States-Provincial" class="mw-redirect" title="States-Provincial">States Provincial</a>, are directly elected every four years as well. The members of the provincial assemblies elect the 75 members of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">Senate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>, which has the power to reject laws, but not amend them.<a href="#cite_note-159">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_culture">Political culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties of the Netherlands">Political parties of the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics of the Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red-light_district_of_Amsterdam_by_day._2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Red-light_district_of_Amsterdam_by_day._2012.JPG/220px-Red-light_district_of_Amsterdam_by_day._2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Red-light_district_of_Amsterdam_by_day._2012.JPG/330px-Red-light_district_of_Amsterdam_by_day._2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Red-light_district_of_Amsterdam_by_day._2012.JPG/440px-Red-light_district_of_Amsterdam_by_day._2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4280" data-file-height="2811" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/De_Wallen" title="De Wallen">De Wallen</a>, Amsterdam's red-light district offers activities such as legal <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution in the Netherlands">prostitution</a>, symbolizing the Dutch political culture and tradition of tolerance.</figcaption></figure> Both trade unions and <a href="/wiki/Employers_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Employers organisation">employers organisations</a> are consulted in policymaking in the financial, economic and social areas. They meet regularly with the government in the <a href="/wiki/Social-Economic_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-Economic Council">Social-Economic Council</a>. The Netherlands has a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">social tolerance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[150]</a> In the late 19th century this Dutch tradition of religious tolerance transformed into a system of <a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">pillarisation</a>, in which religious groups coexisted separately and only interacted at the level of government.<a href="#cite_note-161">[151]</a> Protection for <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Netherlands">LGBT</a> and abortion rights are enshrined within the Netherlands' foreign aid policy.<a href="#cite_note-162">[152]</a> No single party has held a majority in parliament since the 19th century, and as a result, <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition cabinets</a> had to be formed. Since suffrage became universal <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_1917" title="Pacification of 1917">in 1917</a>, the Dutch political system has been dominated by three families of political parties: <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian Democrats</a> (currently the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">CDA</a>), <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social Democrats</a> (currently the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">PvdA</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Liberals</a> (currently the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">VVD</a>). In November 2023, the right-wing populist <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">Party for Freedom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Geert_Wilders" title="Geert Wilders">Geert Wilders</a> was the winner of <a href="/wiki/2023_Dutch_general_election" title="2023 Dutch general election">a general election</a>, securing 37 out of 150 seats.<a href="#cite_note-163">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Schoof_cabinet" title="Schoof cabinet">A cabinet</a> was inaugurated in July 2024, and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Schoof" title="Dick Schoof">Dick Schoof</a> succeeded <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rutte" title="Mark Rutte">Mark Rutte</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">prime minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_provinces_Netherlands-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_provinces_Netherlands-en.svg/200px-Map_provinces_Netherlands-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_provinces_Netherlands-en.svg/300px-Map_provinces_Netherlands-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_provinces_Netherlands-en.svg/400px-Map_provinces_Netherlands-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands#Administration" title="Caribbean Netherlands">territories</a> of the Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Netherlands" title="Administrative divisions of the Netherlands">Administrative divisions of the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_body_(Netherlands)" title="Public body (Netherlands)">Public body (Netherlands)</a></div> The Netherlands is divided into twelve provinces, each under a <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Commissioner">King's Commissioner</a>. All provinces are divided into <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">municipalities</a> (gemeenten), of which there are 342 (2023).<a href="#cite_note-CBS_code-165">[155]</a> The country is subdivided into 21 water districts, governed by a <a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board (Netherlands)">water board</a> (waterschap or hoogheemraadschap), each having authority in matters concerning water management.<a href="#cite_note-WATER-166">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[157]</a> The creation of water boards pre-dates that of the nation itself, the first appearing in 1196. The Dutch water boards are among the oldest democratic entities in the world still in existence. Direct elections of the water boards take place every four years. Within the Dutch town of <a href="/wiki/Baarle-Nassau" title="Baarle-Nassau">Baarle-Nassau</a>, are 22 Belgian <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclaves</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[158]</a> and within those are 8 Dutch <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">enclaves</a>. <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:8em">Province </th> <th style="width:7em">Capital </th> <th style="width:6em">Largest city </th> <th>Total area (km2)<a href="#cite_note-169">[159]</a> </th> <th>Land area (km2)<a href="#cite_note-NL_data-170">[160]</a> </th> <th>Population (2023)<a href="#cite_note-NL_data-170">[160]</a> </th> <th>Density (/km2) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Drenthe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Drenthe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Drenthe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Drenthe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Drenthe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Drenthe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a></td> <td colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Assen" title="Assen">Assen</a></div> </td> <td>2,680</td> <td>2,633</td> <td>502,051</td> <td>191 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Flevoland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Flevoland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Flevoland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Flevoland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Flevoland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Flevoland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Flevoland" title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Lelystad" title="Lelystad">Lelystad</a></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Almere" title="Almere">Almere</a></div> </td> <td>2,412</td> <td>1,410</td> <td>444,701</td> <td>315 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Frisian_flag.svg/22px-Frisian_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Frisian_flag.svg/33px-Frisian_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Frisian_flag.svg/44px-Frisian_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a></td> <td colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></div> </td> <td>5,753</td> <td>3,340</td> <td>659,551</td> <td>197 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Gelderland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gelderland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Gelderland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gelderland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Gelderland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Gelderland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></div> </td> <td>5,136</td> <td>4,960</td> <td>2,133,708</td> <td>430 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Groningen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Groningen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Groningen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Groningen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Groningen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Groningen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a></td> <td colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groningen (city)">Groningen</a></div> </td> <td>2,955</td> <td>2,316</td> <td>596,075</td> <td>257 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a></td> <td colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a></div> </td> <td>2,210</td> <td>2,145</td> <td>1,128,367</td> <td>526 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/North_Brabant-Flag.svg/23px-North_Brabant-Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/North_Brabant-Flag.svg/35px-North_Brabant-Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/North_Brabant-Flag.svg/45px-North_Brabant-Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a></div> </td> <td>5,082</td> <td>4,902</td> <td>2,626,210</td> <td>536 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Holland.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Holland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Holland.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Holland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Holland.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Holland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></div> </td> <td>4,092</td> <td>2,663</td> <td>2,952,622</td> <td>1,109 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Overijssel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Overijssel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Overijssel.svg/35px-Flag_of_Overijssel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Overijssel.svg/45px-Flag_of_Overijssel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Enschede" title="Enschede">Enschede</a></div> </td> <td>3,421</td> <td>3,317</td> <td>1,184,333</td> <td>357 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></div></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></div> </td> <td>3,308</td> <td>2,698</td> <td>3,804,906</td> <td>1,410 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg/23px-Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg/35px-Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg/45px-Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a></td> <td colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht (city)">Utrecht</a></div> </td> <td>1,560</td> <td>1,484</td> <td>1,387,643</td> <td>935 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Zeeland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zeeland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Zeeland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zeeland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Zeeland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zeeland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a></td> <td colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Zeeland" title="Middelburg, Zeeland">Middelburg</a></div> </td> <td>2,933</td> <td>1,780</td> <td>391,124</td> <td>220 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th colspan="3">Mainland </th> <th>41,543</th> <th>33,647</th> <th>17,811,291</th> <th>529 </th></tr></tbody></table> The administrative structure on the three BES islands, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a>, is outside the twelve provinces. These islands have the status of openbare lichamen (<a href="/wiki/Public_body_(Netherlands)" title="Public body (Netherlands)">public bodies</a>).<a href="#cite_note-WOLBES-171">[161]</a> In the Netherlands these administrative units are often referred to as special municipalities. <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Island </th> <th>Capital </th> <th>Area (km2)<a href="#cite_note-BES-172">[162]</a> </th> <th>Population (2023)<a href="#cite_note-BES-172">[162]</a> </th> <th>Density (/km2) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Bonaire.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bonaire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Bonaire.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bonaire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Bonaire.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bonaire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Kralendijk" title="Kralendijk">Kralendijk</a></div> </td> <td>288</td> <td>24,090</td> <td>84 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Saba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Saba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Saba.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/The_Bottom" title="The Bottom">The Bottom</a></div> </td> <td>13</td> <td>2,035</td> <td>157 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Oranjestad,_Sint_Eustatius" title="Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius">Oranjestad</a></div> </td> <td>21</td> <td>3,293</td> <td>157 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th colspan="2">Caribbean Netherlands </th> <th>322</th> <th>29,418</th> <th>91 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Foreign relations of the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Netherlands">List of diplomatic missions of the Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Court_of_Justice_HQ_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/International_Court_of_Justice_HQ_2006.jpg/220px-International_Court_of_Justice_HQ_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/International_Court_of_Justice_HQ_2006.jpg/330px-International_Court_of_Justice_HQ_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/International_Court_of_Justice_HQ_2006.jpg/440px-International_Court_of_Justice_HQ_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Peace_Palace" title="Peace Palace">Peace Palace</a> (Vredespaleis), in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></figcaption></figure> The history of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Dutch foreign policy</a> has been characterized by its <a href="/wiki/Neutral_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral state">neutrality</a>. According to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>, Netherlands is the 18th most peaceful country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-173">[163]</a> Since World War II, the Netherlands has become a member of a large number of international organisations, most prominently the UN, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the EU. The <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> of the Netherlands is based on four basic commitments: to <a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlantic co-operation</a>, to <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>, to <a href="/wiki/International_development" title="International development">international development</a> and to <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. One of the more controversial international issues surrounding the Netherlands is its <a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">liberal policy towards soft drugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[164]</a> The historical ties inherited from its colonial past in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> still influence the foreign relations of the Netherlands. Many with heritage from these countries now live permanently in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-175">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the Netherlands">Armed forces of the Netherlands</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:HNLMS_Holland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/HNLMS_Holland.jpg/200px-HNLMS_Holland.