CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Instant-runoff voting - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6d0f0992-e85b-4a0b-980c-0f6297e26375","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Instant-runoff_voting","wgTitle":"Instant-runoff voting","wgCurRevisionId":1259889623,"wgRevisionId":1259889623,"wgArticleId":20089569,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles that cite the 4th edition of The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure","CS1 German-language sources (de)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from September 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2024","Use American English from May 2024", "All Wikipedia articles written in American English","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from September 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024","Articles that may contain original research from August 2024","All articles that may contain original research","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2024","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024","Articles that may contain original research from September 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024","Instant-runoff voting","Single-winner electoral systems","Preferential electoral systems"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Instant-runoff_voting","wgRelevantArticleId":20089569,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1491219","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/1200px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/800px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/640px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Instant-runoff voting - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Instant-runoff_voting rootpage-Instant-runoff_voting skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Instant-runoff+voting" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Instant-runoff+voting" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Instant-runoff+voting" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Instant-runoff+voting" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Election_procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Election procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wasted_votes_and_Condorcet_winners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wasted_votes_and_Condorcet_winners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Wasted votes and Condorcet winners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wasted_votes_and_Condorcet_winners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invalid,_incomplete_and_exhausted_ballots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invalid,_incomplete_and_exhausted_ballots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Invalid, incomplete and exhausted ballots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invalid,_incomplete_and_exhausted_ballots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance_to_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance_to_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Resistance to strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance_to_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_strategizing_and_strategic_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_strategizing_and_strategic_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Party strategizing and strategic nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_strategizing_and_strategic_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactical_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactical_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Tactical voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactical_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoiler_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoiler_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Spoiler effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoiler_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voter_confusion_and_legitimacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voter_confusion_and_legitimacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Voter confusion and legitimacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voter_confusion_and_legitimacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similarity_to_plurality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarity_to_plurality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Similarity to plurality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarity_to_plurality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History and use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Global use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_level_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_level_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>National level elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_level_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robert's_Rules_of_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert's_Rules_of_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span><i>Robert's Rules of Order</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert's_Rules_of_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Similar methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Similar_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Similar methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Similar_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Runoff_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runoff_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Runoff voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runoff_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contingent_vote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contingent_vote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Contingent vote</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contingent_vote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Larger_runoff_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Larger_runoff_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Larger runoff process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Larger_runoff_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_first-past-the-post" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_first-past-the-post"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Comparison to first-past-the-post</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_first-past-the-post-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting_method_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting_method_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voting method criteria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voting_method_criteria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Voting method criteria subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voting_method_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satisfied_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satisfied_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Satisfied criteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satisfied_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Condorcet_loser_Criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condorcet_loser_Criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Condorcet loser Criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condorcet_loser_Criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_of_clones_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_of_clones_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Independence of clones criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_of_clones_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later-no-harm_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later-no-harm_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Later-no-harm criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later-no-harm_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Majority_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majority_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Majority criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Majority_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutual_majority_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutual_majority_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.5</span> <span>Mutual majority criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutual_majority_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resolvability_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolvability_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.6</span> <span>Resolvability criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolvability_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failed_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Failed criteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Condorcet_winner_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condorcet_winner_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Condorcet winner criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condorcet_winner_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Independence of irrelevant alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monotonicity_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monotonicity_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Monotonicity criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monotonicity_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Participation criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reversal_symmetry_criterion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reversal_symmetry_criterion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.5</span> <span>Reversal symmetry criterion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reversal_symmetry_criterion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_other_voting_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_other_voting_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Comparison to other voting systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_other_voting_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tennessee_capital_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tennessee_capital_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Tennessee capital example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tennessee_capital_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990_Irish_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_Irish_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>1990 Irish presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_Irish_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014_Prahran_election_(Victoria)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_Prahran_election_(Victoria)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>2014 Prahran election (Victoria)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_Prahran_election_(Victoria)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009_Burlington_mayoral_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009_Burlington_mayoral_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>2009 Burlington mayoral election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009_Burlington_mayoral_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Instant-runoff voting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="جولة الإعادة المباشرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جولة الإعادة المباشرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vot_a_segon_torn_instantani" title="Vot a segon torn instantani – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vot a segon torn instantani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativn%C3%AD_hlasov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Alternativní hlasování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alternativní hlasování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleidlais_amgen" title="Pleidlais amgen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pleidlais amgen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrierte_Stichwahl" title="Integrierte Stichwahl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Integrierte Stichwahl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_vuelta_instant%C3%A1nea" title="Segunda vuelta instantánea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda vuelta instantánea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84" title="رأی بدیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رأی بدیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_%C3%A0_second_tour_instantan%C3%A9" title="Vote à second tour instantané – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vote à second tour instantané" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A6%89%EC%84%9D%EA%B2%B0%EC%84%A0%ED%88%AC%ED%91%9C%EC%A0%9C" title="즉석결선투표제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="즉석결선투표제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasovanje_s_trenuta%C4%8Dnim_razrje%C5%A1enjem" title="Glasovanje s trenutačnim razrješenjem – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glasovanje s trenutačnim razrješenjem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemungutan_suara_putaran_kedua_instan" title="Pemungutan suara putaran kedua instan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemungutan suara putaran kedua instan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voto_alternativo" title="Voto alternativo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Voto alternativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azonnali_t%C3%B6bbfordul%C3%B3s_szavaz%C3%A1s" title="Azonnali többfordulós szavazás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Azonnali többfordulós szavazás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%86%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ကြိုက်နှစ်သက်မှုဦးစားပေး ဆန္ဒမဲပေးစနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြိုက်နှစ်သက်မှုဦးစားပေး ဆန္ဒမဲပေးစနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_vote" title="Alternative vote – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alternative vote" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%85%88%E9%A0%86%E4%BD%8D%E4%BB%98%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6" title="優先順位付投票制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="優先順位付投票制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativ_stemmegivning" title="Alternativ stemmegivning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alternativ stemmegivning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Рейтинговое голосование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рейтинговое голосование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Instant-runoff voting" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Гласање са тренутним отицањем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гласање са тренутним отицањем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativr%C3%B6stning" title="Alternativröstning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alternativröstning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5" title="การลงคะแนนแบบหลายรอบในทันที – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การลงคะแนนแบบหลายรอบในทันที" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatif_oy" title="Alternatif oy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alternatif oy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A7u_c%E1%BB%AD_thay_th%E1%BA%BF" title="Bầu cử thay thế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bầu cử thay thế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E8%A4%87%E9%81%B8%E5%88%B6" title="排序複選制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="排序複選制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1491219#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Instant-runoff_voting" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Instant-runoff_voting" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Instant-runoff_voting" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&oldid=1259889623" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Instant-runoff_voting&id=1259889623&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInstant-runoff_voting"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInstant-runoff_voting"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Instant-runoff_voting&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Instant-runoff_voting" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1491219" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the proportional electoral system applying ranked ballots to multi-member constituencies, see <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For ranked methods in general, see <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">Ranked voting</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">A joint <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral-systems-gears.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/128px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/192px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/256px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_voting_rules" title="Comparison of voting rules">Comparison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems" title="List of electoral systems">List</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">By country</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">Single-winner methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Single vote - <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> methods</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First preference plurality (FPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_blanket_primary" title="Nonpartisan blanket primary">Jungle primary</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Instant-runoff</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> Alternative vote (AV)</li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> Ranked-choice (RCV)</li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tideman_alternative_method" title="Tideman alternative method">Condorcet-IRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_voting" title="Round-robin voting">Round-robin voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting" title="Positional voting">Positional voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">Plurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">IRV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin's method">Baldwin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-plurality_voting" title="Anti-plurality voting">Antiplurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Coombs_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Coombs method">Coombs</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rated_voting" title="Rated voting">Cardinal voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_median_voting_rules" title="Highest median voting rules">Majority judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_remnant" title="National remnant">National remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biproportional_apportionment" title="Biproportional apportionment">Biproportional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">List type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justified_representation" title="Justified representation">List-free PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localized_list" title="Localized list">Localized list</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">Quota-remainder methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Hare STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Borda_system" title="Quota Borda system">Quota Borda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Approval-based_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval-based committee">Approval-based committees</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Thiele's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmen%27s_voting_rules" title="Phragmen's voting rules">Phragmen's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_approvals_rule" title="Expanding approvals rule">Expanding approvals rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_equal_shares" title="Method of equal shares">Method of equal shares</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fractional_social_choice" title="Fractional social choice">Fractional social choice</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_representation" title="Direct representation">Direct representation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_representation" title="Interactive representation">Interactive representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_approval_voting" title="Fractional approval voting">Fractional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_ballot" title="Random ballot">Random ballot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional representation</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">SNTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>By results of combination</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">Mixed-member majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a></li></ul> <hr /><b>By mechanism of combination</b> <ul><li><b>Non-<a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel (superposition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_electoral_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional electoral system (page does not exist)">Conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Fusion (majority bonus)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">Compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">Seat linkage system</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">'AMS'</a></li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">NZ</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">'MMP'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Negative vote transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Supermixed systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">Majority jackpot</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>By ballot type</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Single vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">Double simultaneous vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed electoral systems">Dual-vote</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pathological_(mathematics)#Voting" title="Pathological (mathematics)">Paradoxes and pathologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Spoiler effects</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of clones">Cloning paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Frustrated majorities paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">Center squeeze</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Pathological response</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perverse_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Perverse response">Perverse response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best-is-worst_paradox" title="Best-is-worst paradox">Best-is-worst paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-show_paradox" title="No-show paradox">No-show paradox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_districts_paradox" title="Multiple districts paradox">Multiple districts paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">Strategic voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sincere_favorite_criterion" title="Sincere favorite criterion">Lesser evil voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting#Exaggeration" title="Strategic voting">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncation_(voting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncation (voting)">Truncation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey-raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-raising">Turkey-raising</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Paradoxes of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discursive_dilemma" title="Discursive dilemma">Discursive dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Conflicting majorities paradox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social and collective choice</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_impossibility" title="Proof of impossibility">Impossibility theorems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Majority impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin%27s_impossibility_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulin's impossibility theorem">Moulin's impossibility theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKelvey%E2%80%93Schofield_chaos_theorem" title="McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem">McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbard%27s_theorem" title="Gibbard's theorem">Gibbard's theorem</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Positive results</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_voter_theorem" title="Median voter theorem">Median voter theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet%27s_jury_theorem" title="Condorcet's jury theorem">Condorcet's jury theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May%27s_theorem" title="May's theorem">May's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_theorem#Minimizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow's