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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_Age_and_ancient_chiefdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_Age_and_ancient_chiefdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Viking Age and ancient chiefdoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viking_Age_and_ancient_chiefdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusades_and_the_Catholic_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusades_and_the_Catholic_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Crusades and the Catholic Era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusades_and_the_Catholic_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation_and_the_Livonian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation_and_the_Livonian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Reformation and the Livonian War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation_and_the_Livonian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish_and_Russian_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish_and_Russian_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Swedish and Russian rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish_and_Russian_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Awakening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Awakening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 National Awakening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Awakening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Soviet occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_restored" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_restored"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Independence restored </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_restored-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_emergency_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_and_emergency_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Law enforcement and emergency services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_emergency_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Public policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_resources_and_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources_and_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Natural resources and mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources_and_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture,_fishery_and_forestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture,_fishery_and_forestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Agriculture, fishery and forestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture,_fishery_and_forestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_and_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_and_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Industry and services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_and_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity_and_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity_and_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnicity and citizenship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity_and_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_and_countryside" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_countryside"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Cities and countryside </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_countryside-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Holidays and traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology_and_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology_and_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Mythology and folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology_and_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Literature and philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre,_cinema_and_animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre,_cinema_and_animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Theatre, cinema and animation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre,_cinema_and_animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Media and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Travel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 General information </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Estonia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 289 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-289" aria-hidden="true" > 289 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88stonia" title="Èstonia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Èstonia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Эстониэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Эстониэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Эстоние – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Эстоние" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estland" title="Estland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Estland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estland" title="Estland – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Estland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстония – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Эстония" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="ኤስቶኒያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤስቶኒያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eestieenn%C3%A2m" title="Eestieennâm – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Eestieennâm" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="एस्टोनिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="एस्टोनिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92stland" title="Ēstland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ēstland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Естониа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Естониа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إستونيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إستونيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܣܛܘܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܣܛܘܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Էսթոնիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Էսթոնիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88stonia" title="Èstonia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Èstonia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="एस्टोनिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="एस्टोनिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%B3%C3%B1a" title="Etóña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Etóña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстония – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Эстония" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istu%C3%B1a" title="Istuña – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Istuña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniya" title="Estoniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Estoniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ایستونی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستونی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="এস্তোনিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এস্তোনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстония – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эстония" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Эстонія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эстонія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Эстонія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эстонія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इस्टोनिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इस्टोनिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonya" title="Estonya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Estonya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Естония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Естония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estland" title="Estland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Estland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨིསུ་ཊོ་ནིཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨིསུ་ཊོ་ནིཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonija" title="Estonija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Estonija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Эстони – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эстони" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B2nia" title="Estònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Эстони – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эстони" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniya" title="Estoniya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Estoniya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonsko" title="Estonsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Estonsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estland" title="Estland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Estland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إسطونيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إسطونيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estteeana" title="Estteeana – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Estteeana" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschdooni" title="Eschdooni – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Eschdooni" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estland" title="Estland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Estland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak%C3%A1z%C3%ADtah_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Hakázítah Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Hakázítah Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estniska" title="Estniska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Estniska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इस्टोनिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इस्टोनिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8B" title="ཨིསི་ཊོ་ནི་ཡ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨིསི་ཊོ་ནི་ཡ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eesti" title="Eesti – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eesti" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Εσθονία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εσθονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B2gna" title="Estògna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Estògna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эстэнь Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Эстэнь Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonio" title="Estonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Estonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esto%C3%B1a" title="Estoña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estoña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="استونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estland" title="Estland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Estland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonie" title="Estonie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Estonie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estl%C3%A2n" title="Estlân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Estlân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniya" title="Estoniya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Estoniya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonie" title="Estonie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Estonie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_East%C3%B3in" title="An Eastóin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Eastóin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Estaan" title="Yn Estaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Estaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniya" title="Estoniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Estoniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%C3%B2inia" title="Eastòinia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eastòinia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Эстиче – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эстиче" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="ઈસ્ટોનિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈસ્ટોનિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="एस्टोनिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="एस्टोनिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="에스토니아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에스토니아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoniya" title="Istoniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Istoniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBEsetonia" title="ʻEsetonia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻEsetonia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Էստոնիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էստոնիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="एस्टोनिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एस्टोनिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estiska" title="Estiska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Estiska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonija" title="Estonija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Estonija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniya" title="Estoniya – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Estoniya" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="এস্তোনিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="এস্তোনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Эстони – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эстони" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniya" title="Estoniya – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Estoniya" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Estoniya" title="I-Estoniya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Estoniya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eistland" title="Eistland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eistland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="אסטוניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטוניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88stlan" title="Èstlan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Èstlan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90s%C9%A9toonii" title="Ɛsɩtoonii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛsɩtoonii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಎಸ್ಟೊನಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಸ್ಟೊನಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстония – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Эстония" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ესტონეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესტონეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoni%C3%B4" title="Estoniô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Estoniô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстония – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эстония" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoni" title="Estoni – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Estoni" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esitoniya" title="Esitoniya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Esitoniya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстония – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Эстония" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoni" title="Estoni – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Estoni" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eestia" title="Eestia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Eestia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoni" title="Estoni – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Estoni" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoni" title="Estoni – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Estoni" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonya" title="Estonya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Estonya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстония – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эстония" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Эстони – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Эстони" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດແອັດສະໂຕນີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດແອັດສະໂຕນີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igauneja" title="Igauneja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Igauneja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igaunija" title="Igaunija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Igaunija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estland" title="Estland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Estland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстония – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Эстония" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estija" title="Estija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Estija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B2nia" title="Estònia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Estònia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esland" title="Esland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Esland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esti" title="Esti – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Esti" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estounii" title="Estounii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Estounii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/estis" title="estis – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="estis" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89sztorsz%C3%A1g" title="Észtország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Észtország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इस्टोनिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इस्टोनिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Естонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Естонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B4nia" title="Estônia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Estônia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="എസ്റ്റോണിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എസ്റ്റോണിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonja" title="Estonja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Estonja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etonia" title="Etonia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Etonia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="एस्टोनिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एस्टोनिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ესტონეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ესტონეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="استونيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="استونيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="استونی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="استونی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯅꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯅꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3nia" title="Stónia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Stónia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эсти мастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эсти мастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Эстони – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эстони" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အက်စ်တိုးနီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်စ်တိုးနီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estland" title="Estland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Estland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estlaand" title="Estlaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Estlaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="एस्टोनिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एस्टोनिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इस्टोनिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इस्टोनिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="エストニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エストニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Эстони – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эстони" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eestlun" title="Eestlun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eestlun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonya" title="Estonya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Estonya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estland" title="Estland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Estland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estland" title="Estland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Estland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonnie" title="Estonnie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Estonnie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B2nia" title="Estònia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estònia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эстоний – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эстоний" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଏସ୍ତୋନିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଏସ୍ତୋନିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istooniyaa" title="Istooniyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Istooniyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniya" title="Estoniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Estoniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਇਸਤੋਨੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਸਤੋਨੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="एस्टोनिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="एस्टोनिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniya" title="Estoniya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Estoniya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="استونیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="استونیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اېستونيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېستونيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuonia" title="Estuonia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Estuonia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Эстму – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Эстму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8" title="អេស្តូនី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អេស្តូនី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89stonie" title="Éstonie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Éstonie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B2nia" title="Estònia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Estònia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eestland" title="Eestland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eestland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Εσθονία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Εσθονία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B3nia" title="Estónia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estónia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniya" title="Estoniya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Estoniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniya" title="Estoniya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Estoniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoni" title="Etoni – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Etoni" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estland" title="Estland – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Estland" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniya" title="Estoniya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Estoniya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istunya" title="Istunya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Istunya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Естонія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Естонія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эстония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстония – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эстония" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esitonia" title="Esitonia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Esitonia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="एस्टोनिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एस्टोनिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eston%C3%AFi" title="Estonïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Estonïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱮᱥᱛᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱥᱛᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B2nia" title="Estònia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Estònia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonie" title="Estonie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Estonie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estlound" title="Estlound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Estlound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="එස්ටෝනියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එස්ටෝනියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اسٽونيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسٽونيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWestoniya" title="IWestoniya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IWestoniya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B3nsko" title="Estónsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Estónsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonija" title="Estonija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Estonija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Єсть – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єсть" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C5%AF%C5%84ijo" title="Estůńijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Estůńijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniya" title="Estoniya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Estoniya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئیستۆنیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیستۆنیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estlenikondre" title="Estlenikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Estlenikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Естонија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Естонија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonija" title="Estonija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Estonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89stonia" title="Éstonia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éstonia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viro" title="Viro – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viro" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estland" title="Estland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Estland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonya" title="Estonya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estonya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="எசுத்தோனியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எசுத்தோனியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADunya" title="Iṣṭunya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Iṣṭunya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%E1%B9%ADunya" title="Isṭunya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Isṭunya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonie" title="Estonie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Estonie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстония – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эстония" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%82%84%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဢႄႇသတူဝ်းၼီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢႄႇသတူဝ်းၼီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ఎస్టోనియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎస్టోనియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B3nia" title="Estónia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Estónia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศเอสโตเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเอสโตเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстония – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эстония" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBEsit%C5%8Dnia" title="ʻEsitōnia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻEsitōnia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%AF" title="ᎡᏍᏙᏂᏯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎡᏍᏙᏂᏯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonya" title="Estonya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Estonya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoni%C3%BDa" title="Estoniýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Estoniýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстония – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Эстония" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Естонія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Естонія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="استونیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="استونیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئېستونىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېستونىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B2nia" title="Estònia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Estònia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estinma" title="Estinma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Estinma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lestiy%C3%A4n" title="Lestiyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lestiyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eesti" title="Eesti – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Eesti" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoneye" title="Estoneye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Estoneye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="愛沙尼亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="愛沙尼亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estland" title="Estland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Estland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonya" title="Estonya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estonya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estooni" title="Estooni – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Estooni" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="愛沙尼亞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="愛沙尼亞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="עסטלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עסטלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%B3n%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Estóníà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Estóníà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="愛沙尼亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="愛沙尼亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonya" title="Estonya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Estonya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estland" title="Estland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Estland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Estėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Estėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="爱沙尼亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱沙尼亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esit%E1%BB%8Dnia" title="Esitọnia – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Esitọnia" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88stlan" title="Èstlan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èstlan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Estonia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonij%C9%99" title="Estonijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Estonijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵉⵙⵜⵓⵏⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵙⵜⵓⵏⵢⴰ" 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.geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Estonia&params=59_N_26_E_type:country_scale:9000000_region:EE">59°N 26°E / 59°N 26°E / 59; 26</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until July 11, 2025 at 07:02 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Northern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Estonia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Estonia (disambiguation)">Estonia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Eesti" redirects here. For the language, see <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. When this tag was added, its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SIZERULE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SIZERULE">readable prose size</a> was 23187 words. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Estonia" title="Talk:Estonia">talk page</a>. (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Estonia</div><div class="ib-country-names">Eesti Vabariik (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Estonia"><img alt="Flag of Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Estonia" title="Flag of Estonia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Estonia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg/88px-Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg/132px-Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg/176px-Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia" title="Coat of arms of Estonia"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem:  <a href="/wiki/Mu_isamaa,_mu_%C3%B5nn_ja_r%C3%B5%C3%B5m" title="Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm">Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm</a> (English: "My Fatherland, My Happiness and Joy"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>) <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="32" data-mwtitle="US_Navy_band_-_National_anthem_of_Estonia.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/US_Navy_band_-_National_anthem_of_Estonia.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/US_Navy_band_-_National_anthem_of_Estonia.ogg/US_Navy_band_-_National_anthem_of_Estonia.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUS_Navy_band_-_National_anthem_of_Estonia.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUS_Navy_band_-_National_anthem_of_Estonia.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUS_Navy_band_-_National_anthem_of_Estonia.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUS_Navy_band_-_National_anthem_of_Estonia.ogg&lang=et&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="et" label="eesti ‪(et)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUS_Navy_band_-_National_anthem_of_Estonia.ogg&lang=fi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fi" label="suomi ‪(fi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUS_Navy_band_-_National_anthem_of_Estonia.ogg&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUS_Navy_band_-_National_anthem_of_Estonia.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUS_Navy_band_-_National_anthem_of_Estonia.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUS_Navy_band_-_National_anthem_of_Estonia.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUS_Navy_band_-_National_anthem_of_Estonia.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUS_Navy_band_-_National_anthem_of_Estonia.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUS_Navy_band_-_National_anthem_of_Estonia.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Estonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Estonia (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green)  –  [Legend]"><img alt="Location of Estonia (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green)  –  [Legend]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/EU-Estonia.svg/250px-EU-Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/EU-Estonia.svg/375px-EU-Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/EU-Estonia.svg/500px-EU-Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Estonia (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (green)  –  [<a href="/wiki/File:EU-Estonia.svg" title="File:EU-Estonia.svg">Legend</a>]</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Estonia&params=59_25_N_24_45_E_type:city">59°25′N 24°45′E / 59.417°N 24.750°E / 59.417; 24.750</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a><a href="#cite_note-language-8">[a]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">Ethnic groups</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2024<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">68% <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">22% <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Estonia" title="Russians in Estonia">Russians</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">5% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">5% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Estonia" title="Demographics of Estonia">other</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.6% unknown<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">58% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Estonia" title="Irreligion in Estonia">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">27% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">13% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">undeclared</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian people">Estonian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Estonia" title="Politics of Estonia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alar_Karis" title="Alar Karis">Alar Karis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Michal" title="Kristen Michal">Kristen Michal</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">Riigikogu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23–24 February 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Joined the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 September 1921</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">German and Soviet occupations</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1940–1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration of Estonia">Independence restored</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 August 1991</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Estonia" title="Geography of Estonia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">45,335<a href="#cite_note-ERR_area-13">[12]</a> km2 (17,504 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">129thd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.6</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Estonia" title="Demographics of Estonia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" />1,373,101<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,331,824<a href="#cite_note-rahvaloendus.ee-15">[14]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">30.3/km2 (78.5/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">148th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $61.598 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.EE-16">[15]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">113th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $45,122<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.EE-16">[15]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">41st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $43.486 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.EE-16">[15]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">102nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $31,854<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.EE-16">[15]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">36th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 30.6<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-17">[16]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.899<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">31st</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E2%82%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="€">€</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+02:00 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+03:00 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Estonia" title="Telephone numbers in Estonia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Estonia" title="Telephone numbers in Estonia">+372</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:EE" title="ISO 3166-2:EE">EE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ee" title=".ee">.ee</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_chronology">^</a> Estonia regained its <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> independence in 1991. Throughout the 1940–1941 and 1944–1991 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation">Soviet occupation</a>, Estonia's <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Estonia,<a href="#cite_note-19">[b]</a> officially the Republic of Estonia,<a href="#cite_note-20">[c]</a> is a country by the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-location-25">[d]</a> It is bordered to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> across from <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, to the west by the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">sea</a> across from <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, to the south by <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and to the east by <a href="/wiki/Lake_Peipus" title="Lake Peipus">Lake Peipus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The territory of Estonia consists of the <a href="/wiki/Mainland" title="Mainland">mainland</a>, the larger islands of <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiiumaa" title="Hiiumaa">Hiiumaa</a>, and over 2,300 other islands and <a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">islets</a> on the east coast of the Baltic Sea,<a href="#cite_note-ERR_area-13">[12]</a> covering a total area of 45,335 square kilometres (17,504 sq mi). <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> are the two <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Estonia" title="List of cities and towns in Estonia">largest urban areas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian language</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">majority</a> of the population of 1.4 million.<a href="#cite_note-rahvaloendus.ee-15">[14]</a> Present-day Estonia has been inhabited by humans since at least 9,000 BCE. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia#Early_Middle_Ages" title="Ancient Estonia">medieval indigenous</a> population of Estonia was one of the last <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> civilisations in Europe to adopt <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> After centuries of successive rule by the <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Sweden</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, a distinct <a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">Estonian national identity</a> began to reemerge in the mid-19th century. This culminated in the 1918 <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Declaration of Independence">Estonian Declaration of Independence</a> from the then-warring <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> empires. Democratic throughout most of the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, Estonia declared <a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">neutrality</a> at the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">World War II</a>, however the country was <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">repeatedly contested, invaded, and occupied</a>; first by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">1940</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1941, and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">reoccupied in 1944</a> by, and annexed into, the USSR as an <a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">administrative subunit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a>). Throughout the 1944–91 Soviet occupation,<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> Estonia's <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> <a href="/wiki/State_continuity_of_the_Baltic_states" title="State continuity of the Baltic states">state continuity</a> was <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Legations_(1940%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic Legations (1940–1991)">preserved</a> by <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Diplomatic_Service_(1940%E2%80%931991)" title="Estonian Diplomatic Service (1940–1991)">diplomatic representatives</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_government-in-exile" title="Estonian government-in-exile">government-in-exile</a>. Following the 1988–90 bloodless Estonian "<a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a>" against Soviet rule, the nation's full independence was restored on <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Restoration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Restoration of Independence">20 August 1991</a>. Estonia is a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> with a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income</a> advanced <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">economy</a>. It is a democratic <a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">unitary parliamentary republic</a>, administratively subdivided into 15 maakond <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Estonia" title="Counties of Estonia">(counties)</a>. It is one of the least populous members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. Estonia has consistently ranked highly in international rankings for <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">education</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">press freedom</a>, digitalisation of public services<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> and the prevalence of technology companies.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Estonia" title="Name of Estonia">Name of Estonia</a></div> The name Estonia (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: Eesti <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Estonian" title="Help:IPA/Estonian">[ˈeˑstʲi]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9d\/Et-Eesti-female.oga\/Et-Eesti-female.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Et-Eesti-female.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/Et-Eesti-female.oga/Et-Eesti-female.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Et-Eesti-female.oga" title="File:Et-Eesti-female.oga">ⓘ</a>) has been connected to <a href="/wiki/Aesti" title="Aesti">Aesti</a>, a people first mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Roman</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> around 98 CE. Some modern historians believe he was referring to <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a>, while others have proposed that the name then applied to the whole eastern Baltic Sea region.<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian sagas">Scandinavian sagas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> <a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">runestones</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> referring to Eistland are the earliest known sources that definitely use the name in its modern geographic meaning.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> From <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> the toponym spread to other Germanic vernaculars and reached literary Latin by the end of 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">History of Estonia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CordWareBoatAxe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/CordWareBoatAxe.jpg/220px-CordWareBoatAxe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/CordWareBoatAxe.jpg/330px-CordWareBoatAxe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/CordWareBoatAxe.jpg/440px-CordWareBoatAxe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware</a> pottery and axes from around 2000 BC, at the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_History_Museum" title="Estonian History Museum">Estonian History Museum</a></figcaption></figure> The oldest known settlement in Estonia is the <a href="/wiki/Pulli_settlement" title="Pulli settlement">Pulli settlement</a>; according to <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a>, it was settled around 11,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Laurisaar-38">[34]</a> The earliest human habitation during the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> period is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Kunda_culture" title="Kunda culture">Kunda culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> Around 5300 BCE, ceramics appear of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> period, known as <a href="/wiki/Narva_culture" title="Narva culture">Narva culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tautos-40">[36]</a> This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Comb_Ceramic_culture" title="Comb Ceramic culture">Comb Ceramic culture</a> around 3900 BC, bringing early agriculture and sophisticated religious art.