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/HNLMS_Holland.jpg/300px-HNLMS_Holland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/HNLMS_Holland.jpg/400px-HNLMS_Holland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Holland-class_offshore_patrol_vessel" title="Holland-class offshore patrol vessel">Holland-class offshore patrol vessel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy" title="Royal Netherlands Navy">Royal Netherlands Navy</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Aankomst_F-35_Leeuwarden-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Aankomst_F-35_Leeuwarden-4.jpg/200px-Aankomst_F-35_Leeuwarden-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Aankomst_F-35_Leeuwarden-4.jpg/300px-Aankomst_F-35_Leeuwarden-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Aankomst_F-35_Leeuwarden-4.jpg/400px-Aankomst_F-35_Leeuwarden-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4723" data-file-height="2657" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/F-35_Lightning_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force" title="Royal Netherlands Air Force">Royal Netherlands Air Force</a></div></div></div></div></div> The Netherlands has one of the oldest standing armies in Europe; it was first established in the late 1500s. After the defeat of Napoleon, the Dutch army was transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> army. The Netherlands abandoned its neutrality in 1948 when it signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of Brussels">Treaty of Brussels</a>, and became a founding member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 1949. The Dutch military was therefore part of the NATO strength in <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> Europe. In 1983 the (ceremonial) function of commander of chief of the monarch was transferred to the government, which means the monarch (nominal head of state) has no formal military function. In 1996 conscription was suspended, and the Dutch army was once again transformed into a professional army. Since the 1990s the Dutch army has been involved in the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, it held a province in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> after the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, and it was engaged in <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vol._21,_No._3,_429–458-177">[167]</a> The Netherlands has ratified many international conventions concerning <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">war law</a>. The Netherlands decided not to sign the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[168]</a> The military is composed of four branches, all of which carry the prefix Koninklijke (Royal): <ul><li>Koninklijke Marine (KM), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy" title="Royal Netherlands Navy">Royal Netherlands Navy</a>, including the Naval Air Service and Marine Corps;</li> <li>Koninklijke Landmacht (KL), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Army" title="Royal Netherlands Army">Royal Netherlands Army</a>;</li> <li>Koninklijke Luchtmacht (KLu), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force" title="Royal Netherlands Air Force">Royal Netherlands Air Force</a>;</li> <li>Koninklijke Marechaussee (KMar), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marechaussee" title="Royal Marechaussee">Royal Marechaussee</a> (Military Police), tasks include military police and border control.</li></ul> The submarine service opened to women on 1 January 2017. The <a href="/wiki/Korps_Commandotroepen" title="Korps Commandotroepen">Korps Commandotroepen</a>, the Special Operations Force of the Netherlands Army, is open to women, but because of the extremely high physical demands for initial training, it is almost impossible for a woman to become a commando.<a href="#cite_note-179">[169]</a> The Dutch Ministry of Defence employs more than 70,000 personnel, including over 20,000 civilians and over 50,000 military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-180">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Economy of the Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Economic_growth_of_the_Netherlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Economic_growth_of_the_Netherlands.jpg/220px-Economic_growth_of_the_Netherlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Economic_growth_of_the_Netherlands.jpg/330px-Economic_growth_of_the_Netherlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Economic_growth_of_the_Netherlands.jpg/440px-Economic_growth_of_the_Netherlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Historical GDP per capita development (<a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a>)</figcaption></figure> Since the 16th century, shipping, fishing, agriculture, trade, and banking have been leading sectors of the Dutch economy. The Netherlands has a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_economic_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by economic freedom">high level of economic freedom</a>. The Netherlands is one of the top countries in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Enabling_Trade_Report" title="Global Enabling Trade Report">Global Enabling Trade Report</a> (2nd in 2016), and was ranked the fifth most competitive economy in the world by the Swiss <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Management_Development" title="International Institute for Management Development">International Institute for Management Development</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-181">[171]</a> The country was ranked the 8th most innovative nation in the world in the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> down from 2nd in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-182">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[173]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit">[update]</a>, the key trading partners of the Netherlands were Germany, Belgium, the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Italy, China and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-cia-worldfactbook-nl-11">[6]</a> The Netherlands is one of the world's 10 leading exporting countries. Foodstuffs form the largest industrial sector. Other major industries include chemicals, metallurgy, machinery, electrical goods, trade, services and tourism. Examples of international Dutch companies operating in the Netherlands include <a href="/wiki/Randstad_Holding" class="mw-redirect" title="Randstad Holding">Randstad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heineken_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Heineken International">Heineken</a>, <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a>, financial services (<a href="/wiki/ING_Group" title="ING Group">ING</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABN_AMRO" title="ABN AMRO">ABN AMRO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabobank" title="Rabobank">Rabobank</a>), chemicals (<a href="/wiki/DSM_(company)" title="DSM (company)">DSM</a>, <a href="/wiki/AkzoNobel" title="AkzoNobel">AKZO</a>), petroleum refining (<a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell plc</a>), electronic machinery (<a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASML_Holding" title="ASML Holding">ASML</a>), and satellite navigation (<a href="/wiki/TomTom" title="TomTom">TomTom</a>). The Netherlands has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">17th-largest economy in the world</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">ranks 11th in GDP (nominal) per capita</a>. The Netherlands has low income inequality, but wealth inequality is relatively high.<a href="#cite_note-184">[174]</a> Despite ranking 11th in <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> ranked the Netherlands 1st in child well-being in rich countries, both in 2007 and in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-185">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> is the financial and business capital of the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-ez-188">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Stock Exchange">Amsterdam Stock Exchange</a> (AEX), part of <a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a>, is the world's oldest stock exchange and is one of Europe's largest bourses. As a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>, the Netherlands replaced (for accounting purposes) its former currency, the "gulden" (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">guilder</a>), on 1 January 1999. Actual <a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">euro coins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">banknotes</a> followed on 1 January 2002. One euro was equivalent to 2.20371 Dutch guilders. In the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a>, the United States dollar is used instead.<a href="#cite_note-189">[179]</a> The Netherlands is a "conduit country" that helps to funnel profits from high-tax countries to tax havens.<a href="#cite_note-190">[180]</a> It has been ranked as the 4th largest tax haven in the world.<a href="#cite_note-191">[181]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlueEurozone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/220px-BlueEurozone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/330px-BlueEurozone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/440px-BlueEurozone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>The Netherlands is part of a monetary union, the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> (dark blue), and the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Market_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Market (European Union)">EU single market</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Dutch location gives it prime access to markets in the United Kingdom and Germany, with the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rotterdam" title="Port of Rotterdam">Port of Rotterdam</a> being the largest port in Europe. Other important parts of the economy are <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a>, banking and transport. The Netherlands successfully addressed the issue of public finances and stagnating job growth long before its European partners. Amsterdam is the 5th-busiest tourist destination in Europe, with more than 4.2 million international visitors.<a href="#cite_note-42milvisitors-192">[182]</a> Since the enlargement of the EU, large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">migrant workers</a> have arrived in the Netherlands from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-193">[183]</a> The Netherlands continues to be one of the leading European nations for attracting foreign direct investment and is one of the five largest investors in the United States. The economy experienced a slowdown in 2005, but in 2006 recovered to the fastest pace in six years on the back of increased exports and strong investment. The pace of job growth reached 10-year highs in 2007. The Netherlands is the fourth-most competitive economy in the world, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">Global Competitiveness Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wefcomp-194">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_gas_NL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Natural_gas_NL.png/220px-Natural_gas_NL.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Natural_gas_NL.png/330px-Natural_gas_NL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Natural_gas_NL.png/440px-Natural_gas_NL.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>Natural gas concessions in the Netherlands. The Netherlands accounts for more than 25% of all natural gas reserves in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-195">[185]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildervank_natural_gas_field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Wildervank_natural_gas_field.jpg/220px-Wildervank_natural_gas_field.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Wildervank_natural_gas_field.jpg/330px-Wildervank_natural_gas_field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Wildervank_natural_gas_field.jpg/440px-Wildervank_natural_gas_field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4937" data-file-height="3262" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Groningen_gas_field" title="Groningen gas field">Groningen gas field</a>, whose discovery in 1959 transformed the Dutch economy, is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Natural-gas_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural-gas field">natural-gas fields</a> in the world</figcaption></figure> Beginning in the 1950s, the Netherlands discovered huge natural gas resources. The sale of natural gas generated enormous revenues for the Netherlands for decades, adding, over sixty years, hundreds of billions of euros to the government's budget.<a href="#cite_note-vorige.nrc.nl-196">[186]</a> However, the unforeseen consequences of the country's huge energy wealth impacted the competitiveness of other sectors of the economy, leading to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_disease" title="Dutch disease">Dutch disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vorige.nrc.nl-196">[186]</a> The field is operated by government-owned Gasunie and output is jointly exploited by the government, Royal Dutch Shell, and ExxonMobil. Gas production caused earthquakes which damaged housing. After a large public backlash, the government decided to phase out gas production from the field.<a href="#cite_note-:4-197">[187]</a> The Netherlands has made notable progress in its <a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">transition</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-neutral economy">carbon-neutral economy</a>. Thanks to increasing <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy efficiency</a>, energy demand shows signs of decoupling from economic growth. The share of energy from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable sources</a> doubled from 2008 to 2019, with especially strong growth in <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">offshore wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power" title="Rooftop solar power">rooftop solar</a>. However, the Netherlands remains heavily reliant on fossil fuels and has a concentration of energy- and emission-intensive industries that will not be easy to decarbonise. Its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klimaatakkoord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klimaatakkoord (page does not exist)">2019 Climate Agreement</a> defines policies and measures to support the achievement of Dutch climate targets and was developed through a collaborative process involving parties from across Dutch society.<a href="#cite_note-198">[188]</a> As of 2018, the Netherlands had one of the highest rates of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> emissions per person in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-199">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_natural_resources">Agriculture and natural resources</h3></div> The Netherlands' <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> totals only 0.8 global hectares per person in 2016, 0.2 of which are dedicated to agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-200">[190]</a> The Dutch biocapacity per person is just about half of the 1.6 global hectares of biocapacity per person available worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-201">[191]</a> In contrast, in 2016, the Dutch used on average 4.8 global hectares of biocapacity - their <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> of consumption. As a result, the Netherlands was running a biocapacity deficit of 4.0 global hectares per person in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-200">[190]</a> The Dutch waste more food than any other EU citizen, at over three times the EU average.<a href="#cite_note-202">[192]</a> The Dutch agricultural sector is highly mechanised, and has a strong focus on international exports. It employs about 4% of the Dutch labour force but produces large surpluses in the food-processing industry and accounts for 21% of the Dutch total export value.<a href="#cite_note-203">[193]</a> The Dutch rank first in the European Union and second worldwide in value of agricultural exports, behind only the United States,<a href="#cite_note-204">[194]</a> with agricultural exports earning €80.7 billion in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-government.nl-205">[195]</a> up from €75.4 billion in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-hollandtrade.com-31">[21]</a> In 2019 agricultural exports were worth €94.