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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wasted_votes_and_Condorcet_winners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wasted_votes_and_Condorcet_winners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Wasted votes and Condorcet winners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wasted_votes_and_Condorcet_winners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invalid,_incomplete_and_exhausted_ballots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invalid,_incomplete_and_exhausted_ballots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Invalid, incomplete and exhausted ballots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invalid,_incomplete_and_exhausted_ballots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance_to_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance_to_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Resistance to strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance_to_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_strategizing_and_strategic_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_strategizing_and_strategic_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Party strategizing and strategic nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_strategizing_and_strategic_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactical_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactical_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Tactical voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactical_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoiler_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoiler_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Spoiler effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoiler_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voter_confusion_and_legitimacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voter_confusion_and_legitimacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Voter confusion and legitimacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voter_confusion_and_legitimacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similarity_to_plurality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarity_to_plurality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Similarity to plurality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarity_to_plurality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History and use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Global use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_level_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_level_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>National level elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_level_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robert's_Rules_of_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert's_Rules_of_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span><i>Robert's Rules of Order</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert's_Rules_of_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Similar methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Similar_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Similar methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Similar_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Runoff_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runoff_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Runoff voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runoff_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contingent_vote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contingent_vote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Contingent vote</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contingent_vote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Larger_runoff_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Larger_runoff_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Larger runoff process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Larger_runoff_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_first-past-the-post" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_first-past-the-post"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Comparison to first-past-the-post</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_first-past-the-post-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting_method_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting_method_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voting method criteria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voting_method_criteria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Voting method criteria subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voting_method_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satisfied_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satisfied_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Satisfied criteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satisfied_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Condorcet_loser_Criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condorcet_loser_Criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Condorcet loser Criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condorcet_loser_Criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_of_clones_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_of_clones_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Independence of clones criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_of_clones_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later-no-harm_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later-no-harm_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Later-no-harm criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later-no-harm_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Majority_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majority_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Majority criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Majority_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutual_majority_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutual_majority_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.5</span> <span>Mutual majority criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutual_majority_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resolvability_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolvability_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.6</span> <span>Resolvability criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolvability_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failed_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Failed criteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Condorcet_winner_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condorcet_winner_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Condorcet winner criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condorcet_winner_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Independence of irrelevant alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monotonicity_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monotonicity_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Monotonicity criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monotonicity_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Participation criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reversal_symmetry_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reversal_symmetry_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.5</span> <span>Reversal symmetry criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reversal_symmetry_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_other_voting_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_other_voting_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Comparison to other voting systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_other_voting_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tennessee_capital_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tennessee_capital_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Tennessee capital example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tennessee_capital_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990_Irish_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_Irish_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>1990 Irish presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_Irish_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014_Prahran_election_(Victoria)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_Prahran_election_(Victoria)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>2014 Prahran election (Victoria)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_Prahran_election_(Victoria)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009_Burlington_mayoral_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009_Burlington_mayoral_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>2009 Burlington mayoral election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009_Burlington_mayoral_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="جولة الإعادة المباشرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جولة الإعادة المباشرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vot_a_segon_torn_instantani" title="Vot a segon torn instantani – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vot a segon torn instantani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativn%C3%AD_hlasov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Alternativní hlasování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alternativní hlasování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleidlais_amgen" title="Pleidlais amgen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pleidlais amgen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrierte_Stichwahl" title="Integrierte Stichwahl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Integrierte Stichwahl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_vuelta_instant%C3%A1nea" title="Segunda vuelta instantánea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda vuelta instantánea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a 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голосование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рейтинговое голосование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Instant-runoff voting" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Гласање са тренутним отицањем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гласање са тренутним отицањем" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the proportional electoral system applying ranked ballots to multi-member constituencies, see <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For ranked methods in general, see <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">Ranked voting</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">A joint <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral-systems-gears.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/128px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/192px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/256px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_voting_rules" title="Comparison of voting rules">Comparison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems" title="List of electoral systems">List</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">By country</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">Single-winner methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Single vote - <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> methods</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First preference plurality (FPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_primary" title="Nonpartisan primary">Jungle primary</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Instant-runoff</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> Alternative vote (AV)</li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> Ranked-choice (RCV)</li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tideman_alternative_method" title="Tideman alternative method">Condorcet-IRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_voting" title="Round-robin voting">Round-robin voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting" title="Positional voting">Positional voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">Plurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">IRV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin's method">Baldwin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-plurality_voting" title="Anti-plurality voting">Antiplurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Coombs_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Coombs method">Coombs</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rated_voting" title="Rated voting">Cardinal voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_median_voting_rules" title="Highest median voting rules">Majority judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_remnant" title="National remnant">National remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biproportional_apportionment" title="Biproportional apportionment">Biproportional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">List type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justified_representation" title="Justified representation">List-free PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localized_list" title="Localized list">Localized list</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">Quota-remainder methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Hare STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Borda_system" title="Quota Borda system">Quota Borda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Approval-based_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval-based committee">Approval-based committees</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Thiele's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmen%27s_voting_rules" title="Phragmen's voting rules">Phragmen's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_approvals_rule" title="Expanding approvals rule">Expanding approvals rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_equal_shares" title="Method of equal shares">Method of equal shares</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fractional_social_choice" title="Fractional social choice">Fractional social choice</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_representation" title="Direct representation">Direct representation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_representation" title="Interactive representation">Interactive representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_approval_voting" title="Fractional approval voting">Fractional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_ballot" title="Random ballot">Random ballot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional representation</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">SNTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>By results of combination</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">Mixed-member majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a></li></ul> <hr /><b>By mechanism of combination</b> <ul><li><b>Non-<a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel (superposition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_electoral_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional electoral system (page does not exist)">Conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Fusion (majority bonus)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">Compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">Seat linkage system</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">'AMS'</a></li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">NZ</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">'MMP'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Negative vote transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Supermixed systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">Majority jackpot</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>By ballot type</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Single vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">Double simultaneous vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed electoral systems">Dual-vote</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pathological_(mathematics)#Voting" title="Pathological (mathematics)">Paradoxes and pathologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Spoiler effects</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of clones">Cloning paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Frustrated majorities paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">Center squeeze</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Pathological response</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perverse_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Perverse response">Perverse response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best-is-worst_paradox" title="Best-is-worst paradox">Best-is-worst paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-show_paradox" title="No-show paradox">No-show paradox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_districts_paradox" title="Multiple districts paradox">Multiple districts paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">Strategic voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sincere_favorite_criterion" title="Sincere favorite criterion">Lesser evil voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting#Exaggeration" title="Strategic voting">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncation_(voting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncation (voting)">Truncation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey-raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-raising">Turkey-raising</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Paradoxes of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discursive_dilemma" title="Discursive dilemma">Discursive dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Conflicting majorities paradox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social and collective choice</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_impossibility" title="Proof