<a href="#cite_note-comb-41">[37]</a> Starting from around 2800 BC the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a> appeared; this included new activities like primitive farming and animal husbandry.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> The Comb Ceramic and Corded Ware cultures coexisted in Estonia for a millennium, before eventually blending into a Bronze Age Estonian culture.<a href="#cite_note-comb-41">[37]</a> Archaeological estimates place the population within Estonian territory at a modest level, with approximately 6,000 inhabitants in 3900 BC, rising to around 10,000 by 2000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-comb-41">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalmev%C3%A4li_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kalmev%C3%A4li_.jpg/220px-Kalmev%C3%A4li_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kalmev%C3%A4li_.jpg/330px-Kalmev%C3%A4li_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kalmev%C3%A4li_.jpg/440px-Kalmev%C3%A4li_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> stone-cist graves in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B5el%C3%A4htme" title="Jõelähtme">Jõelähtme</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> saw the establishment of the first <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hill fort</a> settlements.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a> brought the first bronze artefacts to the region and is often connected to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> A transition from hunter-fisher subsistence to single-farm-based settlement started around 1000 BC, and was complete by the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> around 500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Laurisaar-38">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> The large amount of bronze objects indicate the existence of active communication with Scandinavian and Germanic tribes.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> By the end of the Bronze Age, domestic manufacture of bronze artefacts began.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KumnaHoardArtfs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/KumnaHoardArtfs.jpg/220px-KumnaHoardArtfs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/KumnaHoardArtfs.jpg/330px-KumnaHoardArtfs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/KumnaHoardArtfs.jpg/440px-KumnaHoardArtfs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> artefacts of a hoard from <a href="/wiki/Kumna" title="Kumna">Kumna</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age</a>, population grew. Local production of iron started approximately in 200 BC. During the first centuries CE, North Estonia, particularly the coastal region of <a href="/wiki/Virumaa" title="Virumaa">Virumaa</a>, emerged as a cultural hub.<a href="#cite_note-eestijuured-49">[45]</a> This period saw an influx of North Estonian settlers into sparsely populated Baltic Sea region.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> This cultural and linguistic expansion originating from North Estonia gave also rise to the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish language</a> and continued until the early 2nd millennium AD when the encroachment of Baltic and Slavic tribes limited the reach of Finnic cultures.<a href="#cite_note-eestijuured-49">[45]</a> Commercial contacts in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> region grew and extended. During this period, North Estonia developed increasingly robust connections with the southern and southeastern Baltic Sea regions, particularly with tribes associated with the <a href="/wiki/Wielbark_culture" title="Wielbark culture">Wielbark culture</a> and Dollkeim-Kovrovo cultures. Historical sources identify these people as <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aesti" title="Aesti">Aesti</a>. There is some speculation that the name Estonia may have originated from the Aesti tribes.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> In the 4th century, Gothic ruler <a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Ermanaric</a> claimed to have subjugated the territories corresponding to Estonia, but there is no archaeological evidence to support this.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_Little_Ice_Age" title="Late Antique Little Ice Age">Late Antique Little Ice Age</a> is starkly evident in the archaeological record, with a sharp drop in the number of sites and grave finds, indicating a severe population decline and slow recovery.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viking_Age_and_ancient_chiefdoms">Viking Age and ancient chiefdoms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_in_Estonia" title="Viking Age in Estonia">Viking Age in Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chud</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Estonian_counties.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Old_Estonian_counties.png/250px-Old_Estonian_counties.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Old_Estonian_counties.png/375px-Old_Estonian_counties.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Old_Estonian_counties.png/500px-Old_Estonian_counties.png 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>Independent counties of Ancient Estonia in the beginning of the 13th century</figcaption></figure> North Estonian coast was strategically located on the <a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">route from the Varangians to the Greeks</a>, making Estonia a trade hub while also being both a target and starting point for many raids. Coastal Estonians, particularly <a href="/wiki/Oeselians" title="Oeselians">Oeselians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a>, adopted <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Viking</a> lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> Several Scandinavian sagas referred to major confrontations with Estonians, notably when in the early 7th century "Estonian Vikings" defeated and killed <a href="/wiki/Ingvar_Harra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvar Harra">Ingvar Harra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yngling" title="Yngling">King</a> of <a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Salme_ships" title="Salme ships">Salme ship burials</a> dating from mid-8th century have been suggested as a possible starting point for the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> In the East Slavic sources, Estonians and other closely related Finnic tribes were known as <a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chuds</a>. In 862, Chuds <a href="/wiki/Calling_of_the_Varangians" title="Calling of the Varangians">participated</a> in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Rurikids" title="Rurikids">Rurik dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, gradually losing their influence to the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Slavs" title="Novgorod Slavs">Novgorod Slavs</a> who migrated to the area, expanding westward. <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a> attempted to subjugate Estonia in the 11th century, with <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a> capturing <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> around 1030. This foothold lasted until 1061 when an Estonian tribe, the Sosols, destroyed it.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> In 1187, Estonians, <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a> sacked <a href="/wiki/Sigtuna" title="Sigtuna">Sigtuna</a>, which was a major city of Sweden at the time.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tarvel-65">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varbola_linnus2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Varbola_linnus2.jpeg/220px-Varbola_linnus2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Varbola_linnus2.jpeg/330px-Varbola_linnus2.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Varbola_linnus2.jpeg/440px-Varbola_linnus2.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Walls of <a href="/wiki/Varbola_Stronghold" title="Varbola Stronghold">Varbola Stronghold</a>, the largest fortress of Ancient Estonia</figcaption></figure> In the early centuries AD, Estonia's first political and administrative subdivisions began to take shape. The primary units were the parish (Estonian: kihelkond) and the county (Estonian: <a href="/wiki/Maakond" class="mw-redirect" title="Maakond">maakond</a>), the latter composed of multiple parishes. Each parish was typically governed by local nobles referred to as <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">kings</a> (Estonian: kuningas).<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> Ancient Estonia had a professional warrior caste<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> while the nobles' wealth and prestige was based on international trade.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> The parishes were commonly centered around hill forts, though occasionally multiple forts existed within a single parish. By the 13th century, Estonia was divided into eight major counties – <a href="/wiki/Harjumaa_(ancient_county)" title="Harjumaa (ancient county)">Harjumaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rvamaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Järvamaa">Järvamaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4nemaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Läänemaa">Läänemaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revala" title="Revala">Revala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saare_County" title="Saare County">Saaremaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakala_County" title="Sakala County">Sakala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandi">Ugandi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virumaa" title="Virumaa">Virumaa</a> – as well as several smaller, single-parish counties. These counties operated as independent entities and only formed loose alliances for defense against foreign threats.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> Estonia's culture during this period was split into two primary regions. Northern and western coastal areas maintained close connections with <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, while the inland south had stronger ties to the <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pskov" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Pskov">principality of Pskov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> The Estonian landscape was dotted with numerous hill forts, and evidence of ancient harbor sites has been found along the coast of Saaremaa.<a href="#cite_note-Magi2015-72">[68]</a> During the Viking Age, Estonia was a region of active trade, with exports such as iron, furs, and honey. Imports included fine goods like silk, jewelry, glass, and <a href="/wiki/Ulfberht_swords" title="Ulfberht swords">Ulfberht swords</a>. Estonian burial sites from this era often contain both individual and collective graves, with artifacts such as weapons and jewelry that reflect the shared material culture of Scandinavia and Northern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Magi2015-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> The spiritual and religious beliefs of medieval Estonians before their <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> remain a topic of historical interest and debate. Estonian spirituality was deeply rooted in <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a> traditions, with <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamans</a> (nõid) and fortunetellers known abroad, as noted by sources like <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_First_Chronicle" title="Novgorod First Chronicle">Novgorod First Chronicle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Henry_of_Livonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicle of Henry of Livonia">Chronicle of Henry of Livonia</a> mentions <a href="/wiki/Tharapita" title="Tharapita">Tharapita</a> as a supreme deity worshiped by the islanders of Saaremaa. <a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Sacred groves</a>, particularly those of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> trees, played a significant role in pagan worship practices.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> Christianity – both <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Western Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> – started to be introduced by foreign traders and missionaries since the 10th and 11th century, but most of the population retained their indigenous beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusades_and_the_Catholic_Era">Crusades and the Catholic Era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Danish_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Estonia">Danish Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_Livonia_1260.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Medieval_Livonia_1260.svg/220px-Medieval_Livonia_1260.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Medieval_Livonia_1260.svg/330px-Medieval_Livonia_1260.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Medieval_Livonia_1260.svg/440px-Medieval_Livonia_1260.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>Medieval Estonia and Livonia after the crusade</figcaption></figure> In 1199, Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent III">Innocent III</a> declared a <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">crusade</a> to "defend the Christians of <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>".<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> Fighting reached Estonia in 1206, when Danish King <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdemar II">Valdemar II</a> unsuccessfully invaded <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a>. The German <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a>, who had previously subjugated <a href="/wiki/Livonians" title="Livonians">Livonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latgalians" title="Latgalians">Latgalians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Selonians" title="Selonians">Selonians</a>, started campaigning against the Estonians in 1208, and over the next few years both sides made numerous raids and counter-raids. A major leader of the Estonian resistance was <a href="/wiki/Lembitu" title="Lembitu">Lembitu</a>, an elder of <a href="/wiki/Sakala_County" title="Sakala County">Sakala County</a>, but in 1217 the Estonians suffered a significant defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Matthew%27s_Day" title="Battle of St. Matthew's Day">Battle of St. Matthew's Day</a>, where Lembitu was killed. In 1219, Valdemar II landed at <a href="/wiki/Lindanise" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindanise">Lindanise</a>, defeated the Estonians in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyndanisse" title="Battle of Lyndanisse">Battle of Lyndanisse</a>, and started conquering Northern Estonia.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> The next year, Sweden invaded Western Estonia, but were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lihula" title="Battle of Lihula">repelled</a> by the Oeselians. In 1223, a major revolt ejected the Germans and Danes from the whole of Estonia, except Tallinn, but the crusaders soon resumed their offensive, and in 1227, Saaremaa was the last maakond (county) to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> After the crusade, the territory of present-day south Estonia and Latvia was named <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a>; later on it became known simply as <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> Northern Estonia became the Danish <a href="/wiki/Danish_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Estonia">Duchy of Estonia</a>, while the rest was divided between the Sword Brothers and <a href="/wiki/Prince-bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-bishopric">prince-bishoprics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Dorpat" title="Bishopric of Dorpat">Dorpat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_%C3%96sel%E2%80%93Wiek" title="Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek">Ösel–Wiek</a>. In 1236, after suffering a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saule" title="Battle of Saule">major defeat</a>, the Sword Brothers merged into the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> becoming the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> The eastern border with the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> was fixed after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Ice" title="Battle on the Ice">Battle on the Ice</a> took place on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Peipus" title="Lake Peipus">Lake Peipus</a> in 1242, where the combined armies of the Livonian Order and Estonian infantry were defeated by Novgorod.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> The southeastern region of <a href="/wiki/Setomaa" title="Setomaa">Setomaa</a> remained under Russian rule until the 20th century and the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Setos</a> were converted to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> Initially, the Estonian nobles who accepted baptism were able to retain their power and influence by becoming <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> of the Danish king or the church; they intermarried with newcomer Crusader familiers and over the centuries become <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanised</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> The Estonian pagans rose several times against foreign Christian rule. During the decades following initial Christianization, there were several uprisings against the Teutonic rulers in Saaremaa. In 1343, a major <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Night_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's Night Uprising">uprising</a> encompassed North Estonia and Saaremaa. The Teutonic Order suppressed the rebellion by 1345, and in 1346 the Danish king sold his possessions in Estonia to the Order.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> The unsuccessful rebellion led to a consolidation of power for the upper-class German minority.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> For the subsequent centuries <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> remained the language of the ruling elite in both Estonian cities and the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Danish_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Estonia">Danish Estonia</a> founded on the site of Lindanise, adopted the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_law" title="Lübeck law">Lübeck law</a> and received full town rights in 1248.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> controlled trade on the Baltic Sea, and overall the four largest cities in Estonia became members: Tallinn, <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu" title="Pärnu">Pärnu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viljandi" title="Viljandi">Viljandi</a>. Tallinn acted as a trade intermediary between <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> and western Hanseatic cities, while Tartu filled the same role with <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Land" title="Pskov Land">Pskov</a>. Many artisans' and merchants <a href="/wiki/Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilds">guilds</a> were formed during the period.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> Protected by their stone walls and membership in the Hansa, prosperous cities like Tallinn and Tartu often defied other rulers of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian Confederation">Livonian Confederation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation_and_the_Livonian_War">Reformation and the Livonian War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Livonia" title="Kingdom of Livonia">Kingdom of Livonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Duchy of Livonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%B5ltsamaa_Castle_walls.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/P%C3%B5ltsamaa_Castle_walls.JPG/220px-P%C3%B5ltsamaa_Castle_walls.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/P%C3%B5ltsamaa_Castle_walls.JPG/330px-P%C3%B5ltsamaa_Castle_walls.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/P%C3%B5ltsamaa_Castle_walls.JPG/440px-P%C3%B5ltsamaa_Castle_walls.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3815" data-file-height="2543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5ltsamaa_Castle" title="Põltsamaa Castle">Põltsamaa Castle</a> was the seat of <a href="/wiki/Magnus,_Duke_of_Holstein" title="Magnus, Duke of Holstein">Magnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Livonia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Livonia">King of Livonia</a> from 1570 to 1578</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> began in central Europe in 1517, and soon spread northward to Livonia despite some opposition by the Livonian Order.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> Protestant preaching began actively in Tallinn in 1524, leading the town council to align with the Reformation by the following year. Similar events unfolded in Tartu, where tensions arose with Catholic Bishop Johann Blankenfeld, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclastic</a> riots that damaged Catholic churches and monasteries in both cities. By the late 1520s, most Estonian towns had embraced the Reformation, although Catholic influence remained stronger in Viljandi, <a href="/wiki/Haapsalu" title="Haapsalu">Haapsalu</a>, and Vana-Pärnu. Unlike the cities, rural areas were slower to adopt Protestantism, with Catholic influence persisting among local nobility and peasants well into the 1530s.<a href="#cite_note-Frucht121-98">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> With the Reformation, church services began to be conducted in vernacular language, which initially meant <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>, but already from the 1530s onward the regular religious services were held in Estonian.<a href="#cite_note-Frucht121-98">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> Early Estonian-language Protestant texts emerged, including <a href="/wiki/Wanradt%E2%80%93Koell_Catechism" title="Wanradt–Koell Catechism">Wanradt–Koell Catechism</a> in 1535.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> During the 16th century, the expansionist monarchies of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovy</a>, Sweden, and <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a> consolidated power, posing a growing threat to decentralised Livonia weakened by disputes between cities, nobility, bishops, and the Order.<a href="#cite_note-Frucht121-98">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoover_Press-102">[97]</a> In 1558, Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia (Muscovy)</a> invaded Livonia, starting the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a>. The Livonian Order was decisively <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ergeme" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ergeme">defeated</a> in 1560. The majority of Livonia accepted Polish–Lithuanian rule, while Tallinn and the nobles of northern Estonia swore loyalty to the Swedish king, and the Bishop of Ösel-Wiek sold his lands to the Danish king. Tsar Ivan's forces were at first able to conquer the larger part of Livonia. Epidemics of plague swept through the territory, compounding the destruction. Estonian peasants, growing increasingly resentful of local authorities’ failure to protect them from Russian raids, erupted in uprisings in 1560, besieging <a href="/wiki/Koluvere_Castle" title="Koluvere Castle">Koluvere Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4nemaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Läänemaa">Läänemaa</a>. The rebellion saw Estonians briefly elect their own king before it was ultimately suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> Reports of Russian atrocities against Livonians, led by Ivan the Terrible and his forces, spread widely in Europe. Chroniclers of the era, though diverse in origin and political stance, depicted Ivan and his armies as barbaric and tyrannical, emphasizing the suffering of local populations under Muscovite occupation. These accounts helped to shape European perceptions of the conflict, solidifying Ivan's reputation as a brutal oppressor.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> This did not stop <a href="/wiki/Magnus,_Duke_of_Holstein" title="Magnus, Duke of Holstein">Magnus, Duke of Holstein</a> from playing a controversial role marked by shifting allegiances and aspirations for power. On June 10, 1570, he arrived in Moscow and was crowned <a href="/wiki/King_of_Livonia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Livonia">King of Livonia</a> by Ivan, pledging allegiance to the Russian Tsar as his overlord. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5ltsamaa" title="Põltsamaa">Põltsamaa</a> became the capital of his short-lived <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Livonia" title="Kingdom of Livonia">Kingdom of Livonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> Ivan and Magnus twice laid a brutal siege on Tallinn, however failing to capture it. An Estonian peasant army led by Ivo Schenkenberg was wreaking havoc in Russian rear.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> By the 1580s, the Polish–Lithuanian and Swedish armies had gone on the offensive and the war ended in 1583 with Russian defeat.<a href="#cite_note-Hoover_Press-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> As a result of the Livonian War, northern Estonia became Swedish <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1561%E2%80%931721)" title="Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)">Duchy of Estonia</a> and southern Estonia became Polish <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Duchy of Livonia</a>. Saaremaa remained under Danish control<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Ruhnu" title="Ruhnu">Ruhnu</a> was part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> During Polish rule in South Estonia, efforts were made to restore Catholicism, yet this was distinct from traditional <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> actions, as Poland–Lithuania fostered religious tolerance. In 1582, the Livonian Constitutions re-established Livonia as a Catholic bishopric, marking a turning point in religious influence in the region. <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> influence flourished, establishing institutions such as the Collegium Derpatense in Tartu, where Estonian-language catechisms were published to support local missions. Despite the Jesuits' efforts, including extensive publishing and education initiatives, their presence in Tartu was cut short by Swedish conquest in the early 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swedish_and_Russian_rule">Swedish and Russian rule</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Estonia">Swedish Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Estonia" title="Governorate of Estonia">Governorate of Estonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Governorate of Livonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Academia_Gustaviana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Academia_Gustaviana.jpg/220px-Academia_Gustaviana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Academia_Gustaviana.jpg/330px-Academia_Gustaviana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Academia_Gustaviana.jpg/440px-Academia_Gustaviana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2146" /></a><figcaption>Academia Gustaviana (now <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">University of Tartu</a>) was founded in 1632 by King <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus</a> and was then the second university in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sweden">Kingdom of Sweden</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931611)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)">Polish–Swedish War</a>, which began in 1600, unleashed years of further devastation across Estonia. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Weissenstein" title="Battle of Weissenstein">Battle of Weissenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paide" title="Paide">Paide</a>) in 1604 marked a critical turning point, where <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">hetman</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karol_Chodkiewicz" title="Jan Karol Chodkiewicz">Jan Karol Chodkiewicz</a> led a smaller Polish-Lithuanian force of 2,300 to a decisive victory against a Swedish army of 6,000. Despite this victory and others, the wars stretched on until 1629, concluding with Sweden <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">gaining Livonia</a>, including Southern Estonia and Northern Latvia, altering the power balance in the Baltic region.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> In addition, Danish Saaremaa was <a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_Br%C3%B6msebro_(1645)" title="Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)">transferred</a> to Sweden in 1645.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1656%E2%80%931658)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)">Russo-Swedish War</a>, Russia in 1656 captured eastern parts of Estonia, including Tartu, holding it until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cardis" title="Treaty of Cardis">Treaty of Cardis</a> was concluded in 1661.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> The wars had halved the population of Estonia from about 250–270,000 people in the mid 16th century to 115–120,000 in the 1630s.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> The Swedish era in Estonia was complex, marked by both cultural repression and significant reforms. Initially, Swedish rule brought Protestant <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">puritans</a> who opposed traditional Estonian beliefs and practices, leading to <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch trials">witch trials</a>, bans on folk music, and the burning of traditional costumes.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> While large parts of the rural population remained in <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> during the Swedish rule, legal reforms under King <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XI">Charles XI</a> strengthened both serfs' and <a href="/wiki/Free_tenant" title="Free tenant">free tenant</a> farmers' land usage and inheritance rights – hence this period got the reputation of "The Good Old Swedish Time" in historical memory.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> Swedish King <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus</a> established <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasiums</a> in Tallinn and Tartu; the latter was upgraded to <a href="/wiki/Tartu_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu University">Tartu University</a> in 1632. <a href="/wiki/Printing_presses" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing presses">Printing presses</a> were also established in both towns. The beginnings of the Estonian public education system appeared in the 1680s, largely due to efforts of <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Gottfried_Forselius" title="Bengt Gottfried Forselius">Bengt Forselius</a>, who also introduced orthographical reforms to written Estonian.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> The population of Estonia grew rapidly until the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Estonia_(1695%E2%80%931697)" title="Great Famine of Estonia (1695–1697)">Great Famine</a> of 1695–97 in which 70,000–75,000 people died – about 20% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tallinn_asv2022-04_img55_Kadriorg_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tallinn_asv2022-04_img55_Kadriorg_Palace.jpg/220px-Tallinn_asv2022-04_img55_Kadriorg_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tallinn_asv2022-04_img55_Kadriorg_Palace.jpg/330px-Tallinn_asv2022-04_img55_Kadriorg_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tallinn_asv2022-04_img55_Kadriorg_Palace.jpg/440px-Tallinn_asv2022-04_img55_Kadriorg_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6703" data-file-height="3770" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kadriorg_Palace" title="Kadriorg Palace">Kadriorg Palace</a> was built by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> for his wife, Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine I</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> launched another invasion of Estonia in 1700. By the time of the Great Northern War, many Estonians were loyal to the Swedish crown, with up to 20,000 fighting to defend Estonia against Russian invasion.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> Stories of the Swedish king <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XII">Charles XII</a>, who was revered in Estonian folk memory, embody a sentiment that distinguished the Swedish era from the harsher Russian rule that followed. Despite the initial Swedish success in the victorious <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)" title="Battle of Narva (1700)">Battle of Narva</a>, Russia conquered the whole of Estonia by the end of 1710.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> The war again devastated the population of Estonia, with the 1712 population estimated at only 150,000–170,000.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Estonia_and_Livonia" title="Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia">Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia</a>, the country was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> under the "Baltic Special Order" (Balti erikord). This policy restored the political and landholding rights of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German_nobility" title="Baltic German nobility">local aristocracy</a>, and recognized Lutheranism as the dominant faith.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> Estonia was divided into two <a href="/wiki/Baltic_governorates" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic governorates">governorates</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Estonia" title="Governorate of Estonia">Governorate of Estonia</a>, which included Tallinn and the northern part of Estonia, and the southern <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Governorate of Livonia</a>, which extended to the northern part of Latvia.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> The rights of local farmers reached their lowest point, as serfdom completely dominated agricultural relations during the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> Despite occasional attempts by the Russian central government to align Estonian governance with broader imperial standards, the autonomy of the Baltic provinces generally remained intact, as the tsarist regime sought to avoid conflicts with the local nobility. From 1783 to 1796, the administrative structure shifted temporarily under Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II">Catherine II</a>'s "Governorate System," aiming to centralize governance and bring the Baltic regions closer to imperial norms; however, this system was repealed, and the Baltic Special Order was restored under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> This Baltic Special Order remained largely in effect until the late 19th century, marking a distinctive period of localized governance within the Russian Empire. Serfdom was abolished in 1816–1819, but this initially had little practical effect; major improvements in farmers' rights started with reforms in the mid-19th century.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Awakening">National Awakening</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">Estonian national awakening</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreutzwald-k%C3%B6ler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kreutzwald-k%C3%B6ler.jpg/170px-Kreutzwald-k%C3%B6ler.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kreutzwald-k%C3%B6ler.jpg/255px-Kreutzwald-k%C3%B6ler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kreutzwald-k%C3%B6ler.jpg/340px-Kreutzwald-k%C3%B6ler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>The national epic <a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a> by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reinhold_Kreutzwald" title="Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald">Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald</a> played a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">Estonian national awakening</a></figcaption></figure> The reopening of the university in Tartu in 1802 gave opportunities for higher education to both Baltic German and a growing number of Estonian students. Among the latter were first public proponents of <a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian nationalism</a>, such as young poet <a href="/wiki/Kristjan_Jaak_Peterson" title="Kristjan Jaak Peterson">Kristjan Jaak Peterson</a>. At the same time, the nationalist ideas of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> greatly influenced the Baltic German intelligentsia to see the value in the native Estonian culture.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Estophilia" title="Estophilia">Estophile</a> movement gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Learned_Estonian_Society" title="Learned Estonian Society">Learned Estonian Society</a> and other scientific societies, supported Estonian-language education and founded the first newspapers in the Estonian language. They also began to value and collect the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_folklore" title="Estonian folklore">Estonian folklore</a>, including surviving pre-Christian myths and traditions.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> Another sign of a rising Estonian national consciousness was a mass movement in South Estonia to convert to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Estonia" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Estonia">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> in the 1840s, following a famine and a promise for being rewarded with land.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> By the 1850s, several leading figures were promoting an Estonian national identity among the general populace. Widespread farm buyouts by Estonians and the resulting rapidly growing class of land-owning farmers provided the economic basis for the political affirmation of the Estonian identity. In 1857, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Voldemar_Jannsen" title="Johann Voldemar Jannsen">Johann Voldemar Jannsen</a> started publishing one of the first successful circulating Estonian-language weekly newspapers, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu_Postimees" title="Pärnu Postimees">Perno Postimees</a>, and began popularising the denomination of oneself as eestlane (Estonian).<a href="#cite_note-EE286-130">[125]</a> Schoolmaster <a href="/wiki/Carl_Robert_Jakobson" title="Carl Robert Jakobson">Carl Robert Jakobson</a> and clergyman <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Hurt" title="Jakob Hurt">Jakob Hurt</a> became leading figures in a <a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">nationalist movement</a>, encouraging Estonian farmers to take pride in their language and ethnic Estonian identity.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grupp_Viljandi_kreisi_vallavanemaid,_1880-1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Grupp_Viljandi_kreisi_vallavanemaid%2C_1880-1890.jpg/220px-Grupp_Viljandi_kreisi_vallavanemaid%2C_1880-1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Grupp_Viljandi_kreisi_vallavanemaid%2C_1880-1890.jpg/330px-Grupp_Viljandi_kreisi_vallavanemaid%2C_1880-1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Grupp_Viljandi_kreisi_vallavanemaid%2C_1880-1890.jpg/440px-Grupp_Viljandi_kreisi_vallavanemaid%2C_1880-1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Rural Estonians began practicing democratic local governance in the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Municipal elders</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Viljandi_County" title="Viljandi County">Viljandi County</a> in the 1880s</figcaption></figure> The first nationwide movements formed in the 1860s, such as a campaign to establish the Estonian language Alexander School, the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Estonian_Literati" title="Society of Estonian Literati">Society of Estonian Literati</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Students%27_Society" title="Estonian Students' Society">Estonian Students' Society</a>, and the first <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Song_Festival" title="Estonian Song Festival">national song festival</a>, held in 1869 in Tartu.<a href="#cite_note-Raun59-132">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-EE287-133">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> Linguistic reforms helped to develop the Estonian language.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> The national <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a> was published in 1857, and 1870 saw the first performances of <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Estonia" title="Theatre of Estonia">Estonian theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-CoE-137">[132]</a> In 1878 a major split happened in the national movement. The moderate wing led by Hurt focused on development of culture and Estonian education, while the radical wing led by Jakobson started demanding increased political and economical rights.<a href="#cite_note-EE287-133">[128]</a> At the end of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> began, as the central government initiated various administrative and cultural measures to tie Baltic governorates more closely to the empire.<a href="#cite_note-Raun59-132">[127]</a> The Russian language replaced German and Estonian in most secondary schools and universities, and many social and cultural activities in local languages were suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-CoE-137">[132]</a> In the late 1890s, there was a new surge of nationalism with the rise of prominent figures like <a href="/wiki/Jaan_T%C3%B5nisson" title="Jaan Tõnisson">Jaan Tõnisson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_P%C3%A4ts" title="Konstantin Päts">Konstantin Päts</a>. In the early 20th century, Estonians started taking over control of local governments in towns from Germans.<a href="#cite_note-EE291-138">[133]</a> Nationalist poets such as <a href="/wiki/Juhan_Liiv" title="Juhan Liiv">Juhan Liiv</a> began openly calling for the establishment of an independent Estonian state.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Revolution</a>, the first legal Estonian political parties were founded. An Estonian national congress was convened and demanded the unification of Estonian areas into a single autonomous territory and an end to Russification. The unrest was accompanied by both peaceful <a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">political demonstrations</a> and violent <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riots</a> with <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> in the commercial district of Tallinn and in a number of wealthy landowners' manors in the Estonian countryside.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Estonia" title="Flag of Estonia">flag of Estonia</a>, adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Students%27_Society" title="Estonian Students' Society">Estonian Students' Society</a> since 1881, was prominently featured during these demonstrations. In December 1905, the first attempt to declare Estonia an independent country took place in the village of <a href="/wiki/Vaali,_Estonia" title="Vaali, Estonia">Vaali, Järvamaa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> The Tsarist government responded with a brutal crackdown; some 500 people were executed and hundreds more jailed or deported to Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-EE292-142">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Declaration of Independence">Estonian Declaration of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia#Interwar_period_(1920–1939)" title="History of Estonia">History of Estonia § Interwar period (1920–1939)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estonian_soldiers_at_Constituent_Assembly_election.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Estonian_soldiers_at_Constituent_Assembly_election.jpg/220px-Estonian_soldiers_at_Constituent_Assembly_election.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Estonian_soldiers_at_Constituent_Assembly_election.jpg/330px-Estonian_soldiers_at_Constituent_Assembly_election.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Estonian_soldiers_at_Constituent_Assembly_election.jpg/440px-Estonian_soldiers_at_Constituent_Assembly_election.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>Estonian soldiers participating in <a href="/wiki/1919_Estonian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1919 Estonian Constituent Assembly election">Constituent Assembly election</a> in April 1919</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, over 100,000 Estonian men were mobilized into the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>. Of these, approximately 8,000 to 10,000 perished, and one in five suffered injuries.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> In the turmoil of war, ideas for establishing an Estonian national army began to take root, while the shortages and hardships on the home front led to civil unrest. Despite repeated appeals and promises, the Russian imperial government resisted expanding Estonian political rights. In 1917, following the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> finally conceded to Estonian demands. Estonia was <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Governorate_of_Estonia" title="Autonomous Governorate of Estonia">granted autonomy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Provincial_Assembly" title="Estonian Provincial Assembly">Estonian Provincial Assembly</a> was formed through democratic elections. In addition, the territory of autonomous Estonia was expanded to include the Estonian-speaking areas of Livonia.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> In November 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik coup">seized power</a> in Estonia, declaring the Provincial Assembly disbanded. In response, the Assembly established the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Salvation_Committee" title="Estonian Salvation Committee">Estonian Salvation Committee</a>, which played a crucial role during the brief period between the Bolshevik retreat and the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">arrival of German forces</a>. On 23 February 1918 in Pärnu and on 24 February in Tallinn, the committee <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Declaration of Independence">declared Estonia's independence</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Provisional_Government" title="Estonian Provisional Government">Estonian Provisional Government</a>. Shortly thereafter, <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation</a> commenced, accompanied by an attempt to create the <a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a>, which aimed to establish a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in the region. However, following Germany's defeat in World War I, the Germans were compelled to transfer power back to the Estonian Provisional Government on 19 November 1918.