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-206">[196]</a> In an effort to reduce <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">agricultural pollution</a>, the Dutch government is imposing strict limits on the productivity of the farming sector, triggering <a href="/wiki/Dutch_farmers%27_protests" title="Dutch farmers' protests">Dutch farmers' protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[197]</a> One-third of the world's exports of <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">chilis</a>, tomatoes, and <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumbers</a> go through the country. The Netherlands exports one-fifteenth of the world's apples.<a href="#cite_note-USDA_Foreign_Agriculture_Service-208">[198]</a> A significant portion of Dutch agricultural exports consists of fresh-cut plants, flowers, and flower bulbs, with the Netherlands exporting two-thirds of the world's total.<a href="#cite_note-USDA_Foreign_Agriculture_Service-208">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Netherlands">Demography of the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch people</a></div> The Netherlands had an estimated population of 17,947,406 as of 31 November 2023.<a href="#cite_note-RegionalPop-209">[199]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">6th most densely populated</a> country in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density">33rd most densely populated</a> country in the world with a density of 424 per square kilometre (1,100/sq mi). Between 1900 and 1950, the country's population almost doubled from 5.1 to 10 million. From 1950 to 2000, the population further increased, to 15.9 million.<a href="#cite_note-210">[200]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> in the Netherlands is 1.78 children per woman (2018 estimate),<a href="#cite_note-cia-worldfactbook-nl-11">[6]</a> which is high compared with many other European countries, but <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">below the rate of 2.1 children per woman required for natural population replacement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[201]</a> The Netherlands has one of the <a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_the_Netherlands" title="Ageing of the Netherlands">oldest populations</a> in the world, with the average age of 42.7 years.<a href="#cite_note-cia-worldfactbook-nl-11">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> is high in the Netherlands: 84.3 years for newborn girls and 79.7 for boys (2020 estimate).<a href="#cite_note-cia-worldfactbook-nl-11">[6]</a> The Dutch are the <a href="/wiki/Average_human_height_by_country" title="Average human height by country">tallest people in the world</a>, by nationality,<a href="#cite_note-Science_2015-04-07-212">[202]</a> with an average <a href="/wiki/Human_height" title="Human height">height</a> of 1.81 metres (5 ft 11.3 in) for men and 1.67 metres (5 ft 5.7 in) for women in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-213">[203]</a> The average height of young men in the Netherlands increased from 5 feet, 4 inches to approximately 6 feet between the 1850s until the early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-214">[204]</a> The country has a <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> rate of 1.9 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year.<a href="#cite_note-cia-worldfactbook-nl-11">[6]</a> The majority of the population of the Netherlands is ethnically <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>. In 2022, the population was 74.8% ethnically Dutch, 8.3% other European, 2.4% <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Netherlands" title="Turks in the Netherlands">Turkish</a>, 2.4% Moroccan, 2.0% Indonesian, 2.0% <a href="/wiki/Surinamese_people" title="Surinamese people">Surinamese</a>, and 8.1% others.<a href="#cite_note-auto-7">[3]</a> Some 150,000 to 200,000 people living in the Netherlands are <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a>, mostly concentrated in and around <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, now constituting almost 10% of the population of these cities.<a href="#cite_note-215">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[206]</a> Significant minorities in the country include <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a> 700,000, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> 41,000-45,000 and the <a href="/wiki/Roma_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma people">Roma</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> 40,000.<a href="#cite_note-217">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grote_drukte_zomercarnaval_Rotterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grote_drukte_zomercarnaval_Rotterdam.jpg/220px-Grote_drukte_zomercarnaval_Rotterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grote_drukte_zomercarnaval_Rotterdam.jpg/330px-Grote_drukte_zomercarnaval_Rotterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grote_drukte_zomercarnaval_Rotterdam.jpg/440px-Grote_drukte_zomercarnaval_Rotterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4090" data-file-height="2727" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> almost half the population has an immigrant background.</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>, in 2010 there were 1.8 million <a href="/wiki/Foreign_born" title="Foreign born">foreign-born residents</a> in the Netherlands, corresponding to 11.1% of the total population. Of these, 1.4 million (8.5%) were born outside the EU and 0.43 million (2.6%) were born in another EU Member State.<a href="#cite_note-218">[208]</a> On 21 November 2016, there were 3.8 million residents in the Netherlands with at least one foreign-born parent.<a href="#cite_note-219">[209]</a> Over half the young people in Amsterdam and Rotterdam have a non-western background.<a href="#cite_note-220">[210]</a> Dutch people, or <a href="/wiki/Dutch_diaspora" title="Dutch diaspora">descendants of Dutch people</a>, are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in South Africa and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-221">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[212]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a> is the country's largest <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> located in the west of the country and contains the four largest cities: <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> in the province <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> in the province <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht (city)">Utrecht</a> in the province <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a>. The Randstad has a population of about 8.2 million inhabitants<a href="#cite_note-223">[213]</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe by population">5th largest metropolitan area</a> in Europe. According to Dutch Central Statistics Bureau, in 2015, 28 per cent of the Dutch population had a spendable income above 45,000 euros (which does not include spending on health care or education).<a href="#cite_note-224">[214]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Largest cities of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Largest cities of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest municipalities in the Netherlands <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">Statistics Netherlands</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[215]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Netherlands">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Netherlands">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Imagen_de_los_canales_conc%C3%A9ntricos_en_%C3%81msterdam.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Amsterdam"><img alt="Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Imagen_de_los_canales_conc%C3%A9ntricos_en_%C3%81msterdam.png/120px-Imagen_de_los_canales_conc%C3%A9ntricos_en_%C3%81msterdam.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Imagen_de_los_canales_conc%C3%A9ntricos_en_%C3%81msterdam.png/180px-Imagen_de_los_canales_conc%C3%A9ntricos_en_%C3%81msterdam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Imagen_de_los_canales_conc%C3%A9ntricos_en_%C3%81msterdam.png/240px-Imagen_de_los_canales_conc%C3%A9ntricos_en_%C3%81msterdam.png 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1654" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam_(6970397299).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rotterdam"><img alt="Rotterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotterdam_%286970397299%29.jpg/120px-Rotterdam_%286970397299%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotterdam_%286970397299%29.jpg/180px-Rotterdam_%286970397299%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotterdam_%286970397299%29.jpg/240px-Rotterdam_%286970397299%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">931,298</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Apeldoorn" title="Apeldoorn">Apeldoorn</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">168,211 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Den_Haag_Het_Strijkijzer_Blick_von_der_Aussichtsterrasse_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hague"><img alt="The Hague" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Den_Haag_Het_Strijkijzer_Blick_von_der_Aussichtsterrasse_12.jpg/120px-Den_Haag_Het_Strijkijzer_Blick_von_der_Aussichtsterrasse_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Den_Haag_Het_Strijkijzer_Blick_von_der_Aussichtsterrasse_12.jpg/180px-Den_Haag_Het_Strijkijzer_Blick_von_der_Aussichtsterrasse_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Den_Haag_Het_Strijkijzer_Blick_von_der_Aussichtsterrasse_12.jpg/240px-Den_Haag_Het_Strijkijzer_Blick_von_der_Aussichtsterrasse_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4559" data-file-height="2270" /></a> <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Domuitzicht8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Utrecht"><img alt="Utrecht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Domuitzicht8.jpg/120px-Domuitzicht8.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Domuitzicht8.jpg/180px-Domuitzicht8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Domuitzicht8.jpg/240px-Domuitzicht8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">670,610</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">167,636 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">566,221</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">167,632 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">374,238</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Haarlemmermeer" title="Haarlemmermeer">Haarlemmermeer</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">163,128 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">246,417</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort" title="Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">161,852 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">243,768</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Enschede" title="Enschede">Enschede</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">161,738 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tilburg" title="Tilburg">Tilburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">229,836</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zaanstad" title="Zaanstad">Zaanstad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">161,389 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Almere" title="Almere">Almere</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Flevoland" title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">226,500</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">160,757 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">188,078</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">133,141 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">187,049</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">128,810 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages of the Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreign_languages_Netherlands,_2005.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Foreign_languages_Netherlands%2C_2005.png/350px-Foreign_languages_Netherlands%2C_2005.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Foreign_languages_Netherlands%2C_2005.png/525px-Foreign_languages_Netherlands%2C_2005.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Foreign_languages_Netherlands%2C_2005.png/700px-Foreign_languages_Netherlands%2C_2005.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Knowledge of foreign languages in the Netherlands, among population 15 and older, in 2006<a href="#cite_note-226">[216]</a></figcaption></figure> The official language of the Netherlands is <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, which is spoken by the vast majority of inhabitants. The dialects most spoken in the Netherlands are the <a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hollandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic">Hollandic</a> dialects.<a href="#cite_note-227">[217]</a> Besides Dutch, <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> is recognised as a second official language in the northern province of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> (Fryslân in West Frisian).<a href="#cite_note-228">[218]</a> West Frisian has a formal status for government correspondence in that province. Four other languages are protected under the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[219]</a> The first of these recognised regional languages is <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Low Saxon</a> (Nedersaksisch in Dutch). Low Saxon consists of several dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> language spoken in the north and east of the Netherlands, like <a href="/wiki/Tweants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweants">Tweants</a> in the region of <a href="/wiki/Twente" title="Twente">Twente</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drents" class="mw-redirect" title="Drents">Drents</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a> is recognised as a regional language. It consists of Dutch varieties of <a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a> and is spoken in the south-eastern province of <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-international2000-128">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a> were recognised in 1996 as non-territorial languages.<a href="#cite_note-:3-230">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Netherlands" title="English in the Netherlands">English</a> has a formal status in the special municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a>. It is widely spoken on these islands. <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a> has a formal status in the special municipality of <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-230">[220]</a> The Netherlands has a long tradition of learning foreign languages, formalised in Dutch education laws. Some 90% of the total population <a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Netherlands" title="English in the Netherlands">are able to converse in English</a>, 70% in German, and 29% in French.<a href="#cite_note-231">[221]</a> English is a mandatory course in all secondary schools.<a href="#cite_note-rijksoverheid-232">[222]</a> In most lower level secondary school educations (<a href="/wiki/Voorbereidend_middelbaar_beroepsonderwijs" title="Voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs">vmbo</a>), one additional modern foreign language is mandatory during the first two years.<a href="#cite_note-Schedule_of_the_Central_Exams_of_2009-233">[223]</a> In higher level secondary schools (<a href="/wiki/Hoger_algemeen_voortgezet_onderwijs" title="Hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs">havo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voorbereidend_wetenschappelijk_onderwijs" title="Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs">vwo</a>), the acquisition of two additional modern foreign language skills is mandatory. Besides English, the standard modern languages are French and German, although schools can replace one of these with Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Italian, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Examenblad_talen_vwo_2019-234">[224]</a> Additionally, schools in Friesland teach and have exams in <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Religion in the Netherlands</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 15915.284869129px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 295.09804091867px; border-left-color:Darkgreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Darkgreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Darkgreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 130.60549896243px; border-left-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1.256703212338px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:33.281954452299px 94.299053589286px 0 0; border-top-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gray"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religious identification in the Netherlands (2020)<a href="#cite_note-cbs2021-236">[226]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">Irreligious</a> (55.