of impossibility">Impossibility theorems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Majority impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin%27s_impossibility_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulin's impossibility theorem">Moulin's impossibility theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKelvey%E2%80%93Schofield_chaos_theorem" title="McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem">McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem</a></li> <li><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template talk:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Instant-runoff voting</b> (<b>IRV</b>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="United States and Canada"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> <b>ranked-choice voting</b> (<b>RCV</b>), <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="Australia"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">AU</a>:</abbr> <b>preferential voting</b>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="United Kingdom and New Zealand"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>/<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">NZ</a>:</abbr> <b>alternative vote</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Single-winner" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-winner">single-winner</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">ranked voting</a> election system where <a href="/wiki/Sequential_loser_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequential loser method">multi-round eliminations </a> is used to simulate a series of <a href="/wiki/Runoff_(election)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff (election)">runoff elections</a>. When no candidate has a majority of the votes in the first round of counting, in each following round, the candidate with the fewest <a href="/wiki/First-preference_votes" title="First-preference votes">first-preferences</a> (among the remaining candidates) is eliminated, and their votes transferred if possible. This continues until one candidate accumulates a majority of the votes still in play. </p><p>Instant runoff voting falls under the <a href="/wiki/Plurality-rule_family" title="Plurality-rule family">plurality-with-elimination family</a> of voting methods,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is thus related to the <a href="/wiki/Runoff_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff election">two-round runoff system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also is a <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">ranked vote</a> system, where secondary rankings are used as contingency votes. </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a>, IRV is a sequential procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote" title="Contingent vote">contingent voting</a> (AKA supplementary voting), which has just two rounds of counting at most, IRV may entail numerous rounds of counting. </p><p>Instant-runoff voting (IRV) has been used <a href="/wiki/History_and_use_of_instant-runoff_voting" title="History and use of instant-runoff voting">in national elections in several countries</a>, predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>. It is used to elect members of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian House of Representatives</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Parliament_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="National Parliament of Papua New Guinea">National Parliament of Papua New Guinea</a>, and to elect the <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of state">head of state</a> in <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. </p><p>The rule was first studied by the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a>, who observed it could eliminate the <a href="/wiki/Majority-preferred_candidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority-preferred candidate">majority-preferred candidate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet winner">Condorcet winner</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:03223_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03223-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:223223_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:223223-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:85223_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:85223-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, instant-runoff voting has been criticized for other <a href="/wiki/Pathological_(mathematics)#In_voting_and_social_choice" title="Pathological (mathematics)">mathematical pathologies</a> (<a href="#Pathologies_of_instant-runoff_voting">discussed below</a>), including its ability to eliminate candidates for having <a href="/wiki/Negative_responsiveness" title="Negative responsiveness">too much support</a> or <a href="/wiki/No-show_paradox" title="No-show paradox">too many votes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <a href="/wiki/First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">plurality</a>, instant-runoff voting also exhibits a kind of <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">spoiler effect</a> called a <a href="/wiki/Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">center squeeze</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:733_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:733-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:03244_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03244-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which causes it to favor uncompromising alternatives over more-moderate ones,<sup id="cite_ref-:8524_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8524-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merril_1985224223_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merril_1985224223-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merrill_1984223_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merrill_1984223-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2423_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2423-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may in turn hinder a recovery from increasing polarization between the candidates and limit <a href="/wiki/Free_entry" title="Free entry">free entry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a790_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a790-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advocates of instant-runoff voting often argue these properties are positive, as voting rules should encourage candidates to appeal to their <a href="/wiki/Core_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Core support">core support</a> or political base rather than a broad coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also note that in countries like the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> without <a href="/wiki/Primary_election" title="Primary election">primaries</a> or <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoffs</a>, instant-runoff voting can prevent <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">spoiler effects</a> by eliminating minor-party candidates. Unlike a plurality vote system where votes are non-transferable, instant-runoff voting also <a href="/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion" title="Mutual majority criterion">avoids some kinds of vote-splitting</a> by <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones_criterion" title="Independence of clones criterion">near-identical (clone) candidates</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_procedure">Election procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Election procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IRV_counting_flowchart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/IRV_counting_flowchart.svg/220px-IRV_counting_flowchart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/IRV_counting_flowchart.svg/330px-IRV_counting_flowchart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/IRV_counting_flowchart.svg/440px-IRV_counting_flowchart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Flowchart of instant-runoff voting</figcaption></figure> <p>In instant-runoff voting, as with other <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">ranked voting</a> rules, each voter orders candidates from first to last. The counting procedure is then as follows: </p> <ol><li>If there is a candidate that has a majority of the top preferences of the valid, active ballots, then that candidate is elected and the count stops.</li></ol> <p>If not, go to step 2. </p> <ol><li>Eliminate the candidate with the fewest votes and transfer their votes to the next usable marked preference if any.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>It is possible for a candidate to win an instant-runoff race with support from less than half of the voters who cast votes. This occurs when some voters <a href="/wiki/Exhausted_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhausted vote">do not rank all the candidates on their ballots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1232_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1232-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, the candidate who leads the first round usually finishes with a majority, or enough to win the seat: the IRV winner is usually the same as the first-past-the-post winner..<sup id="cite_ref-:534_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:534-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wasted_votes_and_Condorcet_winners">Wasted votes and Condorcet winners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wasted votes and Condorcet winners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to a plurality voting system that rewards only the top vote-getter, instant-runoff voting mitigates the problem of <a href="/wiki/Wasted_vote" title="Wasted vote">wasted votes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chamberlin23_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chamberlin23-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it does not ensure the election of a <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Condorcet winner</a>, which is the candidate who would win a direct election against any other candidate in the race. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invalid,_incomplete_and_exhausted_ballots"><span id="Invalid.2C_incomplete_and_exhausted_ballots"></span>Invalid, incomplete and exhausted ballots<span class="anchor" id="Exhausted_ballots"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Invalid, incomplete and exhausted ballots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All forms of ranked-choice voting reduce to plurality when all ballots rank only one candidate. By extension, ballots for which all candidates ranked are eliminated are equivalent to votes for any non-winner in plurality, and considered <a href="/wiki/Exhausted_ballots" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhausted ballots">exhausted ballots</a>. </p><p>Some political scientists have found the system contributes to higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Spoiled_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoiled vote">spoiled votes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:433_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:433-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partly because the ballot marking is more complex.<sup id="cite_ref-:433_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:433-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:534_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:534-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most jurisdictions with instant-runoff voting do not require complete rankings and may use columns to indicate preference instead of numbers. In American elections with instant-runoff voting, more than 99 percent of voters typically cast a valid ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 study of four local US elections that used instant-runoff voting found that inactive ballots occurred often enough in each of them that the winner of each election did not receive a majority of votes cast in the first round. The rate of inactive ballots in each election ranged from a low of 9.6 percent to a high of 27.1 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistance_to_strategy">Resistance to strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Resistance to strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instant-runoff voting has notably high resistance to <a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">tactical voting</a> but less to <a href="/wiki/Strategic_nomination" title="Strategic nomination">strategic nomination</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Party_strategizing_and_strategic_nomination">Party strategizing and strategic nomination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Party strategizing and strategic nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, preference deals (where one party's voters agree to place another party's voters second, in return for their doing the same) between parties are common. Parties and candidates often encourage their supporters to participate in these preference deals using <a href="/wiki/How-to-vote_card" title="How-to-vote card">How-to-vote cards</a> explaining how to use their lower rankings to maximize the chances of their ballot helping to elect someone in the preference deal before it may exhaust.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instant runoff may be manipulable via strategic candidate entry and exit, reducing similar candidates' chances of winning. Such manipulation does not need to be intentional, instead acting to deter candidates from running in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-d138_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d138-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spatial model simulations indicate that instant runoff rewards strategic withdrawal by candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-Armytage_2014_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armytage_2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ExitIncentive_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExitIncentive-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tactical_voting">Tactical voting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tactical voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting#Instant_runoff_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">Tactical voting § Instant runoff voting</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gibbard%27s_theorem" title="Gibbard's theorem">Gibbard's theorem</a> demonstrates that no (deterministic, non-dictatorial) voting method can be entirely immune from tactical voting. This implies that instant-runoff voting is susceptible to tactical voting in some circumstances. In particular, when there exists a <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet winner">Condorcet winner</a> who instant-runoff voting fails to elect, voters who prefer the Condorcet winner to the instant-runoff voting winner have an incentive to use the <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting#Types_of_strategic_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">compromising</a> strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-Armytage_2014_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armytage_2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: proposition 17">: proposition 17 </span></sup> instant-runoff voting is also sometimes vulnerable to a paradoxical strategy of ranking a candidate higher to make them lose, due to instant-runoff voting failing the <a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">monotonicity criterion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research suggests that instant-runoff voting is highly resistant to strategic voting. In a test of multiple methods, instant runoff was found to be the second-most-resistant to tactical voting, after a class of instant runoff-<a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet</a> hybrids.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instant-runoff voting is also completely immune to the <i>burying</i> strategy: ranking a strong opposition candidate lower can't get one's preferred candidate elected.<sup id="cite_ref-Armytage_2014_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armytage_2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: proposition 3">: proposition 3 </span></sup> </p><p>Tactical voting in instant-runoff voting seeks to alter the order of eliminations in early rounds, to ensure that the original winner is challenged by a stronger opponent in the final round. For example, in a three-party election where voters for both the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a> prefer the <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a> candidate to stop the opposing candidate from winning, those voters who care more about defeating the opposition than electing their own candidate may cast a tactical first-preference vote for the centrist candidate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spoiler_effect">Spoiler effect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spoiler effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></div> <p>Proponents of instant-runoff voting claim that instant-runoff voting eliminates the spoiler effect, since instant-runoff voting makes it safe to vote honestly for marginal parties. Under a plurality method, voters who sympathize most strongly with a marginal candidate are strongly encouraged to instead vote for a more popular candidate who shares some of the same principles, since that candidate has a much greater chance of being elected, and a vote for the marginal candidate will not result in the marginal candidate's election. Instant-runoff voting reduces this problem, since the voter can rank the marginal candidate first and the mainstream candidate second; in the likely event that the fringe candidate is eliminated, the vote is not wasted but is transferred to the second preference. </p><p>However, when the third-party candidate is more competitive, they can still act as a spoiler under instant-runoff voting,<sup id="cite_ref-:043_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:043-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:723_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:723-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burlington23_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burlington23-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by taking away first-choice votes from the more mainstream candidate until that candidate is eliminated, and then that candidate's second-choice votes helping a more-disliked candidate to win. In these scenarios, it would have been better for the third party voters if their candidate had not run at all (spoiler effect), or if they had voted dishonestly, ranking their second-favorite first and their favorite second, rather than first (favorite betrayal).