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> On 28 November 1918, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1918)" title="Battle of Narva (1918)">invaded</a>, starting the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> came within 30 km of Tallinn, but in January 1919, the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Army">Estonian Army</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Laidoner" title="Johan Laidoner">Johan Laidoner</a>, went on a counter-offensive, ejecting Bolshevik forces from Estonia within a few weeks. Renewed Soviet attacks failed, and in the spring of 1919, the Estonian army, in co-operation with <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Russian</a> forces, advanced into Russia and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pinder76-148">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> In June 1919, Estonia <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%93sis_(1919)" title="Battle of Cēsis (1919)">defeated</a> the <a href="/wiki/Baltische_Landeswehr" title="Baltische Landeswehr">German Landeswehr</a> which had attempted to dominate Latvia, restoring power to the government of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ulmanis" title="Kārlis Ulmanis">Kārlis Ulmanis</a> there. After the collapse of the White Russian forces, the Red Army launched a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krivasoo" title="Battle of Krivasoo">major offensive</a> against <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a> in late 1919, but failed to achieve a breakthrough. On 2 February 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Russian%E2%80%93Estonian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)">Tartu Peace Treaty</a> was signed by Estonia and Soviet Russia, with the latter pledging to permanently give up all sovereign claims to Estonia.<a href="#cite_note-Pinder76-148">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> In April 1919, the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Estonian Constituent Assembly">Estonian Constituent Assembly</a> was elected. The Constituent Assembly passed a sweeping <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Land_Reform_of_1919" title="Estonian Land Reform of 1919">land reform</a> expropriating large estates, and adopted a new highly <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">constitution</a> establishing Estonia as a <a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">parliamentary</a> democracy.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> organised a communist <a href="/wiki/1924_Estonian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt">coup attempt</a>, which quickly failed.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> Estonia's cultural-autonomy law for ethnic minorities, adopted in 1925, is widely recognised as one of the most liberal in the world at that time.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> put heavy pressure on Estonia's political system, and in 1933, the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Vaps_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaps movement">Vaps movement</a> spearheaded a constitutional reform establishing a strong presidency.<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> On 12 March 1934 the acting head of state, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_P%C3%A4ts" title="Konstantin Päts">Konstantin Päts</a>, extended a state of emergency over the entire country, under the pretext that the Vaps movement had been planning a coup. Päts went on to rule by decree for several years, while the parliament did not reconvene ("<a href="/wiki/Era_of_silence" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of silence">era of silence</a>").<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> A new constitution was adopted in a 1937 referendum, and in 1938 a new bicameral <a href="/wiki/1938_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="1938 Estonian parliamentary election">parliament was elected</a> in a popular vote, where both pro-government and opposition candidates participated.<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> The Päts régime was relatively benign compared to other authoritarian régimes in <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar</a> Europe, and the régime never used violence against political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> In spite of political complications, Estonia enjoyed rapid economic growth during the interwar period. Land reforms improved the farmers' conditions, but the country also prospered from industrialisation and the development of oil shale mining. With the independence, most economic links with Russia were severed, but trade was rapidly reoriented towards markets in the West.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> Estonia joined the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-Ginneken-161">[156]</a> Attempts to establish a <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Accord" title="Warsaw Accord">larger alliance</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, and Latvia failed, with only a mutual-defence pact being signed with Latvia in 1923, and later was followed up with the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Entente" title="Baltic Entente">Baltic Entente</a> of 1934.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> In the 1930s, Estonia also engaged in secret <a href="/wiki/Finnish%E2%80%93Estonian_defence_cooperation" title="Finnish–Estonian defence cooperation">military co-operation with Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> Non-aggression pacts were signed <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Estonian_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="Soviet–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact">with the Soviet Union</a> in 1932, and <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Estonian_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="German–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact">with Germany</a> in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-Ginneken-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> In 1939, Estonia declared neutrality, but this proved futile in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalev_lembit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kalev_lembit1.jpg/220px-Kalev_lembit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kalev_lembit1.jpg/330px-Kalev_lembit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kalev_lembit1.jpg/440px-Kalev_lembit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Navy" title="Estonian Navy">Estonian Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalev-class_submarine" title="Kalev-class submarine">Kalev-class submarines</a> in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu" title="Pärnu">Pärnu</a> before the occupation of Estonia</figcaption></figure> A week before the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact_negotiations" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations">secret protocol</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> assigned Estonia to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s sphere of influence.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> On 24 September 1939, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> presented the Estonian government an ultimatum. The Estonian government decided to avoid military conflict, and a "<a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Estonian_Mutual_Assistance_Treaty" title="Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty">mutual assistance treaty</a>" was signed on 28 September 1939, allowing the USSR to establish military bases in Estonia.<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> On 14 June 1940 the Soviet Union instituted a full naval and air blockade on Estonia, shooting down the airliner <a href="/wiki/Kaleva_(airplane)" title="Kaleva (airplane)">Kaleva</a>. On 16 June, the USSR presented another ultimatum demanding free passage of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> into Estonia and the establishment of a pro-Soviet government. Feeling that resistance was hopeless, the Estonian government complied and, on the next day, the whole country was occupied.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_and_Signal_Battalion" title="Headquarters and Signal Battalion">Independent Signal Battalion</a> was the only unit of the Estonian Army to offer armed resistance to occupation.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> On 6 August 1940, Estonia was formally annexed by the Soviet Union as the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian SSR">Estonian SSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-malksoo-173">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estonian_volunteers_of_Infantry_Regiment_200,_nicknamed_soomepoisid_(Finnish_Boys)_at_Vyborg_bay,_2_July_1944._(47652366001).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Estonian_volunteers_of_Infantry_Regiment_200%2C_nicknamed_soomepoisid_%28Finnish_Boys%29_at_Vyborg_bay%2C_2_July_1944._%2847652366001%29.jpg/220px-Estonian_volunteers_of_Infantry_Regiment_200%2C_nicknamed_soomepoisid_%28Finnish_Boys%29_at_Vyborg_bay%2C_2_July_1944._%2847652366001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Estonian_volunteers_of_Infantry_Regiment_200%2C_nicknamed_soomepoisid_%28Finnish_Boys%29_at_Vyborg_bay%2C_2_July_1944._%2847652366001%29.jpg/330px-Estonian_volunteers_of_Infantry_Regiment_200%2C_nicknamed_soomepoisid_%28Finnish_Boys%29_at_Vyborg_bay%2C_2_July_1944._%2847652366001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Estonian_volunteers_of_Infantry_Regiment_200%2C_nicknamed_soomepoisid_%28Finnish_Boys%29_at_Vyborg_bay%2C_2_July_1944._%2847652366001%29.jpg/440px-Estonian_volunteers_of_Infantry_Regiment_200%2C_nicknamed_soomepoisid_%28Finnish_Boys%29_at_Vyborg_bay%2C_2_July_1944._%2847652366001%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="3571" /></a><figcaption>Estonian volunteers in the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Infantry_Regiment_200" title="Finnish Infantry Regiment 200">Finnish Infantry Regiment 200</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyborg_Bay_(1944)" title="Battle of Vyborg Bay (1944)">Battle of Vyborg Bay</a>, July 1944</figcaption></figure> The USSR established a repressive wartime regime in occupied Estonia, targeting the country's elite for arrest. Soviet repression escalated on 14 June 1941, when approximately 11,000 Estonians <a href="/wiki/June_deportation" title="June deportation">were deported to Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miljan110-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> When Germany launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> against the Soviet Union on 22 June, the <a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a> began in Estonia. The Soviet authorities forcibly conscripted around 34,000 young Estonian men into the Red Army; fewer than 30% would survive the war. Soviet <a href="/wiki/Extermination_battalion" title="Extermination battalion">extermination battalions</a> adopted a <a href="/wiki/Scorched-earth_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched-earth policy">scorched-earth policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kautla" title="Battle of Kautla">massacring many civilians</a> in the process, and <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> units <a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres" title="NKVD prisoner massacres">executed political prisoners</a> who could not be evacuated.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> Thousands of Estonians joined anti-Soviet partisan groups known as the <a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Forest Brothers</a>, launching an insurgency against Soviet forces.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> By mid-July, the Forest Brothers' uprising succeeded in liberating South Estonia ahead of the advancing German army, allowing local institutions of the pre-war Republic of Estonia to resume operation.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> The USSR <a href="/wiki/Soviet_evacuation_of_Tallinn" title="Soviet evacuation of Tallinn">fully evacuated Tallinn</a> by late August, suffering massive losses in the process, and German forces completed their capture of Estonia's islands by December.<a href="#cite_note-pinder80-180">[175]</a> Many Estonians were hopeful that Germany would help to restore Estonia's independence, but this proved to be in vain. A puppet <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Self-Administration" title="Estonian Self-Administration">Estonian Self-Administration</a> was established, and <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">occupied Estonia</a> was merged into <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Reichskommissariat Ostland</a>, with its economy being subjugated to German military needs.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> About a thousand <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Jews">Estonian Jews</a> were <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Estonia">killed</a> in 1941 and numerous forced labour camps were established.<a href="#cite_note-CommissionReport-182">[177]</a> German occupation authorities started recruiting men into <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Legion" title="Estonian Legion">volunteer units</a> and limited conscription was instituted in 1943, eventually leading to formation of the <a href="/wiki/20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)" title="20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)">Estonian Waffen-SS division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> Thousands of Estonians escaped to Finland, where <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Infantry_Regiment_200" title="Finnish Infantry Regiment 200">many volunteered</a> to fight together with Finns <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">against Soviets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tallinn_Old_Town_after_being_bombed_by_the_Soviet_Air_Forces_in_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tallinn_Old_Town_after_being_bombed_by_the_Soviet_Air_Forces_in_1944.jpg/220px-Tallinn_Old_Town_after_being_bombed_by_the_Soviet_Air_Forces_in_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tallinn_Old_Town_after_being_bombed_by_the_Soviet_Air_Forces_in_1944.jpg/330px-Tallinn_Old_Town_after_being_bombed_by_the_Soviet_Air_Forces_in_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tallinn_Old_Town_after_being_bombed_by_the_Soviet_Air_Forces_in_1944.jpg/440px-Tallinn_Old_Town_after_being_bombed_by_the_Soviet_Air_Forces_in_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_Old_Town" title="Tallinn Old Town">Tallinn Old Town</a> after <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tallinn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Tallinn in World War II">bombing by the Soviet Air Force</a> during the war on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> in March 1944</figcaption></figure> The Red Army reached the Estonian borders again in early 1944, heightening fears of renewed Soviet occupation. The Estonian Self-Administration declared a general mobilization in January, invoking pre-war Estonian legislation, with the support of all major pre-war political parties and the constitutional <a href="/wiki/Estonian_government-in-exile" title="Estonian government-in-exile">Prime Minister in the duties of the President</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Uluots" title="Jüri Uluots">Jüri Uluots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> The mobilisation drew wide support among Estonians, while the 38,000 men who were drafted became part of the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> With significant support from Estonian units, German forces managed to halt the Soviet advance for six months in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">fierce battles near Narva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raun159-188">[183]</a> In March, the Soviet Air Force launched <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tallinn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Tallinn in World War II">extensive bombing raids on Tallinn</a> and other Estonian cities, resulting in severe damage and loss of life.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> From July to September, the Soviet forces launched <a href="/wiki/Baltic_offensive" title="Baltic offensive">several major offensives</a>, compelling German troops to withdraw from mainland Estonia in September and from the Estonian islands in November.<a href="#cite_note-Raun159-188">[183]</a> During this retreat, Jüri Uluots <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Estonia" title="National Committee of the Republic of Estonia">appointed a government</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Tief" title="Otto Tief">Otto Tief</a> in a final effort to restore Estonian independence.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> Facing a second Soviet occupation, tens of thousands of Estonians fled westward.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> Overall, Estonia lost about 25% of its population through deaths, deportations and evacuations in World War II.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> Estonia also suffered some irrevocable territorial losses, as the Soviet Union transferred border areas comprising about 5% of Estonian pre-war territory from the Estonian SSR to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_occupation">Soviet occupation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)</a></div> Following the renewed Soviet occupation of Estonia, thousands of Estonians once again joined the <a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Forest Brothers</a> to resist Soviet rule. This armed resistance was particularly intense in the immediate post-war years, but Soviet forces eventually wore it down through relentless attrition tactics, bringing an end to organized armed resistance by the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> The Soviet regime also intensified its <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">policy of collectivisation</a>, forcing Estonian farmers to abandon private agriculture and join state-run collectives. When locals resisted, authorities launched a campaign of terror, culminating in March 1949 with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">operation Priboi</a> – the mass deportation of around 20,000 Estonians to the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulag system</a> in Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> Full collectivization followed shortly after, marking a new phase of Soviet control over Estonia's economy.<a href="#cite_note-Miljan110-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estonian_forest_brothers_relaxing_and_cleaning_their_guns_after_a_shooting_exercise_in_Veskiaru,_J%C3%A4rva_County,_Estonia,_1953._(47953893422).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Estonian_forest_brothers_relaxing_and_cleaning_their_guns_after_a_shooting_exercise_in_Veskiaru%2C_J%C3%A4rva_County%2C_Estonia%2C_1953._%2847953893422%29.jpg/220px-Estonian_forest_brothers_relaxing_and_cleaning_their_guns_after_a_shooting_exercise_in_Veskiaru%2C_J%C3%A4rva_County%2C_Estonia%2C_1953._%2847953893422%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Estonian_forest_brothers_relaxing_and_cleaning_their_guns_after_a_shooting_exercise_in_Veskiaru%2C_J%C3%A4rva_County%2C_Estonia%2C_1953._%2847953893422%29.jpg/330px-Estonian_forest_brothers_relaxing_and_cleaning_their_guns_after_a_shooting_exercise_in_Veskiaru%2C_J%C3%A4rva_County%2C_Estonia%2C_1953._%2847953893422%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Estonian_forest_brothers_relaxing_and_cleaning_their_guns_after_a_shooting_exercise_in_Veskiaru%2C_J%C3%A4rva_County%2C_Estonia%2C_1953._%2847953893422%29.jpg/440px-Estonian_forest_brothers_relaxing_and_cleaning_their_guns_after_a_shooting_exercise_in_Veskiaru%2C_J%C3%A4rva_County%2C_Estonia%2C_1953._%2847953893422%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Forest Brothers</a> in 1953</figcaption></figure> Simultaneously, the Soviet Union initiated <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> policies that sought to reshape Estonia's demographics and dilute its cultural identity. Large numbers of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Estonia" title="Russians in Estonia">Russians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet citizens</a> were resettled in Estonia, threatening to turn native Estonians into a minority in their own homeland.<a href="#cite_note-Taagepera97-197">[192]</a> Between 1945 and 1989, the proportion of ethnic Estonians in the country dropped from 97% to 62%.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> Occupying authorities carried out campaigns of ethnic cleansing, mass deportation of indigenous populations, and mass colonization by Russian settlers which led to Estonia losing 3% of its native population.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> The Soviet regime seized all industry and centralized agriculture, emphasizing heavy industrial development that often neglected local well-being and caused significant environmental damage.<a href="#cite_note-staehr-200">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> The military presence was pervasive, with closed military zones occupying 2% of the country, while entry into coastal areas required special permits, rendering Estonia partially isolated from the outside world.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> Estonians faced additional hardships, as thousands were forcibly conscripted into Soviet conflicts, including the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> cleanup. Despite the proximity to Finland, Estonia's standard of living under Soviet rule lagged substantially.<a href="#cite_note-Taagepera97-197">[192]</a> Since the 1960s, however, some Estonians living in the northern regions covertly began watching <a href="/wiki/Finnish_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish television">Finnish television</a> broadcasts, offering glimpses into life outside the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> Soviet security forces in Estonia enjoyed vast powers to suppress dissent, but despite harsh repression, underground resistance endured. In the late 1970s, Moscow's ideological pressure intensified with a new wave of Russian immigration, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Vaino" title="Karl Vaino">Karl Vaino</a>, an official from Moscow who barely spoke Estonian, was appointed head of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Estonia" title="Communist Party of Estonia">Communist Party of Estonia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Estonia" title="Communist Party of Estonia">Communist Party of Estonia</a>, now dominated by ethnic Russians, acted as a mechanism for this demographic shift. Estonian dissidents, responding to this escalating Russification, grew increasingly vocal, with notable protests such as the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Appeal" title="Baltic Appeal">Baltic Appeal</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1979, and the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_40_intellectuals" title="Letter of 40 intellectuals">Letter of 40 intellectuals</a> in 1980, which openly criticized Soviet policies.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> Most Western nations refused to recognize Estonia's annexation by the Soviet Union, maintaining that it was illegal under international law.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/State_continuity_of_the_Baltic_states" title="State continuity of the Baltic states">Legal continuity</a> of the Estonian state was preserved through the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_government-in-exile" title="Estonian government-in-exile">government-in-exile</a> and the Estonian <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Diplomatic_Service_(1940%E2%80%9391)" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Diplomatic Service (1940–91)">diplomatic representatives</a> which Western governments continued to recognise.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> This stance drew support from the <a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson Doctrine</a>, which denied recognition of territorial changes enacted through force, and appeared on USA-made maps, which carried disclaimers affirming non-recognition of the 1940 Soviet annexation. In 1980, Tallinn hosted the <a href="/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Sailing at the 1980 Summer Olympics">sailing events for the Moscow Olympics</a>, an occasion that <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">triggered international boycotts</a> in protest of both the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the occupation of the Baltic states. Though the Olympics brought economic investments to Tallinn, many Estonian exiles and Western nations condemned the events held on occupied soil.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_restored">Independence restored</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balti_kett_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Balti_kett_22.jpg/220px-Balti_kett_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Balti_kett_22.jpg/330px-Balti_kett_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Balti_kett_22.jpg/440px-Balti_kett_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="1007" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a> on 23 August 1989, two million people formed a human chain across three countries in a mass demonstration against the Soviet occupation.</figcaption></figure> The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> by the Soviet government in 1987 reopened the possibility for political activism in Estonia, sparking the <a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a>, a peaceful movement towards independence.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> One of the first major acts of resistance was the <a href="/wiki/Phosphorite_War" title="Phosphorite War">Phosphorite War</a>, an environmental protest against Soviet plans to establish large phosphate mines in <a href="/wiki/Virumaa" title="Virumaa">Virumaa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> On 23 August 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Hirvepark_meeting" title="Hirvepark meeting">Hirvepark meeting</a> in Tallinn called for the public disclosure of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and its secret protocols which had led to Estonia's loss of independence. Although direct demands for independence were not yet made, organizers aimed to reinforce the continuity of the Estonian state and prepare the foundation for a restoration based on legal principles.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> In 1988, new political movements emerged, including the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Estonia" title="Popular Front of Estonia">Popular Front of Estonia</a>, representing a moderate faction within the independence movement, and the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_National_Independence_Party" title="Estonian National Independence Party">Estonian National Independence Party</a>, which became the first non-communist political party legally registered in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">parliament of Soviet-controlled Estonia</a> asserted the primacy of Estonian laws with the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sovereignty_Declaration" title="Estonian Sovereignty Declaration">Sovereignty Declaration</a> on 16 November 1988, inspiring similar declarations across other <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Soviet republics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> On 23 August 1989, approximately two million people formed the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a>, a human chain spanning Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, to demonstrate unity in pursuit of independence.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Citizens%27_Committees" title="Estonian Citizens' Committees">Estonian Citizens' Committees</a> began registering citizens according to <a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" title="Jus sanguinis">jus sanguinis</a> – those whose citizenship traced back to the pre-war republic. This led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Estonia" title="Congress of Estonia">Congress of Estonia</a>, a grassroots parliament dedicated to achieving independence through legal continuity and sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> In March 1991, a <a href="/wiki/1991_Estonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Estonian independence referendum">referendum was held</a> where 78.4% of voters (including Soviet citizens) supported full independence. During the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">coup attempt in Moscow</a>, Estonia <a href="/wiki/Estonian_restoration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian restoration of Independence">declared restoration of independence</a> on 20 August 1991.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> Soviet authorities recognised Estonian independence on 6 September 1991, and on 17 September Estonia was admitted into the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dillon164-220">[215]</a> The last units of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Army">Russian Army</a> left Estonia in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> In 1992, Estonia implemented <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">a new constitution</a> approved by <a href="/wiki/1992_Estonian_referendum" title="1992 Estonian referendum">referendum</a> and introduced its own currency, the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_kroon" title="Estonian kroon">Estonian kroon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> That same year, Estonia held its first post-war <a href="/wiki/1992_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="1992 Estonian parliamentary election">parliamentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/1992_Estonian_presidential_election" title="1992 Estonian presidential election">presidential elections</a>, electing <a href="/wiki/Lennart_Meri" title="Lennart Meri">Lennart Meri</a> as president and <a href="/wiki/Mart_Laar" title="Mart Laar">Mart Laar</a> as prime minister. Under Laar's leadership, Estonia initiated rapid and radical market reforms, including privatization and a currency overhaul, which accelerated the transition to a market economy. While these reforms spurred economic growth, they also introduced social challenges, particularly affecting poorer and rural communities.<a href="#cite_note-staehr-200">[195]</a> In 1996, President Meri launched the <a href="/wiki/Tiigrih%C3%BCpe" title="Tiigrihüpe">Tiigrihüpe</a> program, a national initiative aimed at transforming Estonia into an <a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">information society</a> by promoting widespread computerization. By 1999, the center-right coalition led by Mart Laar returned to power, completing negotiations for Estonia's membership in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, eliminating <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">corporate income tax</a>, and introducing the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_identity_card" title="Estonian identity card">national ID card</a>. Despite economic growth, political difficulties led to the government's collapse in 2002, after which <a href="/wiki/Siim_Kallas" title="Siim Kallas">Siim Kallas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Reform_Party" title="Estonian Reform Party">Reform Party</a> became prime minister. <a href="/wiki/Arnold_R%C3%BC%C3%BCtel" title="Arnold Rüütel">Arnold Rüütel</a> was elected president in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> In 2004, Estonia joined both <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, marking a significant foreign policy achievement set in motion during the prior decade.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> Estonia joined the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> In 2007, Estonia faced internal and international tensions following the relocation of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Soldier_of_Tallinn" title="Bronze Soldier of Tallinn">Bronze Soldier of Tallinn</a>, a Soviet war monument, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Night" title="Bronze Night">Bronze Night</a> riots in Tallinn and <a href="/wiki/2007_cyberattacks_on_Estonia" title="2007 cyberattacks on Estonia">significant cyberattacks</a> targeting Estonian institutions. The incident strained relations with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, further exacerbated by later Russian actions <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">in Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Ukraine</a>. Estonia aligned with the EU in imposing <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">sanctions against Russia</a> in response to these aggressions.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> Amidst the global financial crisis, Estonia's economic growth stalled in 2008, prompting the government to implement strict budget cuts to meet the criteria for adopting the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>. Estonia joined the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> on January 1, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> The 2010s also saw growing political polarization in Estonia, as both <a href="/wiki/National_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="National conservative">national conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Social liberal">social liberal</a> movements gained prominence.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> Estonia served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security council">UN Security Council</a> from 2020 to 2021, further affirming its role in global diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Estonia" title="Geography of Estonia">Geography of Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Estonia_in_April_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Satellite_image_of_Estonia_in_April_2004.jpg/220px-Satellite_image_of_Estonia_in_April_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Satellite_image_of_Estonia_in_April_2004.jpg/330px-Satellite_image_of_Estonia_in_April_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Satellite_image_of_Estonia_in_April_2004.jpg/440px-Satellite_image_of_Estonia_in_April_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Estonia during spring</figcaption></figure> Estonia is in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-location-25">[d]</a> on the eastern shores of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/East_European_Plain" title="East European Plain">East European Plain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raukas_2018-231">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-EEA-232">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> It is bordered to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> across from <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, to the west by the sea across from <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, to the south by <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and to the east by <a href="/wiki/Lake_Peipsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Peipsi">Lake Peipsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> It covers an area of 45,335 km2 (17,504 sq mi), of which 4.6% is internal waters.<a href="#cite_note-Raukas_2018-231">[226]</a> The Estonian coastline stretches for 3,794 kilometres (2,357 mi) and features <a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">limestone cliffs</a> along the northern coast as well as its largest islands.<a href="#cite_note-EEA-232">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> The total number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Estonia" title="List of islands of Estonia">Estonian islands</a>, including those in internal waters, is 2,355, of which 2,222 are in the Baltic Sea. The largest islands are <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiiumaa" title="Hiiumaa">Hiiumaa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhu" title="Muhu">Muhu</a>. Estonia is experiencing a gradual rise from the sea, altering its coastal geography.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> The country's terrain is predominantly flat, with an average elevation of about 50 metres (164 ft) above sea level. While the northern and western regions near the Baltic Sea consist of flat plains, the southern part of Estonia is more hilly. <a href="/wiki/Suur_Munam%C3%A4gi" title="Suur Munamägi">Suur Munamägi</a>, the highest peak in the Baltics at 318 metres (1,043 ft), is situated in the <a href="/wiki/Haanja_Landscape_Conservation_Area" title="Haanja Landscape Conservation Area">Haanja Landscape Conservation Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raukas_2018-231">[226]</a> Estonia's landscape features various types of highlands, including gently rolling uplands (<a href="/wiki/Pandivere_Upland" title="Pandivere Upland">Pandivere Upland</a>), steeply rising plateaus (<a href="/wiki/Sakala_Upland" title="Sakala Upland">Sakala Upland</a>), and hilly areas (<a href="/wiki/Otep%C3%A4%C3%A4_Upland" title="Otepää Upland">Otepää Upland</a>). The terrain of southern Estonia is characterized by a mixture of plateaus, hills, valleys, and extensive ancient river canyons.<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> Estonia contains over 1,560 <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Estonia" title="List of lakes of Estonia">natural lakes</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Lake_Peipus" title="Lake Peipus">Lake Peipus</a>, located on the border with Russia, and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5rtsj%C3%A4rv" title="Võrtsjärv">Võrtsjärv</a> in central Estonia being the largest. The distribution of these lakes is uneven, with the largest concentrations found in southeastern and southern Estonia, while large areas of western and central Estonia are devoid of any lakes. In addition to natural lakes, Estonia has numerous artificial reservoirs, including the large <a href="/wiki/Narva_Reservoir" title="Narva Reservoir">Narva Reservoir</a> on the eastern border. The country is also home to more than <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Estonia" title="List of rivers of Estonia">7,000 rivers</a>, streams, and canals, with only ten of them exceeding 100 kilometres (62 mi) in length. The longest rivers in Estonia include the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5handu" title="Võhandu">Võhandu</a> at 162 kilometres (101 mi) and the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu_(river)" title="Pärnu (river)">Pärnu</a> at 144 kilometres (89 mi). The rivers are primarily fed by groundwater, rainfall, and snowmelt, with each source contributing approximately one-third of the annual runoff. <a href="/wiki/Bogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogs">Bogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mire">mires</a> cover approximately 23.2% of Estonia's land area, with individual bogs often forming extensive wetland complexes characterized by large <a href="/wiki/Peatland" title="Peatland">peatlands</a> interspersed with <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">swamp forests</a>, islands, lakes, and rivers.<a href="#cite_note-Raukas_2018-231">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Estonia" title="Geology of Estonia">Geology of Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ontika_maastikukaitseala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ontika_maastikukaitseala.jpg/220px-Ontika_maastikukaitseala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ontika_maastikukaitseala.jpg/330px-Ontika_maastikukaitseala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ontika_maastikukaitseala.jpg/440px-Ontika_maastikukaitseala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>The cliff at <a href="/wiki/Valaste_Falls" title="Valaste Falls">Valaste Falls</a> illustrates the <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a> of various geological eras</figcaption></figure> Estonia is located on the northwestern part of the <a href="/wiki/East_European_Platform" title="East European Platform">East European Platform</a>, bordering the <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandian_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Fennoscandian Shield">Fennoscandian Shield</a>. Estonia's <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> consists of two main layers: the <a href="/wiki/Crystalline_basement" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline basement">crystalline basement</a> and the sedimentary cover. These are further classified into three distinct geological complexes. The crystalline basement, composed of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneisses</a>, and other crystalline rocks, formed during the <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a>. This is overlain by a sedimentary cover of <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> rocks, including <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a>. Above this, a <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">quaternary</a> surface layer is mainly composed of unconsolidated sediments such as <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a>, which formed in the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Estonia" title="Climate of Estonia">Climate of Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torm_detsembris._Meriv%C3%A4lja_Muul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Torm_detsembris._Meriv%C3%A4lja_Muul.jpg/220px-Torm_detsembris._Meriv%C3%A4lja_Muul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Torm_detsembris._Meriv%C3%A4lja_Muul.jpg/330px-Torm_detsembris._Meriv%C3%A4lja_Muul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Torm_detsembris._Meriv%C3%A4lja_Muul.jpg/440px-Torm_detsembris._Meriv%C3%A4lja_Muul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2859" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_Bay" title="Tallinn Bay">Tallinn Bay</a> during stormy weather</figcaption></figure> Estonia experiences a transitional climate that lies between <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#Group_D:_Continental/microthermal_climates" title="Köppen climate classification">continental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime</a> influences, characterized as a humid continental climate. Located at the same <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> as the northern tips of central <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, Estonia's climate is notably milder than that of other regions at the same latitude due to the moderating effects of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a> current. In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, Estonia aligns with the average latitude of the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Peninsula" title="Labrador Peninsula">Labrador Peninsula</a> and the southern coast of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, making its climate unique for its geographical position. The prevailing weather patterns in Estonia are significantly influenced by active cyclonic activity in the northern Atlantic, particularly from the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_low" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic low">Icelandic low</a>. This results in strong winds, precipitation, and abrupt temperature fluctuations, especially during the autumn and winter months. The westerly winds carry moist maritime air far into the continental interior, leading to milder temperatures in winter and slightly cooler conditions in summer compared to continental areas further away from the coast. Coastal regions and islands generally enjoy a milder climate, with the Baltic Sea moderating temperatures, keeping coastal areas warmer in winter and cooler in summer.<a href="#cite_note-kliima-239">[234]</a> Estonia is situated in the <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate climate zone</a>, and in the transition zone between <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#Group_D:_Continental/microthermal_climates" title="Köppen climate classification">continental climate</a>, characterized by warm summers and fairly mild winters. Primary local differences are caused by the Baltic Sea, which warms the coastal areas in winter, and cools them in the spring.<a href="#cite_note-Raukas_2018-231">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-EEA-232">[227]</a> Average temperatures range from 17.8 °C (64.0 °F) in July, the warmest month, to −3.8 °C (25.2 °F) in February, the coldest month, with the annual average being 6.4 °C (43.5 °F).<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> The highest recorded temperature is 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) from 1992, and the lowest is −43.5 °C (−46.3 °F) from 1940.<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> The annual average precipitation is 662 millimetres (26.1 in),<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> with the daily record being 148 millimetres (5.8 in).<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> Snow cover varies significantly on different years. Prevailing winds are westerly, southwesterly, and southerly, with average wind speed being 3–5 m/s inland and 5–7 m/s on coast.<a href="#cite_note-EEA-232">[227]</a> The average monthly sunshine duration ranges from 290 hours in August, to 21 hours in December.<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> Seasonal differences in Estonia are pronounced, not only in terms of temperature but also in day length. For example, the longest day lasts up to 18 hours and 40 minutes in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> and 18 hours and 10 minutes in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ru" title="Võru">Võru</a>, while the shortest day is about 6 hours and 2 minutes in Tallinn and 6 hours and 39 minutes in <a href="/wiki/Valga,_Estonia" title="Valga, Estonia">Valga</a>. The phenomenon of "<a href="/wiki/White_night_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="White night (astronomy)">white nights</a>" occurs from early May to late July, during which the sun remains visible for extended periods. Estonia receives approximately 1,600 to 1,900 hours of sunshine annually, which is less than half of the total possible sunshine hours. The vegetation period spans 180 to 195 days, with the frost-free period lasting between 110 and 190 days. Snow cover varies significantly across the country, lasting on average between 75 and 135 days per year, with the least amount found on the western coast of <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a> and the most in the <a href="/wiki/Haanja_Upland" title="Haanja Upland">Haanja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandivere_Upland" title="Pandivere Upland">Pandivere Upland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kliima-239">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Estonia" title="Fauna of Estonia">Fauna of Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Estonia" title="Protected areas of Estonia">Protected areas of Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landsvale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Landsvale.jpg/220px-Landsvale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Landsvale.jpg/330px-Landsvale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Landsvale.jpg/440px-Landsvale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Barn_swallow" title="Barn swallow">barn swallow</a> (H. r. rustica) is the national bird of Estonia.</figcaption></figure> Estonia is recognized as one of the most biodiverse regions in Europe, particularly for its size and latitude.<a href="#cite_note-EEA-232">[227]</a> The country boasts a diverse array of climatic and soil conditions, as well as an abundance of both marine and freshwater ecosystems. This rich biodiversity allows for the survival of many species that have become extinct in most other European nations.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1-245">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Estonia" title="Protected areas of Estonia">Protected areas</a> cover 19.4% of Estonian land and 23% of its total area together with territorial sea. The country is home to nearly 4,000 protected natural objects, which encompass six national parks, 231 nature conservation areas, and 154 landscape reserves.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loup_commun_DSCF6410.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Loup_commun_DSCF6410.jpg/220px-Loup_commun_DSCF6410.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Loup_commun_DSCF6410.jpg/330px-Loup_commun_DSCF6410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Loup_commun_DSCF6410.jpg/440px-Loup_commun_DSCF6410.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">grey wolf</a> is the national animal of Estonia.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a></figcaption></figure> Estonia lies at the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">temperate broadleaf forest</a> biomes.