theorem">Condorcet dominance theorems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harsanyi%27s_utilitarian_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem (page does not exist)">Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: inherit; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li></ul></div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template talk:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Instant-runoff voting</b> (<b>IRV</b>) (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="United States and Canada"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> <b>ranked-choice voting</b> or <b>RCV</b>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="Australia"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">AU</a>:</abbr> <b>preferential voting</b>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="United Kingdom and New Zealand"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> <b>alternative vote</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Single-winner" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-winner">single-winner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sequential_loser_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequential loser method">multi-round elimination rule</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">ranked voting</a> to simulate a series of <a href="/wiki/Runoff_(election)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff (election)">runoffs</a> with only one vote. In each round, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated, and their votes are transferred to their next available preference until one of the options reaches a majority of the remaining votes. Instant runoff falls under the plurality-with-elimination family of voting methods,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is thus closely related to rules like the <a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">exhaustive ballot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Runoff_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff election">two-round runoff system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IRV has found some use <a href="/wiki/History_and_use_of_instant-runoff_voting" title="History and use of instant-runoff voting">in national elections in several countries</a>, predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>. It is used to elect members of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian House of Representatives</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Parliament_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="National Parliament of Papua New Guinea">National Parliament of Papua New Guinea</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India#Election_process" title="President of India">President of India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President of Sri Lanka</a>. </p><p>The rule was first developed and studied by the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a>, who came to reject it after discovering it could eliminate the <a href="/wiki/Majority-preferred_candidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority-preferred candidate">majority-preferred candidate</a> in a race (today often called a <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet winner">Condorcet winner</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:034_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:034-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:032_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22322323_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22322323-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IRV is known to exhibit other <a href="/wiki/Pathological_(mathematics)#In_voting_and_social_choice" title="Pathological (mathematics)">mathematical pathologies</a>, which include <a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">non-monotonicity</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/No-show_paradox" title="No-show paradox">no-show paradox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like some other commonly-used systems, IRV also exhibits a kind of <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">independence of irrelevant alternative</a> violation called a <a href="/wiki/Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">center squeeze</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:73323_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:73323-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:852423_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:852423-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may sometimes prevent the election of a Condorcet winner. Whilst the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a> early on showed that it did not satisfy his <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Condorcet winner criterion</a>, which it may fail under certain scenarios, instant-runoff voting satisfies many other majoritarian criteria, such as the <a href="/wiki/Majority_favorite_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority favorite criterion">majority criterion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion" title="Mutual majority criterion">mutual majority criterion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_loser_criterion" title="Condorcet loser criterion">Condorcet loser criterion</a>. </p><p>Advocates have argued these properties are positive, because voting rules should encourage candidates to focus on their <a href="/wiki/Core_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Core support">core support</a> or political base, rather than building a broad coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also note that in countries like the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> without <a href="/wiki/Primary_election" title="Primary election">primaries</a> or <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff elections</a>, IRV can prevent <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">spoiler effects</a> by eliminating minor-party candidates in early rounds, and that unlike plurality, it is not <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones_criterion" title="Independence of clones criterion">affected by the presence of duplicate candidates (clones)</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_procedure">Election procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Election procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IRV_counting_flowchart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/IRV_counting_flowchart.svg/220px-IRV_counting_flowchart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/IRV_counting_flowchart.svg/330px-IRV_counting_flowchart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/IRV_counting_flowchart.svg/440px-IRV_counting_flowchart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Flowchart of instant-runoff voting</figcaption></figure> <p>In instant-runoff voting, as with other <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">ranked voting</a> rules, each voter orders candidates from first to last. The counting procedure is then as follows: </p> <ol><li>If there is a candidate that has a majority of the top preferences of the valid, active ballots, then that candidate is elected and the count stops. If not, go to step 2.</li> <li>If there is more than one candidate left, eliminate the one with the fewest top preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reassign votes held by the eliminated candidate(s) to the highest available preference indicated on each ballot paper (setting aside any with no remaining preferences). Return to Step 1.</li></ol> <p>It is possible for a candidate to win an instant-runoff race without any support from more than half of voters, even when there is an alternative majority-approved candidate; this occurs when some voters <a href="/wiki/Exhausted_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhausted vote">truncate their ballots</a> to show they do not support any candidates in the final round.<sup id="cite_ref-:1232_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1232-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, candidates who do not receive a majority of votes in the first round usually do not finish with a majority.<sup id="cite_ref-:534_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:534-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wasted_votes_and_Condorcet_winners">Wasted votes and Condorcet winners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wasted votes and Condorcet winners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to a plurality voting system that rewards only the top vote-getter, instant-runoff voting mitigates the problem of <a href="/wiki/Wasted_vote" title="Wasted vote">wasted votes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chamberlin23_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chamberlin23-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it does not ensure the election of a <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Condorcet winner</a>, which is the candidate who would win a direct election against any other candidate in the race. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invalid,_incomplete_and_exhausted_ballots"><span id="Invalid.2C_incomplete_and_exhausted_ballots"></span>Invalid, incomplete and exhausted ballots<span class="anchor" id="Exhausted_ballots"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Invalid, incomplete and exhausted ballots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All forms of ranked-choice voting reduce to plurality when all ballots rank only one candidate. By extension, ballots for which all candidates ranked are eliminated are equivalent to votes for any non-winner in plurality, and considered <a href="/wiki/Exhausted_ballots" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhausted ballots">exhausted ballots</a>. </p><p>Some political scientists have found the system contributes to higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Spoiled_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoiled vote">spoiled votes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:433_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:433-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partly because the ballot marking is more complex.<sup id="cite_ref-:433_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:433-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:534_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:534-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most jurisdictions with IRV do not require complete rankings and may use columns to indicate preference instead of numbers. In American elections with IRV, more than 99 percent of voters typically cast a valid ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 study of four local US elections that used IRV found that inactive ballots occurred often enough in each of them that the winner of each election did not receive a majority of votes cast in the first round. The rate of inactive ballots in each election ranged from a low of 9.6 percent to a high of 27.1 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistance_to_strategy">Resistance to strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Resistance to strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instant-runoff voting has notably high resistance to <a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">tactical voting</a> but less to <a href="/wiki/Strategic_nomination" title="Strategic nomination">strategic nomination</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Party_strategizing_and_strategic_nomination">Party strategizing and strategic nomination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Party strategizing and strategic nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, preference deals (where one party's voters agree to place another party's voters second, in return for their doing the same) between parties are common. Parties and candidates often encourage their supporters to participate in these preference deals using <a href="/wiki/How-to-vote_card" title="How-to-vote card">How-to-vote cards</a> explaining how to use their lower rankings to maximize the chances of their ballot helping to elect someone in the preference deal before it may exhaust.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instant runoff may be manipulable via strategic candidate entry and exit, reducing similar candidates' chances of winning. Such manipulation does not need to be intentional, instead acting to deter candidates from running in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-d138_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d138-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spatial model simulations indicate that instant runoff rewards strategic withdrawal by candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-Armytage_2014_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armytage_2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ExitIncentive_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExitIncentive-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tactical_voting">Tactical voting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tactical voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting#Instant_runoff_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">Tactical voting § Instant runoff voting</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gibbard%27s_theorem" title="Gibbard's theorem">Gibbard's theorem</a> demonstrates that no (deterministic, non-dictatorial) voting method can be entirely immune from tactical voting. This implies that IRV is susceptible to tactical voting in some circumstances. In particular, when there exists a <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet winner">Condorcet winner</a> who IRV fails to elect, voters who prefer the Condorcet winner to the IRV winner have an incentive to use the <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting#Types_of_strategic_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">compromising</a> strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-Armytage_2014_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armytage_2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: proposition 17">: proposition 17 </span></sup> IRV is also sometimes vulnerable to a paradoxical strategy of ranking a candidate higher to make them lose, due to IRV failing the <a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">monotonicity criterion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research suggests that IRV is very resistant to tactical voting. In a test of multiple methods, instant runoff was found to be the second-most-resistant to tactical voting, after a class of instant runoff-<a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet</a> hybrids.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IRV is also completely immune to the <i>burying</i> strategy: ranking a strong opposition candidate lower can't get one's preferred candidate elected.<sup id="cite_ref-Armytage_2014_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armytage_2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: proposition 3">: proposition 3 </span></sup> </p><p>Tactical voting in IRV seeks to alter the order of eliminations in early rounds, to ensure that the original winner is challenged by a stronger opponent in the final round. For example, in a three-party election where voters for both the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a> prefer the <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a> candidate to stop the opposing candidate from winning, those voters who care more about defeating the opposition than electing their own candidate may cast a tactical first-preference vote for the centrist candidate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spoiler_effect">Spoiler effect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spoiler effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></div> <p>Proponents of IRV claim that IRV eliminates the spoiler effect, since IRV makes it safe to vote honestly for marginal parties. Under a plurality method, voters who sympathize most strongly with a marginal candidate are strongly encouraged to instead vote for a more popular candidate who shares some of the same principles, since that candidate has a much greater chance of being elected and a vote for the marginal candidate will not result in the marginal candidate's election. An IRV method reduces this problem, since the voter can rank the marginal candidate first and the mainstream candidate second; in the likely event that the fringe candidate is eliminated, the vote is not wasted but is transferred to the second preference. </p><p>However, when the third-party candidate is more competitive, they can still act as a spoiler under IRV,<sup id="cite_ref-:043_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:043-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:723_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:723-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burlington23_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burlington23-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by taking away first-choice votes from the more mainstream candidate until that candidate is eliminated, and then that candidate's second-choice votes helping a more-disliked candidate to win. In these scenarios, it would have been better for the third party voters if their candidate had not run at all (spoiler effect), or if they had voted dishonestly, ranking their favourite second rather than first (favorite betrayal).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is the same bracketing effect exploited by Robinette and Tideman in their research on strategic campaigning, where a candidate alters their campaign to cause a change in voter honest choice, resulting in the elimination of a candidate who nevertheless remains more preferred by voters. </p><p>For example, in the <a href="/wiki/2009_Burlington_mayoral_election" title="2009 Burlington mayoral election">2009 Burlington, Vermont, mayoral election</a>, if the Republican candidate who lost in the final instant runoff had not run, the Democratic candidate would have defeated the winning Progressive candidate. In that sense, the Republican candidate was a spoiler—albeit for an opposing Democrat, rather than some political ally—even though leading in first choice support.<sup id="cite_ref-Burlington23_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burlington23-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also occurred in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Alaska%27s_at-large_congressional_district_special_election" title="2022 Alaska's at-large congressional district special election">2022 Alaska's at-large congressional district special election</a>. If Republican <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a>, who lost in the final instant runoff, had not run, the more centrist Republican candidate, Nick Begich, would have defeated the winning Democratic candidate, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Peltola" title="Mary Peltola">Mary Peltola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system has had a mixed reception among <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">social choice theorists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have suggested that the system does not do much to decrease the impact of <a href="/wiki/Wasted_vote" title="Wasted vote">wasted votes</a> relative to plurality.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:433_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:433-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:035_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:035-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has found IRV causes lower confidence in elections<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:06_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and does not substantially affect minority representation,<sup id="cite_ref-:623_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:623-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:035_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:035-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or long-run <a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">electoral competition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:623_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:623-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents have also noted a high rate of repeals for the system.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voter_confusion_and_legitimacy">Voter confusion and legitimacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Voter confusion and legitimacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Governor <a href="/wiki/Paul_LePage" title="Paul LePage">Paul LePage</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Representative Bruce Poliquin<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claimed, ahead of the 2018 primary elections, that IRV would result in "one person, five votes", as opposed to "<a href="/wiki/One_person,_one_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="One person, one vote">one person, one vote</a>". Federal judge Lance Walker rejected these claims, and the 1st circuit court denied Poliquin's emergency appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarity_to_plurality">Similarity to plurality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Similarity to plurality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often instant-runoff voting elections are won by the candidate who leads in first-count vote tallies so they choose the same winner as <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> would have. In Australia federal elections, the <a href="/wiki/1972_Australian_federal_election" title="1972 Australian federal election">1972 election</a> had the largest number of winners who would not have won under first past the post but still only 14 out of 125 seats filled were not won by the first-count leader.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participation">Participation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effect of IRV on voter turnout is difficult to assess. In a 2021 report, researchers at <a href="/wiki/New_America_(organization)" title="New America (organization)">New America</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> based in Washington, D. C., said it may increase turnout by attracting more and more diverse candidates, but the impact would be realized most significantly by getting rid of the need for primaries.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall impact on diversity of candidates is difficult to detect.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instant-runoff voting derives its name from the way the ballot count simulates a series of runoffs, similar to an <a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">exhaustive ballot system</a>, except that voters do not need to turn out several times to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-publications.parliament.uk2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publications.parliament.uk2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also known as the alternative vote, transferable vote, ranked-choice voting (RCV), single-seat ranked-choice voting, or preferential voting (but use of some of those terms may lead to misunderstanding as they also apply to STV.)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britons and New Zealanders generally call IRV the "alternative vote" (AV).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australians, who use IRV for most single winner elections, call IRV "preferential voting".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this term is widely used by Australians, it is somewhat of a <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomer</a>. Depending on how "preferential" is defined, the term would include all voting systems, apply to any system that uses ranked ballots (thus both IRV and STV), or would exclude IRV (IRV fails <a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">positive responsiveness</a> because ballot markings are not interpreted as "preferences" in the traditional sense. Under IRV (and STV), secondary preferences are used as back-up preferences/contingency votes). </p><p>Jurisdictions in the United States such as <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> have tended to use the term "ranked-choice voting" in their laws that apply to IRV contests. The San Francisco Department of Elections claimed the word "instant" in the term "instant-runoff voting" could confuse voters into expecting results to be immediately available.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of American influence, the term ranked-choice voting is often used in Canada as well.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American NGO <a href="/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a> has promoted the terminology "ranked-choice voting" to refer to IRV,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a choice that has caused controversy and accusations that the organization is attempting to obscure the existence of other <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">ranked-choice</a> methods that could compete with IRV.