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is the same bracketing effect exploited by Robinette and Tideman in their research on strategic campaigning, where a candidate alters their campaign to cause a change in voter honest choice, resulting in the elimination of a candidate who nevertheless remains more preferred by voters. </p><p>For example, in the <a href="/wiki/2009_Burlington_mayoral_election" title="2009 Burlington mayoral election">2009 Burlington, Vermont, mayoral election</a>, if the Republican candidate who lost in the final instant runoff had not run, the Democratic candidate would have defeated the winning Progressive candidate. In that sense, the Republican candidate was a spoiler—albeit for an opposing Democrat, rather than some political ally—even though leading in first choice support.<sup id="cite_ref-Burlington23_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burlington23-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also occurred in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Alaska%27s_at-large_congressional_district_special_election" title="2022 Alaska's at-large congressional district special election">2022 Alaska's at-large congressional district special election</a>. If Republican <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a>, who lost in the final instant runoff, had not run, the more centrist Republican candidate, Nick Begich, would have defeated the winning Democratic candidate, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Peltola" title="Mary Peltola">Mary Peltola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system has had a mixed reception among <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">social choice theorists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have suggested that the system does not do much to decrease the impact of <a href="/wiki/Wasted_vote" title="Wasted vote">wasted votes</a> relative to plurality.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:433_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:433-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:035_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:035-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has found instant-runoff voting causes lower confidence in elections<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:06_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and does not substantially affect minority representation,<sup id="cite_ref-:623_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:623-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:035_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:035-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or long-run <a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">electoral competition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:623_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:623-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents have also noted a high rate of repeals for the system.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voter_confusion_and_legitimacy">Voter confusion and legitimacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Voter confusion and legitimacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Governor <a href="/wiki/Paul_LePage" title="Paul LePage">Paul LePage</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Representative Bruce Poliquin<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claimed, ahead of the 2018 primary elections, that instant-runoff voting would result in "one person, five votes", as opposed to "<a href="/wiki/One_person,_one_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="One person, one vote">one person, one vote</a>". Federal judge Lance Walker rejected these claims, and the 1st circuit court denied Poliquin's emergency appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarity_to_plurality">Similarity to plurality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Similarity to plurality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often instant-runoff voting elections are won by the candidate who leads in first-count vote tallies so they choose the same winner as <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> would have. In Australia federal elections, the <a href="/wiki/1972_Australian_federal_election" title="1972 Australian federal election">1972 election</a> had the largest number of winners who would not have won under first past the post but still only 14 out of 125 seats filled were not won by the first-count leader.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participation">Participation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effect of instant-runoff voting on voter turnout is difficult to assess. In a 2021 report, researchers at <a href="/wiki/New_America_(organization)" title="New America (organization)">New America</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> based in Washington, D. C., said it may increase turnout by attracting more and more diverse candidates, but the impact would be realized most significantly by eliminating the need for primaries.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall impact on diversity of candidates is difficult to detect.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While instant run-off voting is distinguished from its multiple winner equivalent, the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a>, most English-speaking discussion of electoral systems does not differentiate them. In <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, one of the few countries to use these systems in all elections, no distinction between the two is made, either by the general population or in legal texts. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> describes the electoral system as "proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote",<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as do all other statutory authorities, when referring to either single-winner or multiple-winner elections. The acronym "PR-STV" is in general use to describe both types of elections. Examples of single-winner elections in Ireland which are described officially as "proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote" are the <a href="/wiki/Irish_presidential_election" title="Irish presidential election">election of the President</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2024_Ceann_Comhairle_election" title="2024 Ceann Comhairle election">election of the Ceann Comhairle</a> (chairperson of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>). The lack of distinction between the systems in Ireland reflects that there is no difference in the mechanics of the process from election to election, only the number of candidates to be elected by that process. This is not always the case when discussing the systems in the abstract, as there are many variations in how such elections could be run. </p><p>Instant-runoff voting derives its name from the way the ballot count simulates a series of runoffs, similar to an <a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">exhaustive ballot system</a>, except that voters do not need to turn out several times to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-publications.parliament.uk2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publications.parliament.uk2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also known as the alternative vote, transferable vote, ranked-choice voting (RCV), single-seat ranked-choice voting, or preferential voting (but use of some of those terms may lead to misunderstanding as they also apply to single transferable vote.)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britons and New Zealanders generally call instant-runoff voting the "alternative vote" (AV).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australians, who use instant-runoff voting for most single winner elections, call instant-runoff voting "preferential voting".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this term is widely used by Australians, it is somewhat of a <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomer</a>. Depending on how "preferential" is defined, the term would include all voting systems, apply to any system that uses ranked ballots (thus both instant-runoff voting and single transferable vote), or would exclude instant-runoff voting (instant-runoff voting fails <a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">positive responsiveness</a> because ballot markings are not interpreted as "preferences" in the traditional sense. Under instant-runoff voting (and single transferable vote), secondary preferences are used as back-up preferences/contingency votes). </p><p>Jurisdictions in the United States such as <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> have tended to use the term "ranked-choice voting" in their laws that apply to instant-runoff voting contests. The San Francisco Department of Elections claimed the word "instant" in the term "instant-runoff voting" could confuse voters into expecting results to be immediately available.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of American influence, the term ranked-choice voting is often used in Canada as well.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When discussing his promise of electoral reform, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau used the term "preferential ballot".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American NGO <a href="/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a> has promoted the terminology "ranked-choice voting" to refer to instant-runoff voting,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a choice that has caused controversy and accusations that the organization is attempting to obscure the existence of other <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">ranked-choice</a> methods that could compete with instant-runoff voting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Instant-runoff voting is occasionally referred to as Hare's method<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (after <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hare_(political_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hare (political scientist)">Thomas Hare</a>) to differentiate it from other ranked-choice voting methods such as <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">majority-choice voting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin</a>, which use weighted preferences or methods that allow voter's lower preference to be used against voter's most-preferred choice. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> (STV) method is applied to a single-winner election, it becomes instant-runoff voting; the government of Ireland has called instant-runoff voting "proportional representation" based on the fact that the same ballot form is used to elect its president by instant-runoff voting and parliamentary seats by proportional representation (single transferable vote), but instant-runoff voting is a non-proportional single-winner election method, while single transferable vote elects multiple winners and produces minority representation, as well as majority representation, in almost all cases.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>State law in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use "instant runoff" to describe the practice of having certain categories of absentee voters cast ranked-choice ballots before the first round of an election and counting those ballots in any subsequent runoff elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_use">History and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_and_use_of_instant-runoff_voting" title="History and use of instant-runoff voting">History and use of instant-runoff voting</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This method was first discussed by the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a> in 1788, who quickly rejected it after showing it would often eliminate a candidate preferred by a majority of voters.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instant-runoff voting was later independently reinvented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hare_(political_reformer)" title="Thomas Hare (political reformer)">Thomas Hare</a> (of England) and Carl Andrae (of Denmark) in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Richmond_Droop" title="Henry Richmond Droop">Henry Richmond Droop</a> then proposed applying the system to single-winner contests. (He also invented the <a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a>, which equates to a simple majority in a single-winner contest.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_use">Global use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Global use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_and_use_of_instant-runoff_voting#Use_by_country" title="History and use of instant-runoff voting">History and use of instant-runoff voting § Use by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_level_elections">National level elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: National level elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="150">Country </th> <th width="150">Body or office </th> <th width="180">Type of body or office </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral system</a> </th> <th scope="col">Total seats </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Australia </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td>Lower chamber of legislature </td> <td>Instant-runoff voting </td> <td>151 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row">Ireland </th> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a> </td> <td>Head of State </td> <td>Instant-runoff voting </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> </td> <td>Lower chamber of legislature </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a> (STV), by-elections using Instant-runoff voting </td> <td>158<sup id="cite_ref-fn_22_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn_22-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Papua New Guinea </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Parliament_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="National Parliament of Papua New Guinea">National Parliament</a> </td> <td>Unicameral legislature </td> <td>Instant-runoff voting </td> <td>109 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" scope="row">United States </th> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> (via <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a>) </td> <td>Head of State and Government </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> use instant-runoff voting to select the state's electoral college seat winner or winners. In Maine, 2 electors are allocated to the winner of the state vote plurality and the others (currently 2) are allocated by plurality in each congressional district. In Alaska, the winner receives all Electoral College electors of the state (as Alaska has only one <i>at-large</i> district, the effect is the same). </td> <td>7 EVs<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (out of 538) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td>Lower chamber of legislature </td> <td rowspan="2">Instant-runoff voting in Maine <p>Nonpartisan primary system with instant-runoff voting in the second round (among top four candidates) in Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-boston.com2_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boston.com2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maine20182_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maine20182-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>3 (out of 435) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> </td> <td>Upper chamber of legislature </td> <td>4 (out of 100) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert's_Rules_of_Order"><span id="Robert.27s_Rules_of_Order"></span><i>Robert's Rules of Order</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Robert's Rules of Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the sequential elimination method used by instant-runoff voting is described in <i><a href="/wiki/Robert%27s_Rules_of_Order" title="Robert's Rules of Order">Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised</a></i> as an example of <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked voting systems">ranked-choice voting</a> that can be used to elect officers.