<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, Estonia is shared between the Central European and Eastern European provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>, the territory of Estonia belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sarmatic_mixed_forests" title="Sarmatic mixed forests">Sarmatic mixed forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-249">[244]</a> Over 330 bird species have been found in Estonia, including the <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_eagle" title="White-tailed eagle">white-tailed eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_spotted_eagle" title="Lesser spotted eagle">lesser spotted eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_capercaillie" title="Western capercaillie">western capercaillie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Stork" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Stork">black</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_stork" title="White stork">white stork</a>, and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Owls" class="mw-redirect" title="Owls">owls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wader" title="Wader">waders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geese">geese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2-250">[245]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Barn_swallow" title="Barn swallow">barn swallow</a> is the <a href="/wiki/National_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="National bird">national bird</a> of Estonia.<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> Estonia is located on the <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migration route</a> for millions of <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerines</a> flying through central Estonia as well as over 50 million waterfowl and shorebirds flying along the north-western coast, holding the European record for the highest number of migrating species observed.<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> Estonian fauna is characterized by a significant presence of aquatic, riparian, forest, and open-field species. The country is home to 64 recorded <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> species, 11 <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, and 5 <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raukas_2018-231">[226]</a> Large mammals include the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wolf" title="Eurasian wolf">grey wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">lynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">badger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_beaver" title="Eurasian beaver">beaver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">otter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">grey seal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed seal</a>. Notably, Estonia has successfully maintained a population of <a href="/wiki/European_mink" title="European mink">European minks</a> on its islands through decades-long conservation programs, countering the encroachment of <a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">American minks</a>. The critically endangered European mink has been successfully reintroduced on <a href="/wiki/Hiiumaa" title="Hiiumaa">Hiiumaa</a>, while the rare <a href="/wiki/Siberian_flying_squirrel" title="Siberian flying squirrel">Siberian flying squirrel</a> thrives in eastern Estonia.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1-245">[240]</a> Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>, previously extirpated, have been successfully reintroduced.<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> In the early 21st century, a population of <a href="/wiki/European_jackal" title="European jackal">European jackals</a> was confirmed in western Estonia, expanding their range significantly.<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> Introduced mammals include <a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">sika deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">fallow deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">raccoon dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrat</a>, and American mink.<a href="#cite_note-Raukas_2018-231">[226]</a> Estonia's natural landscape features unique flora, including endemic species such as the <a href="/wiki/Rhinanthus_osiliensis" title="Rhinanthus osiliensis">Saaremaa yellow rattle</a>, which cannot be found elsewhere in the world.<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> The country has a rich composition of floristic groups, with estimated 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> species, 850 <a href="/wiki/Lichens" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichens">lichens</a>, and 600 <a href="/wiki/Bryophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryophytes">bryophytes</a>. As of 2012, forests covered 48% of Estonia’s land area, supporting a wide range of plant species.<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> Among these, 87 native and over 500 introduced tree and bush species have been identified, with the most common trees being <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> (41%), <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> (28%), and <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> (23%).<a href="#cite_note-Raukas_2018-231">[226]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Centaurea_cyanus" title="Centaurea cyanus">cornflower</a> serves as Estonia's national flower.<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> Additionally, Estonia is home to approximately 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> species, with 3,461 identified. These fungi play a vital role in the ecosystem by forming <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhizal</a> associations with trees and shrubs, and all tree species present in Estonia rely on these symbiotic relationships for their growth and health.<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm/220px--Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="53" data-mwtitle="Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Major infrastructure projects are designed to integrate with the natural environment and feature numerous <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_crossing" title="Wildlife crossing">wildlife crossings</a></figcaption></figure> The environmental status in Estonia is generally favorable, but issues persist regarding pollution from transportation, the preservation of biodiversity, and the protection of water bodies. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Peipus" title="Lake Peipus">Lake Peipus</a>, the largest transboundary lake in Europe, faces significant ecological challenges. Monitoring data from 2009 to 2023 reveal that the lake's water quality indicators are predominantly in poor ecological condition. In 2023, unusually high water temperatures promoted the release of phosphorus from lake sediments, further deteriorating water quality. Additionally, water transparency in both Estonian and Russian parts of the lake has shown a declining trend, signaling ongoing environmental stress.<a href="#cite_note-seire-260">[255]</a> Although the number of pollutants emitted has been falling since the 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-Auer-261">[256]</a> the air is still contaminated with <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a> from the mining industry the Soviet Union rapidly developed in the early 1950s. In some areas, coastal seawater is polluted, mainly around the <a href="/wiki/Sillam%C3%A4e" title="Sillamäe">Sillamäe</a> industrial complex.<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> Coastal waters in Estonia also face similar environmental concerns. Monitoring of five coastal water bodies in 2023 indicated suboptimal ecological statuses. High <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> levels in biota were a major contributor to these classifications, and in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn_Bay" title="Tallinn Bay">Tallinn Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tributyl_tin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributyl tin">tributyl tin</a> concentrations in sediments also exceeded safe limits. These chemical pollutants pose risks to both aquatic ecosystems and the overall environmental health of the region.<a href="#cite_note-seire-260">[255]</a> Several indicators have worsened in recent years, particularly those concerning greenhouse gas emissions and waste management. Estonia's net greenhouse gas emissions increased from 13.4 million CO₂-equivalent tons in 2021 to 14.3 million tons in 2022, moving the nation further from its 2035 target of 8 million tons. Waste production has also grown, rising from 19.4 million tons in 2021 to 22.9 million tons in 2022, underscoring issues with resource overuse and inadequate waste recycling rates. Resource consumption and waste recycling are key areas of concern in Estonia's sustainability measures. The rate of municipal waste recycling has stagnated. Estonia's reliance on natural resources is further reflected in increased oil shale extraction, from 9.2 million tons in 2021 to 10.7 million tons in 2022, and a rise in groundwater extraction to 236.5 million cubic meters in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Estonia" title="Politics of Estonia">Politics of Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Estonia" title="List of political parties in Estonia">List of political parties in Estonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Estonia" title="Elections in Estonia">Elections in Estonia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:235px;max-width:235px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_met_with_Estonian_President_Karis_in_Kyiv_2022_(13)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_met_with_Estonian_President_Karis_in_Kyiv_2022_%2813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/114px-Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_met_with_Estonian_President_Karis_in_Kyiv_2022_%2813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_met_with_Estonian_President_Karis_in_Kyiv_2022_%2813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/171px-Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_met_with_Estonian_President_Karis_in_Kyiv_2022_%2813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_met_with_Estonian_President_Karis_in_Kyiv_2022_%2813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/228px-Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_met_with_Estonian_President_Karis_in_Kyiv_2022_%2813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="1095" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Alar_Karis" title="Alar Karis">Alar Karis</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">President</a> since 2021</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristen_Michal_in_2024_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kristen_Michal_in_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Kristen_Michal_in_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kristen_Michal_in_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Kristen_Michal_in_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kristen_Michal_in_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/226px-Kristen_Michal_in_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2326" data-file-height="3096" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Michal" title="Kristen Michal">Kristen Michal</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Prime Minister</a> since 2024</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riigikogu_hoone,_Kaupo_Kalda_foto,_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Toompea Castle pink stucco three-story building with red hip roof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Riigikogu_hoone%2C_Kaupo_Kalda_foto%2C_2016.jpg/220px-Riigikogu_hoone%2C_Kaupo_Kalda_foto%2C_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Riigikogu_hoone%2C_Kaupo_Kalda_foto%2C_2016.jpg/330px-Riigikogu_hoone%2C_Kaupo_Kalda_foto%2C_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Riigikogu_hoone%2C_Kaupo_Kalda_foto%2C_2016.jpg/440px-Riigikogu_hoone%2C_Kaupo_Kalda_foto%2C_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4600" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>The seat of the Parliament of Estonia in <a href="/wiki/Toompea_Castle" title="Toompea Castle">Toompea Castle</a></figcaption></figure> Estonia is a unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> where the unicameral parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">Riigikogu</a>, serves as the legislature and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Estonia" title="Government of Estonia">the government</a> acts as the executive branch.<a href="#cite_note-Toots-264">[259]</a> The Riigikogu comprises 101 members elected for four-year terms by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, with voting rights granted to citizens over 18 years of age. The parliament holds several key responsibilities: it approves the national government, passes legal acts and the state budget, and exercises parliamentary oversight. Additionally, upon <a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">the president</a>'s recommendation, the Riigikogu appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the chair of the Bank of Estonia, the Auditor General, the Chancellor of Justice, and the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Estonia" title="Government of Estonia">Government of Estonia</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Prime Minister</a>, is formed based on the President's nomination and must receive approval from the Riigikogu. The Prime Minister and ministers oversee the administration of domestic and foreign policy, with each minister representing their ministry's interests.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a> Estonia's political system has been characterized by coalition governments, as no single party has managed to secure an absolute majority in the Riigikogu.<a href="#cite_note-Toots-264">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">The President</a>, Estonia's head of state, plays a primarily ceremonial role, representing the nation internationally and holding the power to proclaim or veto laws passed by the Riigikogu. Should a law be passed unamended after presidential veto, the President may petition the Supreme Court to review its constitutionality.<a href="#cite_note-Toots-264">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> There is no <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">popular vote</a> on the election of the president, who is elected by the Riigikogu, or by a special electoral college.<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Constitution of Estonia</a> supports the potential for <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> through <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a>, although since adoption of the constitution in 1992 the only referendum has been the <a href="/wiki/2003_Estonian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Estonian European Union membership referendum">referendum on European Union membership</a> in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> Estonia has pioneered in <a href="/wiki/E-government" title="E-government">e-government</a>, offering nearly all public services online<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a> and becoming the first country globally to enable <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_Estonia" title="Electronic voting in Estonia">nationwide binding Internet voting</a> in 2005 local elections.<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2023_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Estonian parliamentary election">2023 parliamentary elections</a>, over half of the votes were cast online.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> Six parties secured seats in the Riigikogu in the 2023 elections, with <a href="/wiki/Kaja_Kallas" title="Kaja Kallas">Kaja Kallas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Reform_Party" title="Estonian Reform Party">Reform Party</a> forming a <a href="/wiki/Kaja_Kallas%27_third_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaja Kallas' third cabinet">coalition government</a> with <a href="/wiki/Estonia_200" title="Estonia 200">Estonia 200</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Estonia)" title="Social Democratic Party (Estonia)">Social Democratic Party</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_of_Estonia" title="Conservative People's Party of Estonia">Conservative People's Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Centre_Party" title="Estonian Centre Party">Centre Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isamaa" title="Isamaa">Isamaa</a> became the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a> In 2024, after Kallas' resignation, <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Michal" title="Kristen Michal">Kristen Michal</a> became the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Estonia" title="Administrative divisions of Estonia">Administrative divisions of Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Estonia" title="Counties of Estonia">Counties of Estonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Estonia" title="Municipalities of Estonia">Municipalities of Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estonian_administrative_divisions_2017_with_labels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Estonian_administrative_divisions_2017_with_labels.svg/300px-Estonian_administrative_divisions_2017_with_labels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Estonian_administrative_divisions_2017_with_labels.svg/450px-Estonian_administrative_divisions_2017_with_labels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Estonian_administrative_divisions_2017_with_labels.svg/600px-Estonian_administrative_divisions_2017_with_labels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>Administrative divisions of Estonia</figcaption></figure> Estonia is a unitary country with a single-tier local government system. Local affairs are managed autonomously by local governments. Since administrative reform in 2017, there are in total 79 local governments, including 15 towns and 64 rural municipalities. All municipalities have equal legal status and form part of a <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Estonia" title="Counties of Estonia">maakond</a> (county), which is an administrative subunit of the state.<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> Representative body of local authorities is municipal council, elected at general direct elections for a four-year term. The council appoints local government. For towns, the head of the local government is linnapea (mayor) and vallavanem for parishes. For additional decentralization the local authorities may form municipal districts with limited authority, currently those have been formed in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiiumaa" title="Hiiumaa">Hiiumaa</a> and several other parishes.<a href="#cite_note-rahandusmin-278">[273]</a> The Constitution guarantees local government autonomy, enabling municipalities to independently decide and manage local affairs within the bounds of the Constitution and national legislation. Thus, local governments are not extensions of the state’s ministries or the central government; instead, they serve to address local community needs directly and in a way tailored to each locality. Issues such as construction projects, road maintenance, waste management, and quality-of-life initiatives are primarily handled by local communities, who are considered best equipped to make decisions that benefit their residents. However, the state provides financial and legislative support, ensuring that local governments have adequate funding for these initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Estonia" title="Law of Estonia">Law of Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Constitution of Estonia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Estonia">LGBT rights in Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Estonia,_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia%2C_2014.JPG/220px-Supreme_Court_of_Estonia%2C_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia%2C_2014.JPG/330px-Supreme_Court_of_Estonia%2C_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia%2C_2014.JPG/440px-Supreme_Court_of_Estonia%2C_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Building of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia" title="Supreme Court of Estonia">Supreme Court of Estonia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Constitution of Estonia</a> is the fundamental law, establishing the constitutional order based on five principles: human dignity, democracy, rule of law, social state, and the Estonian identity.<a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a> Estonia has a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> legal system based on the Germanic legal model.<a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> The court system has a three-level structure. The first instance are county courts which handle all criminal and civil cases, and administrative courts which hear complaints about government and local officials, and other public disputes. The <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">second instance</a> are district courts which handle appeals about the first instance decisions.<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia" title="Supreme Court of Estonia">Supreme Court</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_cassation" title="Court of cassation">court of cassation</a>, conducts constitutional review, and has 19 members.<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> The judiciary is independent, judges are appointed for life, and can be removed from office only when convicted of a crime.<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> The justice system has been rated among the most efficient in the European Union by the EU Justice Scoreboard.<a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a> The Estonian legal system is built upon stable democratic institutions, with an independent judiciary as a fundamental pillar of the rule of law. However, concerns remain regarding the judiciary's structural independence, particularly due to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Estonia)" title="Ministry of Justice (Estonia)">Ministry of Justice</a>'s significant role in managing lower courts and overseeing their administration. This connection has raised questions about potential indirect influence on judicial decision-making, as the Ministry's oversight and control of court finances limit the financial autonomy of the courts, making them more susceptible to political pressures. While Estonia's Supreme Court administers itself independently, the lower courts have minimal influence over budgetary planning and allocation. In recent years, public trust in the judiciary has declined, which may undermine efforts to secure full judicial independence. The ongoing debate over Estonia’s judicial reform centers on the need for greater institutional independence, as outlined in the draft Courts Act, although many judges believe the proposed reforms fall short of fully ensuring judicial independence in decision-making processes.<a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a> Estonia was the first former Soviet republic to legalize civil unions for same-sex couples, with a law approved in October 2014.<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> Political disagreements delayed adoption of the necessary implementing legislation, and same-sex couples were not able to sign <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Estonia">cohabitation agreements</a> until January 1, 2016. As of June 2023, gay registered partners and married couples have the right to adopt. <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Estonia">Gay couples</a> gained the right to marriage in Estonia in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Estonia" title="Foreign relations of Estonia">Foreign relations of Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of Estonia">Diplomatic missions of Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_Square_Tallinn_(51980380820).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Freedom_Square_Tallinn_%2851980380820%29.jpg/220px-Freedom_Square_Tallinn_%2851980380820%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Freedom_Square_Tallinn_%2851980380820%29.jpg/330px-Freedom_Square_Tallinn_%2851980380820%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Freedom_Square_Tallinn_%2851980380820%29.jpg/440px-Freedom_Square_Tallinn_%2851980380820%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>Estonia has been one of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>'s most committed allies since the Russian invasions of <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">2014</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022</a></figcaption></figure> Estonia has actively pursued close relations with <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western countries</a> since restoring its independence in 1991. As a member of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> from 1921 and a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> member since 1991,<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-DFAT-291">[286]</a> Estonia quickly integrated into European and transatlantic frameworks, joining <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-DFAT-291">[286]</a> In 2007, Estonia joined the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>, and in 2011 the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DFAT-291">[286]</a> Tallinn hosts the <a href="/wiki/Eu-Lisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eu-Lisa">European Union Agency for large-scale IT systems</a>, which has been operational since 2012,<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> and Estonia held the rotating <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency of the Council of the European Union</a> in the second half of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a> Estonia is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a>, <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a>, <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">Council of the Baltic Sea States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DFAT-291">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a> and served as a non-permanent member of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> for a two-year term beginning in January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-ERR_20190607-296">[291]</a> A key component of Estonia's foreign policy has been close cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, engaging in Baltic regional cooperation and Nordic-Baltic relations. Estonia participates in several regional councils, such as the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Council_of_Ministers" title="Baltic Council of Ministers">Baltic Council of Ministers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">Council of the Baltic Sea States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a> Since the Soviet occupation, the <a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Estonia–Russia relations">relations with Russia</a> have remained strained, even though practical co-operation has taken place in between.<a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a> Since 24 February 2022, the relations with Russia have further deteriorated due to <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)">Russia's invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. Estonia has strongly supported Ukraine during the war, providing highest support relative to its gross domestic product.<a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a> Estonia has built close relationship with the Nordic countries, especially <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and is a member of <a href="/wiki/Nordic-Baltic_Eight" title="Nordic-Baltic Eight">Nordic-Baltic Eight</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DFAT-291">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-NB8-301">[296]</a> Joint Nordic-Baltic projects include the education programme Nordplus<a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a> and mobility programmes for business and industry<a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a> and for public administration.<a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council_of_Ministers" title="Nordic Council of Ministers">Nordic Council of Ministers</a> has an office in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> with a subsidiaries in <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a> The Baltic states are members of <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Investment_Bank" title="Nordic Investment Bank">Nordic Investment Bank</a>, European Union's <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Battle_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Battle Group">Nordic Battle Group</a>, and in 2011 were invited to co-operate with <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Defence_Cooperation" title="Nordic Defence Cooperation">Nordic Defence Cooperation</a> in selected activities.<a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a> In 1999, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Toomas_Hendrik_Ilves" title="Toomas Hendrik Ilves">Toomas Hendrik Ilves</a> advocated for Estonia to be considered a "<a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic country</a>", aiming to highlight Estonia's economic and social progress and distinguish it from its Baltic neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mouritzen-312">[307]</a> By the 2020s, the aspiration to be considered "Nordic" had lessened in Estonia, reflecting growing pride in association with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> countries, especially through the <a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kunnas-313">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_Forces" title="Estonian Defence Forces">Estonian Defence Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_League" title="Estonian Defence League">Estonian Defence League</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_Battalion_Soldiers,_Trident_Juncture_15_(22200204329).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Baltic_Battalion_Soldiers%2C_Trident_Juncture_15_%2822200204329%29.jpg/220px-Baltic_Battalion_Soldiers%2C_Trident_Juncture_15_%2822200204329%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Baltic_Battalion_Soldiers%2C_Trident_Juncture_15_%2822200204329%29.jpg/330px-Baltic_Battalion_Soldiers%2C_Trident_Juncture_15_%2822200204329%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Baltic_Battalion_Soldiers%2C_Trident_Juncture_15_%2822200204329%29.jpg/440px-Baltic_Battalion_Soldiers%2C_Trident_Juncture_15_%2822200204329%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Estonian soldiers during a NATO exercise in 2015</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_Forces" title="Estonian Defence Forces">Estonian Defence Forces</a> consist of <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Land_Forces" title="Estonian Land Forces">land forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Navy" title="Estonian Navy">navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Air_Force" title="Estonian Air Force">air force</a>. The current national <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a> is compulsory for healthy men between ages of 18 and 28, with conscripts serving 8- or 11-month tours of duty, depending on their education and position provided by the Defence Forces.<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a> The peacetime size of the Estonian Defence Forces is about 6,000 persons, with half of those being conscripts. The planned wartime size of the Defence Forces is 60,000 personnel, including 21,000 personnel in high readiness reserve.<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a> Since 2015, the Estonian defence budget has been over 2% of GDP, fulfilling its NATO defence spending obligation.<a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_League" title="Estonian Defence League">Estonian Defence League</a> is a voluntary national defence organisation under management of Ministry of Defence. It is organised based on military principles, has its own military equipment, and provides various different military training for its members, including in guerilla tactics. The Defence League has 17,000 members, with additional 11,000 volunteers in its affiliated organisations.<a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a> Estonia co-operates with <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives. As part of Baltic Air Surveillance Network (BALTNET) the three countries manage the Baltic airspace control center, Baltic Battalion (BALTBAT) has participated in the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Response_Force" title="NATO Response Force">NATO Response Force</a>, and a joint military educational institution <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Defence_College" title="Baltic Defence College">Baltic Defence College</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a> Estonia joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> on 29 March 2004.<a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a> NATO <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Cyber_Defence_Centre_of_Excellence" title="Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence">Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence</a> was established in Tallinn in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a> In response to <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)">Russian war in Ukraine</a>, since 2017 a <a href="/wiki/NATO_Enhanced_Forward_Presence" title="NATO Enhanced Forward Presence">NATO Enhanced Forward Presence</a> battalion battle group has been based in <a href="/wiki/Tapa_Army_Base" title="Tapa Army Base">Tapa Army Base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a> Also part of NATO, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Air_Policing" title="Baltic Air Policing">Baltic Air Policing</a> deployment has been based in <a href="/wiki/%C3%84mari_Air_Base" title="Ämari Air Base">Ämari Air Base</a> since 2014.<a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a> In the European Union, Estonia participates in <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Battlegroup" title="Nordic Battlegroup">Nordic Battlegroup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation" title="Permanent Structured Cooperation">Permanent Structured Cooperation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[320]</a> According to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>, Estonia is the 24th most peaceful country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a> Since 1995, Estonia has participated in numerous international security and peacekeeping missions, including: <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barkhane" title="Operation Barkhane">Mali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a> The peak strength of Estonian deployment in Afghanistan was 289 soldiers in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-328">[323]</a> Eleven Estonian soldiers have been killed in missions of Afghanistan and Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-329">[324]</a> In addition, up to a hundred Estonian volunteers have joined the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Armed Forces of Ukraine</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-330">[325]</a> three of whom have been killed.<a href="#cite_note-331">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement_and_emergency_services">Law enforcement and emergency services</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Border_Guard_Board" title="Police and Border Guard Board">Police and Border Guard Board</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Rescue_Board" title="Estonian Rescue Board">Estonian Rescue Board</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%B5idup%C3%BCha_paraad_Viljandis_(52995705569).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/V%C3%B5idup%C3%BCha_paraad_Viljandis_%2852995705569%29.jpg/220px-V%C3%B5idup%C3%BCha_paraad_Viljandis_%2852995705569%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/V%C3%B5idup%C3%BCha_paraad_Viljandis_%2852995705569%29.jpg/330px-V%C3%B5idup%C3%BCha_paraad_Viljandis_%2852995705569%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/V%C3%B5idup%C3%BCha_paraad_Viljandis_%2852995705569%29.jpg/440px-V%C3%B5idup%C3%BCha_paraad_Viljandis_%2852995705569%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4936" data-file-height="3247" /></a><figcaption>Policemen at a <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5idup%C3%BCha" title="Võidupüha">Võidupüha</a> parade in 2023</figcaption></figure> Estonia is a country largely protected from major natural disasters due to its geographic location, avoiding the risks of <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">earthquakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruptions">volcanic eruptions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornadoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornadoes">tornadoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical cyclones">tropical cyclones</a>. However, certain natural events, such as <a href="/wiki/Forest_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fire">forest fires</a>, minor <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a> in low-lying areas, and <a href="/wiki/Osmussaar_earthquake" title="Osmussaar earthquake">occasional small earthquakes</a>, still pose localized challenges. The most significant recent disaster in Estonia's history was the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_MS_Estonia" title="Sinking of the MS Estonia">sinking of the MS Estonia</a> in the Baltic Sea, remaining the deadliest peactime maritime disaster in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-332">[327]</a> Law enforcement in Estonia is primarily managed by agencies under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Estonia)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Estonia)">Ministry of the Interior</a>. The main agency, the <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Border_Guard_Board" title="Police and Border Guard Board">Police and Border Guard Board</a>, oversees law enforcement and internal security, responsible for a range of duties from public order to immigration control. Estonia also has a strong private security sector, which provides additional security services to individuals and businesses but holds no legal authority to arrest or detain suspects. To address national security, the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Internal_Security_Service" title="Estonian Internal Security Service">Estonian Internal Security Service</a> serves as the country's principal counterintelligence and counterterrorism agency, while the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Foreign_Intelligence_Service" title="Estonian Foreign Intelligence Service">Estonian Foreign Intelligence Service</a> handles external threats, gathering intelligence abroad to protect Estonia's national interests.<a href="#cite_note-333">[328]</a> Emergency services in Estonia include comprehensive emergency medical services and the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Rescue_Board" title="Estonian Rescue Board">Estonian Rescue Board</a>, which is responsible for search and rescue operations across the country. These emergency services play a critical role in managing and mitigating risks, coordinating rapid response efforts for incidents, and ensuring public safety in times of crisis.<a href="#cite_note-334">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Economy of Estonia</a></div> Estonia is a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> with an advanced, <a href="/wiki/High-income_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="High-income economy">high-income economy</a> that was among the fastest-growing in the EU since its entry in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-335">[330]</a> With a <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">GDP (PPP) per capita</a> of $46,385 in 2023, ranked 40th globally by the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.EE-16">[15]</a> Estonia ranks highly in international rankings for <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>,<a href="#cite_note-336">[331]</a> <a href="/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">education</a>,<a href="#cite_note-337">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[333]</a> <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">press freedom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-339">[334]</a> <a href="/wiki/E-government" title="E-government">digitalisation of public services</a>,<a href="#cite_note-340">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[336]</a> the prevalence of technology companies,<a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a> and maintains very high rankings in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HDI-343">[338]</a> One of the world's most digitally-advanced societies,<a href="#cite_note-344">[339]</a> in 2005 Estonia became the first state to hold elections over the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_Estonia" title="Electronic voting in Estonia">Internet</a>, and in 2014, the first state to provide <a href="/wiki/E-residency_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="E-residency of Estonia">e-residency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[340]</a> <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">Universal health care</a>,<a href="#cite_note-346">[341]</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free education</a>,<a href="#cite_note-347">[342]</a> and the longest paid <a href="/wiki/Maternity_leave" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternity leave">maternity leave</a> in the OECD<a href="#cite_note-348">[343]</a> are additional hallmarks of Estonia's social infrastructure. Oil shale energy, telecommunications, textiles, chemical products, banking, services, food and fishery, timber, shipbuilding, electronics, and transportation are key sectors of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-349">[344]</a> In energy production, Estonia has aimed for self-sufficiency, producing about 75% of its electricity.<a href="#cite_note-350">[345]</a> Locally mined <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a> has been a dominant source, contributing approximately 85% of energy production in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-351">[346]</a> while renewable sources like wood, peat, and biomass account for nearly 9% of primary energy production. Wind energy, comprising around 6% of energy usage in 2009, is also steadily growing.<a href="#cite_note-352">[347]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2010">global economic recession that began in 2007</a> impacted Estonia with a contraction in GDP, which led to governmental budget adjustments to stabilize the economy.<a href="#cite_note-353">[348]</a> However, by 2010, the economy began a strong recovery driven by exports, and industrial output increased by 23% in the fourth quarter compared to the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-Stat-354">[349]</a> Real GDP growth in 2011 was an impressive 8%, and in 2012, Estonia was the only eurozone country with a budget surplus and had a national debt at just 6%, among the lowest in Europe. Despite economic disparities between regions – over half of Estonia's GDP is generated in Tallinn, with its per capita GDP at 172% of the national average<a href="#cite_note-BBN-355">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-Statistics-356">[351]</a> – the country has continued to perform well, including a notable first-place ranking in the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-357">[352]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_policy">Public policy</h3></div> Estonia's economy continues to benefit from a transparent government and policies that sustain a high level of <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">economic freedom</a>, ranking 6th globally and 2nd in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-358">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[354]</a> The rule of <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Estonia" title="Law of Estonia">law</a> remains strongly buttressed and enforced by an independent and efficient judicial system. A simplified tax system with flat rates and low indirect taxation, openness to foreign investment, and a liberal trade regime have supported the resilient and well-functioning economy.<a href="#cite_note-taxfoundation1-360">[355]</a> As of May 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estonia&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ease_of_Doing_Business_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Ease of Doing Business Index">Ease of Doing Business Index</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> places the country 16th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-361">[356]</a> The strong focus on the IT sector through its <a href="/wiki/E-Estonia" title="E-Estonia">e-Estonia</a> program has led to much faster, simpler and efficient public services where for example filing a tax return takes less than five minutes and 98% of banking transactions are conducted through the internet.<a href="#cite_note-362">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[358]</a> Estonia has the 13th lowest business bribery risk in the world, according to TRACE Matrix.<a href="#cite_note-traceinternational.org-364">[359]</a> After restoring full independence, in the 1990s, Estonia styled itself as the "gateway between East and West" and aggressively pursued economic reform and reintegration with the West.<a href="#cite_note-365">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[363]</a> In 1994, applying the economic theories of <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, Estonia became one of the first countries to adopt a <a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">flat tax</a>, with a uniform rate of 26% regardless of personal income. This rate has since been reduced several times, e.g., to 24% in 2005, 23% in 2006, and to 21% in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-369">[364]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Estonia" title="Government of Estonia">Government of Estonia</a> adopted the euro as the country's currency on 1 January 2011, later than planned due to continued high inflation.<a href="#cite_note-370">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-euro-EFP-371">[366]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Land_Value_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Value Tax">Land Value Tax</a> is levied which is used to fund local municipalities. It is a state-level tax, but 100% of the revenue is used to fund Local Councils. The rate is set by the Local Council within the limits of 0.1–2.5%. It is one of the most important sources of funding for municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-Land_Tax_Reform-372">[367]</a> The Land Value Tax is levied on the value of the land only with improvements and buildings not considered. Very few exemptions are considered on the land value tax and even public institutions are subject to the tax.<a href="#cite_note-Land_Tax_Reform-372">[367]</a> The tax has contributed to a high rate (~90%)<a href="#cite_note-Land_Tax_Reform-372">[367]</a> of owner-occupied residences within Estonia, compared to a rate of 67.4% in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-373">[368]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Estonia" title="Transport in Estonia">Transport in Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tallinn_asv2022-04_img16_Vanasadam_Tallink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tallinn_asv2022-04_img16_Vanasadam_Tallink.jpg/220px-Tallinn_asv2022-04_img16_Vanasadam_Tallink.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tallinn_asv2022-04_img16_Vanasadam_Tallink.jpg/330px-Tallinn_asv2022-04_img16_Vanasadam_Tallink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tallinn_asv2022-04_img16_Vanasadam_Tallink.jpg/440px-Tallinn_asv2022-04_img16_Vanasadam_Tallink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5962" data-file-height="3354" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tallink" title="Tallink">Tallink</a> <a href="/wiki/Cruiseferry" title="Cruiseferry">cruiseferries</a> connect Estonia to neighboring Finland and Sweden</figcaption></figure> Estonia's transportation system is an essential part of the country's infrastructure, facilitating both domestic and international movement of goods and people. The primary modes of transportation include road, rail, maritime, and air transport, each contributing significantly to the economy and accessibility of the region. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tallinn" title="Port of Tallinn">Port of Tallinn</a> is one of the largest maritime enterprises in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, catering to both cargo and passenger traffic. Among the facilities is the <a href="/wiki/Ice-free_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice-free port">ice-free port</a> of <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Muuga" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Muuga">Muuga</a>, located near Tallinn, which boasts modern transhipment capabilities, a high-capacity grain elevator, chill and frozen storage, and enhanced oil tanker offloading facilities.<a href="#cite_note-374">[369]</a> Estonian shipping company <a href="/wiki/Tallink" title="Tallink">Tallink</a> operates a fleet of <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea_cruiseferries" title="Baltic Sea cruiseferries">Baltic Sea cruiseferries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ropax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ropax">ropax</a> ships, making it the largest passenger and cargo shipping operator in the Baltic Sea, with routes connecting Estonia to <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tallink_homepage-375">[370]</a> The ferry lines to Estonian islands are operated by <a href="/wiki/TS_Laevad" title="TS Laevad">TS Laevad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kihnu_Veeteed" title="Kihnu Veeteed">Kihnu Veeteed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-376">[371]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elektriraudtee%27s_FLIRT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Elektriraudtee%27s_FLIRT.jpg/220px-Elektriraudtee%27s_FLIRT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Elektriraudtee%27s_FLIRT.jpg/330px-Elektriraudtee%27s_FLIRT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Elektriraudtee%27s_FLIRT.jpg/440px-Elektriraudtee%27s_FLIRT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Passenger trains operated by <a href="/wiki/Elron_(rail_transit)" title="Elron (rail transit)">Elron</a> connect the main cities in mainland Estonia</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Estonia" title="Rail transport in Estonia">Estonia's railway network</a> began to take shape with the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Tallinn%E2%80%93Narva_railway" title="Tallinn–Narva railway">Tallinn–Narva railway</a>, which opened in 1870. Currently, the rail system, primarily operated by the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Eesti_Raudtee" title="Eesti Raudtee">Eesti Raudtee</a>, encompasses over 2,000 km, including the 209.6 km (130.2 mi) Tallinn–Narva line, which also serves as a link to <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-377">[372]</a> While much of Estonia's original <a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railways_in_Estonia" title="Narrow-gauge railways in Estonia">narrow-gauge railway network</a> was dismantled during the Soviet occupation, preserved sections can be found at the <a href="/wiki/Lavassaare" title="Lavassaare">Lavassaare</a> railway museum and on <a href="/wiki/Naissaar" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a> island. Additionally, Tallinn operates a narrow-gauge <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Tallinn" title="Trams in Tallinn">tram network</a>. The country primarily operates on a <a href="/wiki/Russian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian gauge">Russian gauge</a> of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11.8 in). A major project, <a href="/wiki/Rail_Baltica" title="Rail Baltica">Rail Baltica</a>, is under construction and aims to link Estonia and the other Baltic capitals to the European <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> railway system.<a href="#cite_note-378">[373]</a> Additionally, an <a href="/wiki/Helsinki%E2%80%93Tallinn_Tunnel" title="Helsinki–Tallinn Tunnel">undersea railway tunnel linking Tallinn and Helsinki</a> has been long proposed.<a href="#cite_note-379">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Estonia" title="Highways in Estonia">Road infrastructure in Estonia</a> is extensive, with 16,982 km of state-managed roads, including 12,716 km of paved surfaces, ensuring reliable transport across the country.<a href="#cite_note-381">[376]</a> Major highways such as the <a href="/wiki/Narva_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Narva Highway">Narva Highway</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_route_E20" title="European route E20">E20</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tartu_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu Highway">Tartu Highway</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_route_E263" title="European route E263">E263</a>), and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Pärnu Highway">Pärnu Highway</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_route_E67" title="European route E67">E67</a>), are essential for both local and international travel. Estonia has a high rate of car ownership, with most households owning at least one vehicle, and nearly half owning two, particularly in rural areas where 97% of households have a car.<a href="#cite_note-382">[377]</a> Active transport, including <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walking</a>, is also notable, especially in urban areas, where around 3% of employed residents cycle to work and about 15% walk. In total, nearly half of city residents and one-third of rural residents engage in walking or cycling as part of their daily travel.<a href="#cite_note-383">[378]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lennart_Meri_Tallinn_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport">Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport</a>, located in the capital city, is the largest airport in Estonia and serves as a <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">hub</a> for the national airline <a href="/wiki/Nordica_(airline)" title="Nordica (airline)">Nordica</a>. It also functions as a secondary hub for <a href="/wiki/AirBaltic" title="AirBaltic">AirBaltic</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[379]</a> and <a href="/wiki/LOT_Polish_Airlines" title="LOT Polish Airlines">LOT Polish Airlines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-385">[380]</a> Since 1998, the airport has seen a consistent annual increase in passenger traffic, averaging 14.2%. On 16 November 2012, Tallinn Airport reached a significant milestone by welcoming its two millionth passenger for the first time in history.<a href="#cite_note-386">[381]</a> Other airports with regular passenger flights include <a href="/wiki/Tartu_Airport" title="Tartu Airport">Tartu Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu_Airport" title="Pärnu Airport">Pärnu Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuressaare_Airport" title="Kuressaare Airport">Kuressaare Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rdla_Airport" title="Kärdla Airport">Kärdla Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-387">[382]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources_and_mining">Natural resources and mining</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_Estonia" title="Oil shale in Estonia">Oil shale in Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oilshale_mine_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oilshale_mine_04.jpg/220px-Oilshale_mine_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oilshale_mine_04.jpg/330px-Oilshale_mine_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Oilshale_mine_04.jpg/440px-Oilshale_mine_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Estonian underground miner conducts fieldworks to study oil shale reserves</figcaption></figure> Estonia is relatively rich in materials that could potentially serve as natural resources, although many are not found in economically viable quantities or face technical and environmental challenges that hinder their extraction. The country has large <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Kukersite" title="Kukersite">kukersite</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> deposits. In addition to oil shale and limestone, Estonia also has large reserves of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">phosphorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uraninite" title="Uraninite">pitchblende</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> that currently are not mined, or not mined extensively.<a href="#cite_note-388">[383]</a> The underground resources may include <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>. Future potential resources are thought to include <a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">diatomaceous earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>. There are also indications of <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> near Hiiumaa and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> reserves in North Estonia. Currently, the most significant resources being exploited in Estonia are oil shale and phosphorite, along with natural building materials such as <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, limestone, and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-389">[384]</a> Estonia possesses a wide variety of smaller resources alongside its substantial oil shale and limestone deposits. As of 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_Estonia" title="Oil shale in Estonia">oil shale industry in Estonia</a> was among the most developed globally,<a href="#cite_note-390">[385]</a> supplying approximately 70% of the country's total primary energy needs and contributing about 4% to the GDP in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-audit-391">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[387]</a> Additionally, significant quantities of <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare-earth">rare-earth</a> oxides are found in the tailings from over 50 years of <a href="/wiki/Uranium_ore" title="Uranium ore">uranium ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loparite" class="mw-redirect" title="Loparite">loparite</a> mining at <a href="/wiki/Sillam%C3%A4e" title="Sillamäe">Sillamäe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[388]</a> The rising global prices for rare earth elements have made the extraction of these oxides economically viable, with Estonia currently exporting around 3,000 tonnes annually, accounting for approximately 2% of global production.<a href="#cite_note-394">[389]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Narva_Power_Plants" title="Narva Power Plants">Narva Power Plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Estonia" title="Wind power in Estonia">Wind power in Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_shale_-_from_research_to_reality_04._Enefit280_plant_-_On_the_platform,_view_to_the_retort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Oil_shale_-_from_research_to_reality_04._Enefit280_plant_-_On_the_platform%2C_view_to_the_retort.jpg/220px-Oil_shale_-_from_research_to_reality_04._Enefit280_plant_-_On_the_platform%2C_view_to_the_retort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Oil_shale_-_from_research_to_reality_04._Enefit280_plant_-_On_the_platform%2C_view_to_the_retort.jpg/330px-Oil_shale_-_from_research_to_reality_04._Enefit280_plant_-_On_the_platform%2C_view_to_the_retort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Oil_shale_-_from_research_to_reality_04._Enefit280_plant_-_On_the_platform%2C_view_to_the_retort.jpg/440px-Oil_shale_-_from_research_to_reality_04._Enefit280_plant_-_On_the_platform%2C_view_to_the_retort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="16432" data-file-height="8216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narva_Oil_Plant" title="Narva Oil Plant">Narva Oil Plant</a> employs advanced pyrolysis technology to convert raw organic matter into valuable products</figcaption></figure> The energy sector in Estonia has historically been dominated by the oil shale industry, which has played a crucial role in electricity production since the 1920s. The oil shale industry, concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Virumaa" title="Virumaa">Virumaa</a>, produces around 73% of the entire country's electricity.<a href="#cite_note-395">[390]</a> In recent years, however, there has been a significant growth in renewable energy generation, alongside ongoing discussions regarding the potential future use of nuclear energy. The largest producer of electricity and thermal energy in Estonia is the state-owned company <a href="/wiki/Eesti_Energia" title="Eesti Energia">Eesti Energia</a>. Oil shale remains the primary energy source in Estonia, primarily utilized for electricity generation and heating, particularly in Narva. In addition to electricity, Estonia has been increasingly producing oil from this resource, with production volumes steadily rising. Other energy sources include peat, firewood, hydroelectric and wind energy, solar panels, and imported natural and liquefied gas, as well as coal.<a href="#cite_note-396">[391]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elektrituulikud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aseriaru wind turbines next to fields" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Elektrituulikud.jpg/220px-Elektrituulikud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Elektrituulikud.jpg/330px-Elektrituulikud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Elektrituulikud.jpg/440px-Elektrituulikud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>Wind farm in <a href="/wiki/Aseriaru" title="Aseriaru">Aseriaru</a></figcaption></figure> Estonia enjoys one of the lowest dependencies on energy imports within the EU. This is largely due to the high share of domestic energy sources, including oil shale and an increasing proportion of renewable energy, such as biomass, wind, solar power, and improved energy efficiency in production, transmission, and consumption. The diversity of suppliers for electricity, gas, liquid fuels, and solid fuels has contributed to competitive, market-based energy prices for consumers. Historically, electricity imports accounted for a small share of Estonia's energy supply, at less than 10%. However, this figure increased to between 20% and 37% during the 2010s. Prior to 2002, electricity was imported from Russia, while imports from Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland via the <a href="/wiki/Estlink" title="Estlink">Estlink</a> electricity cable began in the early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-tulemusaruanne-397">[392]</a> In a notable policy shift, Estonia has prohibited the import of pipeline gas from Russia as of January 1, 2023. This follows a decade during which Russian gas accounted for 100% of the country's consumption. As of 2023, Estonia's gas consumption was recorded at 3.42 TWh, supported by a strategic gas reserve of 1 TWh located in the <a href="/wiki/In%C4%8Dukalns" title="Inčukalns">Inčukalns</a> underground gas storage facility in Latvia, equating to approximately 29% of the country's average annual gas needs.<a href="#cite_note-tulemusaruanne-397">[392]</a> There has also been increased investment in renewable energy sources,<a href="#cite_note-398">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[395]</a> with wind power steadily expanding; current production is nearly 60 MW, with an additional 399 MW of projects underway and over 2,800 MW proposed in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Peipus" title="Lake Peipus">Lake Peipus</a> and the coastal regions of <a href="/wiki/Hiiumaa" title="Hiiumaa">Hiiumaa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-401">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[398]</a> Plans to renovate older units of the Narva Power Plants and establish new stations aim to enhance efficiency in oil shale-based energy production.<a href="#cite_note-404">[399]</a> While Estonia, along with Lithuania, Poland, and Latvia, considered participating in the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Visaginas_nuclear_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Visaginas nuclear power plant">Visaginas nuclear power plant</a> in Lithuania,<a href="#cite_note-wnn-lt-405">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-le-406">[401]</a> the project faced delays and challenges, prompting Eesti Energia to shift its focus to shale oil production, viewed as more profitable.<a href="#cite_note-407">[402]</a> The Estonian electricity market was <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalised</a> in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-408">[403]</a> integrating into the <a href="/wiki/Nord_Pool_Spot" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord Pool Spot">Nord Pool Spot</a> network.<a href="#cite_note-409">[404]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture,_fishery_and_forestry">Agriculture, fishery and forestry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saagikoristus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Saagikoristus.jpg/220px-Saagikoristus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Saagikoristus.jpg/330px-Saagikoristus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Saagikoristus.jpg/440px-Saagikoristus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Estonian farmers carefully harvest winter wheat with small machines at peak ripeness, balancing timing to ensure optimal grain quality</figcaption></figure> Agriculture is one of Estonia's traditional economic sectors, historically crucial to the country's economy. Following Estonia's re-independence, agricultural significance in the economy declined sharply as large Soviet-era collective farms were dismantled and privatized. In recent years, large enterprises have once again become dominant, while smaller farms focus on niche markets, organic farming, and rural tourism. Recent years have seen an increase in Estonia's cultivated land, with approximately 1.05 million hectares of arable land and 0.24 million hectares of natural grasslands recorded by 2019.<a href="#cite_note-410">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[406]</a> Estonia has one of the largest average farm sizes within the European Union at 62 hectares per farm, with around 78% of farmland owned by entities managing at least 100 hectares – far above the EU average of 49% for this ownership category.<a href="#cite_note-412">[407]</a> Estonia ranks second in Europe, following <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, in the proportion of farmland under <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic cultivation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-413">[408]</a> Fishing has long been a vital sector in Estonia, influenced by the country’s coastal location. Approximately 95% of the fish caught in Estonia's waters comes from the Baltic Sea, with the remainder sourced from inland waters. Estonia's fishing activities are categorized into three main groups: Baltic Sea fishing, inland fishing, and distant fishing, with international regulations governing much of these activities. The Baltic Sea fisheries distinguish between migratory species, such as sprat, herring, cod, and salmon, which are subject to EU quotas, and local species, such as perch and pike, which are managed domestically. Despite stringent regulations, Estonian fish stocks face significant challenges, including habitat loss, overfishing, and decreased spawning areas. In response, Estonia has introduced conservation initiatives to protect vulnerable fish species and enhance breeding programs.<a href="#cite_note-414">[409]</a> The forestry sector is a significant contributor to Estonia's national economy, balancing ecological responsibilities with market demands for timber products. The Estonian government aims to establish sustainable annual harvest levels that align with EU climate objectives, while the industry pushes for higher harvest quotas to ensure profitability and job security. Conversely, conservationists advocate for reduced logging to safeguard biodiversity and fulfill climate commitments. Currently, the government maintains a harvest threshold of at least 9.5 million cubic meters to balance economic impacts and environmental goals. However, inventories indicate serious over-harvesting, leading to intensified debates about how to sustain the timber industry while protecting Estonia's rich biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-415">[410]</a> Since at least 2009, logging has increased significantly across both private and protected lands, including national parks.<a href="#cite_note-416">[411]</a> While Estonia's logging practices need to be reduced to enhance biodiversity and achieve carbon sequestration goals, the sector continues to expand; in 2022, the state forestry agency <a href="/wiki/State_Forest_Management_Centre" title="State Forest Management Centre">RMK</a> reported a record profit of 1.4 billion euros.<a href="#cite_note-417">[412]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_and_services">Industry and services</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kehra_pulp_and_paper_mill_in_Estonia_(November_2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kehra_pulp_and_paper_mill_in_Estonia_%28November_2021%29.jpg/220px-Kehra_pulp_and_paper_mill_in_Estonia_%28November_2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kehra_pulp_and_paper_mill_in_Estonia_%28November_2021%29.jpg/330px-Kehra_pulp_and_paper_mill_in_Estonia_%28November_2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kehra_pulp_and_paper_mill_in_Estonia_%28November_2021%29.jpg/440px-Kehra_pulp_and_paper_mill_in_Estonia_%28November_2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kehra_pulp_and_paper_mill" title="Kehra pulp and paper mill">Kehra pulp and paper mill</a></figcaption></figure> Industry serves as a foundational pillar of Estonia's economy, with the manufacturing sector being the largest segment, accounting for approximately 15% of the national GDP. This sector provides employment for around one-fifth of the workforce, equating to about 120,000 individuals. Additionally, the export turnover of industrial enterprises typically represents around two-thirds of Estonia's total export volume.<a href="#cite_note-418">[413]</a> Food, construction, and electronic industries are currently among the most important branches of Estonia's industry.<a href="#cite_note-419">[414]</a> Key branches within Estonia's industry include food production, construction, and electronics, with the construction industry alone employing over 80,000 people in 2007, roughly 12% of the total workforce.<a href="#cite_note-420">[415]</a> The machinery and chemical industries are also significant, primarily concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Ida-Viru_County" title="Ida-Viru County">Ida-Viru County</a> and around <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>. The Estonian manufacturing sector comprises 7,981 enterprises, representing 8% of all businesses in the country. This sector employs over 107,000 individuals, accounting for 22% of all employed persons in Estonia. In 2020, the total profit margin for manufacturing companies was 4.9%. A significant portion of the sector consists of micro-enterprises, with 78% of manufacturing firms employing fewer than 10 workers, while only 3% of companies have more than 100 employees (totaling 215 firms). Approximately 17% of manufacturing enterprises report sales revenues exceeding 1 million euros, and exports contribute to 52% of the sector's total sales revenue.<a href="#cite_note-421">[416]</a> The most significant branch of the manufacturing sector is machinery production, which accounts for approximately 25% of total output. Other key industries include wood and paper production (20%), food processing (15%), chemical production (10%), metalworking (13%), and light industry, which constitutes less than 5% of the total output. In 2018, Estonia's exported goods amounted to €10.4 billion, representing 72% of the country's total merchandise exports. The manufacturing sector employed around 124,000 individuals and contributed 15.4% to Estonia's GDP, with 20% of the GDP growth that year stemming from this sector.<a href="#cite_note-422">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[418]</a> In terms of value added, the manufacturing sector's share of the Estonian economy is slightly below the European Union average, which is around 15%. However, Estonia has one of the highest proportions of employment in manufacturing among EU countries, with nearly one-fifth of the workforce engaged in this sector. Manufacturing is the largest employer in Estonia, with significant job creation occurring in 2019, particularly in the production of electrical equipment and the repair and installation of machinery and equipment. The wood industry saw the highest growth in production volume during that year. The major industrial sectors by employment are wood processing, food production, and metalworking. The sector is heavily reliant on external markets, with over 60% of its output being exported. Key export markets include Finland and Sweden, which also account for more than 60% of foreign direct investments in Estonia's manufacturing industry.<a href="#cite_note-424">[419]</a> In the 2000s, there was a notable shift in Estonia's economic structure, with the services sector's contribution to GDP increasing while agriculture and industry saw a decline in their share. Currently, services account for 68.1% of Estonia's GDP and employ 76.8% of the workforce. Despite its growth, certain service-related sectors often offer some of the lowest wages in the economy. For instance, jobs in personal services, such as hairdressing and other beauty services, as well as in the repair of household goods, reported an average gross monthly salary of €617, which is nearly three times lower than salaries in the IT sector.<a href="#cite_note-425">[420]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_science_in_Estonia" title="Space science in Estonia">Space science in Estonia</a></div> Early scientific contributions in Estonia began with indigenous knowledge of agricultural practices and the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">medicinal effects</a> of herbal remedies. The University of Tartu has catalyzed further scientific advancements, leading to contributions by biologists such as <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Alexander von Middendorff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eerik_Kumari" title="Eerik Kumari">Eerik Kumari</a>. Esteemed chemists like <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmidt_(chemist)" title="Carl Schmidt (chemist)">Carl Schmidt</a>, economist <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Nurkse" title="Ragnar Nurkse">Ragnar Nurkse</a>, mathematician <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Krahn" title="Edgar Krahn">Edgar Krahn</a>, medical researchers <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Puusepp" title="Ludvig Puusepp">Ludvig Puusepp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Pirogov" title="Nikolay Pirogov">Nikolay Pirogov</a> also made significant contributions. Notable physicists included <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Richmann" title="Georg Wilhelm Richmann">Georg Wilhelm Richmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johann_Seebeck" title="Thomas Johann Seebeck">Thomas Johann Seebeck</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Rein Taagepera</a> advanced political science, and <a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Risto_N%C3%A4%C3%A4t%C3%A4nen" title="Risto Näätänen">Risto Näätänen</a> made strides in psychology. The field of semiotics has been pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Juri_Lotman" title="Juri Lotman">Juri Lotman</a>. Estonia is a member of the international scientific organisations CERN,<a href="#cite_note-426">[421]</a> ESA,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-427">[422]</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Estonian Academy of Sciences">Estonian Academy of Sciences</a> is the <a href="/wiki/National_academy" title="National academy">national academy</a> of science. The strongest public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research is the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Chemical_Physics_and_Biophysics" title="National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics">National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics</a> (NICPB; Estonian KBFI). The first computer centers were established in the late 1950s in Tartu and Tallinn. Estonian specialists contributed in the development of software engineering standards for ministries of the Soviet Union during the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Kalja-428">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaakkola-429">[424]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estonia&action=edit">[update]</a>, Estonia spends around 1.5% of its GDP on <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Research and Development">Research and Development</a>, compared to an EU average of around 2.0%.<a href="#cite_note-430">[425]</a> Estonia was ranked 16th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-431">[426]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ESTCube_orbiidil_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="ESTCube-1 micro satellite orbiting globe and beaming light to Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ESTCube_orbiidil_2.jpg/220px-ESTCube_orbiidil_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ESTCube_orbiidil_2.jpg/330px-ESTCube_orbiidil_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ESTCube_orbiidil_2.jpg/440px-ESTCube_orbiidil_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6480" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ESTCube-1" title="ESTCube-1">ESTCube-1</a> was the first Estonian satellite.</figcaption></figure> Estonia has established a strong information technology sector, a development partly attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Tiigrih%C3%BCpe" title="Tiigrihüpe">Tiigrihüpe</a> project initiated in the mid-1990s. The country is often cited as one of the most "wired" and advanced in Europe concerning e-government initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-432">[427]</a> The <a href="/wiki/E-residency_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="E-residency of Estonia">e-residency program</a>, launched in 2014, extended various digital services to non-residents. Notable tech innovations include <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a>, developed by Estonia-based engineers <a href="/wiki/Ahti_Heinla" title="Ahti Heinla">Ahti Heinla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priit_Kasesalu" title="Priit Kasesalu">Priit Kasesalu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jaan_Tallinn" title="Jaan Tallinn">Jaan Tallinn</a>, who also created <a href="/wiki/Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-433">[428]</a> Other notable <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startups</a> that originated from Estonia include <a href="/wiki/Bolt_(company)" title="Bolt (company)">Bolt</a>, <a href="/wiki/GrabCAD" title="GrabCAD">GrabCAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortumo" title="Fortumo">Fortumo</a> and <a href="/wiki/TransferWise" class="mw-redirect" title="TransferWise">Wise</a>. The country reportedly holds the highest startup-per-person ratio globally, with 1,291 startups as of January 2022, including seven unicorns, translating to nearly one startup for every 1,000 Estonians.<a href="#cite_note-434">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[431]</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_science_in_Estonia" title="Space science in Estonia">Estonian space research</a> is anchored by the <a href="/wiki/Tartu_Observatory" title="Tartu Observatory">Tartu Observatory</a>, which has a rich tradition of studying galaxies and modeling the universe's structure, notably through the work of esteemed astronomers such as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Wilhelm_von_Struve" title="Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve">Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik">Ernst Öpik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jaan_Einasto" title="Jaan Einasto">Jaan Einasto</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Estonia was integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>, though these early endeavors were followed by a focus on <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> after regaining independence. Since the 2000s, Estonia has re-engaged with the space sector, signing a cooperation treaty with the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> in 2007 and officially joining in 2015, leading to collaborative projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Gaia_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia mission">Gaia mission</a> and the successful launches of research satellites <a href="/wiki/ESTCube-1" title="ESTCube-1">ESTCube-1</a> in 2013 and <a href="/wiki/ESTCube-2" title="ESTCube-2">ESTCube-2</a> in 2023. Estonia is the first nation to provide personal genetic information services sponsored by the state. The aim is to minimize and prevent future ailments for those whose genes make them extra prone to conditions like adult-onset diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The government also plans to provide lifestyle advice based on the DNA for 100,000 of its 1.3 million citizens.<a href="#cite_note-437">[432]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Estonia" title="Demographics of Estonia">Demographics of Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eesti_rahvaarv_1960-2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The population of Estonia, from 1960 to 2019, with a peak in 1990." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Eesti_rahvaarv_1960-2019.png/250px-Eesti_rahvaarv_1960-2019.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Eesti_rahvaarv_1960-2019.png/375px-Eesti_rahvaarv_1960-2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Eesti_rahvaarv_1960-2019.png/500px-Eesti_rahvaarv_1960-2019.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Population of Estonia 1960–2019. The changes are largely attributed to Soviet immigration and emigration.<a href="#cite_note-stat.ee_2-438">[433]</a></figcaption></figure> The Estonian society has undergone considerable changes since the country had restored full independence in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-439">[434]</a> Some of the more notable changes have taken effect in the level of stratification and distribution of family income. The <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a> has held steadily higher than the European Union average (31 in 2009),<a href="#cite_note-440">[435]</a> although it has clearly dropped. The registered unemployment rate in January 2021 was 6.9%.<a href="#cite_note-441">[436]</a> Estonia's population on 31 December 2021 (1,331,824 people) was about 3% higher than in the previous census of 2011. 84% of people residing in Estonia in 2021 lived in Estonia at the time of the previous census as well. 11% had been added by births and 5% by immigration over the ten years 2011–2021. Nowadays, 211 different self-reported ethnic groups are represented in the country's population and 243 different mother tongues are spoken. Census data indicate that Estonia has continued to stand out among European countries for its highly educated population – 43% of the population aged 25–64 have a university education, which puts Estonia in 7th place in Europe (Estonian women rank 3rd in terms of educational attainment).<a href="#cite_note-PopulationByNationality-442">[437]</a> More people of different ethnic origin live in Estonia than ever before, however the share of Estonians in the population has remained stable over the three censuses (2000: 68.3%; 2011: 69.8%; 2021: 69.4%). Estonian is spoken by 84% of the population: 67% of people speak it as their mother tongue and 17% as a foreign language. Compared with previous censuses, the proportion of people who speak Estonian has increased (2000: 80%; 2011: 82%), particularly due to people who have learned to speak Estonian as a foreign language (2000: 12%; 2011: 14%). It has been estimated that 76% of Estonia's population can speak a foreign language. As of 2021 census data, English is the most widely spoken foreign language in Estonia (overtaking the top position from Russian, which had still been the most widely spoken foreign language in Estonia in 2011 and earlier censuses). An estimated 17% of the native Estonian-speaking population speak a dialect of Estonian.<a href="#cite_note-443">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-PopulationByNationality-442">[437]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity_and_citizenship">Ethnicity and citizenship</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Estonia" title="Human rights in Estonia">Human rights in Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_identity_in_Estonia" title="Nordic identity in Estonia">Nordic identity in Estonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_alien%27s_passport" title="Estonian alien's passport">Estonian alien's passport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saare_k%C3%BCla_Piirissaar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Saare_k%C3%BCla_Piirissaar.JPG/220px-Saare_k%C3%BCla_Piirissaar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Saare_k%C3%BCla_Piirissaar.JPG/330px-Saare_k%C3%BCla_Piirissaar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Saare_k%C3%BCla_Piirissaar.JPG/440px-Saare_k%C3%BCla_Piirissaar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Estonia" title="Russians in Estonia">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believer</a> village with a church on <a href="/wiki/Piirissaar" title="Piirissaar">Piirissaar</a> island</figcaption></figure> Estonia is generally ethnically homogeneous, with 13 of its 15 counties having over 80% ethnic Estonian populations; the most homogeneous county is <a href="/wiki/Hiiumaa" title="Hiiumaa">Hiiumaa</a>, where 98.4% of residents are ethnic Estonians. However, in <a href="/wiki/Harju_County" title="Harju County">Harju County</a>, which includes the capital <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ida-Viru_County" title="Ida-Viru County">Ida-Viru County</a>, the demographic makeup is more diverse due to a significant Russian-speaking minority. Ethnic Estonians make up around 60% of the population in Harju County and only about 20% in Ida-Viru, where the Russian-speaking community forms nearly 70% of residents. This <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russians_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russians in Estonia">ethnic Russian</a> minority comprises about 24% of Estonia's total population, largely a result of Soviet-era immigration, and exists alongside recent Ukrainian refugees who arrived in 2022, now representing around 6% of the national population.<a href="#cite_note-444">[439]</a> Historically, large parts of Estonia's northwestern coast and islands have been populated by the indigenous ethnic group of <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Swedes" title="Estonian Swedes">rannarootslased</a> ("Coastal Swedes"). In recent years, the number of Swedish residents in Estonia has risen again, numbering almost 500 people by 2008, owing to property reforms enacted in the early 1990s. In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Ingrian_Finnish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingrian Finnish">Ingrian Finnish</a> minority in Estonia elected a cultural council and was granted cultural autonomy. The Estonian Swedes minority similarly received cultural autonomy in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-National_Minorities_Cultural_Autonomy_Act_(2019_version)-445">[440]</a> There is also a <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> community of approximately 1,000–1,500.<a href="#cite_note-446">[441]</a> As of 2 July 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estonia&action=edit">[update]</a>, 84.1% of Estonian residents were Estonian citizens, 8.6% were citizens of other countries and 7.3% were "citizens with undetermined citizenship".<a href="#cite_note-447">[442]</a> Estonia has also accepted <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis#Relocation_and_resettlement_of_asylum_seekers" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">quota refugees</a> under the migrant plan agreed upon by EU member states in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-448">[443]</a> The 2008 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> report called "extremely credible" the description of the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationality_law" title="Estonian nationality law">citizenship policy of Estonia</a> as "discriminatory".<a href="#cite_note-449">[444]</a> Estonian Russians have developed their own identity – more than half of the respondents recognized that Estonian Russians differ noticeably from the Russians in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Societal_survey-450">[445]</a> The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law that was passed in 1925 was unique in Europe at that time.<a href="#cite_note-451">[446]</a> Cultural autonomies could be granted to <a href="/wiki/Minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorities">minorities</a> numbering more than 3,000 people with longstanding ties to the Republic of Estonia. The Law on Cultural Autonomy for National Minorities was reinstated in 1993. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_and_countryside">Cities and countryside</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Estonia" title="List of cities and towns in Estonia">List of cities and towns in Estonia</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Boroughs of Estonia">Boroughs of Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Estonia" title="Populated places in Estonia">Populated places in Estonia</a></div> Settlement patterns in Estonia are characterized by a variety of populated areas classified based on historical traditions, demographic factors, and socio-economic functions. According to the Estonian government's regulations established in 2004, populated areas in Estonia are categorized as follows: küla (village), alevik (small town), alev (town), and linn (city). A küla is typically a sparsely populated area or a densely populated settlement with fewer than 300 permanent residents. An alevik generally has at least 300 permanent residents, while both alev and linn are classified as densely populated areas with at least 1,000 residents. As of 2024, Estonia has 47 cities, 13 towns, 186 small towns, and 4,457 villages, with Tallinn being the capital and largest city, located on the northern coast along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-452">[447]</a> Since the restoration of independence, Estonia has continued to experience urbanization trends, with many residents moving to cities. However, the last decade has also witnessed the emergence of new residential areas near urban centers, indicating a shift in living preferences. This trend has diminished the agricultural significance of rural areas, while increasing their appeal as residential locations. More than 70% of Estonia's population now resides in cities, reflecting a broader shift towards urban living while still acknowledging the historical and cultural importance of rural settlements.<a href="#cite_note-453">[448]</a> The population density in Estonia averages around 30.6 people per square kilometer, with significant regional variations. The lowest density is found on <a href="/wiki/Hiiumaa" title="Hiiumaa">Hiiumaa</a> at 10.2 people per square kilometer, while <a href="/wiki/Harju_County" title="Harju County">Harju County</a>, which includes Tallinn, has the highest density at 121.3 people per square kilometer.<a href="#cite_note-454">[449]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Estonia" title="List of cities and towns in Estonia">cities and towns</a> in Estonia <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2024<a href="#cite_note-455">[450]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Estonia" title="Demographics of Estonia">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Estonia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Estonia" title="Counties of Estonia">County</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Estonia" title="Demographics of Estonia"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Estonia" title="Demographics of Estonia">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Estonia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Estonia" title="Counties of Estonia">County</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Estonia" title="Demographics of Estonia"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Tallinna_vanalinn_p%C3%A4ikeset%C3%B5usu_ajal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tallinn"><img alt="Tallinn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tallinna_vanalinn_p%C3%A4ikeset%C3%B5usu_ajal.jpg/120px-Tallinna_vanalinn_p%C3%A4ikeset%C3%B5usu_ajal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tallinna_vanalinn_p%C3%A4ikeset%C3%B5usu_ajal.jpg/180px-Tallinna_vanalinn_p%C3%A4ikeset%C3%B5usu_ajal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tallinna_vanalinn_p%C3%A4ikeset%C3%B5usu_ajal.jpg/240px-Tallinna_vanalinn_p%C3%A4ikeset%C3%B5usu_ajal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5701" data-file-height="3806" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Tartu_downtown_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tartu"><img alt="Tartu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tartu_downtown_2.jpg/120px-Tartu_downtown_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tartu_downtown_2.jpg/180px-Tartu_downtown_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tartu_downtown_2.jpg/240px-Tartu_downtown_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3886" data-file-height="2186" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harju_County" title="Harju County">Harju</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">457,572</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valga,_Estonia" title="Valga, Estonia">Valga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valga_County" title="Valga County">Valga</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,173 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Narva_raekoda_Narva_linnusest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narva"><img alt="Narva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Narva_raekoda_Narva_linnusest.jpg/120px-Narva_raekoda_Narva_linnusest.