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> (19.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (14.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Muslim</a> (5.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (5.1%)</div> </div> </div></div> Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now the Netherlands for more than 1,200 years,<a href="#cite_note-237">[227]</a> and by the middle of the sixteenth century the country was strongly Protestant (<a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995361–395-238">[228]</a> The population was predominantly Christian until the late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Creationism-239">[229]</a> Although significant religious diversity remains, there has been a decline of religious adherence.<a href="#cite_note-cbs2021-236">[226]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">Statistics Netherlands</a> found that 55% of the total population declared itself <a href="/wiki/Non-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-religious">non-religious</a>. Groups that represent the non-religious in the Netherlands include <a href="/wiki/Humanistisch_Verbond" title="Humanistisch Verbond">Humanistisch Verbond</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholics</a> comprised 19.8% of the total population, <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> (14.4%). <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> comprised 5.2% of the total population and followers of other Christian denominations and other religions (like Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>) comprised the remaining 5.1%.<a href="#cite_note-cbs2021-236">[226]</a> A 2015 survey from another source found that Protestants outnumbered Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-240">[230]</a> The southern provinces of <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a> have historically been strongly Catholic, and some residents consider the Catholic Church as a base for their <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Christian">cultural identity</a>. Protestantism in the Netherlands consists of a number of churches within various traditions. The largest of these is the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a> (PKN), a <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">united</a> church which is <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> in orientation.<a href="#cite_note-CBS_2009-241">[231]</a> It was formed in 2004 as a merger of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands">Reformed Churches in the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands">a smaller Lutheran Church</a>. Several orthodox Calvinist and liberal churches did not merge into the PKN. Although Christianity has become a minority in the Netherlands, it contains a <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt_(Netherlands)" title="Bible Belt (Netherlands)">Bible Belt</a> from <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a> to the northern parts of the province <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a>, in which Protestant beliefs remain strong. Several Christian religious holidays are national holidays (Christmas, Easter, <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-auto3-242">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the second largest religion in the state.<a href="#cite_note-CBS2-243">[233]</a> The Muslim population increased from the 1960 as a result of large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Netherlands#Migration_and_origin_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Netherlands">migrant workers</a>. This included migrant workers from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, as well as migrants from former <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch colonies</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. During the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim refugees">Muslim refugees</a> arrived from countries like <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[234]</a> Since 2000 there has been raised awareness of religion, mainly due to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[235]</a> Another religion practised is <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, with around 215,000 adherents (slightly over 1% of the population). Most of these are <a href="/wiki/Indo-Surinamese" title="Indo-Surinamese">Indo-Surinamese</a>. There are sizeable populations of Hindu immigrants from India and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and Western adherents of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_West" title="Hinduism in the West">Hinduism-orientated new religious movements</a> such as <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">Hare Krishnas</a>. The Netherlands has an estimated 250,000 <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Buddhism in the Netherlands">Buddhists</a> or people strongly attracted to this religion, mainly ethnic Dutch people. There are about 30,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Jews</a> in the Netherlands, though the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Jewish_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Jewish Policy Research">Institute for Jewish Policy Research</a> estimates range from 30,000 to 63,000, depending on how the number is calculated.<a href="#cite_note-246">[236]</a> The Constitution of the Netherlands guarantees freedom of education, which means that all schools that adhere to general quality criteria receive the same government funding. This includes schools based on religious principles by religious groups (especially Catholic and Protestant). Three political parties in the Dutch parliament, (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">CDA</a>, and two small parties, <a href="/wiki/ChristianUnion" class="mw-redirect" title="ChristianUnion">ChristianUnion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_Party" title="Reformed Political Party">SGP</a>) are based upon the Christian belief. Several Christian religious holidays are national holidays (Christmas, Easter, <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-auto3-242">[232]</a> A survey in December 2014 concluded that for the first time there were more atheists (25%) than theists (17%) in the Netherlands, while the remainder of the population was agnostic (31%) or <a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">ietsistic</a> (27%).<a href="#cite_note-trouw.nl-247">[237]</a> In 2015, a vast majority of the inhabitants of the Netherlands (82%) said they had never or almost never visited a church, and 59% stated that they had never been to a church. Of all the people questioned, 24% saw themselves as atheist, an increase of 11% compared to the previous study done in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-BerntsA-248">[238]</a> The expected rise of spirituality has come to a halt according to research in 2015. In 2006, 40% of respondents considered themselves spiritual; in 2015 this has dropped to 31%. The number who believed in the existence of a higher power fell from 36% to 28% over the same period.<a href="#cite_note-nos.nl-249">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Education in the Netherlands</a></div> Education in the Netherlands is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16. If a child does not have a "starting qualification" (HAVO, VWO or MBO 2+ degree) they are still forced to attend classes until they achieve such a qualification or reach the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-250">[240]</a> Children in the Netherlands attend elementary school from (on average) ages 4 to 12. It has eight grades and the first is facultative. Based on an aptitude test, the eighth grade teacher's recommendation and the opinion of the pupil's parents or caretakers, a choice is made for one of the three main streams of secondary education. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht-Uithof,_from_CambridgeLaan_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Utrecht-Uithof%2C_from_CambridgeLaan_01.jpg/220px-Utrecht-Uithof%2C_from_CambridgeLaan_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Utrecht-Uithof%2C_from_CambridgeLaan_01.jpg/330px-Utrecht-Uithof%2C_from_CambridgeLaan_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Utrecht-Uithof%2C_from_CambridgeLaan_01.jpg/440px-Utrecht-Uithof%2C_from_CambridgeLaan_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>View on the Utrecht Science Park of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a>. The building in the centre is the library.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Voorbereidend_middelbaar_beroepsonderwijs" title="Voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs">VMBO</a> has four grades and is subdivided over several levels. Successfully completing the VMBO results in a low-level vocational degree that grants access to the MBO. The MBO (middle-level applied education) is a form of education that primarily focuses on teaching a practical trade or a vocational degree. With the MBO certification, a student can apply for the HBO. The <a href="/wiki/Hoger_algemeen_voortgezet_onderwijs" title="Hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs">HAVO</a> has 5 grades and allows for admission to the HBO. The HBO (higher professional education) are <a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">universities of professional education</a> (applied sciences) that award professional bachelor's degrees; similar to polytechnic degrees. An HBO degree gives access to the university system. The <a href="/wiki/Voorbereidend_wetenschappelijk_onderwijs" title="Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs">VWO</a> (comprising <a href="/wiki/Atheneum_(school)" title="Atheneum (school)">atheneum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a>) has 6 grades and prepares for studying at a research university. Universities offer a three-year bachelor's degree, followed by a one or two-year master's degree, which in turn can be followed by a <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral degree">doctoral degree</a> programme. Doctoral candidates in the Netherlands are generally non-tenured employees of a university. All Dutch schools and universities are publicly funded and managed with the exception of religious schools. Dutch universities have a tuition fee of about 2,000 euros a year for students from the Netherlands and the EU, and 15,000 euros for non-EU students.<a href="#cite_note-251">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Netherlands" title="Healthcare in the Netherlands">Healthcare in the Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_(1632-1723)._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg/180px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg/270px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg/360px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a> (1632–1723), known as "the father of microbiology"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meander_MC_noordzijde_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Meander_MC_noordzijde_1.JPG/220px-Meander_MC_noordzijde_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Meander_MC_noordzijde_1.JPG/330px-Meander_MC_noordzijde_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Meander_MC_noordzijde_1.JPG/440px-Meander_MC_noordzijde_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A public hospital in <a href="/wiki/Amersfoort" title="Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a></figcaption></figure> In 2016, the Netherlands maintained its position at the top of the annual <a href="/wiki/Euro_Health_Consumer_Index" title="Euro Health Consumer Index">Euro Health Consumer Index</a> (EHCI), which compares healthcare systems in Europe, scoring 916 of a maximum 1,000 points. The Netherlands has been among the top three countries in each report published since 2005. On 48 indicators such as patient rights and information, accessibility, prevention and outcomes, the Netherlands secured its top position among 37 European countries for six years in a row.<a href="#cite_note-healthpowerhouse.com-252">[242]</a> The Netherlands was ranked first in a study in 2009 comparing the <a href="/wiki/Health_care_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care system">health care systems</a> of the United States, Australia, Canada, Germany and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-253">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[244]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Health_Consumer_Powerhouse" title="Health Consumer Powerhouse">Health Consumer Powerhouse</a> (HCP), patients have a great degree of freedom from where to buy their health insurance, to where they get their healthcare. Healthcare decisions are made in dialogue between patients and healthcare professionals.<a href="#cite_note-healthpowerhouse.com-252">[242]</a> Healthcare in the Netherlands is split 3 ways: in somatic and mental health care and in 'cure' (short term) and 'care' (long term). Home doctors (huisartsen, comparable to <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practitioners</a>) form the largest part of the first level. Being referred by a member of the first level is mandatory for access to the second and third level.<a href="#cite_note-Boot-255">[245]</a> The health care system is in comparison to other Western countries, effective but not the most cost-effective.<a href="#cite_note-BCG-256">[246]</a> Healthcare is financed by a dual system that came into effect in January 2006. Long-term treatments, especially those that involve semi-permanent hospitalisation, and disability costs such as wheelchairs, are covered by a state-controlled mandatory insurance. In 2009 this insurance covered 27% of all health care expenses.<a href="#cite_note-statline.cbs.nl-257">[247]</a> Other sources of health care payment are taxes (14%), out of pocket payments (9%), additional optional health insurance packages (4%) and a range of other sources (4%).<a href="#cite_note-statline.cbs.nl-257">[247]</a> Health insurance in the Netherlands is mandatory. Healthcare in the Netherlands is covered by two statutory forms of insurance: <ul><li>Zorgverzekeringswet (ZVW), often called "basic insurance", covers common medical care.</li> <li>Algemene Wet Bijzondere Ziektekosten (AWBZ) covers long-term nursing and care.</li></ul> While Dutch residents are automatically insured by the government for AWBZ, everyone has to buy their own basic healthcare insurance, except those under 18 who are automatically covered under their parents. Insurance companies are obliged to provide a package with a defined set of insured treatments.<a href="#cite_note-minvws.nl-258">[248]</a> This insurance covers 41% of all health care expenses.<a href="#cite_note-statline.cbs.nl-257">[247]</a> Insurers have to offer a universal package for everyone over 18, regardless of age or state of health – it is illegal to refuse an application or impose special conditions. The funding burden for all short-term health care coverage is carried 50% by employers, 45% by the insured person and 5% by the government. Those on low incomes receive compensation to help them pay their insurance. Premiums paid by the insured are about €135 per month.<a href="#cite_note-259">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Transport in the Netherlands">Transport in the Netherlands</a></div> Mobility on Dutch roads has grown continuously since the 1950s and now exceeds 200 billion km travelled per year,<a href="#cite_note-260">[250]</a> three quarters of which are done by car.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-ITF-261">[251]</a> Around half of all trips in the Netherlands are made by car, 25% by bicycle, 20% walking, and 5% by public transport.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-ITF-261">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_transport">Road transport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A1-Hoog_Buurlo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/A1-Hoog_Buurlo.jpg/220px-A1-Hoog_Buurlo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/A1-Hoog_Buurlo.jpg/330px-A1-Hoog_Buurlo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/A1-Hoog_Buurlo.jpg/440px-A1-Hoog_Buurlo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/A1_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A1 motorway (Netherlands)">A1 motorway</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a></figcaption></figure> The Netherlands has one of the densest road networks in the world.