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>IRV is occasionally referred to as Hare's method<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (after <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hare_(political_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hare (political scientist)">Thomas Hare</a>) to differentiate it from other ranked-choice voting methods such as <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">majority-choice voting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin</a>, which use weighted preferences or methods that allow voter's lower preference to be used against voter's most-preferred choice. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> (STV) method is applied to a single-winner election, it becomes IRV; the government of Ireland has called IRV "proportional representation" based on the fact that the same ballot form is used to elect its president by IRV and parliamentary seats by proportional representation (STV), but IRV is a non-proportional winner-take-all (single-winner) election method, while STV elects multiple winners.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State law in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use "instant runoff" to describe the practice of having certain categories of absentee voters cast ranked-choice ballots before the first round of an election and counting those ballots in any subsequent runoff elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_use">History and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_and_use_of_instant-runoff_voting" title="History and use of instant-runoff voting">History and use of instant-runoff voting</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This method was first discussed by the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a> in 1788, who quickly rejected it after showing it would often eliminate a candidate preferred by a majority of voters.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IRV was later independently reinvented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hare_(political_reformer)" title="Thomas Hare (political reformer)">Thomas Hare</a> (of England) and Carl Andrae (of Denmark) in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Richmond_Droop" title="Henry Richmond Droop">Henry Richmond Droop</a> then proposed applying the system to single-winner contests. (He also invented the <a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a>, which equates to a simple majority in a single-winner contest.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_use">Global use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Global use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_and_use_of_instant-runoff_voting#Use_by_country" title="History and use of instant-runoff voting">History and use of instant-runoff voting § Use by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_level_elections">National level elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: National level elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="150">Country </th> <th width="150">Body or office </th> <th width="180">Type of body or office </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral system</a> </th> <th scope="col">Total seats </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Australia </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td>Lower chamber of legislature </td> <td>IRV </td> <td>151 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row">Ireland </th> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a> </td> <td>Head of State </td> <td>IRV </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> </td> <td>Lower chamber of legislature </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a> (STV), by-elections using IRV </td> <td>158<sup id="cite_ref-fn_22_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn_22-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Papua New Guinea </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Parliament_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="National Parliament of Papua New Guinea">National Parliament</a> </td> <td>Unicameral legislature </td> <td>IRV </td> <td>109 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" scope="row">United States </th> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> (via <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a>) </td> <td>Head of State and Government </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> use IRV to select the state's electoral college seat winner or winners. In Maine, 2 electors are allocated to the winner of the state vote plurality and the others (currently 2) are allocated by plurality in each congressional district. In Alaska, the winner gets all Electoral College electors of the state (as Alaska has only one <i>at-large</i> district, the effect is the same). </td> <td>7 EVs<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (out of 538) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td>Lower chamber of legislature </td> <td rowspan="2">IRV in Maine <p>Nonpartisan primary system with IRV in the second round (among top four candidates) in Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-boston.com2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boston.com2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maine20182_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maine20182-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>3 (out of 435) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> </td> <td>Upper chamber of legislature </td> <td>4 (out of 100) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert's_Rules_of_Order"><span id="Robert.27s_Rules_of_Order"></span><i>Robert's Rules of Order</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Robert's Rules of Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the sequential elimination method used by IRV is described in <i><a href="/wiki/Robert%27s_Rules_of_Order" title="Robert's Rules of Order">Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised</a></i> as an example of <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked voting systems">ranked-choice voting</a> that can be used to elect officers.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated12_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated12-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Robert's Rules</i> note that ranked-choice systems (including IRV) are an improvement on <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">simple plurality</a> but recommend against runoff-based rules because they often prevent the emergence of a consensus candidate with broad support. The book instead recommends repeated balloting until some candidate manages to win a majority of votes. Two other books on American parliamentary procedure, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Standard_Code_of_Parliamentary_Procedure" title="The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure">The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Riddick%27s_Rules_of_Procedure" title="Riddick's Rules of Procedure">Riddick's Rules of Procedure</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> take a similar stance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_methods">Similar methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Similar methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Runoff_voting">Runoff voting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Runoff voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The term <i>instant-runoff voting</i> is derived from the name of a class of voting methods called runoff voting. In runoff voting voters do not rank candidates in order of preference on a single ballot. Instead a similar effect is achieved by using multiple rounds of voting. All multi-round runoff voting methods allow voters to change their preferences in each round, incorporating the results of the prior round to influence their decision, which is not possible in IRV. </p><p>The runoff method closest to IRV is the <a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">exhaustive ballot</a>. In this method—familiar to fans of the television show <i><a href="/wiki/American_Idol" title="American Idol">American Idol</a></i>—one candidate is eliminated after each round, and many rounds of voting are used, rather than just two. Because holding many rounds of voting on separate days is generally expensive, the exhaustive ballot is not used for large-scale, public elections. </p><p>A more practical form of runoff voting is the <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a>, which excludes all but the top-two candidates after the first round, rather than gradually eliminating candidates over a series of rounds. Eliminations can occur with or without allowing and applying preference votes to choose the final two candidates. A second round of voting or counting is only necessary if no candidate receives an overall majority of votes. This method is used in Mali, France and the Finnish and Slovenian presidential election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contingent_vote">Contingent vote</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Contingent vote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IRV-toptwo_flowchart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/IRV-toptwo_flowchart.png" decoding="async" width="173" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Top-two IRV</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote" title="Contingent vote">contingent vote</a>, also known as "top-two IRV", is the same as IRV, except that if no candidate achieves a majority in the first round of counting, all but the two candidates with the most votes are eliminated, and the second preferences for those ballots are counted. As in IRV, there is only one round of voting. </p><p>Under a variant of contingent voting used in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and formerly for the elections for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> in the United Kingdom, voters rank a specified maximum number of candidates. In London, the <a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote" title="Contingent vote">supplementary vote</a> allowed<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> voters to express first and second preferences only. Sri Lankan voters <a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote#contingent_vote_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Contingent vote">rank up to three candidates to elect the president of Sri Lanka</a>. </p><p>While similar to "sequential-elimination" IRV, top-two can produce different results. Excluding more than one candidate after the first count might eliminate a candidate who would have won under sequential elimination IRV. Restricting voters to a maximum number of preferences is more likely to exhaust ballots if voters do not anticipate which candidates will finish in the top two. This can encourage voters to vote more <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">tactically</a>, by ranking at least one candidate they think is likely to win. </p><p>Conversely, a practical benefit of 'contingent voting' is expediency and confidence in the result with only two rounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Larger_runoff_process">Larger runoff process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Larger runoff process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IRV may also be part of a larger runoff process: </p> <ul><li>Some jurisdictions that hold runoff elections allow absentee (only) voters to submit IRV ballots, because the interval between votes is too short for a second round of absentee voting. IRV ballots enable absentee votes to count in the second (general) election round if their first choice does not make the runoff. <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a> adopt this approach.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louisiana uses it only for members of the United States Service or who reside overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (September 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>IRV can quickly eliminate weak candidates in early rounds of an <a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">exhaustive ballot</a> runoff, using rules to leave the desired number of candidates for further balloting.</li> <li>IRV elections that require a majority of cast ballots but not that voters rank all candidates may require more than a single IRV ballot due to exhausted ballots.</li> <li>Robert's Rules recommends <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked voting systems">preferential voting</a> for elections by mail and requiring a majority of cast votes to elect a winner. For in-person elections, they recommend repeated balloting until one candidate receives an absolute majority of all votes cast; if candidates drop out as soon as it becomes clear they cannot win, this procedure will always elect a <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet winner</a>. The use of repeated balloting allows voters to resolve <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Condorcet cycles</a> by discussion and compromise, or by electing a consensus candidate who might have polled poorly in the initial election.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated12_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated12-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_to_first-past-the-post">Comparison to first-past-the-post</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Comparison to first-past-the-post"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2013_Australian_federal_election" title="2013 Australian federal election">Australian federal election in September 2013</a>, 135 out of the 150 <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> seats (or 90 percent) were won by the candidate who led on first preferences. The other 15 seats (10 percent) were won by the candidate who placed second on first preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016-ballot-paper-Higgins.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2016-ballot-paper-Higgins.png/220px-2016-ballot-paper-Higgins.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="466" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2016-ballot-paper-Higgins.png/330px-2016-ballot-paper-Higgins.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2016-ballot-paper-Higgins.png/440px-2016-ballot-paper-Higgins.png 2x" data-file-width="3187" data-file-height="6746" /></a><figcaption>Example of a full preferential ballot paper from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian House of Representatives</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A number of IRV methods, varying as to ballot design and as to whether or not voters are obliged to provide a full list of preferences, are in use in different countries and local governments. </p><p>In an <a href="/wiki/Optional_preferential_voting" title="Optional preferential voting">optional preferential voting</a> system, voters can give a preference to as many candidates as they wish. They may make only a single choice, known as "<a href="/wiki/Bullet_voting" title="Bullet voting">bullet voting</a>", and some jurisdictions accept a single box marked with an "X" (as opposed to a numeral "1") as valid for the first preference. This may result in exhausted ballots, where all of a voter's preferences are eliminated before a candidate is elected, such that the "majority" in the final round may only constitute a minority fraction of all ballots cast. Optional preferential voting is used for elections for the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a> as well as some elections in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a full-preferential voting method, voters are required to mark a preference for every candidate standing.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ballots that do not contain a complete ordering of all candidates are in some jurisdictions considered <a href="/wiki/Spoilt_vote" title="Spoilt vote">spoilt</a> or invalid, even if there are only two candidates standing. This can become burdensome in elections with many candidates and can lead to "<a href="/wiki/Donkey_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey voting">donkey voting</a>", in which some voters simply choose candidates at random or in top-to-bottom order, or a voter may order his or her preferred candidates and then fill in the remainder on a donkey basis. Full preferential voting is used for elections to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_electoral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian electoral system">Australian federal parliament</a> and for most <a href="/wiki/Electoral_systems_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Electoral systems of the Australian states and territories">state parliaments</a>. </p><p>Other methods only allow marking preferences for a maximum of the voter's top three favourites, a form of partial preferential voting.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A version of instant-runoff voting applying to the ranking of parties was first proposed for elections in Germany in 2013<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <a href="/wiki/Spare_vote" title="Spare vote">spare vote</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voting_method_criteria">Voting method criteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Voting method criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars rate voting methods using mathematically derived <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_electoral_systems#Mathematical_criteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of electoral systems">voting method criteria</a>, which describe desirable features of a method. No ranked-preference method can meet all of the criteria, because some of them are mutually exclusive, as shown by statements such as <a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's impossibility theorem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gibbard%E2%80%93Satterthwaite_theorem" title="Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem">Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many of the mathematical criteria by which voting methods are compared were formulated for voters with ordinal preferences. If voters vote according to the same ordinal preferences in both rounds, criteria can be applied to <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round systems</a> of runoffs, and in that case, each of the criteria failed by IRV is also failed by the <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a> as they relate to automatic elimination of trailing candidates. Partial results exist for other models of voter behavior in the two-round method: see the <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system#Compliance_with_voting_method_criteria" title="Two-round system">two-round system article's criterion compliance section</a> for more information.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satisfied_criteria">Satisfied criteria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Satisfied criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Condorcet_loser_Criterion">Condorcet loser Criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Condorcet loser Criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_loser_criterion" title="Condorcet loser criterion"><b>Condorcet loser</b></a> criterion states that "if a candidate would lose a <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">head-to-head competition</a> against every other candidate, then that candidate must not win the overall election". IRV (like all voting methods with a final runoff round) meets this criterion, since the Condorcet loser cannot win a runoff. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independence_of_clones_criterion">Independence of clones criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Independence of clones criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones_criterion" title="Independence of clones criterion">independence of clones criterion</a></b> states that "the election outcome remains the same even if an identical candidate who is equally preferred decides to run". Advocates have noted that IRV meeting this criterion<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TC_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> greatly reduces the impact of clones compared to <a href="/wiki/First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">FPTP</a>. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later-no-harm_criterion">Later-no-harm criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Later-no-harm criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Later-no-harm_criterion" title="Later-no-harm criterion"><b>later-no-harm</b></a> criterion states that "if a voter alters the order of candidates lower in his/her preference (e.g. swapping the second and third preferences), then that does not affect the chances of the most preferred candidate being elected". Instant runoff satisfies this criterion. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Majority_criterion">Majority criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Majority criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Majority_favorite_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority favorite criterion"><b>majority criterion</b></a> states that "if one candidate is preferred by an absolute majority of voters, then that candidate must win". Instant runoff also satisfies this criterion. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mutual_majority_criterion">Mutual majority criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mutual majority criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion" title="Mutual majority criterion"><b>mutual majority</b></a> criterion states that "if an absolute majority of voters prefer every member of a group of candidates to every candidate not in that group, then one of the preferred group must win". Note that this is satisfied because when all but one candidate that a mutual majority prefer is eliminated, the votes of the majority all flow to the remaining candidate, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/FPTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FPTP">FPTP</a>, where the majority would be treated as separate small groups. Instant runoff satisfies this criterion as well. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resolvability_criterion">Resolvability criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Resolvability criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Resolvability_criterion" title="Resolvability criterion"><b>resolvability</b></a> criterion states that "the probability of an exact tie must diminish as more votes are cast".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failed_criteria">Failed criteria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Failed criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Condorcet_winner_criterion">Condorcet winner criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Condorcet winner criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet criterion"><b>Condorcet winner</b></a> criterion states that "if a candidate would win a <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">head-to-head competition</a> against every other candidate, then that candidate must win the overall election". It is incompatible with the later-no-harm criterion, so IRV does not meet this criterion. </p><p>IRV is more likely to elect the Condorcet winner than <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality voting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">traditional runoff</a> elections. The California cities of Oakland, San Francisco and San Leandro in 2010 provide an example; there were a total of four elections in which the plurality-voting leader in first-choice rankings was defeated, and in each case the IRV winner was the Condorcet winner, including a San Francisco election in which the IRV winner was in third place in first choice rankings. </p><p>A particularly notable Condorcet failure occurred in the <a href="/wiki/2009_Burlington_mayoral_election" title="2009 Burlington mayoral election">2009 Burlington mayoral election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives">Independence of irrelevant alternatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Independence of irrelevant alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">independence of irrelevant alternatives</a></b> criterion states that "the election outcome remains the same even if a candidate who cannot win decides to run." Instant-runoff voting violates this. In the general case, instant-runoff voting can be susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Strategic_nomination" title="Strategic nomination">strategic nomination</a>: whether or not a candidate decides to run at all can affect the result even if the new candidate cannot themselves win. This is less likely to happen than under plurality, but much more likely than under the <a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax Condorcet method</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Armytage_2014_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armytage_2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monotonicity_criterion">Monotonicity criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Monotonicity criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion#Instant-runoff_voting_and_the_two-round_system_are_not_monotonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">Monotonicity criterion § Instant-runoff voting and the two-round system are not monotonic</a></div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">monotonicity criterion</a></b> says that a voter ranking a candidate higher on their ballot should not cause that candidate to lose and conversely, that a voter ranking a candidate lower on their ballot should not help that candidate win. The exact probability of a monotonicity failure depends on the circumstances, but with 3 major candidates, the probabilities range from 14.5 percent under the <a href="/wiki/Impartial_culture" title="Impartial culture">impartial culture model</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to 8.5 percent in the case of a strict <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Participation_criterion">Participation criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Participation criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">participation criterion</a></b> says that candidates should not lose as a result of having "too many voters"—a set of ballots that all rank A>B should not switch the election winner from B to A. IRV fails this criterion. In his 1984 study, mathematician Depankar Ray found that in elections where IRV elects a different candidate from plurality, that there was an estimated 50 percent probability that some voters would have gotten a more preferable outcome if they had not participated.