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Narva_raekoda_Narva_linnusest.jpg/180px-Narva_raekoda_Narva_linnusest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Narva_raekoda_Narva_linnusest.jpg/240px-Narva_raekoda_Narva_linnusest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a> <a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A4rnu_kesklinn_-_Aerial_photo_of_P%C3%A4rnu_in_Estonia_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pärnu"><img alt="Pärnu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/P%C3%A4rnu_kesklinn_-_Aerial_photo_of_P%C3%A4rnu_in_Estonia_%282%29.jpg/120px-P%C3%A4rnu_kesklinn_-_Aerial_photo_of_P%C3%A4rnu_in_Estonia_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/P%C3%A4rnu_kesklinn_-_Aerial_photo_of_P%C3%A4rnu_in_Estonia_%282%29.jpg/180px-P%C3%A4rnu_kesklinn_-_Aerial_photo_of_P%C3%A4rnu_in_Estonia_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/P%C3%A4rnu_kesklinn_-_Aerial_photo_of_P%C3%A4rnu_in_Estonia_%282%29.jpg/240px-P%C3%A4rnu_kesklinn_-_Aerial_photo_of_P%C3%A4rnu_in_Estonia_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6555" data-file-height="3511" /></a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu" title="Pärnu">Pärnu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tartu_County" title="Tartu County">Tartu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">97,759</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ru" title="Võru">Võru</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ru_County" title="Võru County">Võru</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,112 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ida-Viru_County" title="Ida-Viru County">Ida-Viru</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">53,360</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Keila" title="Keila">Keila</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harju_County" title="Harju County">Harju</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,964 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu" title="Pärnu">Pärnu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu_County" title="Pärnu County">Pärnu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,520</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B5hvi" title="Jõhvi">Jõhvi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ida-Viru_County" title="Ida-Viru County">Ida-Viru</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,880 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kohtla-J%C3%A4rve" title="Kohtla-Järve">Kohtla-Järve</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ida-Viru_County" title="Ida-Viru County">Ida-Viru</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,434</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Haapsalu" title="Haapsalu">Haapsalu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne_County" title="Lääne County">Lääne</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,693 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Viljandi" title="Viljandi">Viljandi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Viljandi_County" title="Viljandi County">Viljandi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,255</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paide" title="Paide">Paide</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rva_County" title="Järva County">Järva</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,073 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maardu" title="Maardu">Maardu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harju_County" title="Harju County">Harju</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,017</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saue" title="Saue">Saue</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harju_County" title="Harju County">Harju</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,227 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rakvere" title="Rakvere">Rakvere</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Viru_County" title="Lääne-Viru County">Lääne-Viru</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,695</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Elva,_Estonia" title="Elva, Estonia">Elva</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tartu_County" title="Tartu County">Tartu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,692 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kuressaare" title="Kuressaare">Kuressaare</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saare_County" title="Saare County">Saare</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,185</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5lva" title="Põlva">Põlva</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5lva_County" title="Põlva County">Põlva</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,498 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sillam%C3%A4e" title="Sillamäe">Sillamäe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ida-Viru_County" title="Ida-Viru County">Ida-Viru</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,352</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tapa,_Estonia" title="Tapa, Estonia">Tapa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Viru_County" title="Lääne-Viru County">Lääne-Viru</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,492 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Religion in Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruhnu_puukirik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ruhnu_puukirik.jpg/170px-Ruhnu_puukirik.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ruhnu_puukirik.jpg/255px-Ruhnu_puukirik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ruhnu_puukirik.jpg/340px-Ruhnu_puukirik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="2869" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ruhnu" title="Ruhnu">Ruhnu</a> stave church, built in 1644, is the oldest surviving wooden building in Estonia</figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 6120.7994126577px; border-left-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gray"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 94.14300888198px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 81.884032469272px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 76.666169068315px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 71.603528462567px; border-left-color:Orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 50.71534043058px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.987663248166px 1.5707317311821px 0 0; border-top-color:RoyalBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:RoyalBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:50.5250763247px 86.297257560036px 0 0; border-top-color:WhiteSmoke"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:WhiteSmoke"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Estonia (2021)<a href="#cite_note-stat2021-456">[451]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Unaffiliated (58.43%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> (16.32%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> (7.72%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> (2.42%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (0.52%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian neopaganism</a> (0.51%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other religions (1.10%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Unknown (12.72%)</div> </div> </div></div> Estonia has a diverse religious history, owing to influences from various neighboring societies. In recent years it has become increasingly secular, with either a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">majority</a> of the population declaring themselves <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">nonreligious</a> in recent censuses, followed by those who identify as religiously "undeclared". The largest minority groups are the various <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a>, principally Orthodox and Lutheran Christians, with very small numbers of adherents of non-Christian faiths, namely <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian neopaganism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Approximately 29% of Estonia's population identified with a religion according to data collected from the 2021 census, with the majority following Orthodox Christianity. In contrast, 58% of Estonians reported having no religious affiliation. These figures reflect a modest but ongoing increase in non-religious affiliations in Estonia. Among those who identify with a religion, 93% consider themselves Christians, a slight decrease from 97% in 2011. Other religions, including Catholicism and Islam, represent smaller but gradually growing segments; for instance, Catholics increased from 0.4% in 2011 to 0.8% in 2021, and the Muslim population grew from 0.1% to 0.5%.<a href="#cite_note-ligikaudu-457">[452]</a> Estonia's constitution guarantees freedom of religion, separation of church and state, and individual rights to privacy of belief and religion.<a href="#cite_note-458">[453]</a> Estonia is one of the <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligion by country">least religious</a> countries in the world, with majority of the population claiming to be <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligious</a>.<a href="#cite_note-459">[454]</a><a href="#cite_note-gallup-religiosity-poor-nations-460">[455]</a> A 2015 study by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, found that of the 45% who declared themselves to be <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">religiously unaffiliated</a>, were divided between 9% as atheists, 1% as agnostics and 35% as believing in "nothing in particular".<a href="#cite_note-461">[456]</a> Though sometimes considered an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a> country,<a href="#cite_note-462">[457]</a> most Estonians fall within "<a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">spiritual but not religious</a>" category. 57% of Estonians believe in a "higher spiritual force that guides the world" and 37% believe in <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>, those numbers among the highest in Europe. 84% of Estonians believe that <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animals have souls</a> and 65% believe that plants have souls as well, reflecting an inclination toward spirituality that does not align with traditional religious affiliations.<a href="#cite_note-463">[458]</a> Traditionally, the largest religious denomination in the country was <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, which was adhered to by 86,030 Estonians (or 7,72% of the population) according to the 2021 census, principally ethnic Estonians. Additionally, there are between 8,000 and 9,000 members abroad.<a href="#cite_note-stat2021-456">[451]</a> However, since the 2011 census, Eastern Orthodoxy has surpassed Lutheranism as the most practiced religion in Estonia. While not being a <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state church</a>, the Lutheran church had historically been the <a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">national church</a> of Estonia with an agreement giving preferential status to the Lutheran church ending in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-464">[459]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Estonia was approximately 80% <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IvkovićHaberfeld2015-465">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-466">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarshallCavendish2010-467">[462]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> and other Protestant branches. Religious affiliation in Estonia has decreased substantially over the past century, partly due to religion's association with foreign rule during the feudal era and subsequent secularization efforts.<a href="#cite_note-468">[463]</a> Eastern Orthodoxy is now the largest religious group, primarily observed by the Russian-speaking minority, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Seto</a> people, a small ethnic Estonian group. The dominant Orthodox branches in Estonia are the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_Moscow_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate">Estonian Orthodox Church</a>, which is under the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Patriarchate">Moscow Patriarchate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church</a>, affiliated with the Greek-Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate">Ecumenical Patriarchate</a> and serving an additional 28,000 adherents.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There has historically been a small but noticeable minority of <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Russian Old-believers</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Peipus" title="Lake Peipus">Lake Peipus</a> area in <a href="/wiki/Tartu_County" title="Tartu County">Tartu county</a>. Catholics are a small minority in Estonia. They are organised under the Latin <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administration of Estonia">Apostolic Administration of Estonia</a> and two Greek Catholic parishes. Estonia is also home to several other religious minorities. According to the 2021 census, there are roughly 6,000 adherents of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Taaraism" class="mw-redirect" title="Taaraism">Taara faith</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maausk" class="mw-redirect" title="Maausk">Maausk</a>, which centers on traditional Estonian nature worship.<a href="#cite_note-469">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-470">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[466]</a> Smaller religious communities include around 5,800 Muslims, 1,900 Buddhists, and a tiny <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Jewish community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pub.stat.ee-472">[467]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Estonia" title="Languages of Estonia">Languages of Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balto-Finnic_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Balto-Finnic_languages.png/220px-Balto-Finnic_languages.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Balto-Finnic_languages.png/330px-Balto-Finnic_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Balto-Finnic_languages.png/440px-Balto-Finnic_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></figcaption></figure> The official language, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a> language belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic language family</a>, one of the few language groups in Europe that is not of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> origin. Following the restoration of independence, Estonian was established as the sole official state language. To enforce this, the <a href="/wiki/Language_Inspectorate" title="Language Inspectorate">Language Inspectorate</a> was created to oversee compliance with the Language Act.<a href="#cite_note-473">[468]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a> language varieties, which include the dialects of <a href="/wiki/Mulgi_language" title="Mulgi language">Mulgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartu_language" title="Tartu language">Tartu</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_language" title="Võro language">Võro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Seto language">Seto</a>, are indigenous linguistic forms spoken by around 100,000 people, accounting for roughly 10% of Estonia's population according to the 2021 census. These dialects are mainly spoken in southeastern Estonia and are <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genealogically</a> distinct from North Estonian. However, they are typically regarded as dialects or regional forms of Estonian, rather than separate languages.<a href="#cite_note-474">[469]</a> This classification is a point of ongoing debate, with discussions centering on whether South Estonian should be recognized as a distinct language, multiple languages, or dialects. Despite their unique cultural heritage, the South Estonian dialects face challenges regarding state recognition and support. While most South Estonian speakers are fluent in standard Estonian, the survival and growth of these traditional dialects are limited under current language and regional policies.<a href="#cite_note-475">[470]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, the most widely spoken minority language in Estonia, is prevalent in several regions, with some cities in northeastern Estonia, such as <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a>, having a majority Russian-speaking population. Due to its historical role as the unofficial language of the Soviet-occupied Estonia, Russian was compulsory in schools, leading many Estonians, particularly those aged 40 to 70, to speak it fluently. Although Russian held a special legal status in Estonia from 1990 to 1995, it lost this status in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-476">[471]</a> By 2010, however, over 64% of non-ethnic Estonians had acquired proficiency in Estonian.<a href="#cite_note-477">[472]</a> Historically, Swedish-speaking communities lived in Estonia from the 13th century until the 20th century, particularly along the coast and on the islands. After the establishment of Estonian independence, these communities were officially recognized, with Swedish used as an administrative language in majority-Swedish municipalities. However, during World War II, most Swedish speakers fled to Sweden ahead of the Soviet occupation in 1944, leaving only a small number of elderly Swedish speakers in Estonia. Swedish influence is still evident, particularly in regions like <a href="/wiki/Noarootsi_Parish" title="Noarootsi Parish">Noarootsi Parish</a> of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne_County" title="Lääne County">Lääne County</a>, where bilingual Estonian-Swedish place names and signs remain.<a href="#cite_note-478">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-479">[474]</a> The most common foreign languages learned by Estonian students are English, Russian, German, and French. Other popular languages include Finnish, Spanish, and Swedish.<a href="#cite_note-480">[475]</a> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is the most widely spoken foreign language in Estonia today. According to the most recent (2021) census data 76% of the population can speak a foreign language. After English, Russian is the second most widely spoken foreign language in Estonia, and in the census 17% of the native speakers of standard Estonian reported that they can also speak a dialect of Estonian.<a href="#cite_note-481">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-PopulationByNationality-442">[437]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian Sign Language</a>, officially recognized in 2007 under the Estonian Language Act, is the primary sign language of Estonia and is used by an estimated 4,500 people, mainly in urban areas such as Tallinn and Pärnu. While Estonian Sign Language serves as the national language for the deaf community, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a> or a Russian–Estonian pidgin is more commonly used among Estonia's Russian-speaking deaf population. Lotfitka Romani is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> minority in Estonia, adding to the linguistic diversity of the country.<a href="#cite_note-482">[477]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Education in Estonia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Estonia" title="List of universities in Estonia">List of universities in Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tartu_%C3%9Clikooli_peahoone_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="gray stucco building three-story building with grey slate hip roof, central portico and pediment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tartu_%C3%9Clikooli_peahoone_2012.jpg/220px-Tartu_%C3%9Clikooli_peahoone_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tartu_%C3%9Clikooli_peahoone_2012.jpg/330px-Tartu_%C3%9Clikooli_peahoone_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tartu_%C3%9Clikooli_peahoone_2012.jpg/440px-Tartu_%C3%9Clikooli_peahoone_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5284" data-file-height="2792" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">University of Tartu</a> is one of the oldest universities in Northern Europe and the highest-ranked university in Estonia</figcaption></figure> Estonia ranks as one of the top-performing countries in education, particularly among European nations. According to the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">PISA</a> report, Estonian students placed 1st in Europe and performed exceptionally well globally, ranking 5th in reading, 8th in mathematics, and 4th in sciences.<a href="#cite_note-LoC-483">[478]</a><a href="#cite_note-484">[479]</a> Estonia also boasts one of the highest adult education levels in the industrialized world, with 89% of adults aged 25–64 having completed at least a high school degree.<a href="#cite_note-485">[480]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">University of Tartu</a>, the nation's highest-ranked and oldest university, holds a prominent position in Northern Europe, ranking 285th globally according to the QS World University Rankings.<a href="#cite_note-486">[481]</a> The roots of formal education in Estonia can be traced back to the 13th and 14th centuries, with the establishment of the first <a href="/wiki/Monastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic">monastic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral schools">cathedral schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-487">[482]</a> The publication of the first Estonian-language primer in 1575 further contributed to the development of education. The University of Tartu, founded in 1632 by Swedish King <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus</a>, played a central role in higher education, with courses offered in Estonian for the first time in 1919. Following the restoration of independence in the 1990s, Estonia offered free public education in Russian, but in 2024, the country began transitioning all public schools to Estonian-only instruction, underscoring a renewed focus on the national language and culture.<a href="#cite_note-488">[483]</a> The Estonian education system is structured into four levels: pre-school, basic, secondary, and higher education, with schools spanning general, vocational, and hobby-focused categories.<a href="#cite_note-489">[484]</a> In addition to traditional state and municipal schools, the country supports a range of private and public educational institutions, totaling 514 schools as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-490">[485]</a> Estonia has been a pioneer in educational technology, launching the <a href="/wiki/Tiigrih%C3%BCpe" title="Tiigrihüpe">Tiigrihüpe</a> program to equip schools with computers and internet access, significantly advancing digital literacy and connectivity within the education sector.<a href="#cite_note-491">[486]</a> Estonian higher education follows a three-tier structure of bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees, with some integrated programs combining bachelor's and master's levels.<a href="#cite_note-EurydiceSummary-492">[487]</a> Estonian public universities, such as the University of Tartu, <a href="/wiki/Tallinn_University_of_Technology" title="Tallinn University of Technology">Tallinn University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallinn_University" title="Tallinn University">Tallinn University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_University_of_Life_Sciences" title="Estonian University of Life Sciences">Estonian University of Life Sciences</a>, enjoy considerable autonomy, including control over academic curricula, admissions criteria, budgets, and governance.<a href="#cite_note-493">[488]</a> Estonia also has a mix of public and private universities, with the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Business_School" title="Estonian Business School">Estonian Business School</a> standing as the country's largest private institution. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia" title="Culture of Estonia">Culture of Estonia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonians" title="List of Estonians">List of Estonians</a></div> While Estonia's culture has also been influenced by neighboring Baltic, Germanic, and Slavic traditions, as well as the historical powers of Germany, Sweden, and Russia, the emphasis on indigenous practices highlights a strong connection to the land and community. This blend of influences has earlier led Estonia to aspire to be <a href="/wiki/Nordic_identity_in_Estonia" title="Nordic identity in Estonia">recognized as a Nordic state</a>, embracing both its unique identity and broader regional connections;<a href="#cite_note-494">[489]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[490]</a> however the pride in belonging to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> has also grown in the 2020s.<a href="#cite_note-kunnas-313">[308]</a> Contemporary Estonian society is marked by a strong commitment to individual liberty, advocating for the principles of limited government and a resistance to centralized power and corruption. The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a> remains a cultural mainstay, emphasizing diligence and self-reliance. Education is highly valued in Estonia, with free access to schooling being a highly prized institution. The cultural framework of Estonia reflects the <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> ethos found in the Nordic countries, emerging from practical considerations such as <a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Everyman's right">everyman's right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, while also embodying ideals of closeness to nature and <a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">self-sufficiency</a>, often expressed through the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Summer_cottage" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer cottage">summer cottages</a>. One of the most significant cultural traditions in Estonia is the <a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">sauna</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Smoke_sauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoke sauna">smoke sauna</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ru_County" title="Võru County">Võru County</a>, characterized by its lack of a chimney and the use of smoke in the heating process, was inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO</a> list of <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">intangible cultural heritage</a> in 2014. Smoke saunas, along with their accompanying rituals, form an integral part of Estonian cultural heritage.<a href="#cite_note-496">[491]</a> Estonia fosters a vibrant artistic community, with institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Academy_of_Arts" title="Estonian Academy of Arts">Estonian Academy of Arts</a> providing higher education in art, design, architecture, media, art history, and conservation. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu_Viljandi_Culture_Academy" title="University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy">University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy</a> promotes native culture through programs focused on traditional crafts, music, and the arts. As of 2023, Estonia boasted 170 museums, whose collections collectively hold over 10 million artifacts, reflecting the country's rich historical narrative and cultural legacy.<a href="#cite_note-497">[492]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays_and_traditions">Holidays and traditions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Estonia" title="Public holidays in Estonia">Public holidays in Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keemu_sadam_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Keemu_sadam_2.JPG/220px-Keemu_sadam_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Keemu_sadam_2.JPG/330px-Keemu_sadam_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Keemu_sadam_2.JPG/440px-Keemu_sadam_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jaanip%C3%A4ev" title="Jaanipäev">Jaanipäev</a> (midsummer) celebrations are often held in communal areas with a <a href="/wiki/Village_swing" title="Village swing">village swing</a></figcaption></figure> Estonia observes 11 public holidays with mandatory days off and celebrates 12 additional national holidays each year.<a href="#cite_note-498">[493]</a> The Estonian <a href="/wiki/National_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="National Day">National Day</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Estonia)" title="Independence Day (Estonia)">Independence Day</a>, observed on 24 February to commemorate the 1918 Estonian Declaration of Independence. Another pivotal holiday, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5idup%C3%BCha" title="Võidupüha">Võidupüha</a>, is celebrated on 23 June in remembrance of the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%93sis_(1919)" title="Battle of Cēsis (1919)">Battle of Cēsis</a> victory. This holiday often merges with <a href="/wiki/Jaanip%C3%A4ev" title="Jaanipäev">Jaanipäev</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a>, one of the oldest and most widely celebrated events in Estonia, tracing back to pagan <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rite" title="Fertility rite">fertility rites</a>. On Midsummer's Eve, Estonians traditionally gather around <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfires</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Village_swing" title="Village swing">village swing</a> to enjoy dancing, singing, and other festivities. <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">jõulud</a>) is also deeply cherished in Estonia, its traditions blending ancient winter solstice customs with Christian and modern holiday practices.<a href="#cite_note-499">[494]</a> The Estonian folk calendar reflects a unique blend of indigenous, agricultural, and Christian influences, capturing traditional timekeeping and cultural observances. <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a> <a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">runic calendars</a> were traditionally used in West Estonia, to observe the holidays of the folk calendar. Structured around the seasonal changes and agricultural cycles, it includes over 80 special days, many holding regional significance and reflecting a deep respect for nature and ancestry. The winter and summer solstices are particularly important, with various customs marking these seasonal shifts. <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a> stands out as a day for honoring the deceased; family members gather at cemeteries to clean tombstones and light candles, creating an atmosphere of reverence.<a href="#cite_note-500">[495]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Music of Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_folk_dance" title="Estonian folk dance">Estonian folk dance</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Song_Festival" title="Estonian Song Festival">Estonian Song Festival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Dance_Festival" title="Estonian Dance Festival">Estonian Dance Festival</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tallinna_laululava_ansambel,_1960.a.*.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tallinna_laululava_ansambel%2C_1960.a.%2A.JPG/220px-Tallinna_laululava_ansambel%2C_1960.a.%2A.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tallinna_laululava_ansambel%2C_1960.a.%2A.JPG/330px-Tallinna_laululava_ansambel%2C_1960.a.%2A.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tallinna_laululava_ansambel%2C_1960.a.%2A.JPG/440px-Tallinna_laululava_ansambel%2C_1960.a.%2A.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5670" data-file-height="3330" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Song_Festival" title="Estonian Song Festival">Estonian Song Festival</a> is <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>.</figcaption></figure> Estonian music has a rich history that traces back to early mentions in medieval chronicles, with the first known reference appearing in <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a>' Gesta Danorum around 1179. Saxo describes Estonian warriors singing at night before battle.<a href="#cite_note-501">[496]</a> The oldest form of folk songs in Estonia, known as regilaulud (<a href="/wiki/Runic_song" title="Runic song">runic songs</a>), followed a distinct poetic metre shared with other Baltic Finns. These traditional songs remained widespread until the 18th century, after which rhythmic folk songs began to take their place.<a href="#cite_note-502">[497]</a> However, interest in traditional music saw a revival in the 20th century, largely thanks to the works of composer <a href="/wiki/Veljo_Tormis" title="Veljo Tormis">Veljo Tormis</a>, who infused Estonian folklore into his compositions, bringing renewed attention to regilaulud.<a href="#cite_note-503">[498]</a> Estonian folk music also has a strong tradition of instrumental accompaniment, featuring the <a href="/wiki/Kannel_(instrument)" title="Kannel (instrument)">kannel</a>, a zither-like instrument, along with the <a href="/wiki/Torupill" title="Torupill">torupill</a>, an Estonian <a href="/wiki/Bagpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagpipe">bagpipe</a> that consists of a bag supplying air to pipes. The torupill was primarily used for dance music, often the main instrument in this context. In modern Estonia, traditional instruments have regained popularity, supported by initiatives like the Native Music Preserving Centre, established in Viljandi in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-504">[499]</a> Other instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">concertina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a>, also contribute to the folk music repertoire, particularly for traditional dances. Medieval Estonian music reflects the influence of church music, with surviving liturgical manuscripts showcasing <a href="/wiki/Mensural_notation" title="Mensural notation">early musical notation</a>. By the 14th century, organs were common in Estonian churches, while secular musicians played instruments like the torupill and drums at community events and gatherings.<a href="#cite_note-505">[500]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Song_Festival" title="Estonian Song Festival">Estonian Song Festival</a> is one of the country's most notable musical traditions, symbolizing national unity and cultural heritage. Originating in 1869 during the Estonian National Awakening, the festival brought together choirs from across the country and rapidly grew into one of the world's largest amateur choral events. Held every five years at the <a href="/wiki/Tallinn_Song_Festival_Grounds" title="Tallinn Song Festival Grounds">Tallinn Song Festival Grounds</a>, the festival regularly draws up to 100,000 participants. Youth Song Festivals are also held every four or five years.<a href="#cite_note-506">[501]</a> Estonia's professional music scene began to develop in the late 19th century with composers like <a href="/wiki/Miina_H%C3%A4rma" title="Miina Härma">Miina Härma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mart_Saar" title="Mart Saar">Mart Saar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Rudolf Tobias</a>, who laid the foundation for classical and choral music traditions. <a href="/wiki/Artur_Kapp" title="Artur Kapp">Artur Kapp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heino_Eller" title="Heino Eller">Heino Eller</a>, influential interwar composers, established separate schools in Tallinn and Tartu, respectively. Their students included <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Tubin" title="Eduard Tubin">Eduard Tubin</a>, known for his epic symphonic works, and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillus_Kreek" title="Cyrillus Kreek">Cyrillus Kreek</a>, who brought Estonian choral composition to new heights. The first Estonian opera, <a href="/wiki/Vikerlased" title="Vikerlased">Vikerlased</a> (1928) by <a href="/wiki/Evald_Aav" title="Evald Aav">Evald Aav</a>, drew from Estonian mythology.<a href="#cite_note-507">[502]</a> In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ots" title="Georg Ots">Georg Ots</a> rose to worldwide prominence.<a href="#cite_note-508">[503]</a> More recently, composer <a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a> has achieved global acclaim for his minimalist, deeply spiritual works. Pärt became the world’s most performed living composer from 2010 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-509">[504]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Estonia" title="Rock music in Estonia">Estonian rock music</a> emerged in the mid-1960s, with early bands performing in underground scenes to avoid Soviet scrutiny, which deemed rock as Western and subversive. Key early bands included <a href="/wiki/Juuniorid" class="mw-redirect" title="Juuniorid">Juuniorid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optimistid" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimistid">Optimistid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virmalised" class="mw-redirect" title="Virmalised">Virmalised</a>. By the late 1960s and 1970s, Estonian rock evolved into progressive rock, blending complex compositions and hard rock influences, with groups like <a href="/wiki/Ruja" title="Ruja">Ruja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Graps_Group" title="Gunnar Graps Group">Gunnar Graps Group</a> gaining popularity across the Soviet Union. <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a> gained traction in the 1980s, emulating British punk while facing Soviet opposition, and bands like <a href="/wiki/J.M.K.E." title="J.M.K.E.">J.M.K.E.</a> found audiences beyond Estonia in Finland. The 1990s saw a dip in rock popularity, yet bands like <a href="/wiki/Vennaskond" title="Vennaskond">Vennaskond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terminaator" title="Terminaator">Terminaator</a> maintained a strong following. Since the 2000s, rock has seen renewed interest, with Estonia now boasting one of the world's highest rates of <a href="/wiki/Metal_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal band">metal bands</a> per capita.<a href="#cite_note-510">[505]</a><a href="#cite_note-511">[506]</a><a href="#cite_note-512">[507]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_folk_dance" title="Estonian folk dance">Estonian folk dance</a>, unique to Estonian culture, is a traditional form characterized by repetitive motifs and simple movement patterns. Estonian folk dance is generally calm, though it stands out among world traditions for the diversity of its basic steps. Its roots trace back to the <a href="/wiki/Ritual_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual dance">ritual dances</a> of Finno-Ugric tribes, with the earliest written records of Estonian folk dance dating to the 12th century. Elements from these ancient ritual dances are preserved in circle and chain dances, some of the oldest forms in Estonian dance culture, intended originally to protect against evil spirits. Estonian folk dance also includes mimicry dances, where movements imitate animals or activities; these dances persisted into the 19th century before gradually losing their prominence.<a href="#cite_note-513">[508]</a><a href="#cite_note-514">[509]</a> In the 1930s, Estonian folk dance elements began to influence professional theatre productions and contributed to the development of Estonian ballet. The <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Dance_Festival" title="Estonian Dance Festival">Estonian Dance Festival</a>, held every four years in Tallinn's <a href="/wiki/Kalevi_Keskstaadion" title="Kalevi Keskstaadion">Kalevi Keskstaadion</a>, is the largest celebration of Estonian folk dance.<a href="#cite_note-515">[510]</a> In pop music, Estonia has seen considerable success on the international stage. Estonian singer <a href="/wiki/Kerli_K%C3%B5iv" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerli Kõiv">Kerli Kõiv</a> gained popularity across Europe and North America, and Estonia won the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> in 2001 with "<a href="/wiki/Everybody_(Eurovision_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Everybody (Eurovision song)">Everybody</a>" performed by <a href="/wiki/Tanel_Padar" title="Tanel Padar">Tanel Padar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dave_Benton" title="Dave Benton">Dave Benton</a>, hosting the competition in 2002. Esteemed pop musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Maarja-Liis_Ilus" title="Maarja-Liis Ilus">Maarja-Liis Ilus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eda-Ines_Etti" title="Eda-Ines Etti">Eda-Ines Etti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koit_Toome" title="Koit Toome">Koit Toome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lenna_Kuurmaa" title="Lenna Kuurmaa">Lenna Kuurmaa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vanilla_Ninja" title="Vanilla Ninja">Vanilla Ninja</a> have also found international recognition, with <a href="/wiki/Urban_Symphony" title="Urban Symphony">Urban Symphony</a>’s "<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ndajad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rändajad">Rändajad</a>" charting in multiple European countries. Laur Joamets, an Estonian country guitarist, won a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> in 2017 for Best Country Album.<a href="#cite_note-516">[511]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythology_and_folklore">Mythology and folklore</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_mythology" title="Estonian mythology">Estonian mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_folklore" title="Estonian folklore">Estonian folklore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalevipoja_s%C3%B5it_P%C3%B5hjamaale_1935_Raud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kalevipoja_s%C3%B5it_P%C3%B5hjamaale_1935_Raud.jpg/220px-Kalevipoja_s%C3%B5it_P%C3%B5hjamaale_1935_Raud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kalevipoja_s%C3%B5it_P%C3%B5hjamaale_1935_Raud.jpg/330px-Kalevipoja_s%C3%B5it_P%C3%B5hjamaale_1935_Raud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kalevipoja_s%C3%B5it_P%C3%B5hjamaale_1935_Raud.jpg/440px-Kalevipoja_s%C3%B5it_P%C3%B5hjamaale_1935_Raud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kristjan_Raud" title="Kristjan Raud">Kristjan Raud</a>, Journey of Kalevipoeg to the North, 1935, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Art Museum">Estonian Art Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Estonian folklore and mythology are rooted in pre-Christian animistic beliefs and shaped by various cultural influences over centuries. Many folk tales are told to this day and some have been written down and translated to make them accessible to an international readership.<a href="#cite_note-517">[512]</a> While much of Estonia's ancient mythology is scattered across fragments of oral tradition, some of the oldest myths are believed to have survived in traditional <a href="/wiki/Runic_song" title="Runic song">runic songs</a>. One such song narrates the birth of the world, where a bird lays three eggs, from which emerge the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EACBS-518">[513]</a> These songs describe a world centered on a cosmic pillar or tree, often depicted with the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> (Linnutee or "Birds' Way" in Estonian) stretching across the sky as a branch of this <a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">world tree</a> (Ilmapuu) and serving as a pathway for birds, which were thought to transport the souls of the deceased to the otherworld.<a href="#cite_note-519">[514]</a> Estonian mythology took new forms with the shift from hunter-gatherer societies to agrarian life, inspired also from contact with neighboring cultures. This transition led to the prominence of sky and weather deities, including a thunder god named <a href="/wiki/Ukko" title="Ukko">Uku</a>. Another deity, Jumal, is shared with other Finnic cultures as a sky-god. Earth was also venerated as a goddess, embodying the fertility and eternal recurrence of the soil. Chronicles from medieval missionaries mention a god named <a href="/wiki/Tharapita" title="Tharapita">Tharapita</a>, worshipped particularly on the island of Saaremaa, who was believed to have been born on <a href="/wiki/Ebavere_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebavere Hill">Ebavere Hill</a> and was revered in its sacred groves.<a href="#cite_note-520">[515]</a><a href="#cite_note-521">[516]</a> The mythical heroes and giants, such as <a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toell_the_Great" title="Toell the Great">Suur Tõll</a>, are central to Estonian folklore. Kalevipoeg, Estonia's legendary giant hero, is often portrayed defending the land from invaders, and many natural landmarks are said to be traces of his deeds. Kalevipoeg's character merges with Christian and folk mythology to form a half-demonic figure known as <a href="/wiki/Vanapagan" title="Vanapagan">Vanapagan</a>, who lives on a manor and is often accompanied by his crafty assistant, Kaval-Ants ("Crafty Hans"). These characters embody a blend of ancient heroism, wit, and trickster elements that feature prominently in Estonian storytelling.<a href="#cite_note-:0-522">[517]</a> Various motifs in Estonian mythology center around mythical objects and transformations, such as a mighty oak that grows into the sky and is felled to create objects of power, and tales of celestial suitors where a young maiden ultimately chooses the Star. Natural features, like lakes, are said to move when desecrated, and the tragic story of an Air Maiden, who ascends to the heavens after being killed by her mother, reflects the profound ties Estonian folklore has to themes of nature, fate, and the supernatural. Other deeply symbolic legends tell of a blacksmith who creates a golden woman but cannot give her a soul, or a sacred grove that withers until nine brothers' sacrifices restore it. Folktales also recount a girl finding a fish with a woman inside, or young girls meeting seducing spirits from the otherworld.<a href="#cite_note-523">[518]</a> A leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/Learned_Estonian_Society" title="Learned Estonian Society">Learned Estonian Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Robert_Faehlmann" title="Friedrich Robert Faehlmann">Friedrich Robert Faehlmann</a> published a number of Estonian legends and myths in German based on genuine Estonian folklore and on Ganander's Finnish mythology. "The Dawn and Dusk" (Koit ja Hämarik) became considered one of the most beautiful Estonian myths having authentic origin.<a href="#cite_note-524">[519]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Hurt" title="Jakob Hurt">Jakob Hurt</a>, known as the "king of Estonian folklore", began large-scale collection campaign in the 1880s, gathering around 12,400 pages of folklore. Inspired by Hurt, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Johann_Eisen" title="Matthias Johann Eisen">Matthias Johann Eisen</a> amassed a monumental 90,000 pages of folklore by the early 20th century. These collections are carefully preserved by the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Folklore_Archives" title="Estonian Folklore Archives">Estonian Folklore Archives</a>, one of the largest such institutions in the world.<a href="#cite_note-525">[520]</a><a href="#cite_note-526">[521]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_philosophy">Literature and philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Estonia">Literature of Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_poetry" title="Estonian poetry">Estonian poetry</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Estophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Estophile">Estophile</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaan_Kross_in_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jaan_Kross_in_2004.jpg/220px-Jaan_Kross_in_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jaan_Kross_in_2004.jpg/330px-Jaan_Kross_in_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jaan_Kross_in_2004.jpg/440px-Jaan_Kross_in_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jaan_Kross" title="Jaan Kross">Jaan Kross</a> is the most translated Estonian writer.</figcaption></figure> The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-DWE-527">[522]</a> Written Estonian poetry emerged during 17th–18th centuries, with authors such as <a href="/wiki/Reiner_Brockmann" title="Reiner Brockmann">Reiner Brockmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4su_Hans" title="Käsu Hans">Käsu Hans</a>. Despite this, few notable works of literature were written until the 19th century and the beginning of an Estonian national awakening. <a href="/wiki/Kristjan_Jaak_Peterson" title="Kristjan Jaak Peterson">Kristjan Jaak Peterson</a>, the first recognized Estonian poet, emerged in the early 19th century, inspiring figures such as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Robert_Faehlmann" title="Friedrich Robert Faehlmann">Friedrich Robert Faehlmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reinhold_Kreutzwald" title="Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald">Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald</a> to preserve Estonian folk poetry and produce the <a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a>, the Estonian <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-528">[523]</a> It is written in the <a href="/wiki/Kalevala_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalevala meter">Kalevala meter</a>, a largely lyrical form of folk poetry based on syllabic quantity.<a href="#cite_note-529">[524]</a> The national awakening also spurred the rise of national romantic poetry, with <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Koidula" title="Lydia Koidula">Lydia Koidula</a> as its foremost figure.<a href="#cite_note-530">[525]</a> The National Awakening era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Estonian, notably <a href="/wiki/Juhan_Liiv" title="Juhan Liiv">Juhan Liiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_Kitzberg" title="August Kitzberg">August Kitzberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Vilde" title="Eduard Vilde">Eduard Vilde</a>. An important literary movement was <a href="/wiki/Young_Estonia" title="Young Estonia">Young Estonia</a>, developed in 1905 for promoting <a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">decadence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Luts" title="Oskar Luts">Oskar Luts</a> was the most prominent prose writer of early Estonian literature and is still widely read today, particularly his lyrical school novel Kevade (Spring).<a href="#cite_note-531">[526]</a> In the early 20th century, Estonian poetry gained new depth with the <a href="/wiki/Siuru" title="Siuru">Siuru</a> group, an influential literary movement embracing modernism and sensuality; its members included prominent poets like <a href="/wiki/Marie_Under" title="Marie Under">Marie Under</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Visnapuu" title="Henrik Visnapuu">Henrik Visnapuu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedebert_Tuglas" title="Friedebert Tuglas">Friedebert Tuglas</a>. The 1930s saw the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Arbujad" title="Arbujad">Arbujad</a>, a group of poets known for their introspective and philosophical style that represented a new direction in Estonian poetry.