<a href="#cite_note-262">[252]</a> The Netherlands has a relatively high uptake of <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a>, as the government implemented ambitious policy on both charging infrastructure and tax benefits.<a href="#cite_note-263">[253]</a> As of 2019, the Netherlands hosts approximately 30% of all recharging stations in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-264">[254]</a> Moreover, newly sold cars in the Netherlands have on average the lowest CO2 emissions in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-265">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NSR_-_Sprinter_Lighttrain_(SLT)_-_Wieldrechtse_Zeedijk_-_Dordrecht_(22087244596).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NSR_-_Sprinter_Lighttrain_%28SLT%29_-_Wieldrechtse_Zeedijk_-_Dordrecht_%2822087244596%29.jpg/220px-NSR_-_Sprinter_Lighttrain_%28SLT%29_-_Wieldrechtse_Zeedijk_-_Dordrecht_%2822087244596%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NSR_-_Sprinter_Lighttrain_%28SLT%29_-_Wieldrechtse_Zeedijk_-_Dordrecht_%2822087244596%29.jpg/330px-NSR_-_Sprinter_Lighttrain_%28SLT%29_-_Wieldrechtse_Zeedijk_-_Dordrecht_%2822087244596%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NSR_-_Sprinter_Lighttrain_%28SLT%29_-_Wieldrechtse_Zeedijk_-_Dordrecht_%2822087244596%29.jpg/440px-NSR_-_Sprinter_Lighttrain_%28SLT%29_-_Wieldrechtse_Zeedijk_-_Dordrecht_%2822087244596%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A regional train operated by <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Spoorwegen" title="Nederlandse Spoorwegen">Nederlandse Spoorwegen</a> (NS)</figcaption></figure> About 13% of all distance is travelled by public transport, the majority of which is by train.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-ITF-261">[251]</a> The Dutch rail network of 3,013 km route is also rather dense.<a href="#cite_note-266">[256]</a> The network is mostly focused on passenger rail services and connects all major cities, with over <a href="/wiki/Railway_stations_in_the_Netherlands" title="Railway stations in the Netherlands">400 stations</a>. Trains are frequent, with two trains per hour on lesser lines,<a href="#cite_note-267">[k]</a> two to four trains per hour on average, and up to eight trains an hour on the busiest lines.<a href="#cite_note-268">[257]</a> The Dutch national train network includes the <a href="/wiki/HSL-Zuid" title="HSL-Zuid">HSL-Zuid</a>, a high-speed line between the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_metropolitan_area" title="Amsterdam metropolitan area">Amsterdam metropolitan area</a> and the Belgian border for trains running from Paris and London, to the Netherlands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cycling in the Netherlands">Cycling in the Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bike_entrance_Rotterdam_Central_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bike_entrance_Rotterdam_Central_Station.jpg/220px-Bike_entrance_Rotterdam_Central_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bike_entrance_Rotterdam_Central_Station.jpg/330px-Bike_entrance_Rotterdam_Central_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bike_entrance_Rotterdam_Central_Station.jpg/440px-Bike_entrance_Rotterdam_Central_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4555" data-file-height="3064" /></a><figcaption>Bike passage at <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Centraal_station" title="Rotterdam Centraal station">Rotterdam Centraal station</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cycling in the Netherlands">Cycling</a> is a ubiquitous mode of transport. Almost as many kilometres are covered by bicycle as by train.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-ITF-261">[251]</a> The Dutch are estimated to have at least 18 million bicycles,<a href="#cite_note-269">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[259]</a> which makes more than one per capita, and twice as many as the circa 9 million motor vehicles on the road.<a href="#cite_note-271">[260]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/European_Cyclists%27_Federation" title="European Cyclists' Federation">European Cyclists' Federation</a> ranked the Netherlands and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> as the most bike-friendly countries in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-272">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Cycling infrastructure</a> is extensive. Busy roads have received some 35,000 km of <a href="/wiki/Segregated_cycle_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregated cycle facilities">dedicated cycle tracks</a>, physically segregated from motorised traffic.<a href="#cite_note-273">[262]</a> Busy junctions are often equipped with bicycle-specific traffic lights. There are large bicycle parking facilities, particularly in city centres and train stations.<a href="#cite_note-274">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_transport">Water transport</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rotterdam" title="Port of Rotterdam">Port of Rotterdam</a> is the largest port in Europe and the largest port outside East Asia, with the rivers Meuse and Rhine providing excellent access to the <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a> upstream. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit">[update]</a>, Rotterdam was the world's tenth largest <a href="/wiki/Container_port" title="Container port">container port</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[264]</a> The port's main activities are <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> industries and general cargo handling and <a href="/wiki/Transshipment" title="Transshipment">transshipment</a>. The harbour functions as an important transit point for <a href="/wiki/Bulk_material_handling" title="Bulk material handling">bulk materials</a> and between the European continent and overseas. The Volkeraksluizen between Rotterdam and Antwerp are the biggest sluices for inland navigation in terms of tonnage. In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Betuweroute" title="Betuweroute">Betuweroute</a>, a new fast freight railway from Rotterdam to Germany, was completed. <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Amsterdam" title="Port of Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> is Europe's 4th largest port. The <a href="/wiki/Inland_navigation" title="Inland navigation">inland shipping</a> fleet of the Netherlands is the largest in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-276">[265]</a> Passenger boats in the Netherlands includes a ferry network in Amsterdam, and waterbusses and taxis in Rotterdam.<a href="#cite_note-277">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Schiphol Airport</a>, just southwest of Amsterdam, is the main <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airport</a> in the Netherlands, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Europe" title="List of the busiest airports in Europe">third busiest airport in Europe</a> by number of passengers. Schiphol is the main hub for <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a>, the nation's <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a> and the world's oldest airline.<a href="#cite_note-279">[268]</a> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Schiphol_Group" title="Schiphol Group">Royal Schiphol Group</a> airports handled 70 million passengers.<a href="#cite_note-NOS_Schiphol64-280">[269]</a> All air traffic is international and Schiphol Airport is connected to over 300 destinations worldwide, more than any other European airport.<a href="#cite_note-281">[270]</a> The airport is a major freight hub as well, processing 1.44 million tonnes of cargo in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-282">[271]</a> Smaller international airports are located in or near <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven_Airport" title="Eindhoven Airport">Eindhoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_The_Hague_Airport" title="Rotterdam The Hague Airport">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Aachen_Airport" title="Maastricht Aachen Airport">Maastricht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groningen_Airport_Eelde" title="Groningen Airport Eelde">Groningen</a>. Air transport is of vital significance for the Caribbean part of the Netherlands, with all islands having their own airport. This includes the shortest runway in the world on <a href="/wiki/Juancho_E._Yrausquin_Airport" title="Juancho E. Yrausquin Airport">Saba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Culture of the Netherlands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art,_architecture_and_philosophy">Art, architecture and philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_art" title="Dutch art">Dutch art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Architecture of the Netherlands">Architecture of the Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch-language_literature" title="Dutch-language literature">Dutch-language literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruegel_d._%C3%84.,_Pieter_-_Tower_of_Babel_-_Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen_Rotterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bruegel_d._%C3%84.%2C_Pieter_-_Tower_of_Babel_-_Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen_Rotterdam.jpg/136px-Bruegel_d._%C3%84.%2C_Pieter_-_Tower_of_Babel_-_Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen_Rotterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bruegel_d._%C3%84.%2C_Pieter_-_Tower_of_Babel_-_Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen_Rotterdam.jpg/204px-Bruegel_d._%C3%84.%2C_Pieter_-_Tower_of_Babel_-_Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen_Rotterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bruegel_d._%C3%84.%2C_Pieter_-_Tower_of_Babel_-_Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen_Rotterdam.jpg/272px-Bruegel_d._%C3%84.%2C_Pieter_-_Tower_of_Babel_-_Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen_Rotterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="967" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Babel_(Bruegel)" title="The Tower of Babel (Bruegel)">The Tower of Babel</a> by Brabantine artist <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Gogh_-_Wasserm%C3%BChle_in_Kollen_bei_Nuenen.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Van_Gogh_-_Wasserm%C3%BChle_in_Kollen_bei_Nuenen.jpeg/148px-Van_Gogh_-_Wasserm%C3%BChle_in_Kollen_bei_Nuenen.jpeg" decoding="async" width="148" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Van_Gogh_-_Wasserm%C3%BChle_in_Kollen_bei_Nuenen.jpeg/222px-Van_Gogh_-_Wasserm%C3%BChle_in_Kollen_bei_Nuenen.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Van_Gogh_-_Wasserm%C3%BChle_in_Kollen_bei_Nuenen.jpeg/296px-Van_Gogh_-_Wasserm%C3%BChle_in_Kollen_bei_Nuenen.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="1878" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Water_Mill_at_Kollen_Near_Nuenen" title="Water Mill at Kollen Near Nuenen">Water Mill at Kollen Near Nuenen</a> by Brabantine artist <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rijksmuseum_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rijksmuseum_2022.jpg/288px-Rijksmuseum_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rijksmuseum_2022.jpg/432px-Rijksmuseum_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rijksmuseum_2022.jpg/576px-Rijksmuseum_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4582" data-file-height="2577" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a> in Amsterdam</div></div></div></div></div> The Netherlands has had many well-known painters. In the Middle Ages <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a> were leading Dutch pioneers. During the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>, the Dutch Republic was prosperous and witnessed a flourishing artistic movement. The "Dutch Masters", spanning this 17th century era, included <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Steen" title="Jan Steen">Jan Steen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael">Jacob van Ruisdael</a>. Famous Dutch painters of the 19th and 20th century included <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a>. Literature flourished during the Dutch Golden Age, with <a href="/wiki/Joost_van_den_Vondel" title="Joost van den Vondel">Joost van den Vondel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Corneliszoon_Hooft" title="Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft">P. C. Hooft</a> as the most famous writers. In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Multatuli" title="Multatuli">Multatuli</a> wrote about the poor treatment of the natives in the Dutch colony. <a href="/wiki/The_Diary_of_a_Young_Girl" title="The Diary of a Young Girl">Diary of a Young Girl</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a> is the most translated book from Dutch. Other important 20th century authors include <a href="/wiki/Harry_Mulisch" title="Harry Mulisch">Harry Mulisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Wolkers" title="Jan Wolkers">Jan Wolkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hella_Haasse" title="Hella Haasse">Hella Haasse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willem_Frederik_Hermans" title="Willem Frederik Hermans">Willem Frederik Hermans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cees_Nooteboom" title="Cees Nooteboom">Cees Nooteboom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Reve" title="Gerard Reve">Gerard Reve</a>. Various architectural styles can be distinguished in the Netherlands. The <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a> was built between 950 and 1250. <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> was used from about 1230. Gothic buildings had large windows, pointed arches and were richly decorated. <a href="/wiki/Brabantine_Gothic" title="Brabantine Gothic">Brabantine Gothic</a> originated with the rise of the Duchy of Brabant and spread throughout the Burgundian provinces. <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch Baroque architecture</a> (1525–1630) and classicism (1630–1700) is especially evident in the west. Other architectural styles are <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(architecture)" title="Traditionalist School (architecture)">Traditionalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brutalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutalism">Brutalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a> were famous Dutch philosophers. The Dutch scientist <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> (1629–95) discovered <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, argued that light travelled as waves, invented the <a href="/wiki/Pendulum_clock" title="Pendulum clock">pendulum clock</a>, and was the first physicist to use mathematical formulae. <a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a> was the first to observe and describe <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">single-celled organisms</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>. <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">Windmills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulip" title="Tulip">tulips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clog" title="Clog">clogs</a>, cheese, and <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> have grown to symbolize the Netherlands, especially among tourists.<a href="#cite_note-285">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_value_system">Dutch value system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_customs_and_etiquette" title="Dutch customs and etiquette">Dutch customs and etiquette</a></div> The Dutch are proud of their <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_art" title="Dutch art">rich history in art</a>, and involvement in <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colin_White_1995-286">[275]</a> A predominant attitude in the Netherlands is to think of the nation as being "both tolerant and cosmopolitan."<a href="#cite_note-:02-287">[276]</a> A Dutch saying indicating their sense of national pride in their reclamation of land from the sea and marshes is "God created the world, but the Dutch created the Netherlands."