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reversal_symmetry_criterion">Reversal symmetry criterion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Reversal symmetry criterion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Reversal_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversal symmetry">reversal symmetry criterion</a> states that the first- and last-place candidates should switch places if every ballot is reversed. In other words, it should not matter whether voters rank candidates from best-to-worst and select the best candidate, or whether they rank them worst-to-best and then select the least-bad candidate. </p><p>IRV fails this criterion: it is possible to construct an election where reversing the order of every ballot does not alter the final winner; that is, the first- and last-place finishers, according to IRV, are the same candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_to_other_voting_systems">Comparison to other voting systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Comparison to other voting systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of electoral systems">Comparison of electoral systems</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1245584064">@media screen{html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort{padding-right:0.4em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort{padding-right:1px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort{padding-right:0.2em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort{padding-right:0.5em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable th.headerSort{background-position:center bottom 0.2em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable th.headerSort{background-position:right bottom 0.2em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable th.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable th.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable th.unsortable{padding-bottom:1em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable{padding-bottom:1.2em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.unsortable{padding-bottom:0.8em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:0.9em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:0.8em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.ts-vertical-header.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.ts-vertical-header.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.ts-vertical-header.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.ts-vertical-header.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.ts-vertical-header.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.ts-vertical-header.unsortable{padding-top:0.4em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.ts-vertical-header.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.ts-vertical-header.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.ts-vertical-header.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.ts-vertical-header.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.ts-vertical-header.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) th.ts-vertical-header.unsortable{padding-top:1px}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable .ts-vertical-header>div,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable .ts-vertical-header>div,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable .ts-vertical-header>div{padding-top:4px}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable:not(.wikitable) .ts-vertical-header>div,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable:not(.wikitable) .ts-vertical-header>div,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable:not(.wikitable) .ts-vertical-header>div{padding-bottom:4px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable .ts-vertical-header>div,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable .ts-vertical-header>div,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable .ts-vertical-header>div{padding-top:2px}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable .ts-vertical-header>div,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable .ts-vertical-header>div,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable .ts-vertical-header>div{padding-top:0}@media(pointer:coarse){html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort{background-position:center bottom 0.5em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort{background-position:right bottom 0.5em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable{padding-bottom:1.6em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable{padding-bottom:1.8em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:1.5em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:1.4em}}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1245300235">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible{margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:1em}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .sticky-table-scroll{max-height:75vh;max-width:max-content;min-width:50px;overflow-y:auto}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible table{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible table>caption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible>.mw-collapsible-toggle{float:none;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;display:none}@media(max-width:639px),(max-height:639px){.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible>.mw-collapsible-toggle{display:inline-block}}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible .mw-collapsible-text{font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible.mw-collapsed .mw-collapsible-content{display:block!important}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .sticky-table-row1:not(.sticky-table-row2):not(.sticky-table-head)>thead>tr:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .sticky-table-row1:not(.sticky-table-row2):not(.sticky-table-head)>caption+tbody>tr:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .sticky-table-row1:not(.sticky-table-row2):not(.sticky-table-head)>tbody:first-child>tr:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .sticky-table-row2:not(.sticky-table-row1):not(.sticky-table-head)>thead>tr:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .sticky-table-row2:not(.sticky-table-row1):not(.sticky-table-head)>caption+tbody>tr:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .sticky-table-row2:not(.sticky-table-row1):not(.sticky-table-head)>tbody:first-child>tr:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .sticky-table-head:not(.sticky-table-row1):not(.sticky-table-row2)>thead{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:10}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .sticky-table-col1:not(.sticky-table-col2)>*>tr>:nth-child(1):not(.sticky-table-none),.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .sticky-table-col2:not(.sticky-table-col1)>*>tr>:nth-child(2):not(.sticky-table-none),.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) table>*>tr>.sticky-table-left{position:sticky;left:0;z-index:9}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible table:not(.wikitable){background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible table>thead,.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible table>tbody,.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible table>tfoot,.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible table>*>tr,.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible table>*>tr>td,.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible :not(.wikitable)>*>tr>th{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .wikitable{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;border-width:1px 0 0 1px}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .wikitable>*>tr>td,.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .wikitable>*>tr>th{border-width:0 1px 1px 0}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .static-row-numbers.wikitable>*>tr::before{border-right-width:1px}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody>tr:last-child::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .static-row-numbers.wikitable>tfoot>tr:last-child::before{border-bottom-width:1px}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody>tr:not(.static-row-header)::before{border-top-width:0!important;border-left-width:0!important}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .overflowed,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .overflowed .content-table{overflow:visible}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .overflowed{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .scroll-right.overflowed .content-table-right{box-shadow:none;border-left:none}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .wikitable{padding:0}@media(max-width:639px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) table,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) table,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) table,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) table>caption{display:table-caption}}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .jquery-tablesorter>thead,.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .mw-sticky-header>thead{top:0!important}.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .jquery-tablesorter>tfoot,.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible:not(.mw-collapsed) .mw-sticky-header>tfoot{position:static;bottom:auto}}@media all{.mw-parser-output .sticky-table-collapsible.mw-collapsed .sticky-table-scroll{max-height:none!important;max-width:none!important}}</style><div class="sticky-table-collapsible mw-collapsible" data-expandtext="enable" data-collapsetext="disable"><div class="sticky-table-scroll"> <table class="wikitable sortable sort-under mw-collapsible sticky-table-row1 sticky-table-col1" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Comparison of single-winner voting systems </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">Criterion</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left"><br /><br />Method</div> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Majority_winner_criterion" title="Majority winner criterion">Majority winner</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Majority_loser_criterion" title="Majority loser criterion">Majority loser</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion" title="Mutual majority criterion">Mutual majority</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet winner">Condorcet winner</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condorcet-iia-incompatibility-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_loser" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet loser">Condorcet loser</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Smith_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith criterion">Smith</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condorcet-iia-incompatibility-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Smith-dominated_alternatives" title="Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives">Smith-IIA</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condorcet-iia-incompatibility-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">IIA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives#Local_independence" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">LIIA</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condorcet-iia-incompatibility-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of clones">Cloneproof</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">Monotone</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">Participation</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Later-no-harm" class="mw-redirect" title="Later-no-harm">Later-no-harm</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_80-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condorcet-iia-incompatibility-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/Later-no-help" class="mw-redirect" title="Later-no-help">Later-no-help</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_80-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condorcet-iia-incompatibility-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0;"><a href="/wiki/No_favorite_betrayal" class="mw-redirect" title="No favorite betrayal">No favorite betrayal</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_80-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-condorcet-iia-incompatibility-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="border-bottom:2px solid #a0a0a0; border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ballot <p>type </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="6" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Single mark </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Anti-plurality_voting" title="Anti-plurality voting">Anti-plurality</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="6" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Single mark </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two round system</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="6" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Single mark </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Instant-runoff</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Coombs%27_method" title="Coombs' method">Coombs</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Nanson%27s_method" title="Nanson's method">Nanson</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Baldwin%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin's method">Baldwin</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Tideman_alternative_method" title="Tideman alternative method">Tideman alternative</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimax Condorcet">Minimax</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-MinimaxVarient_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinimaxVarient-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-MinimaxVarient_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinimaxVarient-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Copeland%27s_method" title="Copeland's method">Copeland</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Black%27s_method" title="Black's method">Black</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Kemeny-Young_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemeny-Young method">Kemeny–Young</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">LIIA Only </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">LIIA Only </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-semipc_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semipc-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-semipc_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semipc-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Ranking </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-IIA_rating_methods_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIA_rating_methods-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="2" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Approvals </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Majority_judgment" title="Majority judgment">Majority Judgement</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-mjmmc_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mjmmc-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-IIA_rating_methods_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIA_rating_methods-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-semipc_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semipc-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="1" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Scores </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes<wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-IIA_rating_methods_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIA_rating_methods-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="1" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Scores </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR</a> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td data-sort-value="1" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Scores </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Random_ballot" title="Random ballot">Random ballot</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="6" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">Single mark </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a><wbr /><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Tn 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFC7C7;">No </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#9EFF9E;">Yes </td> <td data-sort-value="6" style="border-left:2px solid #a0a0a0;">None </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Table Notes </th> <td colspan="16" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-condorcet-iia-incompatibility-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_80-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_80-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-condorcet-iia-incompatibility_80-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet criterion">Condorcet's criterion</a> is incompatible with the <a href="/wiki/Consistency_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Consistency criterion">consistency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">participation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later-no-harm" class="mw-redirect" title="Later-no-harm">later-no-harm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later-no-help_criterion" title="Later-no-help criterion">later-no-help</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sincere_favorite_criterion" title="Sincere favorite criterion">sincere favorite</a> criteria.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MinimaxVarient-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MinimaxVarient_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MinimaxVarient_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A variant of Minimax that counts only pairwise opposition, not opposition minus support, fails the Condorcet criterion and meets later-no-harm.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-semipc-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-semipc_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-semipc_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-semipc_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In Highest median, Ranked Pairs, and Schulze voting, there is always a regret-free, semi-honest ballot for any voter, holding all other ballots constant and assuming they know enough about how others will vote. Under such circumstances, there is always at least one way for a voter to participate without grading any less-preferred candidate above any more-preferred one.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IIA_rating_methods-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IIA_rating_methods_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIA_rating_methods_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IIA_rating_methods_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Approval voting, score voting, and majority judgment satisfy IIA if it is assumed that voters rate candidates independently using their own <a href="/wiki/Approval_voting#Dichotomous_cutoff" title="Approval voting">absolute scale</a>. For this to hold, in some elections, some voters must use less than their full voting power despite having meaningful preferences among viable candidates.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majority Judgment may elect a candidate uniquely least-preferred by over half of voters, but it never elects the candidate uniquely bottom-rated by over half of voters.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mjmmc-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mjmmc_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majority Judgment fails the mutual majority criterion, but satisfies the criterion if the majority ranks the mutually favored set above a given absolute grade and all others below that grade.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A randomly chosen ballot determines winner. This and closely related methods are of mathematical interest and included here to demonstrate that even unreasonable methods can pass voting method criteria.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Where a winner is randomly chosen from the candidates, sortition is included to demonstrate that even non-voting methods can pass some criteria.</span> </li> </ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first example is a fictional one for the purpose of demonstrating the principle of instant runoff. The other examples are drawn from the results of real-life elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tennessee_capital_example">Tennessee capital example</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Tennessee capital example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Tennessee"></span> </p> <div style="float: left;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tenn_voting_example" title="Template:Tenn voting example"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tenn_voting_example" title="Template talk:Tenn voting example"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tenn_voting_example" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tenn voting example"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessee_map_for_voting_example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tennessee and its four major cities: Memphis in the far west; Nashville in the center; Chattanooga in the east; and Knoxville in the far northeast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tennessee_map_for_voting_example.svg/500px-Tennessee_map_for_voting_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tennessee_map_for_voting_example.svg/750px-Tennessee_map_for_voting_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tennessee_map_for_voting_example.svg/1000px-Tennessee_map_for_voting_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="190" /></a></span> </p><p>Suppose that <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> is holding an election on the location of its <a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">capital</a>. The population is concentrated around four major cities. <a href="/wiki/Spatial_model_of_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatial model of voting">All voters want the capital to be as close to them as possible.</a> The options are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, the largest city, but far from the others (42% of voters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, near the center of the state (26% of voters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga</a>, somewhat east (15% of voters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a>, far to the northeast (17% of voters)</li></ul> <p>The preferences of each region's voters are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="25%" style="background-color: #ffdddd">42% of voters<br /><small>Far-West</small> </th> <th width="25%" style="background-color: #ccffcc">26% of voters<br /><small>Center</small> </th> <th width="25%" style="background-color: #ddddff">15% of voters<br /><small>Center-East</small> </th> <th width="25%" style="background-color: #ffeedd">17% of voters<br /><small>Far-East</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ol style="margin-left: 1.5em;"> <li> <b>Memphis</b> </li><li> Nashville </li><li> Chattanooga </li><li> Knoxville </li></ol> </td> <td> <ol style="margin-left: 1.5em;"> <li> <b>Nashville</b> </li><li> Chattanooga </li><li> Knoxville </li><li> Memphis </li></ol> </td> <td> <ol style="margin-left: 1.5em;"> <li> <b>Chattanooga</b> </li><li> Knoxville </li><li> Nashville </li><li> Memphis </li></ol> </td> <td> <ol style="margin-left: 1.5em;"> <li> <b>Knoxville</b> </li><li> Chattanooga </li><li> Nashville </li><li> Memphis </li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> It takes three rounds to determine a winner in this election. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TN-round1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/TN-round1.svg/143px-TN-round1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/TN-round1.svg/215px-TN-round1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/TN-round1.svg/286px-TN-round1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Round 1</b> – In the first round no city gets a majority: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Votes in round/ <p>City Choice </p> </th> <th>1st </th></tr> <tr> <td>Memphis </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nashville </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">26% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Knoxville </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">17% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chattanooga </td> <td style="background:#fbb;"><i>15%</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>If one of the cities had achieved a majority vote (more than half), the election would end there. If this were a first-past-the-post election, Memphis would win because it received the most votes. But IRV does not allow a candidate to win on the first round without having an absolute majority of the active votes. Since no city has won yet, the city with the least first-place support (Chattanooga) is eliminated from consideration. The ballots that listed Chattanooga as first choice are added to the totals of the second-choice selection on each ballot. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TN-round2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TN-round2.svg/122px-TN-round2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TN-round2.svg/183px-TN-round2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TN-round2.svg/244px-TN-round2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="161" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Round 2</b> – In the second round of tabulation, Chattanooga's 15% of the total votes have been added to the second choices selected by the voters for whom that city was first-choice (in this example Knoxville): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Votes in round/ <p>City Choice </p> </th> <th>1st </th> <th>2nd </th></tr> <tr> <td>Memphis </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">42% </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nashville </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">26% </td> <td style="background:#fbb;"><i>26%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Knoxville </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">17% </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">32% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chattanooga </td> <td style="background:#fbb;"><i>15%</i> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the first round, Memphis was first, Nashville was second and Knoxville was third. With Chattanooga eliminated and its votes redistributed, the second round finds Memphis still in first place, followed by Knoxville in second and Nashville has moved down to third place. No city yet has secured a majority of votes, so the now last placed Nashville is eliminated and the ballots currently counting for Nashville are added to the totals of Memphis or Knoxville based on which city is ranked next on that ballot. </p><p><b>Round 3</b> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TN-round3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/TN-round3.svg/141px-TN-round3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="141" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/TN-round3.svg/212px-TN-round3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/TN-round3.svg/282px-TN-round3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="141" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>As Memphis and Knoxville are the only two cities remaining in the contest, this round will be the final round. In this example the second-choice of the Nashville voters is Chattanooga, which is already eliminated. Therefore, the votes are added to their third-choice: Knoxville. The third round of tabulation yields the following result: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Votes in round/ <p>City Choice </p> </th> <th>1st </th> <th>2nd </th> <th>3rd </th></tr> <tr> <td>Memphis </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">42% </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">42% </td> <td style="background:#fbb;"><i>42%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nashville </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">26% </td> <td style="background:#fbb;"><i>26%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Knoxville </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">17% </td> <td style="background:#dfb;">32% </td> <td style="background:#bfb;"><b>58%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chattanooga </td> <td style="background:#fbb;"><i>15%</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Result:</b> Knoxville, which was running third in the first tabulation, has moved up from behind to take first place in the third and final round. The winner of the election is <b>Knoxville</b>. However, if 6% of voters in Memphis were to put Nashville first, the winner would be Nashville, a preferable outcome for voters in Memphis. This is an example of potential tactical voting, though one that would be difficult for voters to carry out in practice. Also, if 17% of voters in Memphis were to stay away from voting, the winner would be Nashville. This is an example of IRV failing the participation criterion. </p><p>For comparison, note that traditional <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> would elect Memphis, even though most citizens consider it the worst choice, because 42% is larger than any other single city. As Nashville is a Condorcet winner, <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method#Example:_Voting_on_the_location_of_Tennessee's_capital" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a> would elect Nashville. A <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system#Example_II" title="Two-round system">two-round method</a> would have a runoff between Memphis and Nashville where Nashville would win, too. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990_Irish_presidential_election">1990 Irish presidential election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: 1990 Irish presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irish_presidential_election,_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish presidential election, 1990">Irish presidential election, 1990</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1990_Irish_presidential_election" title="1990 Irish presidential election">1990 Irish presidential election</a> provides a simple example of how instant-runoff voting can produce a different result from <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> and prevent some spoiler effects associated with <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality voting</a>. The three major candidates were <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr" title="Brian Lenihan Snr">Brian Lenihan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austin_Currie" title="Austin Currie">Austin Currie</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a>. After the first count, Lenihan had the largest share of first-choice rankings. Currie had the fewest votes and was eliminated. After this, Robinson received 82 percent of Currie's votes, thereby overtaking Lenihan. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Irish presidential election, 1990<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Candidate </th> <th colspan="2">Round 1 </th> <th colspan="2">Round 2 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> </th> <td>612,265 </td> <td>38.9% </td> <td><b>817,830</b> </td> <td><b>51.6%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr" title="Brian Lenihan Snr">Brian Lenihan</a> </th> <td>694,484 </td> <td>43.8% </td> <td>731,273 </td> <td>46.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Austin_Currie" title="Austin Currie">Austin Currie</a> </th> <td>267,902 </td> <td>16.9%<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>Eliminated</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Exhausted ballots </th> <td>9,444 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>34,992 </td> <td>2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <td>1,584,095 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>1,584,095 </td> <td>100% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014_Prahran_election_(Victoria)"><span id="2014_Prahran_election_.28Victoria.29"></span>2014 Prahran election (Victoria)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: 2014 Prahran election (Victoria)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another real-life example of IRV producing results different from first-past-the-post can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Victorian_state_election" title="2014 Victorian state election">2014 Victorian general election</a> in <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Prahran" title="Electoral district of Prahran">Prahran</a>. In this rare instance, the candidate who initially placed third, (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Greens</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Sam_Hibbins" title="Sam Hibbins">Sam Hibbins</a>), won the seat.<sup id="cite_ref-PrahranResults2_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrahranResults2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 7th and final round, Hibbins narrowly defeated <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a> candidate Clem Newton-Brown by a margin of 277 votes. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Candidate </th> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <th>2nd </th> <th>3rd </th> <th>4th </th> <th>5th </th> <th>6th </th> <th colspan="2">7th </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clem_Newton-Brown" title="Clem Newton-Brown">Clem Newton-Brown</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">LIB</a>) </td> <td>44.8% </td> <td><b>16,582</b> </td> <td><b>16,592</b> </td> <td><b>16,644</b> </td> <td><b>16,726</b> </td> <td><b>16,843</b> </td> <td><b>17,076</b> </td> <td>18,363 </td> <td>49.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hibbins" title="Sam Hibbins">Sam Hibbins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">GRN</a>) </td> <td>24.8% </td> <td>9,160 </td> <td>9,171 </td> <td>9,218 </td> <td>9,310 </td> <td>9,403 </td> <td><b>9,979</b> </td> <td><b>18,640</b> </td> <td><b>50.4%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neil Pharaoh (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">ALP</a>) </td> <td>25.9% </td> <td><b>9,586</b> </td> <td><b>9,593</b> </td> <td><b>9,639</b> </td> <td><b>9,690</b> </td> <td><b>9,758</b> </td> <td>9,948<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>Eliminated</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eleonora Gullone (<a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party" title="Animal Justice Party">AJP</a>) </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>837 </td> <td>860 </td> <td>891 </td> <td>928 </td> <td>999<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><i>Eliminated</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jason Goldsmith (<a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND</a>) </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>247 </td> <td>263 </td> <td>316 </td> <td>349<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> </td> <td colspan="4"><i>Eliminated</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alan Walker (<a href="/wiki/Family_First_Party" title="Family First Party">FFP</a>) </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>282 </td> <td>283 </td> <td>295<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> </td> <td colspan="5"><i>Eliminated</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Steve Stefanopoulos (<a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND</a>) </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>227 </td> <td>241<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> </td> <td colspan="6"><i>Eliminated</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alan Menadue (<a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND</a>) </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>82<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> </td> <td colspan="7"><i>Eliminated</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <td><b>100%</b> </td> <td><b>37,003</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009_Burlington_mayoral_election">2009 Burlington mayoral election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: 2009 Burlington mayoral election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2009_Burlington_mayoral_election" title="2009 Burlington mayoral election">2009 Burlington mayoral election</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:right; margin-left:1em"> <caption>Burlington mayoral election, 2009 (round-by-round analysis of votes) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Candidates </th> <th colspan="2">1st round </th> <th colspan="2">2nd round </th> <th colspan="2">3rd round </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>Candidate</b> </th> <th>Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>± </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>± </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>± </th></tr> <tr style="background:#FBCEB1"> <td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kiss" title="Bob Kiss">Bob Kiss</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Progressive_Party" title="Vermont Progressive Party">Progressive</a> </td> <td>2585 </td> <td>+2585 </td> <td>2981 </td> <td>+396 </td> <td><b>4313</b> </td> <td>+1332 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:left;">Kurt Wright </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Republican</a> </td> <td><b>2951</b> </td> <td>+2951 </td> <td><b>3294</b> </td> <td>+343 </td> <td>4061 </td> <td>+767 </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:left;">Andy Montroll </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Democrat</a> </td> <td>2063 </td> <td>+2063 </td> <td>2554 </td> <td>+491 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−2554 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#DCDCDC"> <td style="text-align:left;">Dan Smith </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td>1306 </td> <td>+1306 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−1306 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Others </th> <td> </td> <td>71 </td> <td>+71 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>−71 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Exhausted_ballot" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhausted ballot">Exhausted</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>+4 </td> <td>151 </td> <td>+147 </td> <td>606 </td> <td>+455 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Under Burlington, Vermont's second-ever IRV mayoral election in 2009, the winner, Bob Kiss, was elected over the more popular Andy Montroll as a result of a first-round spoiler effect. </p><p><a href="/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a> touted the 2009 election as one of its major success stories,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claiming it helped the city save on costs of a traditional runoff<sup id="cite_ref-:4_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prevented a <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">spoiler effect</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although later analysis showed that without Wright in the election, Montroll would have defeated Kiss in a one-on-one race.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mathematicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematicians">Mathematicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voting_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting theory">voting theorists</a> criticized the election results as revealing several <a href="/wiki/Pathological_(mathematics)" title="Pathological (mathematics)">pathologies</a> associated with instant-runoff voting, noting that Kiss was elected as a result of 750 votes <a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">cast against him</a> (ranking Kiss in last place).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">electoral reform</a> advocates branded the election a failure after Kiss was elected, despite 54 percent of voters voting for Montroll over Kiss,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> violating the principle of <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet winner">majority rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a>, a proportional method that reduces to instant runoff in single-winner elections.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">Ranked voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_voting_rules" title="Comparison of voting rules">Comparison of electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote_plus" title="Alternative vote plus">Alternative vote plus</a> (AV+), or alternative vote top-up, proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Jenkins_Commission_(UK)" title="Jenkins Commission (UK)">Jenkins Commission</a> in the UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duverger%27s_law" title="Duverger's law">Duverger's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">Write-in candidate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This procedure can be sped-up by eliminating more than one candidate if their combined top preferences are less than the next-lowest remaining candidate; this process is sometimes called batch elimination. When batch elimination is used, the procedure can terminate if some candidate has a majority.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ExitIncentive-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ExitIncentive_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figure 4 on page 137 shows instant-runoff voting having exit incentive despite being clone independent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following the <a href="/wiki/Elections_Act_2022" title="Elections Act 2022">Elections Act 2022</a>, voting in mayoral elections now takes place under the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> system.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNurmi2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nurmi, Hannu (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2004.08.001">"Aggregation problems in policy evaluation: an overview"</a>. <i>European Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 287–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejpoleco.2004.08.001">10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2004.08.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0176-2680">0176-2680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Aggregation+problems+in+policy+evaluation%3A+an+overview&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=287-300&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejpoleco.2004.08.001&rft.issn=0176-2680&rft.aulast=Nurmi&rft.aufirst=Hannu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejpoleco.2004.08.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubinGannazLeoni-AubinRolland2024" class="citation book cs1">Aubin, Jean-Baptiste; Gannaz, Irène; Leoni-Aubin, Samuela; Rolland, Antoine (July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-04631154/"><i>A simulation-based study of proximity between voting rules</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+simulation-based+study+of+proximity+between+voting+rules&rft.date=2024-07&rft.aulast=Aubin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rft.au=Gannaz%2C+Ir%C3%A8ne&rft.au=Leoni-Aubin%2C+Samuela&rft.au=Rolland%2C+Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.science%2Fhal-04631154%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHymanOtisAllenDennis2024" class="citation journal cs1">Hyman, Ross; Otis, Deb; Allen, Seamus; Dennis, Greg (1 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10602-024-09442-3">"A majority rule philosophy for instant runoff voting"</a>. <i>Constitutional Political Economy</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 425–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10602-024-09442-3">10.1007/s10602-024-09442-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9966">1572-9966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constitutional+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=A+majority+rule+philosophy+for+instant+runoff+voting&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=425-436&rft.date=2024-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10602-024-09442-3&rft.issn=1572-9966&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft.au=Otis%2C+Deb&rft.au=Allen%2C+Seamus&rft.au=Dennis%2C+Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10602-024-09442-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:034-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:034_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondorcet1788" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Condorcet, Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat (1788). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d0cwAAAAYAAJ&q=Oeuvres%20de%20Condorcet,%20Volume%2013&pg=PA243">"On the Constitution and the Functions of Provincial Assemblies"</a>. <i>Complete Works of Condorcet</i> (in French). Vol. 13 (published 1804). p. 243. <q>En effet, lorsqu'il y a plus de trois concurrents, le véritable vœu de la pluralité peut être pour un candidat qui n'ait eu aucune des voix dans le premier scrutin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Constitution+and+the+Functions+of+Provincial+Assemblies&rft.btitle=Complete+Works+of+Condorcet&rft.pages=243&rft.date=1788&rft.aulast=Condorcet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Antoine-Nicolas+de+Caritat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd0cwAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DOeuvres%2520de%2520Condorcet%2C%2520Volume%252013%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:032-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:032_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:032_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanson1882" class="citation journal cs1">Nanson, E. J. (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transactionsproc1719roya/page/206">"Methods of election: Ware's Method"</a>. <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria</i>. <b>17</b>: 206. <q>The method was, however, mentioned by Condorcet, but only to be condemned.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Victoria&rft.atitle=Methods+of+election%3A+Ware%27s+Method&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=206&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Nanson&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransactionsproc1719roya%2Fpage%2F206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22322323-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22322323_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellKelly2000" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, D.E.; Kelly, J.S. (2000). "A simple characterization of majority rule". <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_Theory_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Theory (journal)">Economic Theory</a></i>. <b>15</b> (3): 689–700. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs001990050318">10.1007/s001990050318</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25055296">25055296</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122290254">122290254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Theory&rft.atitle=A+simple+characterization+of+majority+rule&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=689-700&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122290254%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25055296%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs001990050318&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=D.E.&rft.au=Kelly%2C+J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoronKronick1977" class="citation journal cs1">Doron, Gideon; Kronick, Richard (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2110496">"Single Transferrable Vote: An Example of a Perverse Social Choice Function"</a>. <i>American Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 303–311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2110496">10.2307/2110496</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-5853">0092-5853</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2110496">2110496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Single+Transferrable+Vote%3A+An+Example+of+a+Perverse+Social+Choice+Function&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-311&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0092-5853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2110496%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2110496&rft.aulast=Doron&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft.au=Kronick%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2110496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:05_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStensholt2018" class="citation ssrn cs1">Stensholt, Eivind (2018). "What is Wrong with IRV?". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3272186">3272186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=What+is+Wrong+with+IRV%3F&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3272186%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Stensholt&rft.aufirst=Eivind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1986" class="citation journal cs1">Ray, Depankar (1986). "On the practical possibility of a 'no show paradox' under the single transferable vote". <i>Mathematical Social Sciences</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 183–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0165-4896%2886%2990024-7">10.1016/0165-4896(86)90024-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=On+the+practical+possibility+of+a+%27no+show+paradox%27+under+the+single+transferable+vote&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-189&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0165-4896%2886%2990024-7&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Depankar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:73323-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:73323_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurmi1996" class="citation journal cs1">Nurmi, Hannu (December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00344899608522986">"It's not just the lack of monotonicity1"</a>. <i>Representation</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 48–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00344899608522986">10.1080/00344899608522986</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4893">0034-4893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Representation&rft.atitle=It%27s+not+just+the+lack+of+monotonicity1&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-52&rft.date=1996-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00344899608522986&rft.issn=0034-4893&rft.aulast=Nurmi&rft.aufirst=Hannu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00344899608522986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:852423-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:852423_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGannKoetzleGrofman2002" class="citation journal cs1">McGann, Anthony J.; Koetzle, William; Grofman, Bernard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3088418">"How an Ideologically Concentrated Minority Can Trump a Dispersed Majority: Nonmedian Voter Results for Plurality, Run-off, and Sequential Elimination Elections"</a>. <i>American Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 134–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3088418">10.2307/3088418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-5853">0092-5853</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3088418">3088418</a>. <q>As with simple plurality elections, it is apparent the outcome will be highly sensitive to the distribution of candidates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=How+an+Ideologically+Concentrated+Minority+Can+Trump+a+Dispersed+Majority%3A+Nonmedian+Voter+Results+for+Plurality%2C+Run-off%2C+and+Sequential+Elimination+Elections&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=134-147&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0092-5853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3088418%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3088418&rft.aulast=McGann&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft.au=Koetzle%2C+William&rft.au=Grofman%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3088418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHymanOtisAllenDennis2024" class="citation journal cs1">Hyman, Ross; Otis, Deb; Allen, Seamus; Dennis, Greg (September 2024). "A Majority Rule Philosophy for Instant Runoff Voting". <i>Constitutional Political Economy</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 425–436. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.08430">2308.08430</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10602-024-09442-3">10.1007/s10602-024-09442-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062">1043-4062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constitutional+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=A+Majority+Rule+Philosophy+for+Instant+Runoff+Voting&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=425-436&rft.date=2024-09&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2308.08430&rft.issn=1043-4062&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10602-024-09442-3&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft.au=Otis%2C+Deb&rft.au=Allen%2C+Seamus&rft.au=Dennis%2C+Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1232-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1232_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDopp2011" class="citation ssrn cs1">Dopp, Kathy Anne (2011). "Realities Mar Instant Runoff Voting Flaws and Benefits of IRV". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1858374">1858374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Realities+Mar+Instant+Runoff+Voting+Flaws+and+Benefits+of+IRV&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1858374%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Dopp&rft.aufirst=Kathy+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:534-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:534_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:534_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-SquireMcCune2023" class="citation arxiv cs1">Graham-Squire, Adam; McCune, David (6 March 2023). "An Examination of Ranked Choice Voting in the United States, 2004-2022". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.12075">2301.12075</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/econ.GN">econ.GN</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=An+Examination+of+Ranked+Choice+Voting+in+the+United+States%2C+2004-2022&rft.date=2023-03-06&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2301.12075&rft.aulast=Graham-Squire&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=McCune%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chamberlin23-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chamberlin23_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlinCohen1978" class="citation journal cs1">Chamberlin, John R.; Cohen, Michael D. (1978). "Toward Applicable Social Choice Theory: A Comparison of Social Choice Functions under Spatial Model Assumptions". <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>72</b> (4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 1341–1356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1954543">10.2307/1954543</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1954543">1954543</a>. <q>A long-established response to the 'wasted vote' problem is the method advocated by Hare...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Toward+Applicable+Social+Choice+Theory%3A+A+Comparison+of+Social+Choice+Functions+under+Spatial+Model+Assumptions&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1341-1356&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1954543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1954543&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:433-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:433_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:433_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:433_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettigrewRadley2023" class="citation ssrn cs1">Pettigrew, Stephen; Radley, Dylan (2023). "Ballot Marking Errors in Ranked-Choice Voting". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4670677">4670677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Ballot+Marking+Errors+in+Ranked-Choice+Voting&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4670677%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Pettigrew&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Radley%2C+Dylan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615181347/http://politicalreform.newamerica.net/files/irvracememo.pdf">"Instant Runoff Voting and Its Impact on Racial Minorities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New America Foundation. 1 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalreform.newamerica.net/files/irvracememo.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instant+Runoff+Voting+and+Its+Impact+on+Racial+Minorities&rft.pub=New+America+Foundation&rft.date=2008-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalreform.newamerica.net%2Ffiles%2Firvracememo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnettKogan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Burnett, Craig M.; Kogan, Vladimir (March 2015). "Ballot (and voter) 'exhaustion' under Instant Runoff Voting: An examination of four ranked-choice elections". <i>Electoral Studies</i>. <b>37</b>: 41–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2014.11.006">10.1016/j.electstud.2014.11.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11159132">11159132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electoral+Studies&rft.atitle=Ballot+%28and+voter%29+%27exhaustion%27+under+Instant+Runoff+Voting%3A+An+examination+of+four+ranked-choice+elections&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=41-49&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2014.11.006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11159132%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Craig+M.&rft.au=Kogan%2C+Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/explainer-preference-deals-and-how-australias-voting-system-works/7078d92b-d6a6-4b37-919a-3aad0a13e873">"Explained: What are 'preference deals' and how do they influence my vote?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nine_News" title="Nine News">9News</a></i>. 20 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=9News&rft.atitle=Explained%3A+What+are+%27preference+deals%27+and+how+do+they+influence+my+vote%3F&rft.date=2022-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.9news.com.au%2Fnational%2Fexplainer-preference-deals-and-how-australias-voting-system-works%2F7078d92b-d6a6-4b37-919a-3aad0a13e873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d138-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d138_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinette2023" class="citation journal cs1">Robinette, Robbie (2 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10602-022-09378-6">"Implications of strategic position choices by candidates"</a>. <i>Constitutional Political Economy</i>. <b>34</b> (3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 445–457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10602-022-09378-6">10.1007/s10602-022-09378-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4062">1043-4062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constitutional+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Implications+of+strategic+position+choices+by+candidates&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=445-457&rft.date=2023-02-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10602-022-09378-6&rft.issn=1043-4062&rft.aulast=Robinette&rft.aufirst=Robbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10602-022-09378-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armytage_2014-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Armytage_2014_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armytage_2014_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armytage_2014_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armytage_2014_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen-Armytage2014" class="citation journal cs1">Green-Armytage, James (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/43663746">"Strategic voting and nomination"</a>. <i>Social Choice and Welfare</i>. <b>42</b> (1). Springer: 111–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00355-013-0725-3">10.1007/s00355-013-0725-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0176-1714">0176-1714</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43663746">43663746</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253847024">253847024</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Choice+and+Welfare&rft.atitle=Strategic+voting+and+nomination&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-138&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0176-1714&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253847024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43663746%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00355-013-0725-3&rft.aulast=Green-Armytage&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43663746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.fairvote.org/?page=2261">"Monotonicity and IRV – Why the Monotonicity Criterion is of Little Import"</a>. <i>archive.fairvote.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.fairvote.org&rft.atitle=Monotonicity+and+IRV+%E2%80%93+Why+the+Monotonicity+Criterion+is+of+Little+Import&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.fairvote.org%2F%3Fpage%3D2261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen-Armytage2011" class="citation journal cs1">Green-Armytage, James (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.votingmatters.org.uk/ISSUE29/I29P1.pdf">"Four Condorcet-Hare Hybrid Methods for Single-Winner Elections"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Voting_matters" title="Voting matters">Voting matters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voting+matters&rft.atitle=Four+Condorcet-Hare+Hybrid+Methods+for+Single-Winner+Elections&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Green-Armytage&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.votingmatters.org.uk%2FISSUE29%2FI29P1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:043-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:043_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgers2010" class="citation book cs1">Borgers, Christoph (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u_XMHD4shnQC"><i>Mathematics of Social Choice: Voting, Compensation, and Division</i></a>. SIAM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780898716955" title="Special:BookSources/9780898716955"><bdi>9780898716955</bdi></a>. <q>Candidates C and D spoiled the election for B ... With them in the running, A won, whereas without them in the running, B would have won. ... Instant runoff voting ... does <i>not</i> do away with the spoiler problem entirely, although it ... makes it less likely</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics+of+Social+Choice%3A+Voting%2C+Compensation%2C+and+Division&rft.pub=SIAM&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780898716955&rft.aulast=Borgers&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du_XMHD4shnQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:723-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:723_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoundstone2009" class="citation book cs1">Poundstone, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_24bJHyBV6sC"><i>Gaming the Vote: Why Elections Aren't Fair (and What We Can Do About It)</i></a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429957649" title="Special:BookSources/9781429957649"><bdi>9781429957649</bdi></a>. <q>IRV is excellent for preventing classic spoilers-minor candidates who irrationally tip the election from one major candidate to another. It is not so good when the 'spoiler' has a real chance of winning</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaming+the+Vote%3A+Why+Elections+Aren%27t+Fair+%28and+What+We+Can+Do+About+It%29&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781429957649&rft.aulast=Poundstone&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_24bJHyBV6sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burlington23-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burlington23_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burlington23_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBristow-Johnson,_R.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bristow-Johnson, R. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10602-023-09393-1">"The failure of Instant Runoff to accomplish the purpose for which it was adopted: a case study from Burlington Vermont"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Const Polit Econ</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 378–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10602-023-09393-1">10.1007/s10602-023-09393-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255657135">255657135</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Const+Polit+Econ&rft.atitle=The+failure+of+Instant+Runoff+to+accomplish+the+purpose+for+which+it+was+adopted%3A+a+case+study+from+Burlington+Vermont&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=378-389&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10602-023-09393-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255657135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Bristow-Johnson%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs10602-023-09393-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2006" class="citation ssrn cs1">O'Neill, Jeffrey C. (2006). "Everything That Can be Counted Does Not Necessarily Count: The Right to Vote and the Choice of a Voting System". p. 340. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=883058">883058</a>. <q>With instant runoff voting ... The strategy for the liberal voter is the same as for plurality voting: Her favorite candidate cannot win, so she casts her vote for her favorite candidate with a realistic chance of winning</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Everything+That+Can+be+Counted+Does+Not+Necessarily+Count%3A+The+Right+to+Vote+and+the+Choice+of+a+Voting+System&rft.pages=340&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D883058%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-SquireMcCune2022" class="citation arxiv cs1">Graham-Squire, Adam; McCune, David (2022). "A Mathematical Analysis of the 2022 Alaska Special Election for US House". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.04764v1">2209.04764v1</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/econ.GN">econ.GN</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=A+Mathematical+Analysis+of+the+2022+Alaska+Special+Election+for+US+House&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2209.04764v1&rft.aulast=Graham-Squire&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=McCune%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrutmanStrano2021" class="citation news cs1">Drutman, Lee; Strano, Maresa (10 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newamerica.org/political-reform/reports/what-we-know-about-ranked-choice-voting/conclusion/">"What We Know About Ranked-Choice Voting"</a>. New America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+We+Know+About+Ranked-Choice+Voting&rft.date=2021-11-10&rft.aulast=Drutman&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Strano%2C+Maresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newamerica.org%2Fpolitical-reform%2Freports%2Fwhat-we-know-about-ranked-choice-voting%2Fconclusion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrutman2023" class="citation web cs1">Drutman, Lee (18 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leedrutman.substack.com/p/how-i-updated-my-views-on-ranked">"How I updated my views on ranked choice voting"</a>. <i>Undercurrent Events</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Undercurrent+Events&rft.atitle=How+I+updated+my+views+on+ranked+choice+voting&rft.date=2023-09-18&rft.aulast=Drutman&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleedrutman.substack.com%2Fp%2Fhow-i-updated-my-views-on-ranked&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:23_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emtv.com.pg/understanding-the-limited-preferential-voting-system/">"Understanding the Limited Preferential Voting system – EMTV Online"</a>. 10 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Limited+Preferential+Voting+system+%E2%80%93+EMTV+Online&rft.date=2017-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femtv.com.pg%2Funderstanding-the-limited-preferential-voting-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:035-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:035_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:035_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndersbyTowle2014" class="citation journal cs1">Endersby, James W.; Towle, Michael J. (1 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0261379413000930">"Making wasted votes count: Turnout, transfers, and preferential voting in practice"</a>. <i>Electoral Studies</i>. <b>33</b>: 144–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2013.07.001">10.1016/j.electstud.2013.07.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3794">0261-3794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electoral+Studies&rft.atitle=Making+wasted+votes+count%3A+Turnout%2C+transfers%2C+and+preferential+voting+in+practice&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=144-152&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2013.07.001&rft.issn=0261-3794&rft.aulast=Endersby&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft.au=Towle%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0261379413000930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://electionlab.mit.edu/articles/effect-ranked-choice-voting-maine">"The Effect of Ranked-Choice Voting in Maine | MIT Election Lab"</a>. <i>electionlab.mit.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=electionlab.mit.edu&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Ranked-Choice+Voting+in+Maine+%7C+MIT+Election+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felectionlab.mit.edu%2Farticles%2Feffect-ranked-choice-voting-maine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:06-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:06_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerroneMcClintock2023" class="citation journal cs1">Cerrone, Joseph; McClintock, Cynthia (August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12544">"Come-from-behind victories under ranked-choice voting and runoff: The impact on voter satisfaction"</a>. <i>Politics & Policy</i>. <b>51</b> (4): 569–587. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpolp.12544">10.1111/polp.12544</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1555-5623">1555-5623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=Come-from-behind+victories+under+ranked-choice+voting+and+runoff%3A+The+impact+on+voter+satisfaction&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=569-587&rft.date=2023-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpolp.12544&rft.issn=1555-5623&rft.aulast=Cerrone&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=McClintock%2C+Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fpolp.12544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nielson, Lindsay (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12212">"Ranked Choice Voting and Attitudes toward Democracy in the United States: Results from a Survey Experiment"</a>. <i>Politics & Policy</i>. <b>45</b> (4): 535–570. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpolp.12212">10.1111/polp.12212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1555-5623">1555-5623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=Ranked+Choice+Voting+and+Attitudes+toward+Democracy+in+the+United+States%3A+Results+from+a+Survey+Experiment&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=535-570&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpolp.12212&rft.issn=1555-5623&rft.aulast=Nielson&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fpolp.12212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:623-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:623_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:623_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newamerica.org/political-reform/reports/rcv-impact-on-candidate-entry-and-representation/">"The Short-Term Impact of Ranked-Choice Voting on Candidate Entry and Descriptive Representation"</a>. <i>New America</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+America&rft.atitle=The+Short-Term+Impact+of+Ranked-Choice+Voting+on+Candidate+Entry+and+Descriptive+Representation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newamerica.org%2Fpolitical-reform%2Freports%2Frcv-impact-on-candidate-entry-and-representation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeary2018" class="citation web cs1">Leary, Mal (12 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mainepublic.org/post/opposed-ranked-choice-voting-lepage-says-he-might-not-certify-primary-election-results">"Opposed To Ranked-Choice Voting, LePage Says He Might Not Certify Primary Election Results"</a>. <i>Maine Public</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maine+Public&rft.atitle=Opposed+To+Ranked-Choice+Voting%2C+LePage+Says+He+Might+Not+Certify+Primary+Election+Results&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft.aulast=Leary&rft.aufirst=Mal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainepublic.org%2Fpost%2Fopposed-ranked-choice-voting-lepage-says-he-might-not-certify-primary-election-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaberDunlap18.1.0" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/gov.uscourts.med.8169811/gov.uscourts.med.8169811.1.0.pdf">"Complaint"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Baber v. Dunlap</i> (Court Filing), no. 1:18-cv-00465, Docket 1, D.M.E., 13 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Recap_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recap (software)">Recap</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baber+v.+Dunlap&rft.atitle=Complaint&rft.issue=1%3A18-cv-00465%2C+Docket+1&rft.date=2018-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fgov.uscourts.med.8169811%2Fgov.uscourts.med.8169811.1.0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bangordailynews.com/2018/12/21/politics/1st-circuit-ends-poliquins-efforts-to-keep-house-seat/">"1st Circuit ends Poliquin's efforts to keep House seat"</a>. <i>Bangor Daily News</i>. 22 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangor+Daily+News&rft.atitle=1st+Circuit+ends+Poliquin%27s+efforts+to+keep+House+seat&rft.date=2018-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbangordailynews.com%2F2018%2F12%2F21%2Fpolitics%2F1st-circuit-ends-poliquins-efforts-to-keep-house-seat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2010" class="citation web cs1">Green, Antony (11 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-05-12/preferential-voting-in-australia/9389472">"Preferential Voting in Australia"</a>. <i>www.abc.net.