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated12_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated12-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Robert's Rules</i> note that ranked-choice systems (including instant-runoff voting) are an improvement on <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">simple plurality</a> but recommend against runoff-based rules because they often prevent the emergence of a consensus candidate with broad support. The book instead recommends repeated balloting until some candidate manages to win a majority of votes. Two other books on American parliamentary procedure, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Standard_Code_of_Parliamentary_Procedure" title="The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure">The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Riddick%27s_Rules_of_Procedure" title="Riddick's Rules of Procedure">Riddick's Rules of Procedure</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> take a similar stance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_methods">Similar methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Similar methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Runoff_voting">Runoff voting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Runoff voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The term <i>instant-runoff voting</i> is derived from the name of a class of voting methods called runoff voting. In <a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">runoff voting</a> voters do not rank candidates in order of preference on a single ballot. Instead a similar effect is achieved by using multiple rounds of voting. Multi-round runoff voting methods allow voters to change their preferences in each round, incorporating the results of the prior round to influence their decision, which is not possible in instant-runoff voting. </p><p>The runoff method closest to instant-runoff voting is the <a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">exhaustive ballot</a>. In this method—familiar to fans of the television show <i><a href="/wiki/American_Idol" title="American Idol">American Idol</a></i>—one candidate is eliminated after each round, and many rounds of voting may be necessary, rather than just two at most. Because holding many rounds of voting on separate days is generally expensive, the exhaustive ballot is not used for large-scale, public elections. </p><p>A more practical form of runoff voting is the <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a>. If no candidate receives a majority of votes in the first round, all but the top-two candidates are excluded after the first round, rather than gradually eliminating candidates over multiple rounds. Eliminations can occur with or without allowing and applying preference votes to choose the final two candidates. This method is used in Mali and France, and in Finnish and Slovenian presidential elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contingent_vote">Contingent vote</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Contingent vote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IRV-toptwo_flowchart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/IRV-toptwo_flowchart.png" decoding="async" width="173" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Top-two instant-runoff voting</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote" title="Contingent vote">contingent vote</a>, also known as "top-two instant-runoff voting" ("top-two IRV"), is the same as instant-runoff voting, except that if no candidate achieves a majority in the first round of counting, all but the two candidates with the most votes are eliminated, and the second preferences for those ballots are counted. As in instant-runoff voting, there is only one round of voting. Unlike instant-runoff voting, the vote count process entails only two rounds of counting, while instant-runoff voting can entail many rounds. </p><p>Under a variant of contingent voting used in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and formerly for the elections for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> in the United Kingdom, voters rank a specified maximum number of candidates. In London, the <a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote" title="Contingent vote">supplementary vote</a> allowed<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> voters to express first and second preferences only. Sri Lankan voters <a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote#contingent_vote_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Contingent vote">rank up to three candidates to elect the president of Sri Lanka</a>. </p><p>While similar to "sequential-elimination" instant-runoff voting, top-two can produce different results. Excluding more than one candidate after the first count might eliminate a candidate who would have won under sequential elimination instant-runoff voting. Restricting voters to a maximum number of preferences is more likely to exhaust ballots if voters do not anticipate which candidates will finish in the top two. This can encourage voters to vote more <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">tactically</a>, by ranking at least one candidate they think is likely to win. </p><p>Conversely, a practical benefit of 'contingent voting' is expediency and confidence in the result with only two rounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Larger_runoff_process">Larger runoff process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Larger runoff process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instant-runoff voting may also be part of a larger runoff process: </p> <ul><li>Some jurisdictions that hold <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff elections</a> allow absentee (only) voters to submit ranked ballots, because the interval between rounds of balloting is too short for a second round of absentee voting. Ranked ballots enable absentee votes to count in the second (general) election round if their first choice does not make the second round runoff. <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a> adopt this approach.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louisiana uses it only for members of the United States Service or who reside overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (September 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Under some <a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">exhaustive ballot</a> runoff systems, instant-runoff voting may be used to quickly eliminate some weak candidates in early rounds, using rules to leave a desired number of candidates for further balloting.</li> <li>Instant-runoff voting elections that require a majority of cast ballots but not that voters rank all candidates may require more than a single instant-runoff voting contest due to exhausted ballots.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Most IRV systems require a winner to have only a majority of votes still in play, not a majority of votes cast.)</li> <li>Robert's Rules recommends <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked voting systems">preferential voting</a> for elections by mail and requiring a majority of votes to elect a winner. For in-person elections, they recommend repeated balloting until one candidate receives a majority of votes; if candidates drop out when it becomes clear they will not win, this procedure will always elect a <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet winner</a>. The use of repeated balloting allows voters to resolve <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Condorcet cycles</a> by discussion and compromise, or by electing a consensus candidate who might have polled poorly in the initial election.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated12_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated12-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_to_first-past-the-post">Comparison to first-past-the-post</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Comparison to first-past-the-post"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2013_Australian_federal_election" title="2013 Australian federal election">Australian federal election in September 2013</a>, 135 out of the 150 <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> seats (or 90 percent) were won by the candidate who led on first preferences. The other 15 seats (10 percent) were won by the candidate who placed second on first preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016-ballot-paper-Higgins.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2016-ballot-paper-Higgins.png/220px-2016-ballot-paper-Higgins.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="466" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2016-ballot-paper-Higgins.png/330px-2016-ballot-paper-Higgins.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2016-ballot-paper-Higgins.png/440px-2016-ballot-paper-Higgins.png 2x" data-file-width="3187" data-file-height="6746" /></a><figcaption>Example of a full preferential ballot paper from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian House of Representatives</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A number of instant-runoff voting methods, varying as to ballot design and as to whether or not voters are obliged to rank all the candidates, are in use in different countries and local governments. </p><p>In an <a href="/wiki/Optional_preferential_voting" title="Optional preferential voting">optional preferential voting</a> system, voters can give a preference to as many candidates as they wish. They may make only a single choice, known as "<a href="/wiki/Bullet_voting" title="Bullet voting">bullet voting</a>", and some jurisdictions accept a single box marked with an "X" (as opposed to a numeral "1") as valid for the first preference. Bullet voting may result in exhausted ballots, where all of a voter's preferences are eliminated before a candidate is elected, such that the "majority" in the final round may constitute only a minority of all ballots cast. Optional preferential voting is used for elections for the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a> as well as some elections in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a full-preferential voting method, voters are required to mark a preference for every candidate standing.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ballots that do not contain a ranking of all candidates are in some jurisdictions considered <a href="/wiki/Spoilt_vote" title="Spoilt vote">spoilt</a> or invalid, even if there are only two candidates standing. The full-preferential voting method can become burdensome in elections with many candidates and can lead to "<a href="/wiki/Donkey_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey voting">donkey voting</a>", in which some voters simply choose candidates at random or in top-to-bottom order, or a voter may order his or her preferred candidates and then fill in the remainder on a donkey basis. Full preferential voting is used for elections to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_electoral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian electoral system">Australian federal parliament</a> and for most <a href="/wiki/Electoral_systems_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Electoral systems of the Australian states and territories">state parliaments</a>. </p><p>Other methods only allow marking preferences for a maximum of the voter's top three favourites, a form of partial preferential voting.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a system produces exhausted votes even when the voter would have been willing to rank more candidates. </p><p>A version of instant-runoff voting applying to the ranking of parties was first proposed for elections in Germany in 2013<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <a href="/wiki/Spare_vote" title="Spare vote">spare vote</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voting_method_criteria">Voting method criteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Voting method criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voting_criteria" title="Voting criteria">Voting criteria</a></div> <p>As shown by <a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibbard%27s_theorem" title="Gibbard's theorem">Gibbard</a>, and others, it's usually impossible for a method to pass all of a number of seemingly reasonable properties, or criteria, at once. Instant-runoff voting is no exception: it passes some and fails others. The following criteria are satisfied and failed by instant-runoff voting: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satisfied_criteria">Satisfied criteria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Satisfied criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Condorcet_loser_Criterion">Condorcet loser Criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Condorcet loser Criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_loser_criterion" title="Condorcet loser criterion"><b>Condorcet loser</b></a> criterion states that "if a candidate would lose a <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">head-to-head competition</a> against every other candidate, then that candidate must not win the overall election". Instant-runoff voting (like all voting methods with a final runoff round) meets this criterion, since the Condorcet loser cannot win a runoff. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independence_of_clones_criterion">Independence of clones criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Independence of clones criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones_criterion" title="Independence of clones criterion">independence of clones criterion</a></b> states that "the election outcome remains the same even if an identical candidate who is equally preferred decides to run". Advocates have noted that instant-runoff voting meeting this criterion<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TC_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> greatly reduces the impact of clones compared to <a href="/wiki/First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">FPTP</a>. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later-no-harm_criterion">Later-no-harm criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Later-no-harm criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Later-no-harm_criterion" title="Later-no-harm criterion"><b>later-no-harm</b></a> criterion states that "if a voter alters the order of candidates lower in his/her preference (e.g. swapping the second and third preferences), then that does not affect the chances of the most preferred candidate being elected". Instant runoff satisfies this criterion. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Majority_criterion">Majority criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Majority criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Majority_favorite_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority favorite criterion"><b>majority criterion</b></a> states that "if one candidate is preferred by an absolute majority of voters, then that candidate must win". Instant runoff also satisfies this criterion. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mutual_majority_criterion">Mutual majority criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mutual majority criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion" title="Mutual majority criterion"><b>mutual majority</b></a> criterion states that "if an absolute majority of voters prefer every member of a group of candidates to every candidate not in that group, then one of the preferred group must win". Note that this is satisfied because when all but one candidate that a mutual majority prefer is eliminated, the votes of the majority all flow to the remaining candidate, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/FPTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FPTP">FPTP</a>, where the majority would be treated as separate small groups. Instant runoff satisfies this criterion as well. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resolvability_criterion">Resolvability criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Resolvability criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Resolvability_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Resolvability criterion"><b>resolvability</b></a> criterion states that "the probability of an exact tie must diminish as more votes are cast".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failed_criteria">Failed criteria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Failed criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Condorcet_winner_criterion">Condorcet winner criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Condorcet winner criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet criterion"><b>Condorcet winner</b></a> criterion states that "if a candidate would win a <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">head-to-head competition</a> against every other candidate, then that candidate must win the overall election". It is incompatible with the later-no-harm criterion, so instant-runoff voting does not meet this criterion. </p><p>Instant-runoff voting is more likely to elect the Condorcet winner than <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality voting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">traditional runoff</a> elections. The California cities of Oakland, San Francisco and San Leandro in 2010 provide an example; there were a total of four elections in which the plurality-voting leader in first-choice rankings was defeated, and in each case the instant-runoff voting winner was the Condorcet winner, including a San Francisco election in which the instant-runoff voting winner was in third place in first choice rankings. </p><p>A particularly notable Condorcet failure occurred in the <a href="/wiki/2009_Burlington_mayoral_election" title="2009 Burlington mayoral election">2009 Burlington mayoral election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives">Independence of irrelevant alternatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Independence of irrelevant alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">independence of irrelevant alternatives</a></b> criterion states that "the election outcome remains the same even if a candidate who cannot win decides to run." Instant-runoff voting violates this. In the general case, instant-runoff voting can be susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Strategic_nomination" title="Strategic nomination">strategic nomination</a>: whether or not a candidate decides to run at all can affect the result even if the new candidate cannot themselves win. This is less likely to happen than under plurality, but much more likely than under the <a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax Condorcet method</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Armytage_2014_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armytage_2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monotonicity_criterion">Monotonicity criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Monotonicity criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion#Instant-runoff_voting_and_the_two-round_system_are_not_monotonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">Monotonicity criterion § Instant-runoff voting and the two-round system are not monotonic</a></div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">monotonicity criterion</a></b> says that a voter ranking a candidate higher on their ballot should not cause that candidate to lose and conversely, that a voter ranking a candidate lower on their ballot should not help that candidate win. The exact probability of a monotonicity failure depends on the circumstances, but with 3 major candidates, the probabilities range from 15 percent under the <a href="/wiki/Impartial_culture" title="Impartial culture">impartial culture model</a><sup id="cite_ref-Miller_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Table 6">: Table 6 </span></sup> to 8.5 percent in the case of a strict <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Participation_criterion">Participation criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Participation criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">participation criterion</a></b> says that candidates should not lose as a result of having "too many voters"—a set of ballots that all rank A>B should not switch the election winner from B to A. Instant-runoff voting fails this criterion. In his 1984 study, mathematician Depankar Ray found that in elections where instant-runoff voting elects a different candidate from plurality, that there was an estimated 50 percent probability that some voters would have received a more preferable outcome if they had not participated.