<a href="#cite_note-288">[277]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koningsdag_2017_Amstel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Koningsdag_2017_Amstel.jpg/220px-Koningsdag_2017_Amstel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Koningsdag_2017_Amstel.jpg/330px-Koningsdag_2017_Amstel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Koningsdag_2017_Amstel.jpg/440px-Koningsdag_2017_Amstel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption>Dutch people in orange celebrating <a href="/wiki/Koningsdag" title="Koningsdag">King's Day</a> in Amsterdam, 2017</figcaption></figure> Dutch manners are open and direct with a no-nonsense attitude—informality combined with adherence to basic behaviour. "Dealing with the Dutch" by Jacob Vossestein states: "Dutch egalitarianism is the idea that people are equal, especially from a moral point of view, and accordingly, causes the somewhat ambiguous stance the Dutch have towards hierarchy and status."<a href="#cite_note-289">[278]</a> The Netherlands is one of the most secular countries of Europe,<a href="#cite_note-:02-287">[276]</a> and religion in the Netherlands is generally considered as a personal matter which is not supposed to be propagated in public, although it often remains a discussion subject.<a href="#cite_note-290">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Music of the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_former_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Music of the former Netherlands Antilles">Music of the former Netherlands Antilles</a></div> The Netherlands has multiple music traditions. Traditional Dutch music is a genre known as "<a href="/wiki/Levenslied" title="Levenslied">Levenslied</a>", meaning Song of life. These songs typically have a simple melody and rhythm, and a straightforward structure of verses and choruses. Themes can be light, but are often sentimental and include love, death and <a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">loneliness</a>. Traditional musical instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">barrel organ</a> are a staple of levenslied music, though in recent years many artists use synthesisers and guitars. Contemporary Dutch rock and pop music (<a href="/wiki/Nederpop" title="Nederpop">Nederpop</a>) originated in the 1960s, heavily influenced by popular music from the United States and Britain. Bands such as <a href="/wiki/Shocking_Blue" title="Shocking Blue">Shocking Blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Earring" title="Golden Earring">Golden Earring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tee_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Tee Set">Tee Set</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Baker_Selection" title="George Baker Selection">George Baker Selection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Focus_(band)" title="Focus (band)">Focus</a> enjoyed international success. From the 1980s, more and more pop musicians started working in the Dutch language, partly inspired by the huge success of the band <a href="/wiki/Doe_Maar" title="Doe Maar">Doe Maar</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coldplay_perform_%22Up%26Up%22,_Amsterdam_Arena,_June_2016_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Coldplay_perform_%22Up%26Up%22%2C_Amsterdam_Arena%2C_June_2016_%285%29.jpg/220px-Coldplay_perform_%22Up%26Up%22%2C_Amsterdam_Arena%2C_June_2016_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Coldplay_perform_%22Up%26Up%22%2C_Amsterdam_Arena%2C_June_2016_%285%29.jpg/330px-Coldplay_perform_%22Up%26Up%22%2C_Amsterdam_Arena%2C_June_2016_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Coldplay_perform_%22Up%26Up%22%2C_Amsterdam_Arena%2C_June_2016_%285%29.jpg/440px-Coldplay_perform_%22Up%26Up%22%2C_Amsterdam_Arena%2C_June_2016_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johan_Cruyff_Arena" title="Johan Cruyff Arena">Johan Cruyff Arena</a>, the largest Dutch concert venue</figcaption></figure> Current <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_metal" title="Symphonic metal">symphonic metal</a> bands <a href="/wiki/Epica_(band)" title="Epica (band)">Epica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delain" title="Delain">Delain</a>, <a href="/wiki/ReVamp" title="ReVamp">ReVamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gathering_(band)" title="The Gathering (band)">The Gathering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asrai" title="Asrai">Asrai</a>, Autumn, <a href="/wiki/Ayreon" title="Ayreon">Ayreon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Within_Temptation" title="Within Temptation">Within Temptation</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and pop singer <a href="/wiki/Caro_Emerald" title="Caro Emerald">Caro Emerald</a> are having international success. Metal bands like <a href="/wiki/Hail_of_Bullets" title="Hail of Bullets">Hail of Bullets</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_Dethroned" title="God Dethroned">God Dethroned</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izegrim" title="Izegrim">Izegrim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asphyx" title="Asphyx">Asphyx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textures_(band)" title="Textures (band)">Textures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heidevolk" title="Heidevolk">Heidevolk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slechtvalk" title="Slechtvalk">Slechtvalk</a> are popular guests at the biggest <a href="/wiki/Metal_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal festival">metal festivals</a> in Europe. Contemporary local stars include pop singer <a href="/wiki/Anouk_(singer)" title="Anouk (singer)">Anouk</a>, country pop singer <a href="/wiki/Ilse_DeLange" title="Ilse DeLange">Ilse DeLange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a> dialect singing folk band <a href="/wiki/Rowwen_H%C3%A8ze" title="Rowwen Hèze">Rowwen Hèze</a>, rock band <a href="/wiki/BL%C3%98F" title="BLØF">BLØF</a> and duo <a href="/wiki/Nick_%26_Simon" title="Nick & Simon">Nick & Simon</a>. Early 1990s Dutch and Belgian <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> came together in <a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a> project <a href="/wiki/2_Unlimited" title="2 Unlimited">2 Unlimited</a>. Selling 18 million records,<a href="#cite_note-291">[280]</a> the two singers in the band are the most successful Dutch music artists to this day. Tracks like "<a href="/wiki/Get_Ready_for_This" title="Get Ready for This">Get Ready for This</a>" are still popular themes of U.S. sports events. In the mid-1990s Dutch language <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">rap and hip hop</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_hip_hop" title="Dutch hip hop">Nederhop</a>) came to fruition and has become popular in the Netherlands and Belgium. Since the 1990s, Dutch <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> (EDM) gained widespread popularity in the world in many forms. Some of the world's best known dance music DJs hail from the Netherlands, including <a href="/wiki/Armin_van_Buuren" title="Armin van Buuren">Armin van Buuren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto" title="Tiësto">Tiësto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardwell" title="Hardwell">Hardwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Garrix" title="Martin Garrix">Martin Garrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dash_Berlin" title="Dash Berlin">Dash Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Jordan" title="Julian Jordan">Julian Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Romero" title="Nicky Romero">Nicky Romero</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%26W" title="W&W">W&W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Diablo" title="Don Diablo">Don Diablo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ummet_Ozcan" title="Ummet Ozcan">Ummet Ozcan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headhunterz" title="Headhunterz">Headhunterz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sander_van_Doorn" title="Sander van Doorn">Sander van Doorn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afrojack" title="Afrojack">Afrojack</a>; the first four of which have been ranked as best in the world by <a href="/wiki/DJ_Mag_Top_100_DJs" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ Mag Top 100 DJs">DJ Mag Top 100 DJs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Dance_Event" title="Amsterdam Dance Event">Amsterdam Dance Event</a> (ADE) is the world's leading electronic music conference and the biggest club festival for the many electronic subgenres on the planet.<a href="#cite_note-292">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[282]</a> The Netherlands has <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest">participated</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> since its first edition in 1956, and has won five times. In classical music, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Sweelinck" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Sweelinck">Jan Sweelinck</a> is a famous Dutch composer, with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Andriessen" title="Louis Andriessen">Louis Andriessen</a> among the best known contemporary Dutch classical composers. <a href="/wiki/Ton_Koopman" title="Ton Koopman">Ton Koopman</a> is a Dutch conductor, organist and harpsichordist. Notable violinists are <a href="/wiki/Janine_Jansen" title="Janine Jansen">Janine Jansen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rieu" title="André Rieu">André Rieu</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Cinema of the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Netherlands" title="Television in the Netherlands">Television in the Netherlands</a></div> Some Dutch films – mainly by director <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verhoeven" title="Paul Verhoeven">Paul Verhoeven</a> – have received international distribution and recognition, such as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Delight_(1973_film)" title="Turkish Delight (1973 film)">Turkish Delight</a> ("Turks Fruit", 1973), <a href="/wiki/Soldier_of_Orange" title="Soldier of Orange">Soldier of Orange</a> ("Soldaat van Oranje", 1977), <a href="/wiki/Spetters" title="Spetters">Spetters</a> (1980), and <a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Man_(1983_film)" title="The Fourth Man (1983 film)">The Fourth Man</a> ("De Vierde Man", 1983). Verhoeven then went on to direct big <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> movies like <a href="/wiki/RoboCop" title="RoboCop">RoboCop</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/Total_Recall_(1990_film)" title="Total Recall (1990 film)">Total Recall</a> (1990), and <a href="/wiki/Basic_Instinct" title="Basic Instinct">Basic Instinct</a> (1992), and returned with Dutch film <a href="/wiki/Black_Book_(film)" title="Black Book (film)">Black Book</a> ("Zwartboek", 2006).<a href="#cite_note-294">[283]</a> Other well-known Dutch film directors are <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Bont" title="Jan de Bont">Jan de Bont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Corbijn" title="Anton Corbijn">Anton Corbijn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Maas" title="Dick Maas">Dick Maas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fons_Rademakers" title="Fons Rademakers">Fons Rademakers</a>, and documentary makers <a href="/wiki/Bert_Haanstra" title="Bert Haanstra">Bert Haanstra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joris_Ivens" title="Joris Ivens">Joris Ivens</a>. Film director <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(film_director)" title="Theo van Gogh (film director)">Theo van Gogh</a> achieved international notoriety in 2004 when he was murdered by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Bouyeri" title="Mohammed Bouyeri">Mohammed Bouyeri</a> in the streets of Amsterdam after directing the short film <a href="/wiki/Submission_(2004_film)" title="Submission (2004 film)">Submission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[284]</a> Directors of photography from the Netherlands include <a href="/wiki/Hoyte_van_Hoytema" title="Hoyte van Hoytema">Hoyte van Hoytema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_de_Sande" title="Theo van de Sande">Theo van de Sande</a>. Internationally successful Dutch actors include <a href="/wiki/Famke_Janssen" title="Famke Janssen">Famke Janssen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carice_van_Houten" title="Carice van Houten">Carice van Houten</a>,<a href="#cite_note-296">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rutger_Hauer" title="Rutger Hauer">Rutger Hauer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-elsevier-297">[286]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeroen_Krabb%C3%A9" title="Jeroen Krabbé">Jeroen Krabbé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimesArticle1-298">[287]</a> The Netherlands has a well developed television market, with both multiple commercial and public broadcasters. Imported TV programmes, as well as interviews with responses in a foreign language, are virtually always shown with the original sound and subtitled. Only foreign shows for children are dubbed.<a href="#cite_note-HaGanahl2013-299">[288]</a> TV exports from the Netherlands mostly take the form of specific formats and franchises, most notably was the internationally active TV production conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Endemol" title="Endemol">Endemol</a>, founded by Dutch media <a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">tycoons</a> <a href="/wiki/John_de_Mol_Jr." title="John de Mol Jr.">John de Mol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joop_van_den_Ende" title="Joop van den Ende">Joop van den Ende</a>. Endemol and its subsidiaries created and ran reality, talent, and game show franchises worldwide, including <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(franchise)" title="Big Brother (franchise)">Big Brother</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deal_or_No_Deal" title="Deal or No Deal">Deal or No Deal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[289]</a> Endemol merged with <a href="/wiki/Shine_Group" title="Shine Group">Shine Group</a> in 2015, and again with <a href="/wiki/Banijay" class="mw-redirect" title="Banijay">Banijay</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-301">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sport in the Netherlands">Sport in the Netherlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NED-DEN_Euro_2012_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/NED-DEN_Euro_2012_%2810%29.jpg/220px-NED-DEN_Euro_2012_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/NED-DEN_Euro_2012_%2810%29.jpg/330px-NED-DEN_Euro_2012_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/NED-DEN_Euro_2012_%2810%29.jpg/440px-NED-DEN_Euro_2012_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Dutch star football players <a href="/wiki/Arjen_Robben" title="Arjen Robben">Arjen Robben</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robin_van_Persie" title="Robin van Persie">Robin van Persie</a> during a game with the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team" title="Netherlands national football team">Netherlands</a> against <a href="/wiki/Denmark_national_football_team" title="Denmark national football team">Denmark</a> at <a href="/wiki/Euro_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro 2012">Euro 2012</a></figcaption></figure> Approximately 4.5 million of the 16.8 million people in the Netherlands are registered in one of the 35,000 sports clubs in the country. About two-thirds of the population between 15 and 75 participate in sports weekly.<a href="#cite_note-302">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular team sport, followed by <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> and volleyball. Tennis, gymnastics and golf are the three most widely engaged in individual sports.