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abc.net.au&rft.atitle=Preferential+Voting+in+Australia&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2010-05-12%2Fpreferential-voting-in-australia%2F9389472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto12_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newamerica.org/political-reform/reports/what-we-know-about-ranked-choice-voting/">"What We Know About Ranked-Choice Voting"</a>. <i>New America</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+America&rft.atitle=What+We+Know+About+Ranked-Choice+Voting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewamerica.org%2Fpolitical-reform%2Freports%2Fwhat-we-know-about-ranked-choice-voting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-publications.parliament.uk2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-publications.parliament.uk2_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmproced/40/4005.htm">"Second Report: Election of a Speaker"</a>. House of Commons Select Committee on Procedure. 15 February 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+Report%3A+Election+of+a+Speaker&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Select+Committee+on+Procedure&rft.date=2001-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200001%2Fcmselect%2Fcmproced%2F40%2F4005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCary2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cary, David (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2028012.2028015">"Estimating the Margin of Victory for Instant-runoff Voting"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Electronic Voting Technology/Workshop on Trustworthy Elections</i>. EVT/WOTE'11: 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+2011+Conference+on+Electronic+Voting+Technology%2FWorkshop+on+Trustworthy+Elections&rft.atitle=Estimating+the+Margin+of+Victory+for+Instant-runoff+Voting&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.aulast=Cary&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D2028012.2028015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-12910547">"BBC News – Alternative vote"</a>. <i>bbc.com</i>. British Broadcasting Corporation. 8 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.com&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+Alternative+vote&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-12910547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.critic.co.nz/news/article/7194/opinion-ousa-needs-the-alternative-vote">"Opinion: OUSA Needs the Alternative Vote"</a>. <i>Critic – Te Arohi</i>. Otago, New Zealand: Otago University Students' Association. 30 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Critic+%E2%80%93+Te+Arohi&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+OUSA+Needs+the+Alternative+Vote&rft.date=2017-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.critic.co.nz%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F7194%2Fopinion-ousa-needs-the-alternative-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/dec/12/liberal-plan-to-change-federal-voting-laws-may-have-crossbench-support">"Liberal plan to change federal voting laws may have crossbench support"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 11 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Liberal+plan+to+change+federal+voting+laws+may+have+crossbench+support&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2020%2Fdec%2F12%2Fliberal-plan-to-change-federal-voting-laws-may-have-crossbench-support&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appendix D, Instant Runoff Voting, San Francisco Charter § 13.102 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sfgov.org/ccsfgsa/sites/default/files/Voting%20Systems%20Task%20Force/AppendixD__.pdf">https://sfgov.org/ccsfgsa/sites/default/files/Voting%20Systems%20Task%20Force/AppendixD__.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArntz2005" class="citation web cs1">Arntz, John (2 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202040611/http://fairvote.org/media/irv/sanfrancisco/RCVCandidateGuide04.pdf">"Ranked-Choice Voting: A Guide for Candidates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Elections: City and County of San Francisco. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/media/irv/sanfrancisco/RCVCandidateGuide04.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2009</span> – via <a href="/wiki/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a>. <q>In San Francisco, ranked-choice voting is sometimes called 'instant run-off voting.' The Department of Elections generally uses the term ranked-choice voting, because it describes the voting method—voters are directed to rank their first-, second- and third-choice candidates. The Department also uses the term ranked-choice voting because the word 'instant' might create an expectation that final results will be available immediately after the polls close on election night.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ranked-Choice+Voting%3A+A+Guide+for+Candidates&rft.pub=Department+of+Elections%3A+City+and+County+of+San+Francisco&rft.date=2005-02-02&rft.aulast=Arntz&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairvote.org%2Fmedia%2Firv%2Fsanfrancisco%2FRCVCandidateGuide04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226101409/http://www.london.ca/city-hall/elections/ranked-choice-voting/Pages/What-is-Ranked-Choice-Voting.aspx">"What is Ranked Choice Voting?"</a>. <i>City of London</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london.ca/city-hall/elections/ranked-choice-voting/Pages/What-is-Ranked-Choice-Voting.aspx">the original</a> on 26 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+London&rft.atitle=What+is+Ranked+Choice+Voting%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london.ca%2Fcity-hall%2Felections%2Franked-choice-voting%2FPages%2FWhat-is-Ranked-Choice-Voting.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fairvote.org/rcv#how_rcv_works">"How RCV Works"</a>. <i>FairVote</i>. 17 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FairVote&rft.atitle=How+RCV+Works&rft.date=2019-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairvote.org%2Frcv%23how_rcv_works&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacuit2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pacuit, Eric (24 June 2019) [3 August 2011]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/voting-methods/">"Voting Methods"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Fall 2019 ed.) – via plato.stanford.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Voting+Methods&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Fall+2019&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft.aulast=Pacuit&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2019%2Fentries%2Fvoting-methods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/elections_and_referenda/voting/proportional_representation.html">"Proportional Representation"</a>. Citizens Information Board<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proportional+Representation&rft.pub=Citizens+Information+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citizensinformation.ie%2Fen%2Fgovernment_in_ireland%2Felections_and_referenda%2Fvoting%2Fproportional_representation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess116_2005-2006/bills/3720.doc">"South Carolina General Assembly : 116th Session, 2005–2006"</a>. <i>Scstatehouse.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scstatehouse.gov&rft.atitle=South+Carolina+General+Assembly+%3A+116th+Session%2C+2005%E2%80%932006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scstatehouse.gov%2Fsess116_2005-2006%2Fbills%2F3720.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2005/R/Pages/BillInformation.aspx?measureno=HB1770">"Bill Information"</a>. <i>Arkleg.state.ar.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arkleg.state.ar.us&rft.atitle=Bill+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkleg.state.ar.us%2Fassembly%2F2005%2FR%2FPages%2FBillInformation.aspx%3Fmeasureno%3DHB1770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondorcet1788" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Condorcet, Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat (1788). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d0cwAAAAYAAJ&q=Oeuvres%20de%20Condorcet,%20Volume%2013&pg=PA243">"On the Constitution and the Functions of Provincial Assemblies"</a>. <i>Complete Works of Condorcet</i> (in French). Vol. 13 (published 1804). p. 243. <q>En effet, lorsqu'il y a plus de trois concurrents, le véritable vœu de la pluralité peut être pour un candidat qui n'ait eu aucune des voix dans le premier scrutin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Constitution+and+the+Functions+of+Provincial+Assemblies&rft.btitle=Complete+Works+of+Condorcet&rft.pages=243&rft.date=1788&rft.aulast=Condorcet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Antoine-Nicolas+de+Caritat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd0cwAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DOeuvres%2520de%2520Condorcet%2C%2520Volume%252013%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn_22-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn_22_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Ceann_Comhairle" title="Ceann Comhairle">Ceann Comhairle</a> or Speaker of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> is returned automatically for whichever constituency s/he was elected if they wish to seek re-election, reducing the number of seats contested in that constituency by one. (In that case, should the Ceann Comhairle be from a three-seater, only two seats are contested in the general election from there.) As a result, if the Ceann Comhairle wishes to be in the next Dáil, only 165 seats are actually contested in a general election.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">electoral votes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boston.com2-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boston.com2_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2016/11/10/maine-became-the-first-state-in-the-country-to-pass-ranked-choice-voting">"Maine became the first state in the country Tuesday to pass ranked-choice voting"</a>. 10 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maine+became+the+first+state+in+the+country+Tuesday+to+pass+ranked-choice+voting&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2016%2F11%2F10%2Fmaine-became-the-first-state-in-the-country-to-pass-ranked-choice-voting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404201657/http://mainerankedchoice.vote/">"Ranked Choice Voting | Maine Voters Rank Candidates"</a>. <i>Maine Uses Ranked Choice Voting</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mainerankedchoice.vote/">the original</a> on 4 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maine+Uses+Ranked+Choice+Voting&rft.atitle=Ranked+Choice+Voting+%7C+Maine+Voters+Rank+Candidates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmainerankedchoice.vote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maine20182-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maine20182_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2018" class="citation news cs1">Russell, Eric (12 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressherald.com/2018/06/12/ranked-choice-voting-takes-lead-in-early-balloting/">"Mainers vote to keep ranked-choice voting, with supporters holding commanding lead"</a>. <i>Portland Press Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portland+Press+Herald&rft.atitle=Mainers+vote+to+keep+ranked-choice+voting%2C+with+supporters+holding+commanding+lead&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressherald.com%2F2018%2F06%2F12%2Franked-choice-voting-takes-lead-in-early-balloting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Alaska_Ballot_Measure_2,_Top-Four_Ranked-Choice_Voting_and_Campaign_Finance_Laws_Initiative_(2020)">"Alaska Ballot Measure 2, Top-Four Ranked-Choice Voting and Campaign Finance Laws Initiative (2020)"</a>. <i>Ballotpedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ballotpedia&rft.atitle=Alaska+Ballot+Measure+2%2C+Top-Four+Ranked-Choice+Voting+and+Campaign+Finance+Laws+Initiative+%282020%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FAlaska_Ballot_Measure_2%2C_Top-Four_Ranked-Choice_Voting_and_Campaign_Finance_Laws_Initiative_%282020%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated12-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated12_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated12_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert2011" class="citation book cs1">Robert, Henry (2011). <i>Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised</i> (11th ed.). Da Capo Press. pp. 425–428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82020-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82020-5"><bdi>978-0-306-82020-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert%27s+Rules+of+Order+Newly+Revised&rft.pages=425-428&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-306-82020-5&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Sturgis, Alice (2001). <i>The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure</i>, 4th ed. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Riddick & Butcher (1985). <i>Riddick's Rules of Procedure</i>, 1985 ed. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516235221/http://www.electionline.org/Portals/1/Publications/SC.EAP.2006primary.pdf">"Initiatives – Pew Center on the States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Electionline.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionline.org/Portals/1/Publications/SC.EAP.2006primary.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electionline.org&rft.atitle=Initiatives+%E2%80%93+Pew+Center+on+the+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionline.org%2FPortals%2F1%2FPublications%2FSC.EAP.2006primary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.fairvote.org/?page=1669"><i>IRV for Louisiana's Overseas Voters</i></a> (web page), FairVote IRV America<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IRV+for+Louisiana%27s+Overseas+Voters&rft.pub=FairVote+IRV+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.fairvote.org%2F%3Fpage%3D1669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Green" title="Antony Green">Antony Green</a> (8 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.abc.net.au/antonygreen/2015/09/preferences-donkey-votes-and-the-canning-by-election.html">Preferences, Donkey Votes and the Canning By-Election</a> – Antony Green's Election Blog (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 8 September 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/how-to-vote/voting-systems">"Voting system"</a>. <i>www.ecq.qld.gov.au</i>. Electoral Commission of Queensland. 28 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ecq.qld.gov.au&rft.atitle=Voting+system&rft.date=2020-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecq.qld.gov.au%2Fhow-to-vote%2Fvoting-systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2015" class="citation web cs1">Stevens, Bronwyn (27 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theconversation.com/amp/are-queenslanders-in-danger-of-wasting-their-votes-35919">"Are Queenslanders in danger of 'wasting' their votes?"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Are+Queenslanders+in+danger+of+%27wasting%27+their+votes%3F&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Bronwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theconversation.com%2Famp%2Fare-queenslanders-in-danger-of-wasting-their-votes-35919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080309220219/http://www.eca.gov.au/systems/single/by_category/preferential.htm">"Electoral Systems"</a>. Electoral Council of Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eca.gov.au/systems/single/by_category/preferential.htm">the original</a> on 9 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+Systems&rft.pub=Electoral+Council+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eca.gov.au%2Fsystems%2Fsingle%2Fby_category%2Fpreferential.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acgov.org/rov/rcv/faq.htm">"Ranked-Choice Voting"</a>. <i>Registrar of Voters, Alameda County</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>This format allows a voter to select a first-choice candidate in the first column, a second-choice candidate in the second column, and a third-choice candidate in the third column.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Registrar+of+Voters%2C+Alameda+County&rft.atitle=Ranked-Choice+Voting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acgov.org%2Frov%2Frcv%2Ffaq.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer2013" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Breyer, Patrick (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landtag.ltsh.de/infothek/wahl18/umdrucke/1900/umdruck-18-1916.pdf">"Alternative II: Einführung einer Ersatzstimme"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Anhörung zum Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Abschaffung der Fünf-Prozent-Sperrklausel bei Landtagswahlen in Schleswig-Holstein [Hearing on the draft law to abolish the five percent threshold in state elections in Schleswig-Holstein (Discussion paper)] (Report) (in German). Piratenfraktion im Schleswig-Holsteinischen Landtag. (Drs. 18/385).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Anh%C3%B6rung+zum+Entwurf+eines+Gesetzes+zur+Abschaffung+der+F%C3%BCnf-Prozent-Sperrklausel+bei+Landtagswahlen+in+Schleswig-Holstein&rft.pub=Piratenfraktion+im+Schleswig-Holsteinischen+Landtag&rft.date=2013-11&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.landtag.ltsh.de%2Finfothek%2Fwahl18%2Fumdrucke%2F1900%2Fumdruck-18-1916.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen-Armytage2004" class="citation web cs1">Green-Armytage, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603015026/http://www.econ.ucsb.edu/~armytage/voting/survey.htm">"A Survey of Basic Voting Methods"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.ucsb.edu/~armytage/voting/survey.htm">the original</a> on 3 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Basic+Voting+Methods&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Green-Armytage&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econ.ucsb.edu%2F~armytage%2Fvoting%2Fsurvey.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TC-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TC_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTideman1987" class="citation journal cs1">Tideman, T. N. (1987). "Independence of clones as a criterion for voting rules". <i>Social Choice and Welfare</i>. <b>4</b> (3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 185–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00433944">10.1007/bf00433944</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0176-1714">0176-1714</a>. <q>Among previously proposed voting rules, the alternative vote and the GOCHA rule are independent of clones.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Choice+and+Welfare&rft.atitle=Independence+of+clones+as+a+criterion+for+voting+rules&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=185-206&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00433944&rft.issn=0176-1714&rft.aulast=Tideman&rft.aufirst=T.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepelleyChantreuilBerg1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lepelley, Dominique; Chantreuil, Frederic; Berg, Sven (1996). "The likelihood of monotonicity paradoxes in run-off elections". <i>Mathematical Social Sciences</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 133–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0165-4896%2895%2900804-7">10.1016/0165-4896(95)00804-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+likelihood+of+monotonicity+paradoxes+in+run-off+elections&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=133-146&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0165-4896%2895%2900804-7&rft.aulast=Lepelley&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.au=Chantreuil%2C+Frederic&rft.au=Berg%2C+Sven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelsenthal2012" class="citation book cs1">Felsenthal, Dan S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-20441-8_3">"Review of Paradoxes Afflicting Procedures for Electing a Single Candidate"</a>. In Felsenthal, Dan S.; Machover, Moshé (eds.). <i>Electoral Systems</i>. Studies in Choice and Welfare. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 19–91 [§ 3.5.2.4]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-20441-8_3">10.1007/978-3-642-20441-8_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-20440-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-20440-1"><bdi>978-3-642-20440-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Review+of+Paradoxes+Afflicting+Procedures+for+Electing+a+Single+Candidate&rft.btitle=Electoral+Systems&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.series=Studies+in+Choice+and+Welfare&rft.pages=19-91+%C2%A7+3.5.2.4&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-20441-8_3&rft.isbn=978-3-642-20440-1&rft.aulast=Felsenthal&rft.aufirst=Dan+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-20441-8_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1990P&cons=194">"Presidential Election November 1990"</a>. <i>ElectionsIreland.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ElectionsIreland.org&rft.atitle=Presidential+Election+November+1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionsireland.org%2Fresult.cfm%3Felection%3D1990P%26cons%3D194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrahranResults2-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PrahranResults2_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725092627/https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/Results/State2014/distributionPrahranDistrict.html">"State Election 2014: Prahran District (Distribution of preference votes)"</a>. <i>Victorian Electoral Commission</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/Results/State2014/distributionPrahranDistrict.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Electoral+Commission&rft.atitle=State+Election+2014%3A+Prahran+District+%28Distribution+of+preference+votes%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vec.vic.gov.au%2FResults%2FState2014%2FdistributionPrahranDistrict.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtnier2009" class="citation news cs1">Etnier, Carl (6 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rutlandherald.com/articles/instant-runoff-was-success/">"Instant runoff was success"</a>. <i>Rutland Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rutland+Herald&rft.atitle=Instant+runoff+was+success&rft.date=2009-03-06&rft.aulast=Etnier&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rutlandherald.com%2Farticles%2Finstant-runoff-was-success%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotten" class="citation news cs1">Totten, Shay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/burlington-residents-seek-repeal-of-instant-runoff-voting/Content?oid=2177125">"Burlington Residents Seek Repeal of Instant Runoff Voting"</a>. <i>Seven Days</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>We waited to bring in the signatures because we didn't want this to be about Kurt Wright losing after being ahead, or Andy Montroll who had more first and second place votes and didn't win. We wanted this to be about IRV.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seven+Days&rft.atitle=Burlington+Residents+Seek+Repeal+of+Instant+Runoff+Voting&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Shay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sevendaysvt.com%2Fvermont%2Fburlington-residents-seek-repeal-of-instant-runoff-voting%2FContent%3Foid%3D2177125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouricius2009" class="citation web cs1">Bouricius, Terry (17 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/response-to-faulty-analysis-of-burlington-irv-election">"Response to Faulty Analysis of Burlington IRV Election"</a>. <i>FairVote.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2017</span>. <q>successfully prevented the election of the candidate who would likely have won under plurality rules, but would have lost to either of the other top finishers in a runoff</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FairVote.org&rft.atitle=Response+to+Faulty+Analysis+of+Burlington+IRV+Election&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft.aulast=Bouricius&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairvote.org%2Fresponse-to-faulty-analysis-of-burlington-irv-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewyn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lewyn, Michael (2012). "Two Cheers for Instant Runoff Voting". <i>Phoenix L. Rev</i>. <b>6</b>: 117. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2276015">2276015</a>. <q>election where Democratic candidate for mayor was Condorcet winner but finished third behind Republican and 'Progressive<span style="padding-right:0.15em;">'</span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Two+Cheers+for+Instant+Runoff+Voting&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=117&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2276015%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Lewyn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelsenthalTideman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Felsenthal, Dan S.; Tideman, Nicolaus (2014). "Interacting double monotonicity failure with direction of impact under five voting methods". <i>Mathematical Social Sciences</i>. <b>67</b>: 57–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mathsocsci.2013.08.001">10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2013.08.