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reversal_symmetry_criterion">Reversal symmetry criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Reversal symmetry criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Reversal_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversal symmetry">reversal symmetry criterion</a> states that the first- and last-place candidates should switch places if every ballot is reversed. In other words, it should not matter whether voters rank candidates from best-to-worst and select the best candidate, or whether they rank them worst-to-best and then select the least-bad candidate. </p><p>Instant-runoff voting fails this criterion: it is possible to construct an election where reversing the order of every ballot does not alter the final winner; that is, the first- and last-place finishers, according to instant-runoff voting, are the same candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_to_other_voting_systems">Comparison to other voting systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Comparison to other voting systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of electoral systems">Comparison of electoral systems</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1245584064">@media screen{html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort{padding-right:0.4em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort{padding-right:1px}html.client-js 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.sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .mw-sticky-header>thead{top:0!important}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .jquery-tablesorter>tfoot,.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .mw-sticky-header>tfoot{position:static;bottom:auto}}@media all{.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible.mw-collapsed .sticky-table-scroll{max-height:none!important;max-width:none!important}}</style><div class="sticky-table-collapsible mw-collapsible" data-expandtext="enable" data-collapsetext="disable"><div class="sticky-table-scroll"> <table class="wikitable sortable sort-under mw-collapsible sticky-table-row1 sticky-table-col1" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Comparison of single-winner voting systems </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">Criterion</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left"><br /><br />Method</div> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Majority_winner_criterion" title="Majority winner criterion">Majority winner</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Majority_loser_criterion" title="Majority loser criterion">Majority loser</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion" title="Mutual majority criterion">Mutual majority</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet winner">Condorcet winner</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condorcet-iia-incompatibility-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_loser" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet loser">Condorcet loser</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Smith_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith criterion">Smith</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condorcet-iia-incompatibility-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Smith-dominated_alternatives" title="Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives">Smith-IIA</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condorcet-iia-incompatibility-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">IIA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives#Local_independence" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">LIIA</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condorcet-iia-incompatibility-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of clones">Cloneproof</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">Monotone</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">Participation</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Later-no-harm" class="mw-redirect" title="Later-no-harm">Later-no-harm</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_90-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condorcet-iia-incompatibility-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Later-no-help" class="mw-redirect" title="Later-no-help">Later-no-help</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_90-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condorcet-iia-incompatibility-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/No_favorite_betrayal" class="mw-redirect" title="No favorite betrayal">No favorite betrayal</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_90-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condorcet-iia-incompatibility-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0; border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ballot <p>type </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="6" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Single mark </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Anti-plurality_voting" title="Anti-plurality voting">Anti-plurality</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="6" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Single mark </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two round system</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="6" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Single mark </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Instant-runoff</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Coombs%27_method" title="Coombs' method">Coombs</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Nanson%27s_method" title="Nanson's method">Nanson</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Baldwin%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin's method">Baldwin</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Tideman_alternative_method" title="Tideman alternative method">Tideman alternative</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimax Condorcet">Minimax</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-MinimaxVarient_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinimaxVarient-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-MinimaxVarient_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinimaxVarient-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Copeland%27s_method" title="Copeland's method">Copeland</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Black%27s_method" title="Black's method">Black</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Kemeny-Young_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemeny-Young method">Kemeny–Young</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">LIIA Only </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">LIIA Only </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-semipc_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semipc-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-semipc_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semipc-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-IIA_rating_methods_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIA_rating_methods-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Approvals </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Majority_judgment" title="Majority judgment">Majority Judgement</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-mjmmc_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mjmmc-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-IIA_rating_methods_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIA_rating_methods-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-semipc_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semipc-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="1" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Scores </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-IIA_rating_methods_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIA_rating_methods-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="1" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Scores </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="1" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Scores </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Quadratic_voting" title="Quadratic voting">Quadratic</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;">N/A </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;">N/A </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="1" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Credits </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Random_ballot" title="Random ballot">Random ballot</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="6" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Single mark </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="6" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">None </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Table Notes </th> <td colspan="16" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-condorcet-iia-incompatibility-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_90-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_90-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_90-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_90-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet criterion">Condorcet's criterion</a> is incompatible with the <a href="/wiki/Consistency_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Consistency criterion">consistency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">participation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later-no-harm" class="mw-redirect" title="Later-no-harm">later-no-harm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later-no-help_criterion" title="Later-no-help criterion">later-no-help</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sincere_favorite_criterion" title="Sincere favorite criterion">sincere favorite</a> criteria.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MinimaxVarient-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MinimaxVarient_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MinimaxVarient_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A variant of Minimax that counts only pairwise opposition, not opposition minus support, fails the Condorcet criterion and meets later-no-harm.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-semipc-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-semipc_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-semipc_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-semipc_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In Highest median, Ranked Pairs, and Schulze voting, there is always a regret-free, semi-honest ballot for any voter, holding all other ballots constant and assuming they know enough about how others will vote. Under such circumstances, there is always at least one way for a voter to participate without grading any less-preferred candidate above any more-preferred one.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IIA_rating_methods-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IIA_rating_methods_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIA_rating_methods_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIA_rating_methods_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Approval voting, score voting, and majority judgment satisfy IIA if it is assumed that voters rate candidates independently using their own <a href="/wiki/Approval_voting#Dichotomous_cutoff" title="Approval voting">absolute scale</a>. For this to hold, in some elections, some voters must use less than their full voting power despite having meaningful preferences among viable candidates.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majority Judgment may elect a candidate uniquely least-preferred by over half of voters, but it never elects the candidate uniquely bottom-rated by over half of voters.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mjmmc-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mjmmc_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majority Judgment fails the mutual majority criterion, but satisfies the criterion if the majority ranks the mutually favored set above a given absolute grade and all others below that grade.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A randomly chosen ballot determines winner. This and closely related methods are of mathematical interest and included here to demonstrate that even unreasonable methods can pass voting method criteria.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Where a winner is randomly chosen from the candidates, sortition is included to demonstrate that even non-voting methods can pass some criteria.</span> </li> </ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first example is a fictional one for the purpose of demonstrating the principle of instant runoff. The other examples are drawn from the results of real-life elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tennessee_capital_example">Tennessee capital example</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Tennessee capital example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Tennessee"></span> </p> <div style="float: left;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tenn_voting_example" title="Template:Tenn voting example"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tenn_voting_example" title="Template talk:Tenn voting example"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tenn_voting_example" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tenn voting example"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessee_map_for_voting_example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tennessee and its four major cities: Memphis in the far west; Nashville in the center; Chattanooga in the east; and Knoxville in the far northeast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tennessee_map_for_voting_example.svg/500px-Tennessee_map_for_voting_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tennessee_map_for_voting_example.svg/750px-Tennessee_map_for_voting_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tennessee_map_for_voting_example.svg/1000px-Tennessee_map_for_voting_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="190" /></a></span> </p><p>Suppose that <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> is holding an election on the location of its <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a>. The population is concentrated around four major cities. <a href="/wiki/Spatial_voting" title="Spatial voting">All voters want the capital to be as close to them as possible.</a> The options are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, the largest city, but far from the others (42% of voters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, near the center of the state (26% of voters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga</a>, somewhat east (15% of voters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a>, far to the northeast (17% of voters)</li></ul> <p>The preferences of each region's voters are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="25%" style="background-color: #ffdddd">42% of voters<br /><small>Far-West</small> </th> <th width="25%" style="background-color: #ccffcc">26% of voters<br /><small>Center</small> </th> <th width="25%" style="background-color: #ddddff">15% of voters<br /><small>Center-East</small> </th> <th width="25%" style="background-color: #ffeedd">17% of voters<br /><small>Far-East</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ol style="margin-left: 1.5em;"> <li> <b>Memphis</b> </li><li> Nashville </li><li> Chattanooga </li><li> Knoxville </li></ol> </td> <td> <ol style="margin-left: 1.5em;"> <li> <b>Nashville</b> </li><li> Chattanooga </li><li> Knoxville </li><li> Memphis </li></ol> </td> <td> <ol style="margin-left: 1.5em;"> <li> <b>Chattanooga</b> </li><li> Knoxville </li><li> Nashville </li><li> Memphis </li></ol> </td> <td> <ol style="margin-left: 1.5em;"> <li> <b>Knoxville</b> </li><li> Chattanooga </li><li> Nashville </li><li> Memphis </li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> It takes three rounds to determine a winner in this election. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TN-round1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/TN-round1.svg/143px-TN-round1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/TN-round1.svg/215px-TN-round1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/TN-round1.svg/286px-TN-round1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Round 1</b> – In the first round no city receives a majority: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Votes in round/ <p>City Choice </p> </th> <th>1st </th></tr> <tr> <td>Memphis </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nashville </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">26% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Knoxville </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">17% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chattanooga </td> <td style="background:#fbb;"><i>15%</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>If one of the cities had achieved a majority vote (more than half), the election would end there. If this were a first-past-the-post election, Memphis would win because it received the most votes. But instant-runoff voting does not allow a candidate to win on the first round without having an absolute majority of the active votes. Since no city has won yet, the city with the least first-place support (Chattanooga) is eliminated from consideration. The ballots that listed Chattanooga as first choice are added to the totals of the second-choice selection on each ballot. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TN-round2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TN-round2.svg/122px-TN-round2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TN-round2.svg/183px-TN-round2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TN-round2.svg/244px-TN-round2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="161" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Round 2</b> – In the second round of tabulation, Chattanooga's 15% of the total votes have been added to the second choices selected by the voters for whom that city was first-choice (in this example Knoxville): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Votes in round/ <p>City Choice </p> </th> <th>1st </th> <th>2nd </th></tr> <tr> <td>Memphis </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">42% </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nashville </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">26% </td> <td style="background:#fbb;"><i>26%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Knoxville </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">17% </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">32% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chattanooga </td> <td style="background:#fbb;"><i>15%</i> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the first round, Memphis was first, Nashville was second and Knoxville was third. With Chattanooga eliminated and its votes redistributed, the second round finds Memphis still in first place, followed by Knoxville in second and Nashville has moved down to third place. No city yet has secured a majority of votes, so the now last placed Nashville is eliminated and the ballots currently counting for Nashville are added to the totals of Memphis or Knoxville based on which city is ranked next on that ballot. </p><p><b>Round 3</b> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TN-round3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/TN-round3.svg/141px-TN-round3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="141" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/TN-round3.svg/212px-TN-round3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/TN-round3.svg/282px-TN-round3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="141" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>As Memphis and Knoxville are the only two cities remaining in the contest, this round will be the final round. In this example the second-choice of the Nashville voters is Chattanooga, which is already eliminated. Therefore, the votes are added to their third-choice: Knoxville. The third round of tabulation yields the following result: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Votes in round/ <p>City Choice </p> </th> <th>1st </th> <th>2nd </th> <th>3rd </th></tr> <tr> <td>Memphis </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">42% </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">42% </td> <td style="background:#fbb;"><i>42%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nashville </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">26% </td> <td style="background:#fbb;"><i>26%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Knoxville </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">17% </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">32% </td> <td style="background:#bfb;"><b>58%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chattanooga </td> <td style="background:#fbb;"><i>15%</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Result:</b> Knoxville, which was running third in the first tabulation, has moved up from behind to take first place in the third and final round. The winner of the election is <b>Knoxville</b>. However, if 6% of voters in Memphis were to put Nashville first, the winner would be Nashville, a preferable outcome for voters in Memphis. This is an example of potential tactical voting, though one that would be difficult for voters to carry out in practice. Also, if 17% of voters in Memphis were to stay away from voting, the winner would be Nashville. This is an example of instant-runoff voting failing the participation criterion. </p><p>For comparison, note that traditional <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> would elect Memphis, even though most citizens consider it the worst choice, because 42% is larger than any other single city. As Nashville is a Condorcet winner, <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method#Example:_Voting_on_the_location_of_Tennessee's_capital" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a> would elect Nashville. A <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system#Example_II" title="Two-round system">two-round method</a> would have a runoff between Memphis and Nashville where Nashville would win, too. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990_Irish_presidential_election">1990 Irish presidential election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: 1990 Irish presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irish_presidential_election,_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish presidential election, 1990">Irish presidential election, 1990</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1990_Irish_presidential_election" title="1990 Irish presidential election">1990 Irish presidential election</a> provides a simple example of how instant-runoff voting can produce a different result from <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> and prevent some spoiler effects associated with <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality voting</a>. The three major candidates were <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr" title="Brian Lenihan Snr">Brian Lenihan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austin_Currie" title="Austin Currie">Austin Currie</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a>. In the first round, Lenihan had the largest share of first-choice rankings but not a majority. Currie had the fewest votes and was eliminated. After this, Robinson received 82 percent of Currie's votes. This was enough for his vote tally to pass that of Lenihan, and thus form a majority of votes. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Irish presidential election, 1990<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Candidate </th> <th colspan="2">Round 1 </th> <th colspan="2">Round 2 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> </th> <td>612,265 </td> <td>38.9% </td> <td><b>817,830</b> </td> <td><b>51.6%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr" title="Brian Lenihan Snr">Brian Lenihan</a> </th> <td>694,484 </td> <td>43.8% </td> <td>731,273 </td> <td>46.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Austin_Currie" title="Austin Currie">Austin Currie</a> </th> <td>267,902 </td> <td>16.9%<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>Eliminated</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Exhausted ballots </th> <td>9,444 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>34,992 </td> <td>2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <td>1,584,095 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>1,584,095 </td> <td>100% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014_Prahran_election_(Victoria)"><span id="2014_Prahran_election_.28Victoria.29"></span>2014 Prahran election (Victoria)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: 2014 Prahran election (Victoria)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another real-life example of instant-runoff voting producing results different from first-past-the-post can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Victorian_state_election" title="2014 Victorian state election">2014 Victorian general election</a> in <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Prahran" title="Electoral district of Prahran">Prahran</a>. In this rare instance, the candidate who initially placed third, (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Greens</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Sam_Hibbins" title="Sam Hibbins">Sam Hibbins</a>), won the seat.<sup id="cite_ref-PrahranResults2_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrahranResults2-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 7th and final round, Hibbins narrowly defeated <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a> candidate Clem Newton-Brown by a margin of 277 votes. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Candidate </th> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <th>2nd </th> <th>3rd </th> <th>4th </th> <th>5th </th> <th>6th </th> <th colspan="2">7th </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clem_Newton-Brown" title="Clem Newton-Brown">Clem Newton-Brown</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">LIB</a>) </td> <td>44.8% </td> <td><b>16,582</b> </td> <td><b>16,592</b> </td> <td><b>16,644</b> </td> <td><b>16,726</b> </td> <td><b>16,843</b> </td> <td><b>17,076</b> </td> <td>18,363 </td> <td>49.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neil Pharaoh (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">ALP</a>) </td> <td>25.9% </td> <td><b>9,586</b> </td> <td><b>9,593</b> </td> <td><b>9,639</b> </td> <td><b>9,690</b> </td> <td><b>9,758</b> </td> <td>9,948<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>Eliminated</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hibbins" title="Sam Hibbins">Sam Hibbins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">GRN</a>) </td> <td>24.8% </td> <td>9,160 </td> <td>9,171 </td> <td>9,218 </td> <td>9,310 </td> <td>9,403 </td> <td><b>9,979</b> </td> <td><b>18,640</b> </td> <td><b>50.4%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eleonora Gullone (<a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party" title="Animal Justice Party">AJP</a>) </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>837 </td> <td>860 </td> <td>891 </td> <td>928 </td> <td>999<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><i>Eliminated</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alan Walker (<a href="/wiki/Family_First_Party" title="Family First Party">FFP</a>) </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>282 </td> <td>283 </td> <td>295<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> </td> <td colspan="5"><i>Eliminated</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jason Goldsmith (<a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND</a>) </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>247 </td> <td>263 </td> <td>316 </td> <td>349<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> </td> <td colspan="4"><i>Eliminated</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Steve Stefanopoulos (<a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND</a>) </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>227 </td> <td>241<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> </td> <td colspan="6"><i>Eliminated</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alan Menadue (<a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND</a>) </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>82<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> </td> <td colspan="7"><i>Eliminated</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <td><b>100%</b> </td> <td><b>37,003</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009_Burlington_mayoral_election">2009 Burlington mayoral election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: 2009 Burlington mayoral election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2009_Burlington_mayoral_election" title="2009 Burlington mayoral election">2009 Burlington mayoral election</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:right; margin-left:1em"> <caption>Burlington mayoral election, 2009 (round-by-round analysis of votes) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Candidates </th> <th colspan="2">1st round </th> <th colspan="2">2nd round </th> <th colspan="2">3rd round </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>Candidate</b> </th> <th>Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>± </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>± </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>± </th></tr> <tr style="background:#FBCEB1"> <td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kiss" title="Bob Kiss">Bob Kiss</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Progressive_Party" title="Vermont Progressive Party">Progressive</a> </td> <td>2585 </td> <td>+2585 </td> <td>2981 </td> <td>+396 </td> <td><b>4313</b> </td> <td>+1332 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:left;">Kurt Wright </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Republican</a> </td> <td><b>2951</b> </td> <td>+2951 </td> <td><b>3294</b> </td> <td>+343 </td> <td>4061 </td> <td>+767 </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:left;">Andy Montroll </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Democrat</a> </td> <td>2063 </td> <td>+2063 </td> <td>2554 </td> <td>+491 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−2554 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#DCDCDC"> <td style="text-align:left;">Dan Smith </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td>1306 </td> <td>+1306 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−1306 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Others </th> <td> </td> <td>71 </td> <td>+71 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−71 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Exhausted_ballot" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhausted ballot">Exhausted</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>+4 </td> <td>151 </td> <td>+147 </td> <td>606 </td> <td>+455 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Under Burlington, Vermont's second-ever instant-runoff voting mayoral election in 2009, the winner, Bob Kiss, was elected over the more-popular Andy Montroll as a result of a first-round spoiler effect. </p><p><a href="/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a> touted the 2009 election as one of its major success stories,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claiming it helped the city save on costs of a traditional runoff<sup id="cite_ref-:4_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prevented a <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">spoiler effect</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although later analysis showed that without Wright in the election, Montroll would have defeated Kiss in a one-on-one race.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mathematicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematicians">Mathematicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voting_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting theory">voting theorists</a> criticized the election results as revealing several <a href="/wiki/Pathological_(mathematics)" title="Pathological (mathematics)">pathologies</a> associated with instant-runoff voting, noting that Kiss was elected as a result of 750 votes <a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">cast against him</a> (ranking Kiss in last place).<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">electoral reform</a> advocates branded the election a failure after Kiss was elected, despite 54 percent of voters voting for Montroll over Kiss,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> violating the principle of <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet winner">majority rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a>, a proportional method that reduces to instant runoff in single-winner elections.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">Ranked voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_voting_rules" title="Comparison of voting rules">Comparison of electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote_plus" title="Alternative vote plus">Alternative vote plus</a> (AV+), or alternative vote top-up, proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Jenkins_Commission_(UK)" title="Jenkins Commission (UK)">Jenkins Commission</a> in the UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duverger%27s_law" title="Duverger's law">Duverger's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">Write-in candidate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This procedure can be sped-up by eliminating more than one candidate if their combined top preferences are less than the next-lowest remaining candidate; this process is sometimes called batch elimination. When batch elimination is used, the procedure can terminate if some candidate has a majority.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ExitIncentive-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ExitIncentive_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figure 4 on page 137 shows instant-runoff voting having exit incentive despite being clone independent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following the <a href="/wiki/Elections_Act_2022" title="Elections Act 2022">Elections Act 2022</a>, voting in mayoral elections now takes place under the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> system.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Since ranked-choice voting counts only the number of first-choice votes (among the remaining candidates), the moderate candidate would be eliminated in the first round, leaving one of the extreme candidates to be declared the winner.