<a href="#cite_note-sport-303">[292]</a> Organisation of sports began at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. Federations for sports were established, rules were unified and sports clubs came into existence. A <a href="/wiki/NOC*NSF" title="NOC*NSF">Dutch National Olympic Committee</a> was established in 1912. The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team" title="Netherlands national football team">national football team</a> was runner-up in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a> of 1974, 1978, and 2010, and won the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship" title="UEFA European Championship">European Championship</a> of 1988. Of <a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">SI</a>'s 50 greatest footballers of all time, <a href="/wiki/Johan_Cruyff" title="Johan Cruyff">Johan Cruyff</a> (#5), <a href="/wiki/Marco_van_Basten" title="Marco van Basten">Marco van Basten</a> (#19), <a href="/wiki/Ruud_Gullit" title="Ruud Gullit">Ruud Gullit</a> (#25), and <a href="/wiki/Johan_Neeskens" title="Johan Neeskens">Johan Neeskens</a> (#36) are Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-304">[293]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Netherlands women's national football team">women's national team</a> was runner-up in <a href="/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2019 FIFA Women's World Cup">2019 World Cup</a> and won the European Championship of 2017. The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team" title="Netherlands women's national field hockey team">Netherlands women's field hockey team</a> won 9 out of 15 <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Hockey_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Hockey World Cup">World Cups</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_national_baseball_team" title="Netherlands national baseball team">Netherlands baseball team</a> have won the <a href="/wiki/European_Baseball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="European Baseball Championship">European championship</a> 24 times out of 33 events. The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_women%27s_national_volleyball_team" title="Netherlands women's national volleyball team">volleyball national women's team</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1995_Women%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship" title="1995 Women's European Volleyball Championship">European Championship in 1995</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2007_FIVB_Volleyball_World_Grand_Prix" title="2007 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix">World Grand Prix in 2007</a>. The Netherlands has won 266 medals at the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> and 110 at the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympic Games</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joop_Zoetemelk" title="Joop Zoetemelk">Joop Zoetemelk</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1979_Vuelta_a_Espana" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Vuelta a Espana">1979 Vuelta a Espana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1980_Tour_de_France" title="1980 Tour de France">1980 Tour de France</a>, and the 1985 UCI World Championship. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Janssen" title="Jan Janssen">Jan Janssen</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1968_Tour_de_France" title="1968 Tour de France">1968 Tour de France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin" title="Tom Dumoulin">Tom Dumoulin</a> the <a href="/wiki/2017_Giro_d%27Italia" title="2017 Giro d'Italia">2017 Giro d'Italia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Verstappen" title="Max Verstappen">Max Verstappen</a>, the youngest <a href="/wiki/Formula_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula 1">Formula 1</a> driver to make his debut and to win a race, was the <a href="/wiki/2016_Spanish_Grand_Prix" title="2016 Spanish Grand Prix">first Dutchman to win a Grand Prix</a> and a <a href="/wiki/2021_Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix" title="2021 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix">Formula One World Drivers Championship</a>. Dutch <a href="/wiki/K-1" title="K-1">K-1</a> kickboxers have won the <a href="/wiki/K-1_World_Grand_Prix" title="K-1 World Grand Prix">K-1 World Grand Prix</a> 15 times out of 19 tournaments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hutspot_met_stooflap_op_bord.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hutspot_met_stooflap_op_bord.JPG/220px-Hutspot_met_stooflap_op_bord.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hutspot_met_stooflap_op_bord.JPG/330px-Hutspot_met_stooflap_op_bord.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hutspot_met_stooflap_op_bord.JPG/440px-Hutspot_met_stooflap_op_bord.JPG 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hutspot" title="Hutspot">Hutspot</a> with beef stew on plate</figcaption></figure> Dutch cuisine is simple and straightforward, and contains many dairy products. Breakfast and lunch are typically bread with toppings, with cereal for breakfast as an alternative. Traditionally, dinner consists of potatoes, meat, and vegetables. The Dutch diet was high in carbohydrates and fat, reflecting the dietary needs of the labourers whose culture moulded the country. During the twentieth century this diet changed and became more <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">cosmopolitan</a>, with most <a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">global cuisines</a> being represented in the major cities. In early 2014, <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> ranked the Netherlands as the country with the most nutritious, plentiful and healthy food.<a href="#cite_note-305">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[295]</a> Modern culinary writers distinguish between three regional forms of Dutch cuisine: northeast, west and south: The regions in the northeast are the least populated areas of the Netherlands. The late 18th century introduction of large scale agriculture means the cuisine is known for its meats. The relative lack of farms allowed for an abundance of <a href="/wiki/Game_(meat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (meat)">game</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">husbandry</a>, though dishes near the coastal regions include a large amount of fish. The various dried sausages, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Metworst" title="Metworst">metworst</a>-family of Dutch sausages are found throughout this region. Smoked sausages are common, of which (Gelderse) <a href="/wiki/Rookworst" title="Rookworst">rookworst</a> is the most renowned. Larger sausages are eaten alongside <a href="/wiki/Stamppot" title="Stamppot">stamppot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutspot" title="Hutspot">hutspot</a>, or zuurkool (<a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a>); whereas smaller ones are eaten as a <a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">street food</a>. The provinces are home to hard textured <a href="/wiki/Rye_bread" title="Rye bread">rye bread</a>, pastries and cookies. As a coastal region, Friesland is home to low-lying grasslands, and thus has a cheese production in common with the Western cuisine. Cookies are produced in great number and contain a lot of butter and sugar. The traditional alcoholic beverages are beer (strong pale lager) and <a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</a>, a high proof <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a>-flavoured spirit, that came to be known in England as <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a>. An exception within the traditional Dutch alcoholic landscape, <a href="/wiki/Advocaat" title="Advocaat">Advocaat</a>, a rich and creamy liqueur made from eggs, sugar and brandy, is native to this region.<a href="#cite_note-307">[296]</a> In the West, the abundance of water and flat grasslands, mean the area is known for its dairy products, which include prominent cheeses such as <a href="/wiki/Gouda_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouda (cheese)">Gouda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leyden_cheese" title="Leyden cheese">Leyden</a> (spiced cheese with cumin), and <a href="/wiki/Edam_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edam (cheese)">Edam</a> (traditionally in small spheres) as well as <a href="/wiki/Leerdammer" title="Leerdammer">Leerdammer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beemster_Cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Beemster Cheese">Beemster</a>, while the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Zaanstreek" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaanstreek">Zaanstreek</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a> has since the 16th century been known for its <a href="/wiki/Mayonnaise" title="Mayonnaise">mayonnaise</a> and typical whole-grain <a href="/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)" title="Mustard (condiment)">mustards</a>. A by-product of the butter-making process, karnemelk (<a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a>), is considered typical for this region. Seafood such as <a href="/wiki/Soused_herring" title="Soused herring">soused herring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_mussel" title="Blue mussel">mussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_eel" title="European eel">eels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimps</a> are widely available and typical for the region. The Southern Dutch cuisine consists of the cuisines of the Dutch provinces of <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a> in Belgium. It is renowned for its rich pastries, soups, stews and vegetable dishes. It is the only Dutch culinary region that developed an <a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">haute cuisine</a>. Pastries are abundant, often with rich fillings of cream, custard or fruits. Cakes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vlaai" title="Vlaai">Vlaai</a> from Limburg and the Moorkop and <a href="/wiki/Bossche_Bol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bossche Bol">Bossche Bol</a> from Brabant, are typical pastries. Savoury pastries abound, with the worstenbroodje (a roll with a sausage of <a href="/wiki/Ground_beef" title="Ground beef">ground beef</a>, literally translates into sausage bread) being the most popular. The alcoholic beverage of the region is beer, there are many local brands, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Trappist_beer" title="Trappist beer">Trappist</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kriek_lambic" title="Kriek lambic">Kriek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Netherlands" title="Outline of the Netherlands">Outline of the Netherlands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-co-official_languages-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-co-official_languages_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-co-official_languages_2-1">b</a> Apart from Dutch, English is an official language in the special municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a>, Papiamentu is an official language in the special municipality of <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, and West Frisian is an official language in the province of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-official-and-recognised-languages-1">[1]</a> Cite error: The named reference "co-official_languages" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-central_cities-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-central_cities_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-central_cities_3-1">b</a> Amsterdam is the constitutional capital, while the government and the royal family are seated in The Hague. </li> <li id="cite_note-recognised_languages-5"><a href="#cite_ref-recognised_languages_5-0">^</a> Having ratified the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> in 1996, the Dutch government recognises Dutch Low Saxon, Limburgish, Sinte Romani and Yiddish as regional or non-territorial minority languages.<a href="#cite_note-official-and-recognised-languages-1">[1]</a> On 1 July 2021, Dutch Sign Language received the status of recognised language.<a href="#cite_note-NGT-4">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Includes residents who were born in the Netherlands and whose parents were born in the Netherlands. </li> <li id="cite_note-area-10"><a href="#cite_ref-area_10-0">^</a> The area of the Netherlands with overseas territories. Metropolitan Netherlands is 41,543 square kilometers </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The euro is used in the European part of the Netherlands and replaced the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch guilder</a> in 2002. The United States dollar is used in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> and replaced the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antillean_guilder" title="Netherlands Antillean guilder">Netherlands Antillean guilder</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-17">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> CET and CEST are used in the European Netherlands, and AST is used in the Caribbean Netherlands. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> +599 was the country code designated for the now dissolved <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>. The Caribbean Netherlands still use +599 7 (for Bonaire), +599 3 (for Sint Eustatius), and +599 4 (for Saba). </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> .nl is the common internet top-level domain name for the Netherlands. The <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a> domain is also used, as it is shared with other <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states. .bq is designated, but not in use, for the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Nederland <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈneːdərlɑnt]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0a\/Nl-Nederland.ogg\/Nl-Nederland.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Nederland.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Nl-Nederland.ogg/Nl-Nederland.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Nederland.ogg" title="File:Nl-Nederland.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Only 11 stations are served less than twice an hour during weekdays. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-official-and-recognised-languages-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-official-and-recognised-languages_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-official-and-recognised-languages_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-official-and-recognised-languages_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-official-and-recognised-languages_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-official-and-recognised-languages_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/erkende-talen/vraag-en-antwoord/erkende-talen-nederland">"Welke erkende talen heeft Nederland?"</a> (in Dutch). 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Deel I, Van Dale Lexicografie, Utrecht, p 1105 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holland.com/be_nl/toerisme/informatie/algemeen/nederland-vs-holland.htm">"Nederland vs. Holland"</a>. holland.com (in Dutch). 11 May 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2023. <q>Wat is het verschil tussen Holland en Nederland? 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-34248-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-34248-0"><bdi>978-1-316-34248-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+The+Golden+Age&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-09-22&rft.isbn=978-1-316-34248-0&rft.aulast=Prak&rft.aufirst=Maarten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjTSBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetherlands" class="Z3988"> p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114182245/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display_printable.cfm?HHID=682">"The Middle Colonies: New York"</a>. 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CRC Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-13522-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-13522-7"><bdi>978-1-317-13522-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finance+and+Society+in+21st+Century+China%3A+Chinese+Culture+Versus+Western+Markets&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-13522-7&rft.au=Junie+T.+Tong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UQGDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetherlands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-esposito-98"><a href="#cite_ref-esposito_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Esposito" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Esposito">John L. 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New York: Reuters U.S. Retrieved 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Netherlands+is+country+with+most+plentiful%2C+healthy+food%3A+Oxfam&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.aulast=Reaney&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-food-countries-idUSBREA0E01S20140115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetherlands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808001149/http://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/media/files/Good_Enough_To_Eat_Media_brief_FINAL.pdf">"Good Enough to Eat – Media Briefing"</a> (PDF) (Press release). Boston, MA: <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> America. 