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-4896">0165-4896</a>. <q>A display of non-monotonicity under the Alternative Vote method was reported recently, for the March 2009 mayoral election in Burlington, Vermont.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Interacting+double+monotonicity+failure+with+direction+of+impact+under+five+voting+methods&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=57-66&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mathsocsci.2013.08.001&rft.issn=0165-4896&rft.aulast=Felsenthal&rft.aufirst=Dan+S.&rft.au=Tideman%2C+Nicolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrnsteinNorman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ornstein, Joseph T.; Norman, Robert Z. (1 October 2014). "Frequency of monotonicity failure under Instant Runoff Voting: estimates based on a spatial model of elections". <i>Public Choice</i>. <b>161</b> (1–2): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11127-013-0118-2">10.1007/s11127-013-0118-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-5829">0048-5829</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30833409">30833409</a>. <q>Although the Democrat was the Condorcet winner (a majority of voters preferred him in all two way contests), he received the fewest first-place votes and so was eliminated ... 2009 mayoral election in Burlington, VT, which illustrates the key features of an upward monotonicity failure</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Choice&rft.atitle=Frequency+of+monotonicity+failure+under+Instant+Runoff+Voting%3A+estimates+based+on+a+spatial+model+of+elections&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30833409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0048-5829&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11127-013-0118-2&rft.aulast=Ornstein&rft.aufirst=Joseph+T.&rft.au=Norman%2C+Robert+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBristow-Johnson2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bristow-Johnson, Robert (2023). "The failure of Instant Runoff to accomplish the purpose for which it was adopted: a case study from Burlington Vermont". <i>Constitutional Political Economy</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 378–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10602-023-09393-1">10.1007/s10602-023-09393-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constitutional+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+failure+of+Instant+Runoff+to+accomplish+the+purpose+for+which+it+was+adopted%3A+a+case+study+from+Burlington+Vermont&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=378-389&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10602-023-09393-1&rft.aulast=Bristow-Johnson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllenberg2014" class="citation book cs1">Ellenberg, Jordan (29 May 2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hownottobewrongp0000elle"><i>How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking</i></a></span>. Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hownottobewrongp0000elle/page/385">385</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780698163843" title="Special:BookSources/9780698163843"><bdi>9780698163843</bdi></a>. <q>a majority of voters liked the centrist candidate Montroll better than Kiss, and a majority of voters liked Montroll better than Wright ... yet Montroll was tossed in the first round.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Not+to+Be+Wrong%3A+The+Power+of+Mathematical+Thinking&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft.isbn=9780698163843&rft.aulast=Ellenberg&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhownottobewrongp0000elle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStensholt2015" class="citation ssrn cs1">Stensholt, Eivind (7 October 2015). "What Happened in Burlington?". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2670462">2670462</a>. <q>K was elected even though M was a clear Condorcet winner and W was a clear Plurality winner.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=What+Happened+in+Burlington%3F&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2670462%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Stensholt&rft.aufirst=Eivind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDopp2009" class="citation news cs1">Dopp, Kathy (10 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aspentimes.com/news/irv-much-worse-than-old-runoffs/">"IRV much worse than old runoffs"</a>. <i>The Aspen Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Aspen+Times&rft.atitle=IRV+much+worse+than+old+runoffs&rft.date=2009-06-10&rft.aulast=Dopp&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspentimes.com%2Fnews%2Firv-much-worse-than-old-runoffs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant-runoff+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://electionlab.mit.edu/research/instant-runoff-voting#">"Explainer: Instant runoff voting"</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Election_Science_Lab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MIT Election Science Lab (page does not exist)">MIT Election Science Lab</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electoral_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Template:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Template talk:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electoral_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Single-winner_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-winner voting system">Single-winner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_approval_voting" title="Combined approval voting">Combined approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_primary" title="Unified primary">Unified primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet methods">Condorcet methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copeland%27s_method" title="Copeland's method">Copeland's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodgson%27s_method" title="Dodgson's method">Dodgson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemeny%E2%80%93Young_method" title="Kemeny–Young method">Kemeny–Young method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax Condorcet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanson%27s_method" title="Nanson's method">Nanson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">Exhaustive ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Instant-runoff voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coombs%27_method" title="Coombs' method">Coombs' method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote" title="Contingent vote">Contingent vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplementary vote">Supplementary vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">Simple majoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">Plurality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional voting system">Positional voting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_majority_judgment" title="Graduated majority judgment">Graduated majority judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote#Proportional_systems" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_proportional_approval_voting" title="Sequential proportional approval voting">Sequential proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Clark_electoral_system" title="Hare–Clark electoral system">Hare-Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_vote" title="Spare vote">Spare vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_single_transferable_voting" title="Indirect single transferable voting">Indirect single transferable voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allocation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Webster/Sainte-Laguë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainders_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainders method">Largest remainders method</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagenbach-Bischoff_quota" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagenbach-Bischoff quota">Hagenbach-Bischoff quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperiali_quota" title="Imperiali quota">Imperiali quota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote_plus" title="Alternative vote plus">Alternative vote plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Scorporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage mixed system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_approval_voting" title="Satisfaction approval voting">Satisfaction approval voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criteria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Condorcet winner criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_loser_criterion" title="Condorcet loser criterion">Condorcet loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistency_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Consistency criterion">Consistency criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones_criterion" title="Independence of clones criterion">Independence of clones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">Independence of irrelevant alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Smith-dominated_alternatives" title="Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives">Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later-no-harm_criterion" title="Later-no-harm criterion">Later-no-harm criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_favorite_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority favorite criterion">Majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_loser_criterion" title="Majority loser criterion">Majority loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">Monotonicity criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion" title="Mutual majority criterion">Mutual majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">Participation criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_criterion" title="Plurality criterion">Plurality criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolvability_criterion" title="Resolvability criterion">Resolvability criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversal symmetry">Reversal symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith criterion">Smith criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seats-to-votes_ratio" title="Seats-to-votes ratio">Seats-to-votes ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">Ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">Election threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_votes" title="First-preference votes">First-preference votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoilt_vote" title="Spoilt vote">Spoilt vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseating" title="Unseating">Unseating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of electoral systems">Comparison of voting systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">Voting systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal</a></b> — <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Politics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Politics">Project</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parliament_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parliament_of_Australia" title="Template:Parliament of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parliament_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Parliament of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parliament_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parliament of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parliament_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">King</a> <small>(represented by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliamentary<br />officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Senate (Australia)">President of the Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Australian_Senate" title="Clerk of the Australian Senate">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_Senate_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Government in the Senate (Australia)">Leader of the Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_of_Government_Business_in_the_Senate" title="Manager of Government Business in the Senate">Manager of Government Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_in_the_Senate_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_of_Opposition_Business_in_the_Senate" title="Manager of Opposition Business in the Senate">Manager of Opposition Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_whip_(Australia)" title="Party whip (Australia)">Whips</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_whips_in_the_Australian_Senate" title="List of whips in the Australian Senate">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of<br />Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives">Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the Australian House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Australia)" title="Leader of the House (Australia)">Leader of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_of_Opposition_Business_in_the_House_(Australia)" title="Manager of Opposition Business in the House (Australia)">Manager of Opposition Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_whip_(Australia)" title="Party whip (Australia)">Whips</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_whips_in_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="List of whips in the Australian House of Representatives">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_served_in_both_Houses_of_the_Australian_Parliament" title="List of people who have served in both Houses of the Australian Parliament">Served in both houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_Parliament_who_represented_more_than_one_state_or_territory" title="Members of the Australian Parliament who represented more than one state or territory">Represented multiple states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-serving_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Australia" title="List of longest-serving members of the Parliament of Australia">Longest service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia#Federal" title="Independent politicians in Australia">Independents</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_Senate,_2022%E2%80%932025" title="Members of the Australian Senate, 2022–2025">Current</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_Senate" title="Members of the Australian Senate">previous</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Senate_appointments" title="List of Australian Senate appointments">Appointees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Australian_Senate" title="Women in the Australian Senate">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of<br />Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives,_2022%E2%80%932025" title="Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 2022–2025">Current</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Members of the Australian House of Representatives">previous</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the Australian House of Representatives">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Australian_federal_parliaments" title="Chronology of Australian federal parliaments">Chronology of Australian federal parliaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_Parliament_of_Australia" title="45th Parliament of Australia">45th Parliament of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46th_Parliament_of_Australia" title="46th Parliament of Australia">46th Parliament of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th_Parliament_of_Australia" title="47th Parliament of Australia">47th Parliament of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">Speech from the throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_meetings_of_the_Australian_Parliament" title="Joint meetings of the Australian Parliament">Joint meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_time" title="Question time">Question time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_public_importance" title="Matter of public importance">Matter of public importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)" title="Reading (legislature)">Readings of bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Consent" title="King's Consent">King's Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Australia" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Australia">List of acts of the Parliament of Australia</a></li> <li>Committees: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate_committees" title="Australian Senate committees">Senate</a> | <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="Australian House of Representatives committees">House of Reps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">Last</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Australian_federal_election" title="2025 Australian federal election">Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_federal_elections" title="List of Australian federal elections">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">Double dissolution</a></li> <li>Senate: <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a></li> <li>House of Representatives: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Instant-runoff voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-party-preferred_vote" title="Two-party-preferred vote">Two-party-preferred vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorates_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Electorates of the Australian House of Representatives">Electorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_federal_by-elections" title="List of Australian federal by-elections">By-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government_of_Australia" title="Caretaker government of Australia">Caretaker government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Disputed_Returns_(Australia)" title="Court of Disputed Returns (Australia)">Court of Disputed Returns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Melbourne" title="Parliament House, Melbourne">Parliament House, Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Old Parliament House, Canberra">Old Parliament House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House, Canberra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Australian_Parliament_who_died_in_office" title="List of members of the Australian Parliament who died in office">List of members of the Australian Parliament who died in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_multiple_Australian_legislatures" title="Members of multiple Australian legislatures">Members of multiple Australian legislatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" title="Template:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" title="Template talk:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" title="2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum">2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Results of the United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum, 2011">Results</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendum question</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">"At present, the UK uses the “first past the post” system to elect MPs to the House of Commons. Should the “alternative vote” system be used instead?"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Voting_System_and_Constituencies_Act_2011" title="Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011">Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">For a "Yes" vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Democrats" title="English Democrats">English Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK,_1989)" title="Liberal Party (UK, 1989)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_UK" title="Pirate Party UK">Pirate Party UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Scottish Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">SDLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UKIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(UK)" title="Libertarian Party (UK)">Libertarian Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Neutral/split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Socialist Party of Great Britain">Socialist Party of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Monster_Raving_Loony_Party" title="Official Monster Raving Loony Party">Official Monster Raving Loony Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">For a "No" vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain" title="Communist Party of Britain">Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_First_Party" title="England First Party">England First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_Northern_Ireland" title="Green Party Northern Ireland">Green Party Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect_Party" title="Respect Party">Respect Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(England_and_Wales)" title="Socialist Party (England and Wales)">Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Advocating a "Yes" vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YES!_To_Fairer_Votes" title="YES! To Fairer Votes">YES! To Fairer Votes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Advocating a "No" vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NOtoAV" title="NOtoAV">NOtoAV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Print media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">For a "Yes" vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">For a "No" vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics Portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&oldid=1259889623">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&oldid=1259889623</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Instant-runoff_voting" title="Category:Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Single-winner_electoral_systems" title="Category:Single-winner electoral systems">Single-winner electoral systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Preferential_electoral_systems" title="Category:Preferential electoral systems">Preferential electoral systems</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_cite_the_4th_edition_of_The_Standard_Code_of_Parliamentary_Procedure" title="Category:Articles that cite the 4th edition of The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure">Articles that cite the 4th edition of The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2024">Articles with dead external links from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2024">Use dmy dates from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_May_2024" title="Category:Use American English from May 2024">Use American English from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from September 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from August 2024">Articles that may contain original research from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_September_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2024">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from September 2024">Articles that may contain original research from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 17:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instant-runoff_voting&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-b8ssl","wgBackendResponseTime":194,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.370","walltime":"1.554","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9016,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":349757,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10789,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":378511,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1329.756 1 -total"," 39.83% 529.596 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.04% 239.949 1 Template:Comparison_of_Schulze_to_preferential_voting_systems"," 14.80% 196.753 25 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.80% 170.254 1 Template:Sort-under"," 9.77% 129.887 31 Template:Cite_web"," 9.23% 122.693 1 Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar"," 9.11% 121.118 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.07% 80.716 11 Template:Fix"," 5.23% 69.597 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.648","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9877414,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-74d78f4769-z9qdd","timestamp":"20241127170735","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Instant-runoff voting","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Instant-runoff_voting","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1491219","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1491219","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-16T16:42:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T17:07:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/82\/Electoral-systems-gears.svg","headline":"voting method for single-seat elections, where voters rank the candidates in order of preference; ballots are initially counted for each voter\u2019s top choice, losers are eliminated one-by-one, with losers' ballots redistributed till 1 candidate remains"}</script> </body> </html>