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=The+flaw+in+ranked-choice+voting%3A+rewarding+extremists&rft.date=2022-10-30&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft.au=Ganz%2C+Scott+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fopinion%2Fcampaign%2F3711206-the-flaw-in-ranked-choice-voting-rewarding-extremists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8524-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8524_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGannKoetzleGrofman2002" class="citation journal cs1">McGann, Anthony J.; Koetzle, William; Grofman, Bernard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3088418">"How an Ideologically Concentrated Minority Can Trump a Dispersed Majority: Nonmedian Voter Results for Plurality, Run-off, and Sequential Elimination Elections"</a>. <i>American Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>46</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">134–</span>147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3088418">10.2307/3088418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-5853">0092-5853</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3088418">3088418</a>. <q>As with simple plurality elections, it is apparent the outcome will be highly sensitive to the distribution of candidates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=How+an+Ideologically+Concentrated+Minority+Can+Trump+a+Dispersed+Majority%3A+Nonmedian+Voter+Results+for+Plurality%2C+Run-off%2C+and+Sequential+Elimination+Elections&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0092-5853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3088418%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3088418&rft.aulast=McGann&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft.au=Koetzle%2C+William&rft.au=Grofman%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3088418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merril_1985224223-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merril_1985224223_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrill1985" class="citation journal cs1">Merrill, Samuel (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00127534">"A statistical model for Condorcet efficiency based on simulation under spatial model assumptions"</a>. <i>Public Choice</i>. <b>47</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00127534">10.1007/bf00127534</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-5829">0048-5829</a>. <q>the 'squeeze effect' that tends to reduce Condorcet efficiency if the relative dispersion (RD) of candidates is low. This effect is particularly strong for the plurality, runoff, and Hare systems, for which the garnering of first-place votes in a large field is essential to winning</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Choice&rft.atitle=A+statistical+model+for+Condorcet+efficiency+based+on+simulation+under+spatial+model+assumptions&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00127534&rft.issn=0048-5829&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fbf00127534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merrill_1984223-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merrill_1984223_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrill1984" class="citation journal cs1">Merrill, Samuel (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2110786">"A Comparison of Efficiency of Multicandidate Electoral Systems"</a>. <i>American Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>28</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2110786">10.2307/2110786</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-5853">0092-5853</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2110786">2110786</a>. <q>However, squeezed by surrounding opponents, a centrist candidate may receive few first-place votes and be eliminated under Hare.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=A+Comparison+of+Efficiency+of+Multicandidate+Electoral+Systems&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0092-5853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2110786%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2110786&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F2110786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2423-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2423_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinette2023" class="citation journal cs1">Robinette, Robbie (1 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10602-022-09378-6">"Implications of strategic position choices by candidates"</a>. <i>Constitutional Political Economy</i>. <b>34</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">445–</span>457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10602-022-09378-6">10.1007/s10602-022-09378-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9966">1572-9966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constitutional+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Implications+of+strategic+position+choices+by+candidates&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E445-%3C%2Fspan%3E457&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10602-022-09378-6&rft.issn=1572-9966&rft.aulast=Robinette&rft.aufirst=Robbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs10602-022-09378-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a790-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a790_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsonGanz2024" class="citation journal cs1">Atkinson, Nathan; Ganz, Scott (2024). 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Springer: <span class="nowrap">111–</span>138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00355-013-0725-3">10.1007/s00355-013-0725-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0176-1714">0176-1714</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43663746">43663746</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253847024">253847024</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.fairvote.org&rft.atitle=Monotonicity+and+instant-runoff+voting+%E2%80%93+Why+the+Monotonicity+Criterion+is+of+Little+Import&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.fairvote.org%2F%3Fpage%3D2261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen-Armytage2011" class="citation journal cs1">Green-Armytage, James (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.votingmatters.org.uk/ISSUE29/I29P1.pdf">"Four Condorcet-Hare Hybrid Methods for Single-Winner Elections"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Voting_matters" title="Voting matters">Voting matters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2024</span>. <q>HRSV and HRSN are abbreviations for 'highly resistant to strategic voting', and 'highly resistant to strategic nomination'. (Of course, reducing the simulation results to a binary score requires the imposition of a somewhat arbitrary cut-off, but in general, the methods deemed 'highly resistant' in each category perform substantially better than the others.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voting+matters&rft.atitle=Four+Condorcet-Hare+Hybrid+Methods+for+Single-Winner+Elections&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Green-Armytage&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.votingmatters.org.uk%2FISSUE29%2FI29P1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:043-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:043_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgers2010" class="citation book cs1">Borgers, Christoph (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u_XMHD4shnQC"><i>Mathematics of Social Choice: Voting, Compensation, and Division</i></a>. SIAM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780898716955" title="Special:BookSources/9780898716955"><bdi>9780898716955</bdi></a>. <q>Candidates C and D spoiled the election for B ... With them in the running, A won, whereas without them in the running, B would have won. ... Instant runoff voting ... does <i>not</i> do away with the spoiler problem entirely, although it ... makes it less likely</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics+of+Social+Choice%3A+Voting%2C+Compensation%2C+and+Division&rft.pub=SIAM&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780898716955&rft.aulast=Borgers&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du_XMHD4shnQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:723-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:723_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoundstone2009" class="citation book cs1">Poundstone, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_24bJHyBV6sC"><i>Gaming the Vote: Why Elections Aren't Fair (and What We Can Do About It)</i></a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429957649" title="Special:BookSources/9781429957649"><bdi>9781429957649</bdi></a>. <q>IRV is excellent for preventing classic spoilers-minor candidates who irrationally tip the election from one major candidate to another. It is not so good when the 'spoiler' has a real chance of winning</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaming+the+Vote%3A+Why+Elections+Aren%27t+Fair+%28and+What+We+Can+Do+About+It%29&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781429957649&rft.aulast=Poundstone&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_24bJHyBV6sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burlington23-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burlington23_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burlington23_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBristow-Johnson,_R.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bristow-Johnson, R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Const+Polit+Econ&rft.atitle=The+failure+of+Instant+Runoff+to+accomplish+the+purpose+for+which+it+was+adopted%3A+a+case+study+from+Burlington+Vermont&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E378-%3C%2Fspan%3E389&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10602-023-09393-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255657135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Bristow-Johnson%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs10602-023-09393-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2006" class="citation ssrn cs1">O'Neill, Jeffrey C. 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The strategy for the liberal voter is the same as for plurality voting: Her favorite candidate cannot win, so she casts her vote for her favorite candidate with a realistic chance of winning</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Everything+That+Can+be+Counted+Does+Not+Necessarily+Count%3A+The+Right+to+Vote+and+the+Choice+of+a+Voting+System&rft.pages=340&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D883058%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-SquireMcCune2022" class="citation arxiv cs1">Graham-Squire, Adam; McCune, David (2022). 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Vol. 13 (published 1804). p. 243. <q>En effet, lorsqu'il y a plus de trois concurrents, le véritable vœu de la pluralité peut être pour un candidat qui n'ait eu aucune des voix dans le premier scrutin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Constitution+and+the+Functions+of+Provincial+Assemblies&rft.btitle=Complete+Works+of+Condorcet&rft.pages=243&rft.date=1788&rft.aulast=Condorcet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Antoine-Nicolas+de+Caritat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd0cwAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DOeuvres%2520de%2520Condorcet%2C%2520Volume%252013%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn_22-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn_22_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Ceann_Comhairle" title="Ceann Comhairle">Ceann Comhairle</a> or Speaker of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> is returned automatically for whichever constituency s/he was elected if they wish to seek re-election, reducing the number of seats contested in that constituency by one. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ElectionsIreland.org&rft.atitle=Presidential+Election+November+1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionsireland.org%2Fresult.cfm%3Felection%3D1990P%26cons%3D194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrahranResults2-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PrahranResults2_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725092627/https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/Results/State2014/distributionPrahranDistrict.html">"State Election 2014: Prahran District (Distribution of preference votes)"</a>. <i>Victorian Electoral Commission</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/Results/State2014/distributionPrahranDistrict.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Electoral+Commission&rft.atitle=State+Election+2014%3A+Prahran+District+%28Distribution+of+preference+votes%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vec.vic.gov.au%2FResults%2FState2014%2FdistributionPrahranDistrict.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtnier2009" class="citation news cs1">Etnier, Carl (6 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rutlandherald.com/articles/instant-runoff-was-success/">"Instant runoff was success"</a>. <i>Rutland Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rutland+Herald&rft.atitle=Instant+runoff+was+success&rft.date=2009-03-06&rft.aulast=Etnier&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rutlandherald.com%2Farticles%2Finstant-runoff-was-success%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotten" class="citation news cs1">Totten, Shay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/burlington-residents-seek-repeal-of-instant-runoff-voting/Content?oid=2177125">"Burlington Residents Seek Repeal of Instant Runoff Voting"</a>. <i>Seven Days</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>We waited to bring in the signatures because we didn't want this to be about Kurt Wright losing after being ahead, or Andy Montroll who had more first and second place votes and didn't win. We wanted this to be about IRV.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seven+Days&rft.atitle=Burlington+Residents+Seek+Repeal+of+Instant+Runoff+Voting&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Shay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sevendaysvt.com%2Fvermont%2Fburlington-residents-seek-repeal-of-instant-runoff-voting%2FContent%3Foid%3D2177125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouricius2009" class="citation web cs1">Bouricius, Terry (17 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/response-to-faulty-analysis-of-burlington-irv-election">"Response to Faulty Analysis of Burlington IRV Election"</a>. <i>FairVote.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2017</span>. <q>successfully prevented the election of the candidate who would likely have won under plurality rules, but would have lost to either of the other top finishers in a runoff</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FairVote.org&rft.atitle=Response+to+Faulty+Analysis+of+Burlington+IRV+Election&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft.aulast=Bouricius&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairvote.org%2Fresponse-to-faulty-analysis-of-burlington-irv-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewyn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lewyn, Michael (2012). "Two Cheers for Instant Runoff Voting". <i>Phoenix L. Rev</i>. <b>6</b>: 117. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2276015">2276015</a>. <q>election where Democratic candidate for mayor was Condorcet winner but finished third behind Republican and 'Progressive<span style="padding-right:0.15em;">'</span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Two+Cheers+for+Instant+Runoff+Voting&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=117&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2276015%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Lewyn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelsenthalTideman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Felsenthal, Dan S.; Tideman, Nicolaus (2014). "Interacting double monotonicity failure with direction of impact under five voting methods". <i>Mathematical Social Sciences</i>. <b>67</b>: <span class="nowrap">57–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mathsocsci.2013.08.001">10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2013.08.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-4896">0165-4896</a>. <q>A display of non-monotonicity under the Alternative Vote method was reported recently, for the March 2009 mayoral election in Burlington, Vermont.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Interacting+double+monotonicity+failure+with+direction+of+impact+under+five+voting+methods&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mathsocsci.2013.08.001&rft.issn=0165-4896&rft.aulast=Felsenthal&rft.aufirst=Dan+S.&rft.au=Tideman%2C+Nicolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrnsteinNorman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ornstein, Joseph T.; Norman, Robert Z. (1 October 2014). "Frequency of monotonicity failure under Instant Runoff Voting: estimates based on a spatial model of elections". <i>Public Choice</i>. <b>161</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11127-013-0118-2">10.1007/s11127-013-0118-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-5829">0048-5829</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30833409">30833409</a>. <q>Although the Democrat was the Condorcet winner (a majority of voters preferred him in all two way contests), he received the fewest first-place votes and so was eliminated ... 2009 mayoral election in Burlington, VT, which illustrates the key features of an upward monotonicity failure</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Choice&rft.atitle=Frequency+of+monotonicity+failure+under+Instant+Runoff+Voting%3A+estimates+based+on+a+spatial+model+of+elections&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30833409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0048-5829&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11127-013-0118-2&rft.aulast=Ornstein&rft.aufirst=Joseph+T.&rft.au=Norman%2C+Robert+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBristow-Johnson2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bristow-Johnson, Robert (2023). "The failure of Instant Runoff to accomplish the purpose for which it was adopted: a case study from Burlington Vermont". <i>Constitutional Political Economy</i>. <b>34</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">378–</span>389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10602-023-09393-1">10.1007/s10602-023-09393-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constitutional+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+failure+of+Instant+Runoff+to+accomplish+the+purpose+for+which+it+was+adopted%3A+a+case+study+from+Burlington+Vermont&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E378-%3C%2Fspan%3E389&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10602-023-09393-1&rft.aulast=Bristow-Johnson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllenberg2014" class="citation book cs1">Ellenberg, Jordan (29 May 2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hownottobewrongp0000elle"><i>How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking</i></a></span>. Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hownottobewrongp0000elle/page/385">385</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780698163843" title="Special:BookSources/9780698163843"><bdi>9780698163843</bdi></a>. <q>a majority of voters liked the centrist candidate Montroll better than Kiss, and a majority of voters liked Montroll better than Wright ... yet Montroll was tossed in the first round.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Not+to+Be+Wrong%3A+The+Power+of+Mathematical+Thinking&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft.isbn=9780698163843&rft.aulast=Ellenberg&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhownottobewrongp0000elle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStensholt2015" class="citation ssrn cs1">Stensholt, Eivind (7 October 2015). "What Happened in Burlington?". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2670462">2670462</a>. <q>K was elected even though M was a clear Condorcet winner and W was a clear Plurality winner.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=What+Happened+in+Burlington%3F&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2670462%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Stensholt&rft.aufirst=Eivind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDopp2009" class="citation news cs1">Dopp, Kathy (10 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aspentimes.com/news/irv-much-worse-than-old-runoffs/">"IRV much worse than old runoffs"</a>. <i>The Aspen Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Aspen+Times&rft.atitle=IRV+much+worse+than+old+runoffs&rft.date=2009-06-10&rft.aulast=Dopp&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspentimes.com%2Fnews%2Firv-much-worse-than-old-runoffs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Instant-runoff voting</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Instant-runoff_voting" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Instant-runoff voting">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1491219" class="extiw" title="d:Q1491219">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://electionlab.mit.edu/research/instant-runoff-voting#">"Explainer: Instant runoff voting"</a> by MIT Election Science Lab</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electoral_systems390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Template:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Template talk:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electoral_systems390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Single-winner_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-winner voting system">Single-winner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_approval_voting" title="Combined approval voting">Combined approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_primary" title="Unified primary">Unified primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet methods">Condorcet methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copeland%27s_method" title="Copeland's method">Copeland's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodgson%27s_method" title="Dodgson's method">Dodgson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemeny%E2%80%93Young_method" title="Kemeny–Young method">Kemeny–Young method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax Condorcet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanson%27s_method" title="Nanson's method">Nanson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">Exhaustive ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Instant-runoff voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coombs%27_method" title="Coombs' method">Coombs' method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote" title="Contingent vote">Contingent vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplementary vote">Supplementary vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">Simple majoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">Plurality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional voting system">Positional voting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_majority_judgment" title="Graduated majority judgment">Graduated majority judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote#Proportional_systems" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_proportional_approval_voting" title="Sequential proportional approval voting">Sequential proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Clark_electoral_system" title="Hare–Clark electoral system">Hare–Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_vote" title="Spare vote">Spare vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_single_transferable_voting" title="Indirect single transferable voting">Indirect single transferable voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allocation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Webster/Sainte-Laguë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainders_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainders method">Largest remainders method</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagenbach-Bischoff_quota" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagenbach-Bischoff quota">Hagenbach-Bischoff quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperiali_quota" title="Imperiali quota">Imperiali quota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote_plus" title="Alternative vote plus">Alternative vote plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Scorporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage mixed system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_approval_voting" title="Satisfaction approval voting">Satisfaction approval voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criteria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Condorcet winner criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_loser_criterion" title="Condorcet loser criterion">Condorcet loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistency_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Consistency criterion">Consistency criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones_criterion" title="Independence of clones criterion">Independence of clones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">Independence of irrelevant alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Smith-dominated_alternatives" title="Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives">Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later-no-harm_criterion" title="Later-no-harm criterion">Later-no-harm criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_favorite_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority favorite criterion">Majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_loser_criterion" title="Majority loser criterion">Majority loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">Monotonicity criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion" title="Mutual majority criterion">Mutual majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">Participation criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality criterion">Plurality criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolvability_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Resolvability criterion">Resolvability criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversal symmetry">Reversal symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith criterion">Smith criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seats-to-votes_ratio" title="Seats-to-votes ratio">Seats-to-votes ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">Ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">Election threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_votes" title="First-preference votes">First-preference votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoilt_vote" title="Spoilt vote">Spoilt vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseating" title="Unseating">Unseating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of electoral systems">Comparison of voting systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">Voting systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal</a></b> — <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Politics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Politics">Project</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parliament_of_Australia172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parliament_of_Australia" title="Template:Parliament of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parliament_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Parliament of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parliament_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parliament of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parliament_of_Australia172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">King</a> <small>(represented by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliamentary<br />officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_(Australia)" title="President of the Senate (Australia)">President of the Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Australian_Senate" title="Clerk of the Australian Senate">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_Senate_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Government in the Senate (Australia)">Leader of the Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_of_Government_Business_in_the_Senate" title="Manager of Government Business in the Senate">Manager of Government Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_in_the_Senate_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_of_Opposition_Business_in_the_Senate" title="Manager of Opposition Business in the Senate">Manager of Opposition Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_whip_(Australia)" title="Party whip (Australia)">Whips</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_whips_in_the_Australian_Senate" title="List of whips in the Australian Senate">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of<br />Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives">Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the Australian House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Australia)" title="Leader of the House (Australia)">Leader of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_of_Opposition_Business_in_the_House_(Australia)" title="Manager of Opposition Business in the House (Australia)">Manager of Opposition Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_whip_(Australia)" title="Party whip (Australia)">Whips</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_whips_in_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="List of whips in the Australian House of Representatives">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_served_in_both_Houses_of_the_Australian_Parliament" title="List of people who have served in both Houses of the Australian Parliament">Served in both houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_Parliament_who_represented_more_than_one_state_or_territory" title="Members of the Australian Parliament who represented more than one state or territory">Represented multiple states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-serving_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Australia" title="List of longest-serving members of the Parliament of Australia">Longest service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia#Federal" title="Independent politicians in Australia">Independents</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_Senate,_2022%E2%80%932025" title="Members of the Australian Senate, 2022–2025">Current</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_Senate" title="Members of the Australian Senate">previous</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Senate_appointments" title="List of Australian Senate appointments">Appointees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Australian_Senate" title="Women in the Australian Senate">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of<br />Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives,_2022%E2%80%932025" title="Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 2022–2025">Current</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Members of the Australian House of Representatives">previous</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the Australian House of Representatives">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Australian_federal_parliaments" title="Chronology of Australian federal parliaments">Chronology of Australian federal parliaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_Parliament_of_Australia" title="45th Parliament of Australia">45th Parliament of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46th_Parliament_of_Australia" title="46th Parliament of Australia">46th Parliament of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th_Parliament_of_Australia" title="47th Parliament of Australia">47th Parliament of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">Speech from the throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_meetings_of_the_Australian_Parliament" title="Joint meetings of the Australian Parliament">Joint meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_time" title="Question time">Question time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_public_importance" title="Matter of public importance">Matter of public importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)" title="Reading (legislature)">Readings of bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Consent" title="King's Consent">King's Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Australia" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Australia">List of acts of the Parliament of Australia</a></li> <li>Committees: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate_committees" title="Australian Senate committees">Senate</a> | <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="Australian House of Representatives committees">House of Reps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">Last</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Australian_federal_election" title="2025 Australian federal election">Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_federal_elections" title="List of Australian federal elections">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">Double dissolution</a></li> <li>Senate: <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a></li> <li>House of Representatives: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Instant-runoff voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-party-preferred_vote" title="Two-party-preferred vote">Two-party-preferred vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorates_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Electorates of the Australian House of Representatives">Electorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_federal_by-elections" title="List of Australian federal by-elections">By-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government_of_Australia" title="Caretaker government of Australia">Caretaker government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Disputed_Returns_(Australia)" title="Court of Disputed Returns (Australia)">Court of Disputed Returns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Melbourne" title="Parliament House, Melbourne">Parliament House, Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Old Parliament House, Canberra">Old Parliament House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House, Canberra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Australian_Parliament_who_died_in_office" title="List of members of the Australian Parliament who died in office">List of members of the Australian Parliament who died in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_multiple_Australian_legislatures" title="Members of multiple Australian legislatures">Members of multiple Australian legislatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" title="Template:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" title="Template talk:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" title="2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum">2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Results of the United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum, 2011">Results</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendum question</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">"At present, the UK uses the “first past the post” system to elect MPs to the House of Commons. Should the “alternative vote” system be used instead?"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Voting_System_and_Constituencies_Act_2011" title="Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011">Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">For a "Yes" vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Democrats" title="English Democrats">English Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK,_1989)" title="Liberal Party (UK, 1989)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_UK" title="Pirate Party UK">Pirate Party UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Scottish Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">SDLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UKIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(UK)" title="Libertarian Party (UK)">Libertarian Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Neutral/split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Socialist Party of Great Britain">Socialist Party of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Monster_Raving_Loony_Party" title="Official Monster Raving Loony Party">Official Monster Raving Loony Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">For a "No" vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain" title="Communist Party of Britain">Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_First_Party" title="England First Party">England First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_Northern_Ireland" title="Green Party Northern Ireland">Green Party Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect_Party" title="Respect Party">Respect Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(England_and_Wales)" title="Socialist Party (England and Wales)">Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Advocating a "Yes" vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YES!_To_Fairer_Votes" title="YES! To Fairer Votes">YES! To Fairer Votes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Advocating a "No" vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NOtoAV" title="NOtoAV">NOtoAV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Print media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">For a "Yes" vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">For a "No" vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics Portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&oldid=1277281007">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&oldid=1277281007</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Instant-runoff_voting" 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