14 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/media/files/Good_Enough_To_Eat_Media_brief_FINAL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Good+Enough+to+Eat+%E2%80%93+Media+Briefing&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Oxfam+America&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfamamerica.org%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2FGood_Enough_To_Eat_Media_brief_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetherlands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinskyGlenn_Rinsky2009" class="citation book cs1">Rinsky, Laura Halpin; Glenn Rinsky (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pastrychefscompa00rins">The Pastry Chef's Companion: A Comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professional</a>. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pastrychefscompa00rins/page/n12">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-00955-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-00955-0"><bdi>978-0-470-00955-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173182689">173182689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pastry+Chef%27s+Companion%3A+A+Comprehensive+Resource+Guide+for+the+Baking+and+Pastry+Professional&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F173182689&rft.isbn=978-0-470-00955-0&rft.aulast=Rinsky&rft.aufirst=Laura+Halpin&rft.au=Glenn+Rinsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpastrychefscompa00rins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetherlands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trappist.be/en/products/beers/westvleteren/">"Internationale Vereniging Trappist – Westvleteren"</a>. trappist.be.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trappist.be&rft.atitle=Internationale+Vereniging+Trappist+%E2%80%93+Westvleteren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trappist.be%2Fen%2Fproducts%2Fbeers%2Fwestvleteren%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetherlands" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2014" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, John (2014). Dadson, Trevor (ed.). The Road to Utrecht in Britain, Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht 1713–2013. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909662-22-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909662-22-3"><bdi>978-1-909662-22-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Utrecht+in+Britain%2C+Spain+and+the+Treaty+of+Utrecht+1713%E2%80%932013&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-909662-22-3&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetherlands" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Israel, Jonathan</a> (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_History_of_Early_Modern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford History of Early Modern Europe">Oxford History of Early Modern Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1"><bdi>0-19-873072-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic%3A+Its+Rise%2C+Greatness+and+Fall%2C+1477%E2%80%931806&rft.series=Oxford+History+of+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-873072-1&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetherlands" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020). De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning [The 40 Years' War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King] (in Dutch). Prometheus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-446-3871-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-446-3871-4"><bdi>978-90-446-3871-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Veertigjarige+Oorlog+1672%E2%80%931712%3A+de+strijd+van+de+Nederlanders+tegen+de+Zonnekoning&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-446-3871-4&rft.aulast=Van+Nimwegen&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetherlands" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Netherlands at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Netherlands">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nederland" class="extiw" title="c:Nederland">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Netherlands" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Netherlands">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Netherlands" class="extiw" title="q:Netherlands">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Netherlands">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Netherlands">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Netherlands">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Netherlands" class="extiw" title="voy:Netherlands">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026124437/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/netherlands.htm">Netherlands</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iamexpat.nl/expat-page/the-netherlands/general-information">I am Expat – General information about the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17740800">Netherlands profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Netherlands" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Netherlands">Wikimedia Atlas of Netherlands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/47796">Netherlands</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NL">Key Development Forecasts for the Netherlands</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.government.nl/">Government.nl</a> – official Dutch government web site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/home/default.htm">Statistics Netherlands</a> (CBS) – Key figures from the Dutch bureau of statistics</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statoids.com/unl.html">"Provinces of Netherlands"</a>. Statoids.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statoids&rft.atitle=Provinces+of+Netherlands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statoids.com%2Funl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANetherlands" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Travel <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holland.com/">Holland.com</a> – English website of the Netherlands tourist office</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbtc.nl/en/site.htm">Netherlands Board of Tourism & Conventions</a> – Organisation responsible for promoting the Netherlands nationally and internationally</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Netherlands_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Netherlands_topics" title="Template:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Netherlands_topics" title="Template talk:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Netherlands_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Netherlands_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Netherlands</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorestad" title="Dorestad">Dorestad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_centers_in_the_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="History of urban centers in the Low Countries">Development urban centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisian_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frisian Freedom">Frisian Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(Netherlands)" title="Incorporation (Netherlands)">Incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Nazi invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Dutch Liberation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Proclamation of Indonesian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">Same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geography of the Netherlands">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of birds of the Netherlands">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of earthquakes in the Netherlands">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of extreme points of the Netherlands">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_gas_field" title="Groningen gas field">Gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of islands of the Netherlands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of lakes of the Netherlands">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of mammals of the Netherlands">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of mountains and hills in the Netherlands">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of regions of the Netherlands">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of rivers of the Netherlands">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of volcanoes in the Netherlands">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">Zuiderzee Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Netherlands" title="Climate change in the Netherlands">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Netherlands" title="Corruption in the Netherlands">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Demographics of the Netherlands">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Netherlands" title="Healthcare in the Netherlands">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_Netherlands" title="Homelessness in the Netherlands">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="Human rights in the Netherlands">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Netherlands">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the Netherlands">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law of the Netherlands">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Netherlands">Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_firms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law firms of the Netherlands">Law Firms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the Netherlands">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board (Netherlands)">Water boards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AEX_index" title="AEX index">AEX index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Energy in the Netherlands">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">Polder model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Taxation in the Netherlands">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Tourism in the Netherlands">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Netherlands" title="Trade unions in the Netherlands">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Transport in the Netherlands">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cycling in the Netherlands">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public transport in the Netherlands">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rail transport in the Netherlands">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Road transport in the Netherlands">Road transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Architecture of the Netherlands">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_art" title="Dutch art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cannabis in the Netherlands">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_customs_and_etiquette" title="Dutch customs and etiquette">Customs and etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorations_and_medals_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorations and medals of the Netherlands">Decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Irreligion in the Netherlands">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Netherlands">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_knighthood_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of knighthood in the Netherlands">Orders of knighthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_Netherlands" title="Pornography in the Netherlands">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution in the Netherlands">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public holidays in the Netherlands">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sport in the Netherlands">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Netherlands">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus" title="Wilhelmus">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Coat of arms of the Netherlands">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic_Lion" title="Dutch Republic Lion">Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Low_Countries" title="Terminology of the Low Countries">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Netherlands" title="Outline of the Netherlands">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Netherlands" title="Category:Netherlands">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template talk:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Membership" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/80px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/120px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/160px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area#Membership" title="European Economic Area">provisional member</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">UK membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">CH–EU relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">UK–EU relations</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Benelux" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Benelux_countries" title="Template:Benelux countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Benelux_countries" title="Template talk:Benelux countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Benelux_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Benelux countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Benelux" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Benelux_schematic_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Benelux countries with flag colours" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Benelux_schematic_map.svg/50px-Benelux_schematic_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Benelux_schematic_map.svg/75px-Benelux_schematic_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Benelux_schematic_map.svg/100px-Benelux_schematic_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Benelux_Parliament" title="Benelux Parliament">Benelux Parliament</a> · <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Benelux" title="Flag of Benelux">Flag of Benelux</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dutch_Language_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_Language_Union" title="Template:Dutch Language Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_Language_Union" title="Template talk:Dutch Language Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_Language_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch Language Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dutch_Language_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Dutch Language Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands#Constituent_countries" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands#Constituent_countries" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands#Constituent_countries" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch dictionary">Dutch dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish language">Flemish language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012369754X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/156652814">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204034/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjGctfqf4FkcyYvj7tDQFX">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042203-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78085423">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862083x">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862083x">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568908">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV048226">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128525&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451224">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/120508">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90546878">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtsp7z3dl9s7q">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550359005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/ef1b7cc0-cd26-36f4-8ea0-04d9623786c7">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03480434?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/8e90ae09-116f-4a28-a76b-21fbaae5e4a9">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/Hezo0pzm">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026357240">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003364">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046275">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hollanda">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Netherlands&params=52_N_6_E_type:country">52°N 6°E / 52°N 6°E / 52; 6</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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