<a href="#cite_note-532">[527]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siuru_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Siuru_1917.jpg/220px-Siuru_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Siuru_1917.jpg/330px-Siuru_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Siuru_1917.jpg/440px-Siuru_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siuru" title="Siuru">Siuru</a> was an influential literary movement, founded in 1917</figcaption></figure> After the establishment of the Republic of Estonia, national literature flourished, with highly regarded prose works by authors like <a href="/wiki/A._H._Tammsaare" title="A. H. Tammsaare">A. H. Tammsaare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ristikivi" title="Karl Ristikivi">Karl Ristikivi</a> shaping the era. Tammsaare's social epic and psychological realist <a href="/wiki/Pentalogy" title="Pentalogy">pentalogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Justice" title="Truth and Justice">Truth and Justice</a>, captured the evolution of Estonian society from a poor farmer community to an independent nation while following man's everlasting struggle with existential questions.<a href="#cite_note-533">[528]</a><a href="#cite_note-534">[529]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ristikivi" title="Karl Ristikivi">Karl Ristikivi</a>, one of Estonia's most celebrated novelists, is known for his profound exploration of human nature, national identity, and timeless values, particularly through his unique historical novels and introspective works shaped by his exile in Sweden and deep longing for his homeland.<a href="#cite_note-535">[530]</a> During and after World War II, many Estonian writers fled to the West, while others relocated to the Soviet Union. Between 1944 and 1990, exiled writers published 267 novels, 181 poetry collections, and 155 memoirs, reflecting their determination to preserve national identity through art and literature.<a href="#cite_note-536">[531]</a> In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Jaan_Kross" title="Jaan Kross">Jaan Kross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaan_Kaplinski" title="Jaan Kaplinski">Jaan Kaplinski</a> are Estonia's best-known and most-translated writers.<a href="#cite_note-537">[532]</a> During the Soviet occupation, they skillfully used historical allegory to convey the resilience of Estonian identity, teaching strategies for cultural survival and self-realization both through subtle and, later, open narratives that have shaped Estonian national consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-538">[533]</a><a href="#cite_note-539">[534]</a> A contemporary of Kross and Kaplinski, <a href="/wiki/Mats_Traat" title="Mats Traat">Mats Traat</a> also holds a significant place in Estonian literature, especially with his novels that portray rural Estonian life across generations and preserve the <a href="/wiki/Tartu_language" title="Tartu language">Tartu language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-540">[535]</a> Among the most popular writers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries are <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B5nu_%C3%95nnepalu" title="Tõnu Õnnepalu">Tõnu Õnnepalu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrus_Kivir%C3%A4hk" title="Andrus Kivirähk">Andrus Kivirähk</a>, who uses elements of Estonian folklore and mythology, deforming them into the absurd and <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-541">[536]</a> Estonian philosophy encompasses both general philosophy created or practiced in Estonia and by Estonians, as well as a distinct form of philosophy shaped by the nuances of Estonian language and culture. In the narrower, culturally specific sense, Estonian philosophy reflects a unique worldview and national identity, emphasizing interpretations grounded in original Estonian terms rather than Latin or Germanic loanwords. This approach is based on the idea, championed by thinkers like <a href="/wiki/Uku_Masing" title="Uku Masing">Uku Masing</a>, that philosophical concepts <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">derive meaning</a> from their <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> and cultural context. Such an interpretation infuses philosophical thought with a distinctly Estonian sensibility toward the world and existence. Figures like Uku Masing, <a href="/wiki/Madis_K%C3%B5iv" title="Madis Kõiv">Madis Kõiv</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jaan_Kaplinski" title="Jaan Kaplinski">Jaan Kaplinski</a> have been instrumental in developing this culturally attuned philosophy. Additionally, Estonian philosophy incorporates semiotic elements, influenced by the works of <a href="/wiki/Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juri_Lotman" title="Juri Lotman">Juri Lotman</a>, emphasizing the study of signs and meaning within cultural contexts. Contemporary Estonian thought also includes <a href="/wiki/Ethnofuturism" title="Ethnofuturism">ethnofuturism</a>, a movement that envisions the integration of traditional cultural elements with future-oriented perspectives.<a href="#cite_note-542">[537]</a><a href="#cite_note-543">[538]</a><a href="#cite_note-544">[539]</a><a href="#cite_note-545">[540]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_art" title="Estonian art">Estonian art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_tm-tm_-_Linda,_Tallinn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flickr_-_tm-tm_-_Linda%2C_Tallinn.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_tm-tm_-_Linda%2C_Tallinn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flickr_-_tm-tm_-_Linda%2C_Tallinn.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_tm-tm_-_Linda%2C_Tallinn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flickr_-_tm-tm_-_Linda%2C_Tallinn.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_tm-tm_-_Linda%2C_Tallinn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2330" data-file-height="3495" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/August_Weizenberg" title="August Weizenberg">August Weizenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_(sculpture)" title="Linda (sculpture)">Linda</a>, 1880.</figcaption></figure> Estonian art reflects <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">European artistic trends</a> while incorporating distinctly local themes, including folklore, landscapes, and motifs inspired by national identity. Traces of Estonian artistry date back to the Stone Age, with decorated bone artifacts, amber pendants, and early figurines. During the Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic art</a> became prominent, visible in medieval churches on <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a> and exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Bernt_Notke" title="Bernt Notke">Bernt Notke</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Danse_Macabre_(Notke)" title="Danse Macabre (Notke)">Danse Macabre</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Tallinn" title="St. Nicholas Church, Tallinn">St. Nicholas Church, Tallinn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-546">[541]</a> Renaissance painter <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sittow" title="Michael Sittow">Michael Sittow</a>, trained in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish style</a>, was Estonia's first internationally recognized artist, known for his masterful portraiture in European courts.<a href="#cite_note-547">[542]</a> In the Neoclassical period, landscape painting gained prominence among Estonian artists, both at home and abroad. This era also saw the emergence of other genres like mural painting, miniature painting, glass painting, and watercolors, often featuring antique themes or Estonian nature scenes. Famous painters of this era include <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_Hippius" title="Gustav Adolf Hippius">Gustav Adolf Hippius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Senff" title="Karl August Senff">Karl August Senff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julie_Wilhelmine_Hagen-Schwarz" title="Julie Wilhelmine Hagen-Schwarz">Julie Wilhelmine Hagen-Schwarz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-548">[543]</a><a href="#cite_note-549">[544]</a> The 19th and early 20th centuries saw also a rise in national themes, led by painters like <a href="/wiki/Johann_K%C3%B6ler" title="Johann Köler">Johann Köler</a>, who embraced Estonian landscapes and traditions. In the early 20th century, Estonian art blossomed into a distinctive cultural expression. During the Republic's interwar years, artists increasingly integrated avant-garde influences from Europe while maintaining a focus on realism and national themes. The founding of the <a href="/wiki/Pallas_Art_School_(1919%E2%80%931940)" title="Pallas Art School (1919–1940)">Pallas Art School</a> in Tartu in 1919 marked a turning point, giving rise to a generation of artists including <a href="/wiki/Konrad_M%C3%A4gi" title="Konrad Mägi">Konrad Mägi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Triik" title="Nikolai Triik">Nikolai Triik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristjan_Raud" title="Kristjan Raud">Kristjan Raud</a>, and printmaker <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wiiralt" title="Eduard Wiiralt">Eduard Wiiralt</a>, whose works captured both the avant-garde spirit and uniquely Estonian sensibilities.<a href="#cite_note-550">[545]</a> When the Soviet Union occupied Estonia in 1944, many Estonian artists fled westward, while Soviet authorities took control of the local art scene. Under Stalinist rule, Estonian art was heavily regulated, with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Realism">Socialist Realism</a> promoted as the official style, while Western influences were discouraged. However, by the 1960s, restrictions began to relax, and Estonian artists drew inspiration from the interwar period. A breakthrough came with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/ANK_%2764" title="ANK '64">ANK '64</a> collective, a group of artists who broke from Soviet themes and embraced personal, fantastical worlds. Leading figures such as <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Arrak" title="Jüri Arrak">Jüri Arrak</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B5nis_Vint" title="Tõnis Vint">Tõnis Vint</a> explored modernist aesthetics, emphasizing individual expression and imaginative realism. This shift culminated in the 1966 "art revolution" in Estonia, which allowed modernist works to enter official exhibitions and set the stage for Estonian art's transformation in the 1970s. By then, Estonian art had grown distinct from Moscow's official styles, embracing a modernism that prioritized personal vision and cultural identity.<a href="#cite_note-551">[546]</a> Since the 1990s, Estonian art has diversified significantly with the rise of photography, video, and conceptual art. This period saw the decline of centralized art funding and management, alongside the establishment of new media centers at the Estonian Academy of Arts. Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Toomas_Vint" title="Toomas Vint">Toomas Vint</a> became known internationally, and Estonian video artists gained exposure in venues like the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Art_Biennial" title="São Paulo Art Biennial">São Paulo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennales</a>. Today, Estonia's art scene is active, with contemporary galleries and exhibitions across major cities showcasing a blend of traditional influences and modern innovation.<a href="#cite_note-552">[547]</a> Estonian sculpture has its roots in the work of <a href="/wiki/August_Weizenberg" title="August Weizenberg">August Weizenberg</a>, who is considered the founder of national sculpture in Estonia. His eclectic style, primarily based on classicism, favored marble and encompassed a variety of themes, including portraits, mythological figures, and allegorical works. Another significant sculptor, <a href="/wiki/Amandus_Adamson" title="Amandus Adamson">Amandus Adamson</a>, shifted towards a more relaxed style that incorporated elements of realism. Masterfully working with materials such as wood, bronze, and marble, Adamson created mythological compositions, portraits, and depictions of fishing life, alongside various monuments. <a href="/wiki/Anton_Starkopf" title="Anton Starkopf">Anton Starkopf</a>, a prominent sculptor of the 1930s, developed a unique style using granite and explored diverse themes, including erotic undertones. The Soviet occupation halted the progress of sculpture in Estonia, as artists faced severe restrictions and a lack of resources. However, the 1960s and 1970s marked a renaissance for Estonian sculpture, characterized by prolific output and innovative approaches.<a href="#cite_note-553">[548]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Estonia" title="Architecture of Estonia">Architecture of Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_de_plein_air_(Tallinn)_(7644656256).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mus%C3%A9e_de_plein_air_%28Tallinn%29_%287644656256%29.jpg/220px-Mus%C3%A9e_de_plein_air_%28Tallinn%29_%287644656256%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mus%C3%A9e_de_plein_air_%28Tallinn%29_%287644656256%29.jpg/330px-Mus%C3%A9e_de_plein_air_%28Tallinn%29_%287644656256%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mus%C3%A9e_de_plein_air_%28Tallinn%29_%287644656256%29.jpg/440px-Mus%C3%A9e_de_plein_air_%28Tallinn%29_%287644656256%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A traditional farmhouse built in the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_vernacular_architecture" title="Estonian vernacular architecture">Estonian vernacular style</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Estonia" title="Architecture of Estonia">architecture of Estonia</a> reflects a blend of northern European styles shaped by local traditions and materials. Estonian folk architecture is distinguished by single farms set within open landscapes, typically including a <a href="/wiki/Smoke_sauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoke sauna">smoke sauna</a>. The primary materials, <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">timber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulders</a>, were used extensively in traditional Estonian structures. The rehielamu, a unique Estonian farmhouse style, remains prominent in some South Estonian villages. Estonia is also home to many <a href="/wiki/Hill_forts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill forts">hill forts</a> from pre-Christian times,<a href="#cite_note-554">[549]</a><a href="#cite_note-555">[550]</a> medieval castles, churches, and countryside structures such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_and_manor_houses_in_Estonia" title="List of palaces and manor houses in Estonia">manor houses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gristmill" title="Gristmill">mills</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">inns</a>. Traditional construction methods are still practiced in some regions.<a href="#cite_note-556">[551]</a><a href="#cite_note-557">[552]</a><a href="#cite_note-558">[553]</a> In the Middle Ages, Old Livonian cities developed around <a href="/wiki/Town_square" title="Town square">central marketplaces</a> with street networks forming cohesive <a href="/wiki/Old_town" title="Old town">old towns</a>. The earliest significant architectural trend was <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> in the 12th and 13th centuries, evident in limited surviving examples such as <a href="/wiki/Valjala_Church" title="Valjala Church">Valjala Church</a> on <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-559">[554]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> beginning in the 13th century defined Estonia's medieval style, as seen in the castles of <a href="/wiki/Kuressaare_Castle" title="Kuressaare Castle">Kuressaare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Castle" title="Hermann Castle">Narva</a>, and the cathedrals in <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Tallinn" title="St. Mary's Cathedral, Tallinn">Tallinn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tartu_Cathedral" title="Tartu Cathedral">Tartu</a>. Geological differences influenced regional styles: South Estonia embraced red <a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">brick Gothic</a>, while white <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> dominated in Tallinn. The medieval old town of Tallinn, now a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, remains one of Estonia's most important architectural ensembles.<a href="#cite_note-560">[555]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> left its mark through the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Blackheads_(Tallinn)" title="House of the Blackheads (Tallinn)">Tallinn House of the Blackheads</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Kadriorg_Palace" title="Kadriorg Palace">Kadriorg Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a>'s old town that was destroyed during World War II. Tartu's architectural landscape was heavily impacted by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, with much of the <a href="/wiki/Tartu_Old_Town" title="Tartu Old Town">Old Town</a> lost to destruction; however, structures like <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Church,_Tartu" title="St. John's Church, Tartu">St. John's Church</a> and the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Tartu_Cathedral" title="Tartu Cathedral">Tartu Cathedral</a> remain. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Tartu was largely rebuilt in the Neoclassical style, with <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Krause_(architect)" title="Johann Wilhelm Krause (architect)">Johann Wilhelm Krause</a> emerging as a key architect in this period.<a href="#cite_note-561">[556]</a> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, <a href="/wiki/National_Romantic_style" title="National Romantic style">National Romantic style</a> emerged, seeking inspiration from traditional Estonian architecture. Following Estonia's independence, the country sought to express its identity through new buildings. The Estonian parliament building at <a href="/wiki/Toompea" title="Toompea">Toompea</a>, designed by architects <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Habermann" title="Eugen Habermann">Eugen Habermann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Johanson" title="Herbert Johanson">Herbert Johanson</a> and completed in 1922,<a href="#cite_note-562">[557]</a> combines a traditionalist exterior with a unique <a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionist</a> interior, making it the world's only Expressionist parliament building.<a href="#cite_note-563">[558]</a> During the 1930s, Estonia saw the development of a distinctive style of <a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">stripped Classicism</a>, influenced by architects such as <a href="/wiki/Alar_Kotli" title="Alar Kotli">Alar Kotli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Johan_Kuusik" title="Edgar Johan Kuusik">Edgar Johan Kuusik</a>, which became a symbol of independent Estonia. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> gained popularity in <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B5mme" title="Nõmme">Nõmme</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu" title="Pärnu">Pärnu</a>, particularly through the work of <a href="/wiki/Olev_Siinmaa" title="Olev Siinmaa">Olev Siinmaa</a>, shaping the modernist approach in public architecture.<a href="#cite_note-564">[559]</a> Under the Soviet occupation, Estonia's architecture was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_communist_countries" title="Urban planning in communist countries">Soviet urban modernism</a>, which altered many historic and cultural landscapes. The 1980s marked a resurgence of Estonian architectural identity, with postmodernist architects drawing from 1930s styles. Since regaining independence, Estonia has embraced diverse architectural trends, especially in Tallinn's business districts. Architect <a href="/wiki/Vilen_K%C3%BCnnapu" title="Vilen Künnapu">Vilen Künnapu</a> emerged as a leading figure, infusing his designs with the philosophy that architecture should serve as a bridge between people and higher realms. His work includes temples, meditation centers, and museums, symbolizing Estonia's renewed architectural vitality and cultural expression.<a href="#cite_note-565">[560]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre,_cinema_and_animation">Theatre, cinema and animation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Estonia" title="Theatre of Estonia">Theatre of Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Cinema of Estonia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonian_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Estonian films">List of Estonian films</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonian_war_films" title="List of Estonian war films">List of Estonian war films</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tallinn_asv2022-04_img41_National_Opera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tallinn_asv2022-04_img41_National_Opera.jpg/220px-Tallinn_asv2022-04_img41_National_Opera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tallinn_asv2022-04_img41_National_Opera.jpg/330px-Tallinn_asv2022-04_img41_National_Opera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tallinn_asv2022-04_img41_National_Opera.jpg/440px-Tallinn_asv2022-04_img41_National_Opera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7144" data-file-height="3572" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Estonia_Theatre" title="Estonia Theatre">Estonia Theatre</a> in Tallinn houses the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_National_Opera" title="Estonian National Opera">Estonian National Opera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_National_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Estonian National Symphony Orchestra">Estonian National Symphony Orchestra</a></figcaption></figure> Estonian theatre has a long and evolving history, with the earliest recorded performances dating back to the 16th century. By 1784, the German playwright <a href="/wiki/August_von_Kotzebue" title="August von Kotzebue">August von Kotzebue</a> helped establish an amateur theatre in Tallinn, and five years later, the Estonian language made its debut on stage in Kotzebue's play The Father's Expectation. The <a href="/wiki/Tallinna_saksa_teater" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallinna saksa teater">Tallinn City Theatre</a>, opened in 1809, became Estonia's first professional theatre, performing German but also some Estonian-language works.<a href="#cite_note-566">[561]</a> However, a distinctly Estonian theatre culture began to take shape with the development of song and drama societies, including the landmark 1870 performance of <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Koidula" title="Lydia Koidula">Lydia Koidula</a>'s Cousin from Saaremaa by the <a href="/wiki/Vanemuine_Cultural_Society" title="Vanemuine Cultural Society">Vanemuine Cultural Society</a>, which marked the birth of Estonian national theatre.<a href="#cite_note-567">[562]</a> The early 20th century saw the professionalization of Estonian theatre, with the <a href="/wiki/Vanemuine" title="Vanemuine">Vanemuine</a> in Tartu and the <a href="/wiki/Estonia_(organization)" title="Estonia (organization)">Estonia Theatre</a> in Tallinn formally becoming professional institutions in 1906. Led by director <a href="/wiki/Karl_Menning" title="Karl Menning">Karl Menning</a>, Vanemuine began to stage high-quality productions that emphasized naturalism and ensemble performance. Plays by Estonian writers <a href="/wiki/August_Kitzberg" title="August Kitzberg">August Kitzberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Luts" title="Oskar Luts">Oskar Luts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Vilde" title="Eduard Vilde">Eduard Vilde</a> were staged among world classics. Estonia Theatre, meanwhile, became known for its star actors, including <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Altermann" title="Theodor Altermann">Theodor Altermann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pinna" title="Paul Pinna">Paul Pinna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erna_Villmer" title="Erna Villmer">Erna Villmer</a>, as well as for its pioneering work in opera and operetta from 1908 onward. The 1920s and 1930s brought further diversity to the theatre scene with the establishment of the Workers' Theatre in Tallinn, known for its social critique, and the experimental Morning Theatre, which explored expressionism. New regional theatres also appeared in Viljandi and Narva, and Estonian theatre expanded to include large-scale classical tragedies and modern dramas, establishing a vibrant and multifaceted theatre tradition that continued through the Soviet period and into the modern era.<a href="#cite_note-568">[563]</a> The cinema of Estonia started in 1908 with a newsreel documenting Swedish King <a href="/wiki/Gustav_V_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav V of Sweden">Gustav V</a>'s visit to Tallinn, marking the earliest known film production in the country.<a href="#cite_note-569">[564]</a> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_film" title="Narrative film">Narrative filmmaking</a> soon followed, with early works such as <a href="/wiki/Laenatud_naene" title="Laenatud naene">Laenatud naene</a> (1913) and <a href="/wiki/Karujaht_P%C3%A4rnumaal" title="Karujaht Pärnumaal">Karujaht Pärnumaal</a> (1914) by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_P%C3%A4%C3%A4suke" title="Johannes Pääsuke">Johannes Pääsuke</a>. Estonia's first war film, <a href="/wiki/Noored_kotkad" title="Noored kotkad">Noored kotkad</a> (1927), included large-scale battle scenes, while <a href="/wiki/Kuld%C3%A4mblik" title="Kuldämblik">Kuldämblik</a> (1930) became the country's first film with sound. Among the most famous Estonian films is <a href="/wiki/Viimne_reliikvia" title="Viimne reliikvia">Viimne reliikvia</a> (1969), a <a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">cult classic</a> set during the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a>. Estonian cinema often adapts major Estonian literary works, as seen in <a href="/wiki/November_(2017_film)" title="November (2017 film)">November</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Heart_of_the_Bear" title="The Heart of the Bear">The Heart of the Bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Names_in_Marble_(film)" title="Names in Marble (film)">Names in Marble</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Autumn_Ball" title="Autumn Ball">Autumn Ball</a>. Themes of World War II and the difficult decisions Estonians faced are explored in contemporary films like <a href="/wiki/Those_Old_Love_Letters" title="Those Old Love Letters">Those Old Love Letters</a>, <a href="/wiki/1944_(film)" title="1944 (film)">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fencer" title="The Fencer">The Fencer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/In_the_Crosswind" title="In the Crosswind">In the Crosswind</a>. Known for a stereotypical style of slow-paced storytelling and <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">gloomy atmosphere</a>,<a href="#cite_note-570">[565]</a><a href="#cite_note-571">[566]</a> Estonian cinema has gained international recognition, with <a href="/wiki/Tangerines_(film)" title="Tangerines (film)">Tangerines</a> (2013) receiving nominations for both the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards" title="Golden Globe Awards">Golden Globes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-572">[567]</a><a href="#cite_note-573">[568]</a> Renowned Estonian actors include <a href="/wiki/Lembit_Ulfsak" title="Lembit Ulfsak">Lembit Ulfsak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaan_T%C3%A4tte" title="Jaan Tätte">Jaan Tätte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elmo_N%C3%BCganen" title="Elmo Nüganen">Elmo Nüganen</a>, who is also celebrated as a director.<a href="#cite_note-574">[569]</a> Notable foreign films shot in Estonia include <a href="/wiki/Stalker_(1979_film)" title="Stalker (1979 film)">Stalker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenet_(film)" title="Tenet (film)">Tenet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-575">[570]</a><a href="#cite_note-576">[571]</a> Estonian animation began in the 1930s with <a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Juku_the_Dog" title="Adventures of Juku the Dog">Adventures of Juku the Dog</a>, a short film by <a href="/wiki/Voldemar_P%C3%A4ts" title="Voldemar Päts">Voldemar Päts</a>. The post-war establishment of <a href="/wiki/Nukufilm" title="Nukufilm">Nukufilm</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet animation">puppet animation</a> studio founded by <a href="/wiki/Elbert_Tuganov" title="Elbert Tuganov">Elbert Tuganov</a> in 1958, laid the foundation for a steady output of puppet films, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Little_Peeter%27s_Dream" title="Little Peeter's Dream">Little Peeter's Dream</a>. In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Rein_Raamat" title="Rein Raamat">Rein Raamat</a> established <a href="/wiki/Joonisfilm" class="mw-redirect" title="Joonisfilm">Joonisfilm</a>, a studio dedicated to traditional cel animation, and his work Veekandja (1972) marked the start of regular animated film production in Estonia. Raamat's 1980 film <a href="/wiki/Suur_T%C3%B5ll_(film)" title="Suur Tõll (film)">Suur Tõll</a>, depicting a mythical Estonian folk hero, became one of his most significant works. Animator <a href="/wiki/Priit_P%C3%A4rn" title="Priit Pärn">Priit Pärn</a>, celebrated for his surreal and satirical style, gained international recognition with <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_on_the_Grass" title="Breakfast on the Grass">Breakfast on the Grass</a> (1987), a profound critique of totalitarian society, and won the Grand Prize at the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_International_Animation_Festival" title="Ottawa International Animation Festival">Ottawa International Animation Festival</a> in 1998. Today, Estonian studios remain highly regarded in the animation industry, with directors <a href="/wiki/Janno_P%C3%B5ldma" title="Janno Põldma">Janno Põldma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heiki_Ernits" title="Heiki Ernits">Heiki Ernits</a> gaining popularity through a series of feature films starring the beloved character <a href="/wiki/Lotte_(Estonian_literature)" title="Lotte (Estonian literature)">Lotte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-577">[572]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_entertainment">Media and entertainment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Estonia">Media of Estonia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest">Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest</a></div> Estonia's media and entertainment industry is characterized by a diverse array of outlets, notable press freedom, and a growing influence in music and television. Media landscape includes numerous weekly newspapers and magazines, along with nine domestic television channels and a variety of radio stations. Estonia consistently ranks among the top nations for press freedom, achieving 6th place on the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> globally in 2024 and 8th place in 2023, according to <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-578">[573]</a><a href="#cite_note-579">[574]</a><a href="#cite_note-580">[575]</a> Two main news agencies operate in Estonia: the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_News_Service" title="Baltic News Service">Baltic News Service</a> (BNS), a private news agency established in 1990 that covers the Baltic states, and ETV24, part of <a href="/wiki/Eesti_Rahvusringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling" title="Eesti Rahvusringhääling">Eesti Rahvusringhääling</a>, Estonia’s publicly funded broadcasting organization. Established in 2007, Eesti Rahvusringhääling consolidates radio and television services previously provided by <a href="/wiki/Eesti_Raadio" title="Eesti Raadio">Eesti Raadio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eesti_Televisioon" title="Eesti Televisioon">Eesti Televisioon</a> under the Estonian National Broadcasting Act.<a href="#cite_note-581">[576]</a><a href="#cite_note-582">[577]</a> Radio broadcasting in Estonia began in December 1926, followed by the country's first television broadcast in July 1955. The media landscape transformed significantly after deregulation in the 1990s, with Estonia issuing its first private TV licenses in 1992 and launching its first private radio station in 1990. This shift catalyzed a dynamic entertainment scene, particularly in television drama and satire. <a href="/wiki/%C3%95nne_13" title="Õnne 13">Õnne 13</a>, Estonia's longest-running television series since its debut in 1993, has captivated audiences with its portrayal of everyday lives of Estonian families through changing societal landscapes, remaining the most popular TV show in Estonia.<a href="#cite_note-583">[578]</a> Estonian television and entertainment is marked by a unique blend of satire and cultural critique, exemplified by shows like <a href="/wiki/Kreisiraadio" title="Kreisiraadio">Kreisiraadio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tujurikkuja" class="mw-redirect" title="Tujurikkuja">Tujurikkuja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wremja" title="Wremja">Wremja</a>. They became famous for dark humor and social commentary, often pushing the boundaries of what was considered acceptable on Estonian television. Known for sketches that challenge societal norms and political taboos, such shows have reflected and shaped public discourse in Estonia. Actors and comedians such as <a href="/wiki/Jan_Uusp%C3%B5ld" title="Jan Uuspõld">Jan Uuspõld</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rt_Avandi" title="Märt Avandi">Märt Avandi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ott_Sepp" title="Ott Sepp">Ott Sepp</a> are widely known, contributing significantly to Estonian pop culture.<a href="#cite_note-584">[579]</a><a href="#cite_note-585">[580]</a><a href="#cite_note-586">[581]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kama_(food)" title="Kama (food)">Kama (food)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalev_(confectioner)" title="Kalev (confectioner)">Kalev (confectioner)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kohuke" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohuke">Kohuke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Verivorst" class="mw-redirect" title="Verivorst">Verivorst</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mischbrot-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mischbrot-1.jpg/220px-Mischbrot-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mischbrot-1.jpg/330px-Mischbrot-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mischbrot-1.jpg/440px-Mischbrot-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A half-loaf of fine rye bread.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seapraad_ahjuporganditega.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Seapraad_ahjuporganditega.jpg/220px-Seapraad_ahjuporganditega.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Seapraad_ahjuporganditega.jpg/330px-Seapraad_ahjuporganditega.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Seapraad_ahjuporganditega.jpg/440px-Seapraad_ahjuporganditega.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>Oven-grilled pork (seapraad) with <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrot</a> slices.</figcaption></figure> A strong connection to the land and sea has shaped Estonian cuisine, reflecting its historical agrarian roots, with a focus on local, seasonal ingredients and simple preparation. Traditionally, food was based on what was available from local farms and the sea, a custom still evident in modern Estonian dishes. For centuries, hunting and fishing were integral to Estonian food culture, and while these are now enjoyed more as hobbies, locally sourced meats and fish remain central to traditional Estonian meals. Most common staples include <a href="/wiki/Black_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Black bread">black bread</a>, pork, potatoes, and dairy products, and these foods are enjoyed in a variety of forms across seasons. Estonians especially value fresh ingredients in spring and summer, incorporating berries, herbs, and vegetables straight from the garden, while winter meals often feature preserved jams, <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickles</a>, and mushrooms. In coastal and lakeside areas, fish plays a significant role. The national fish, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_herring" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic herring">Baltic herring</a> (räim), along with <a href="/wiki/European_sprat" title="European sprat">sprat</a> (kilu), are well-loved and often served in spiced forms as appetizers or open sandwiches, such as the iconic kiluvõileib, an <a href="/wiki/Open_sandwich" title="Open sandwich">open sandwich</a> with sprats on black bread.<a href="#cite_note-587">[582]</a> The typical first course in an Estonian meal includes a variety of cold appetizers, featuring pickled vegetables, sausages, meats, and popular salads like <a href="/wiki/Potato_salad" title="Potato salad">potato salad</a> and rosolje, a beetroot and herring salad. Small pastries called <a href="/wiki/Pirog" title="Pirog">pirukas</a>, filled with meat, fish, or vegetables, are also common starters, often accompanied by a light <a href="/wiki/Broth" title="Broth">broth</a>, or puljong, which complements their savory flavors. Cold fish dishes such as smoked or marinated eel and crayfish are also delicacies in Estonia. <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">Soups</a> play a central role in the Estonian diet and are traditionally served as a complete meal, though today they are often enjoyed as a starter. <a href="/wiki/Pea_soup" title="Pea soup">Pea soup</a> is especially popular, particularly during colder months.<a href="#cite_note-588">[583]</a> A hallmark of Estonian meals is <a href="/wiki/Black_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Black bread">black bread</a> made from rye, recognized for its rich flavor and dense texture, and served with almost every meal as an open sandwich base or an accompaniment to soups and main dishes. Whole grains like <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a> are also widely used in Estonian cooking. <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">Dairy products</a> hold an important place in Estonian cuisine, with <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> and its derivatives valued both as beverages and culinary ingredients. Traditional dairy-based drinks are enjoyed daily and reflect North European tastes for fresh and fermented dairy. Estonian desserts are similarly distinctive, including the cardamom-spiced <a href="/wiki/Semla" title="Semla">vastlakukkel</a>, an almond paste-filled <a href="/wiki/Sweet_roll" title="Sweet roll">sweet roll</a> enjoyed seasonally from Christmas through Easter.<a href="#cite_note-589">[584]</a> Alcoholic beverages in Estonia are traditionally beer-based, with locally brewed beers being the preferred drink to accompany meals. Ancient alcoholic beverages like <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a> (mõdu) were common historically, although <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> has since become more popular. Today, Estonian <a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">fruit wines</a> made from apples and berries are enjoyed alongside <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a> (viin) and other distilled spirits. These traditional beverages continue to be celebrated, particularly in rural areas and during festive occasions. Non-alcoholic beverages in Estonia also reflect the country's seasonal and agricultural heritage. Kali, a drink similar to <a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">kvass</a>, is made from fermented rye bread and remains a popular choice, especially in summer. Another unique drink is <a href="/wiki/Birch_sap" title="Birch sap">birch sap</a> (kasemahl), harvested in early spring.<a href="#cite_note-590">[585]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Estonia" title="Sport in Estonia">Sport in Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lurich_2Wrestler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lurich_2Wrestler.jpg/220px-Lurich_2Wrestler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lurich_2Wrestler.jpg/330px-Lurich_2Wrestler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lurich_2Wrestler.jpg/440px-Lurich_2Wrestler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georg_Lurich" title="Georg Lurich">Georg Lurich</a> trained <a href="/wiki/George_Hackenschmidt" title="George Hackenschmidt">George Hackenschmidt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Aberg" title="Aleksander Aberg">Aleksander Aberg</a>, all three being legendary wrestlers of the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> Sports play an integral role in Estonian culture, with Estonian athletes participating prominently in early Olympic Games. Today, popular sports include <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">beach volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>. Estonia has also produced world-class cyclists and maintains extensive indoor and outdoor facilities for a range of sports.<a href="#cite_note-591">[586]</a><a href="#cite_note-592">[587]</a> A unique contribution to global sports from Estonia is <a href="/wiki/Kiiking" title="Kiiking">kiiking</a>. This sport uses a modified swing, where the goal is to complete a full 360-degree rotation.<a href="#cite_note-593">[588]</a> Since regaining independence, Estonia has consistently competed in all Summer and Winter Olympics, earning medals in athletics, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a>, wrestling, and <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">cross-country skiing</a>. Estonia's high medal count relative to its population has positioned it as one of the most successful countries in medals per capita, with its best Olympic rankings being 13th in 1936 and 12th at the <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006 Winter Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-594">[589]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Estonia" title="Portal:Estonia">Estonia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Estonia" title="Outline of Estonia">Outline of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Estonia-related_articles" title="Index of Estonia-related articles">Index of Estonia-related articles</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-language-8"><a href="#cite_ref-language_8-0">^</a> Including both the official standard Estonian language and <a href="/wiki/South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a> (spoken in southeast Estonia) which encompasses the Tartu, Mulgi, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_language" title="Võro language">Võro</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seto_dialect" title="Seto dialect">Seto</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialect#Dialect_or_language" title="Dialect">varieties</a>. There is no academic consensus on the status of South Estonian as a dialect or language.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sammallahti_1977-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɛsˈtoʊniə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ess-TOH-nee-ə</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: Eesti <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Estonian" title="Help:IPA/Estonian">[ˈeˑstʲi]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9d\/Et-Eesti-female.oga\/Et-Eesti-female.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Et-Eesti-female.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/Et-Eesti-female.oga/Et-Eesti-female.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Et-Eesti-female.oga" title="File:Et-Eesti-female.oga">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: Eesti Vabariik (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Free state of Estonia') </li> <li id="cite_note-location-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-location_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-location_25-1">b</a> Located in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, Estonia has also been classified as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> or <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> in some contexts. Various sources classify Estonia differently for statistical and other purposes. For example, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-UN-21">[18]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurovoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurovoc">Eurovoc</a><a href="#cite_note-op.europa.eu-22">[19]</a> classify Estonia as part of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a><a href="#cite_note-Directorate-23">[20]</a> classifies it as a <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern European</a> country, the <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-24">[21]</a> classifies it as Eastern Europe. Usage varies greatly in press sources. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> After the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a> in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swienta" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Swienta">Battle of Swienta</a> on 1 September 1435, the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian Confederation">Livonian Confederation</a> was established by a treaty signed on 4 December 1435.<a href="#cite_note-VLM-95">[91]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eesti.ee/en/republic-of-estonia/republic-of-estonia/national-anthem-of-the-republic-of-estonia">"National anthem of the Republic of Estonia"</a>. Eesti.ee. Retrieved 15 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eesti.ee&rft.atitle=National+anthem+of+the+Republic+of+Estonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eesti.ee%2Fen%2Frepublic-of-estonia%2Frepublic-of-estonia%2Fnational-anthem-of-the-republic-of-estonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/vro">"Vro | ISO 639-3"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vro+%26%23124%3B+ISO+639-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiso639-3.sil.org%2Fcode%2Fvro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrünthalAnneli_Sarhimaa2004" class="citation book cs1">Grünthal, Riho; Anneli Sarhimaa (2004). Itämerensuomalaiset kielet ja niiden päämurteet. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It%C3%A4merensuomalaiset+kielet+ja+niiden+p%C3%A4%C3%A4murteet.&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Finno-Ugrian+Society&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCnthal&rft.aufirst=Riho&rft.au=Anneli+Sarhimaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sammallahti_1977-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Sammallahti_1977_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSammallahti1977" class="citation cs2">Sammallahti, Pekka (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kotikielenseura.fi/virittaja/hakemistot/jutut/1977_119.pdf">"Suomalaisten esihistorian kysymyksiä"</a> (PDF), Virittäjä: 119–136</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viritt%C3%A4j%C3%A4&rft.atitle=Suomalaisten+esihistorian+kysymyksi%C3%A4&rft.pages=119-136&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Sammallahti&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kotikielenseura.fi%2Fvirittaja%2Fhakemistot%2Fjutut%2F1977_119.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaakso2014" class="citation cs2">Laakso, Johanna (2014), "The Finnic Languages", in Dahl, Östen; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (eds.), The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact, Amsterdam: <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Finnic+Languages&rft.btitle=The+Circum-Baltic+Languages%3A+Typology+and+Contact&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Laakso&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPajusalu2009" class="citation journal cs1">Pajusalu, Karl (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust258/sust258_pajusalu.pdf">"The reforming of the Southern Finnic language area"</a> (PDF). Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne. 258: 95–107. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0355-0230">0355-0230</a>. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Finno-Ougrienne&rft.atitle=The+reforming+of+the+Southern+Finnic+language+area&rft.volume=258&rft.pages=95-107&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0355-0230&rft.aulast=Pajusalu&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgr.fi%2Fsust%2Fsust258%2Fsust258_pajusalu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalminen2003" class="citation cs2">Salminen, Tapani (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/fu.html">Uralic Languages</a>, retrieved 17 October 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uralic+Languages&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Salminen&rft.aufirst=Tapani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2F~tasalmin%2Ffu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Figures provided by Statistics Estonia correspond to number of official residents only (i.e include over 55,600 ethnic Ukrainians who are officially resident in Estonia); the figures do not include another estimated 50,000 people who, as Ukrainian war refugees, are staying in Estonia but have not registered a place of residence there. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> By Estonian law, ethnicity is registered via self-declaration (which is not mandatory). </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvastik__rahvastikunaitajad-ja-koosseis__rahvaarv-ja-rahvastiku-koosseis/RV0222U/table/tableViewLayout2">"Rv0222U: Population by Sex, Ethnic Nationality and County, 1 January"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rv0222U%3A+Population+by+Sex%2C+Ethnic+Nationality+and+County%2C+1+January&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandmed.stat.ee%2Fen%2Fstat%2Frahvastik__rahvastikunaitajad-ja-koosseis__rahvaarv-ja-rahvastiku-koosseis%2FRV0222U%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171124002736/https://www.stat.ee/65352?parent_id=39113">"Estonia Census 2021"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Estonia" title="Statistics Estonia">Statistics Estonia</a>. 29 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk/RL21451">the original</a> on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estonia+Census+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Estonia&rft.date=2013-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandmed.stat.ee%2Fen%2Fstat%2Frahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk%2FRL21451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ERR_area-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ERR_area_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ERR_area_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.err.ee/1609260713/estonia-gains-95-islands-but-loses-4-square-kilometers-with-updated-map">"Estonia gains 95 islands, but loses 4 square kilometers with updated map"</a>. ERR. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Estonia+gains+95+islands%2C+but+loses+4+square+kilometers+with+updated+map&rft.date=2024-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.err.ee%2F1609260713%2Festonia-gains-95-islands-but-loses-4-square-kilometers-with-updated-map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.err.ee/1609210202/estonia-s-population-grew-in-2023">"Estonia's population grew in 2023"</a>. 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estonia%27s+population+grew+in+2023&rft.date=2024-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.err.ee%2F1609210202%2Festonia-s-population-grew-in-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rahvaloendus.ee-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rahvaloendus.ee_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rahvaloendus.ee_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rahvaloendus.ee/en/uudised/rahvaloendus-eesti-rahvaarv-ja-eestlaste-arv-kasvanud">"Population census: Estonia's population and the number of Estonians have grown"</a>. Statistics Estonia. 1 June 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Population+census%3A+Estonia%27s+population+and+the+number+of+Estonians+have+grown&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frahvaloendus.ee%2Fen%2Fuudised%2Frahvaloendus-eesti-rahvaarv-ja-eestlaste-arv-kasvanud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.EE-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.EE_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.EE_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.EE_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.EE_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.EE_16-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=939,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Estonia)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 April 2024. Retrieved 31 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2024+Edition.+%28Estonia%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2024-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D939%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2023%26ey%3D2025%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurogini-17"><a href="#cite_ref-eurogini_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en">"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income"</a>. EU-SILC survey. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EU-SILC+survey&rft.atitle=Gini+coefficient+of+equivalised+disposable+income&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftessi190%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-21"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/#geo-regions">"United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)-Geographic Regions"</a>. Unstats.un.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unstats.un.org&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division-+Standard+Country+and+Area+Codes+Classifications+%28M49%29-Geographic+Regions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fmethodology%2Fm49%2F%23geo-regions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-op.europa.eu-22"><a href="#cite_ref-op.europa.eu_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/concept/-/resource?uri=http://eurovoc.europa.eu/5619&lang=en">"Estonia - EU Vocabularies - Publications Office of the EU"</a>. op.europa.eu. Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=op.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Estonia+-+EU+Vocabularies+-+Publications+Office+of+the+EU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fop.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fweb%2Feu-vocabularies%2Fconcept%2F-%2Fresource%3Furi%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Feurovoc.europa.eu%2F5619%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Directorate-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Directorate_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirectorate" class="citation web cs1">Directorate, OECD Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=303">"OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) Definition"</a>. stats.oecd.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stats.oecd.org&rft.atitle=OECD+Glossary+of+Statistical+Terms+-+Central+and+Eastern+European+Countries+%28CEECs%29+Definition&rft.aulast=Directorate&rft.aufirst=OECD+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2Fglossary%2Fdetail.asp%3FID%3D303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-24"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/estonia/">"Estonia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>. 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estonia&rft.pub=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.date=2023-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Festonia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legacarta.intracen.org/country/est/">"Country Profile – LegaCarta"</a>. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile+%E2%80%93+LegaCarta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegacarta.intracen.org%2Fcountry%2Fest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> See, for instance, the position expressed by <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, which condemned "the fact that the occupation of these formerly independent and neutral States by the Soviet Union occurred in 1940 following the Molotov/Ribbentrop pact, and continues." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Parliament1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">European Parliament (13 January 1983). <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/80/Europarliament13011983.jpg">"Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania"</a>. Official Journal of the European Communities. C 42/78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+Journal+of+the+European+Communities&rft.atitle=Resolution+on+the+situation+in+Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+Lithuania&rft.volume=C+42%2F78&rft.date=1983-01-13&rft.au=European+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fen%2F8%2F80%2FEuroparliament13011983.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prosperity.com/globe/estonia">"Estonia (Ranked 21st)"</a>. Legatum Prosperity Index 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legatum+Prosperity+Index+2020&rft.atitle=Estonia+%28Ranked+21st%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prosperity.com%2Fglobe%2Festonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/education-50590581">"Pisa rankings: Why Estonian pupils shine in global tests"</a>. BBC News. 2 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pisa+rankings%3A+Why+Estonian+pupils+shine+in+global+tests&rft.date=2019-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Feducation-50590581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-estonia.com/estonia-top-3-in-un-e-government-survey-2020/">"Estonia among top 3 in the UN e-Government Survey 2020"</a>. e-Estonia. 24 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-Estonia&rft.atitle=Estonia+among+top+3+in+the+UN+e-Government+Survey+2020&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-estonia.com%2Festonia-top-3-in-un-e-government-survey-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold2017" class="citation web cs1">Harold, Theresa (30 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alphr.com/technology/1007520/how-a-former-soviet-state-became-one-of-the-worlds-most-advanced-digital-nations/">"How A Former Soviet State Became One Of The World's Most Advanced Digital Nations"</a>. Alphr. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alphr&rft.atitle=How+A+Former+Soviet+State+Became+One+Of+The+World%27s+Most+Advanced+Digital+Nations&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft.aulast=Harold&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alphr.com%2Ftechnology%2F1007520%2Fhow-a-former-soviet-state-became-one-of-the-worlds-most-advanced-digital-nations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2020.stateofeuropeantech.com/chart/746-3309">"Number of start-ups per capita by country"</a>. 2020.stateofeuropeantech.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2020.stateofeuropeantech.com&rft.atitle=Number+of+start-ups+per+capita+by+country&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2020.stateofeuropeantech.com%2Fchart%2F746-3309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMägi2018" class="citation book cs1">Mägi, Marika (2018). In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a> E. pp. 144–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004363816" title="Special:BookSources/9789004363816"><bdi>9789004363816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Austrvegr%3A+The+Role+of+the+Eastern+Baltic+in+Viking+Age+Communication+across+the+Baltic+Sea&rft.pages=144-145&rft.pub=Brill+E&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789004363816&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4gi&rft.aufirst=Marika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Harrison, D. & Svensson, K. (2007). Vikingaliv. Fälth & Hässler, Värnamo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-27-35725-2" title="Special:BookSources/91-27-35725-2">91-27-35725-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTvauri2012" class="citation book cs1">Tvauri, Andres (2012). Laneman, Margot (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etis.ee/Portal/Publications/Display/b80b6f11-43ed-4b8c-b616-48ac53b70ec5?language=ENG">The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tartu_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu University">Tartu University Press</a>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789949199365" title="Special:BookSources/9789949199365"><bdi>9789949199365</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1736-3810">1736-3810</a>. 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Hoover Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817928537" title="Special:BookSources/9780817928537"><bdi>9780817928537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+Edition%2C+Updated&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780817928537&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasekamp2010" class="citation book cs1">Kasekamp, Andres (2010). A History of the Baltic States. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 9–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230364509" title="Special:BookSources/9780230364509"><bdi>9780230364509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Baltic+States&rft.pages=9-11&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780230364509&rft.aulast=Kasekamp&rft.aufirst=Andres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarvel-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Tarvel_65-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Enn_Tarvel" title="Enn Tarvel">Enn Tarvel</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haridus.opleht.ee/Arhiiv/7_82007/38-41.pdf">Sigtuna hukkumine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011191449/http://haridus.opleht.ee/Arhiiv/7_82007/38-41.pdf">Archived</a> 11 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Haridus, 2007 (7–8), pp. 38–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Aivar Kriiska, Valter Lang, Ain Mäesalu, Andres Tvauri, Heiki Valk. Eesti ajalugu I. 2020. p. 408 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Tõnno Jonuks. Eesti muinasusundid. Tallinn 2022. P. 302 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Aivar Kriiska, Valter Lang, Ain Mäesalu, Andres Tvauri, Heiki Valk. Eesti ajalugu I. 2020. p. 396 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. 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Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9985701151" title="Special:BookSources/9985701151"><bdi>9985701151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eesti+ents%C3%BCklopeedia+11%3A+Eesti+%C3%BCld&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Eesti+Ents%C3%BCklopeediakirjastus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9985701151&rft.aulast=Raukas&rft.aufirst=Anto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTvauri2012" class="citation book cs1">Tvauri, Andres (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etis.ee/Portal/Publications/Display/b80b6f11-43ed-4b8c-b616-48ac53b70ec5?language=ENG">The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia</a>. pp. 322–325. 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A History of the Baltic States. 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A History of the Baltic States. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230364509" title="Special:BookSources/9780230364509"><bdi>9780230364509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Baltic+States&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780230364509&rft.aulast=Kasekamp&rft.aufirst=Andres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaukas2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raukas, Anto (2002). Eesti entsüklopeedia 11: Eesti üld (in Estonian). Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9985701151" title="Special:BookSources/9985701151"><bdi>9985701151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eesti+ents%C3%BCklopeedia+11%3A+Eesti+%C3%BCld&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Eesti+Ents%C3%BCklopeediakirjastus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9985701151&rft.aulast=Raukas&rft.aufirst=Anto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasekamp2010" class="citation book cs1">Kasekamp, Andres (2010). A History of the Baltic States. 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Osprey Publishing. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781855325531" title="Special:BookSources/9781855325531"><bdi>9781855325531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lake+Peipus+1242%3A+Battle+of+the+Ice&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781855325531&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Laur, Kadri. Identity and Heritage on a Changing Border: The Estonian Seto Case. 2022. Uppsala University Campus Gotland, Master’s Thesis in Conservation. 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Hoover Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817928537" title="Special:BookSources/9780817928537"><bdi>9780817928537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+Edition%2C+Updated&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780817928537&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Kevin (2006). Culture and Customs of the Baltic States. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313331251" title="Special:BookSources/9780313331251"><bdi>9780313331251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+the+Baltic+States&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780313331251&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPekomäe1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pekomäe, Vello (1986). Estland genom tiderna (in Swedish). Stockholm: VÄLIS-EESTI & EMP. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-86116-47-9" title="Special:BookSources/91-86116-47-9"><bdi>91-86116-47-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estland+genom+tiderna&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=V%C3%84LIS-EESTI+%26+EMP&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=91-86116-47-9&rft.aulast=Pekom%C3%A4e&rft.aufirst=Vello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJokipii1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jokipii, Mauno (1992). Jokipii, Mauno (ed.). Baltisk kultur och historia (in Swedish). Bonniers. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789134512078" title="Special:BookSources/9789134512078"><bdi>9789134512078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baltisk+kultur+och+historia&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Bonniers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9789134512078&rft.aulast=Jokipii&rft.aufirst=Mauno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiljan2015" class="citation book cs1">Miljan, Toivo (2015). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810875135" title="Special:BookSources/9780810875135"><bdi>9780810875135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Estonia&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780810875135&rft.aulast=Miljan&rft.aufirst=Toivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrucht2005" class="citation book cs1">Frucht, Richard C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/100">Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, Volume 1</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/100">100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576078006" title="Special:BookSources/9781576078006"><bdi>9781576078006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+People%2C+Lands%2C+and+Culture%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781576078006&rft.aulast=Frucht&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feasterneuropeint0000unse%2Fpage%2F100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2014" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Robert I. 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Routledge. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317898573" title="Special:BookSources/9781317898573"><bdi>9781317898573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Wars%3A+War%2C+State+and+Society+in+Northeastern+Europe%2C+1558+%E2%80%93+1721&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317898573&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VLM-95"><a href="#cite_ref-VLM_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaudkivi2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Priit_Raudkivi_(historian)" title="Priit Raudkivi (historian)">Raudkivi, Priit</a> (2007). Vana-Liivimaa maapäev (in Estonian). Argo. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9949-415-84-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9949-415-84-7"><bdi>978-9949-415-84-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vana-Liivimaa+maap%C3%A4ev&rft.pages=118-119&rft.pub=Argo&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9949-415-84-7&rft.aulast=Raudkivi&rft.aufirst=Priit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolMilitzerNicholson2006" class="citation book cs1">Mol, Johannes A.; Militzer, Klaus; Nicholson, Helen J. (2006). The Military Orders and the Reformation: Choices, State Building, and the Weight of Tradition. Uitgeverij Verloren. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789065509130" title="Special:BookSources/9789065509130"><bdi>9789065509130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Orders+and+the+Reformation%3A+Choices%2C+State+Building%2C+and+the+Weight+of+Tradition&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Verloren&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789065509130&rft.aulast=Mol&rft.aufirst=Johannes+A.&rft.au=Militzer%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+Helen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frucht121-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frucht121_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frucht121_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frucht121_98-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrucht2005" class="citation book cs1">Frucht, Richard C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/121">Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, Volume 1</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/121">121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576078006" title="Special:BookSources/9781576078006"><bdi>9781576078006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+People%2C+Lands%2C+and+Culture%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781576078006&rft.aulast=Frucht&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feasterneuropeint0000unse%2Fpage%2F121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2003" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Kevin (2003). The History of the Baltic States. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313323553" title="Special:BookSources/9780313323553"><bdi>9780313323553</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Baltic+States&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780313323553&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. Hoover Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817928537" title="Special:BookSources/9780817928537"><bdi>9780817928537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+Edition%2C+Updated&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780817928537&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vakk.ut.ee/tekstid.php?kood=1535-Koell">"Wanradti ja Koelli katekismus" Tartu Ülikooli vana kirjakeele uurimisrühma kodulehel</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoover_Press-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoover_Press_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoover_Press_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. Hoover Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817928537" title="Special:BookSources/9780817928537"><bdi>9780817928537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+Edition%2C+Updated&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780817928537&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulev_Vahtre" title="Sulev Vahtre">Sulev Vahtre</a>. Eesti talurahva ülestõus 1560. aasta sügisel. Looming 5/1955 pp. 623–632 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Halperin, C.J.. (2018). The Double Standard: Livonian Chronicles and Muscovite Barbarity during the Livonian War (1558–1582). Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 126-147. 10.21638/11701/spbu19.2018.106. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPXEp45wAeQC&dq">War and Peace in the Baltic, 1560–1790 By Stewart Philip Oakley</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02472-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02472-2">0-415-02472-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forte.delfi.ee/artikkel/65878140/139-aastat-oli-see-tallinna-pidupaev-siis-aga-saabusid-peeter-i-vaed">139 aastat oli see Tallinna pidupäev, siis aga saabusid Peeter I väed</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Stone" title="David R. Stone">Stone, David R.</a> (2006). A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 14–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275985028" title="Special:BookSources/9780275985028"><bdi>9780275985028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Russia%3A+From+Ivan+the+Terrible+to+the+War+in+Chechnya&rft.pages=14-18&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780275985028&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. Hoover Press. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817928537" title="Special:BookSources/9780817928537"><bdi>9780817928537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+Edition%2C+Updated&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780817928537&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Eesti Entsüklopeedia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/ruhnu_ajalugu2">Ruhnu ajalugu.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Enn Tarvel. Valge kotka tiiva all. Poola võim eestlaste maal 16.-17. sajandil; Editor(s). Marten Seppel; Publishing house. Varrak; Year. 2024; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9985-3-5956-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9985-3-5956-3">978-9985-3-5956-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. Hoover Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817928537" title="Special:BookSources/9780817928537"><bdi>9780817928537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+Edition%2C+Updated&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780817928537&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsHerrmannKemp2003" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Nicola; Herrmann, Debra; Kemp, Cathryn (2003). Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania. University of Michigan. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-132-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-132-1"><bdi>1-74059-132-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%2C+Latvia+%26+Lithuania&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-74059-132-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft.au=Herrmann%2C+Debra&rft.au=Kemp%2C+Cathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2019" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Kevin C. (15 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fA2QDwAAQBAJ">The House of Hemp and Butter: A History of Old Riga</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-4770-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-4770-0"><bdi>978-1-5017-4770-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Hemp+and+Butter%3A+A+History+of+Old+Riga&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-4770-0&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Kevin+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfA2QDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2014" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Robert I. (2014). The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe, 1558 – 1721. Routledge. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317898573" title="Special:BookSources/9781317898573"><bdi>9781317898573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Wars%3A+War%2C+State+and+Society+in+Northeastern+Europe%2C+1558+%E2%80%93+1721&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317898573&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Uuspuu, Villem 1938. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.folklore.ee/tagused/nr19/uuspuu.pdf">Surmaotsused Eesti nõiaprotsessides</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaukas2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raukas, Anto (2002). Eesti entsüklopeedia 11: Eesti üld (in Estonian). Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9985701151" title="Special:BookSources/9985701151"><bdi>9985701151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eesti+ents%C3%BCklopeedia+11%3A+Eesti+%C3%BCld&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Eesti+Ents%C3%BCklopeediakirjastus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9985701151&rft.aulast=Raukas&rft.aufirst=Anto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. Hoover Press. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817928537" title="Special:BookSources/9780817928537"><bdi>9780817928537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+Edition%2C+Updated&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780817928537&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. Hoover Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817928537" title="Special:BookSources/9780817928537"><bdi>9780817928537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+Edition%2C+Updated&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780817928537&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Laidre, Margus. The Great Northern War and Estonia, The Trials of Dorpat 1700–1708. Inglise keelde tõlkinud Piret Ruustal. Tallinn 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. Hoover Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817928537" title="Special:BookSources/9780817928537"><bdi>9780817928537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+Edition%2C+Updated&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780817928537&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. Hoover Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817928537" title="Special:BookSources/9780817928537"><bdi>9780817928537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+Edition%2C+Updated&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780817928537&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. Hoover Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817928537" title="Special:BookSources/9780817928537"><bdi>9780817928537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+Edition%2C+Updated&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780817928537&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319083729/http://www.bdcol.ee/fileadmin/docs/bdreview/bdr-2002-8-11.pdf">"The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923 By LtCol Andrew Parrott"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdcol.ee/fileadmin/docs/bdreview/bdr-2002-8-11.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+States+from+1914+to+1923+By+LtCol+Andrew+Parrott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdcol.ee%2Ffileadmin%2Fdocs%2Fbdreview%2Fbdr-2002-8-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. Hoover Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817928537" title="Special:BookSources/9780817928537"><bdi>9780817928537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+Edition%2C+Updated&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780817928537&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.terramariana.ee/feja_tekst.pdf">Balti erikord ja Balti Eraseaduse kujunemine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. Hoover Press. pp. 47–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817928537" title="Special:BookSources/9780817928537"><bdi>9780817928537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+Edition%2C+Updated&rft.pages=47-49&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780817928537&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonica" title="Estonica">Estonica</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=96&kateg=43&alam=61&leht=7">1710–1850. The Baltic Landesstaat: Emergence of national consciousness and Estophilia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610023546/http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?kateg=43&menyy_id=96&alam=61&leht=7">Archived</a> 10 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Arvo Pärt, Paul Hillier, Oxford University Press, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816616-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816616-8">0-19-816616-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estonica.org/en/Culture/Religion/Orthodoxy/">"Orthodoxy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515092022/http://www.estonica.org/en/Culture/Religion/Orthodoxy/">Archived</a> 2018-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Estonica - Encyclopedia about Estonia, Estonian Institute. </li> <li id="cite_note-EE286-130"><a href="#cite_ref-EE286_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaukas2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raukas, Anto (2002). Eesti entsüklopeedia 11: Eesti üld (in Estonian). Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9985701151" title="Special:BookSources/9985701151"><bdi>9985701151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eesti+ents%C3%BCklopeedia+11%3A+Eesti+%C3%BCld&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Eesti+Ents%C3%BCklopeediakirjastus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9985701151&rft.aulast=Raukas&rft.aufirst=Anto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrenat2004" class="citation book cs1">Subrenat, Jean-Jacques (2004). Estonia: Identity and Independence. Rodopi. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9042008903" title="Special:BookSources/9042008903"><bdi>9042008903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Identity+and+Independence&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9042008903&rft.aulast=Subrenat&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raun59-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raun59_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raun59_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. Hoover Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817928537" title="Special:BookSources/9780817928537"><bdi>9780817928537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+Edition%2C+Updated&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780817928537&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EE287-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EE287_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EE287_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaukas2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raukas, Anto (2002). Eesti entsüklopeedia 11: Eesti üld (in Estonian). Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9985701151" title="Special:BookSources/9985701151"><bdi>9985701151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eesti+ents%C3%BCklopeedia+11%3A+Eesti+%C3%BCld&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Eesti+Ents%C3%BCklopeediakirjastus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9985701151&rft.aulast=Raukas&rft.aufirst=Anto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrenat2004" class="citation book cs1">Subrenat, Jean-Jacques (2004). Estonia: Identity and Independence. Rodopi. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9042008903" title="Special:BookSources/9042008903"><bdi>9042008903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Identity+and+Independence&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9042008903&rft.aulast=Subrenat&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrenat2004" class="citation book cs1">Subrenat, Jean-Jacques (2004). Estonia: Identity and Independence. Rodopi. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9042008903" title="Special:BookSources/9042008903"><bdi>9042008903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Identity+and+Independence&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9042008903&rft.aulast=Subrenat&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrenat2004" class="citation book cs1">Subrenat, Jean-Jacques (2004). Estonia: Identity and Independence. Rodopi. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9042008903" title="Special:BookSources/9042008903"><bdi>9042008903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Identity+and+Independence&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9042008903&rft.aulast=Subrenat&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoE-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CoE_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CoE_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cultural Policy in Estonia. Council of Europe. 1997. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789287131652" title="Special:BookSources/9789287131652"><bdi>9789287131652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Policy+in+Estonia&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9789287131652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EE291-138"><a href="#cite_ref-EE291_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaukas2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raukas, Anto (2002). Eesti entsüklopeedia 11: Eesti üld (in Estonian). Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9985701151" title="Special:BookSources/9985701151"><bdi>9985701151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eesti+ents%C3%BCklopeedia+11%3A+Eesti+%C3%BCld&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Eesti+Ents%C3%BCklopeediakirjastus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9985701151&rft.aulast=Raukas&rft.aufirst=Anto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Sirje Kiin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eestielu.ca/et/kommentaar-eesti-keele-ja-meele-suend/">Eesti keele ja meele sünd</a>. Eesti Elu. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David (2013). Estonia: Independence and European Integration. Routledge. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136452130" title="Special:BookSources/9781136452130"><bdi>9781136452130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Independence+and+European+Integration&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136452130&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B5nu_Trubetsky" title="Tõnu Trubetsky">Tõnu Trubetsky</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arvamus.postimees.ee/7850677/ajalugu-eesti-vabariik-sundis-vaali-kulas-1905-aasta-revolutsioonikatse">Eesti Vabariik sündis Vaali külas: 1905. aasta revolutsioonikatse</a>. <a href="/wiki/Postimees" title="Postimees">Postimees</a>, 9 September 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-EE292-142"><a href="#cite_ref-EE292_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaukas2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raukas, Anto (2002). Eesti entsüklopeedia 11: Eesti üld (in Estonian). Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9985701151" title="Special:BookSources/9985701151"><bdi>9985701151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eesti+ents%C3%BCklopeedia+11%3A+Eesti+%C3%BCld&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Eesti+Ents%C3%BCklopeediakirjastus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9985701151&rft.aulast=Raukas&rft.aufirst=Anto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Kuldkepp, M. (2016). Liisi Esse, Eesti sõdurid Esimeses maailmasõjas: Sõjakogemus ja selle sõjajärgne tähendus. Journal of Baltic Studies, 48(1), 99–101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2016.1251068">https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2016.1251068</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvert1987" class="citation book cs1">Calvert, Peter (1987). The Process of Political Succession. Springer. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349089789" title="Special:BookSources/9781349089789"><bdi>9781349089789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Process+of+Political+Succession&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9781349089789&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvert1987" class="citation book cs1">Calvert, Peter (1987). The Process of Political Succession. Springer. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349089789" title="Special:BookSources/9781349089789"><bdi>9781349089789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Process+of+Political+Succession&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9781349089789&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasekamp2000" class="citation book cs1">Kasekamp, Andres (2000). The Radical Right in Interwar Estonia. Springer. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403919557" title="Special:BookSources/9781403919557"><bdi>9781403919557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Right+in+Interwar+Estonia&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781403919557&rft.aulast=Kasekamp&rft.aufirst=Andres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinder1990" class="citation book cs1">Pinder, David (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/75">Western Europe: Challenge and Change</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/75">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576078006" title="Special:BookSources/9781576078006"><bdi>9781576078006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Europe%3A+Challenge+and+Change&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9781576078006&rft.aulast=Pinder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feasterneuropeint0000unse%2Fpage%2F75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinder76-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinder76_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinder76_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinder1990" class="citation book cs1">Pinder, David (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/76">Western Europe: Challenge and Change</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/76">76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576078006" title="Special:BookSources/9781576078006"><bdi>9781576078006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Europe%3A+Challenge+and+Change&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9781576078006&rft.aulast=Pinder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feasterneuropeint0000unse%2Fpage%2F76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasekamp2000" class="citation book cs1">Kasekamp, Andres (2000). The Radical Right in Interwar Estonia. Springer. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403919557" title="Special:BookSources/9781403919557"><bdi>9781403919557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Right+in+Interwar+Estonia&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781403919557&rft.aulast=Kasekamp&rft.aufirst=Andres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasekamp2000" class="citation book cs1">Kasekamp, Andres (2000). The Radical Right in Interwar Estonia. Springer. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403919557" title="Special:BookSources/9781403919557"><bdi>9781403919557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Right+in+Interwar+Estonia&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781403919557&rft.aulast=Kasekamp&rft.aufirst=Andres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiljan2015" class="citation book cs1">Miljan, Toivo (2015). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810875135" title="Special:BookSources/9780810875135"><bdi>9780810875135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Estonia&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780810875135&rft.aulast=Miljan&rft.aufirst=Toivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second edition, updated. Hoover Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817928537" title="Special:BookSources/9780817928537"><bdi>9780817928537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+edition%2C+updated&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780817928537&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard1999" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Raymond W. (1999). Secret Soldiers of the Revolution: Soviet Military Intelligence, 1918–1933. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 34–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313309908" title="Special:BookSources/9780313309908"><bdi>9780313309908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Soldiers+of+the+Revolution%3A+Soviet+Military+Intelligence%2C+1918%E2%80%931933&rft.pages=34-36&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780313309908&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Raymond+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2002" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Imogen (2002). Central and South-Eastern Europe 2003. Psychology Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857431360" title="Special:BookSources/9781857431360"><bdi>9781857431360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+and+South-Eastern+Europe+2003&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781857431360&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Imogen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David (2013). Estonia: Independence and European Integration. Routledge. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136452130" title="Special:BookSources/9781136452130"><bdi>9781136452130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Independence+and+European+Integration&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136452130&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisiunasTaagepera1983" class="citation book cs1">Misiunas, Romuald J.; Taagepera, Rein (1983). The Baltic States, Years of Dependence, 1940–1980. University of California Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520046252" title="Special:BookSources/9780520046252"><bdi>9780520046252</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+States%2C+Years+of+Dependence%2C+1940%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780520046252&rft.aulast=Misiunas&rft.aufirst=Romuald+J.&rft.au=Taagepera%2C+Rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David (2013). Estonia: Independence and European Integration. Routledge. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136452130" title="Special:BookSources/9781136452130"><bdi>9781136452130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Independence+and+European+Integration&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136452130&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David (2013). Estonia: Independence and European Integration. Routledge. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136452130" title="Special:BookSources/9781136452130"><bdi>9781136452130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Independence+and+European+Integration&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136452130&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David (2013). Estonia: Independence and European Integration. Routledge. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136452130" title="Special:BookSources/9781136452130"><bdi>9781136452130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Independence+and+European+Integration&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136452130&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Ahde, Pasi & Teet Rajasalu (eds.) Economic Structures. Estonia and Finland. A Retrospective Socioeconomic Comparison. Eds. Lugus Oleve & Pentti Vartia Helsinki: The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy, 1993. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ginneken-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ginneken_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ginneken_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Ginneken2006" class="citation book cs1">van Ginneken, Anique H. M. (2006). Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations. Scarecrow Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810865136" title="Special:BookSources/9780810865136"><bdi>9780810865136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+League+of+Nations&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780810865136&rft.aulast=van+Ginneken&rft.aufirst=Anique+H.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Rauch1974" class="citation book cs1">von Rauch, Georg (1974). Die Geschichte der baltischen Staaten. University of California Press. pp. 108–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520026001" title="Special:BookSources/9780520026001"><bdi>9780520026001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Geschichte+der+baltischen+Staaten&rft.pages=108-111&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780520026001&rft.aulast=von+Rauch&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHidenLane2003" class="citation book cs1">Hiden, John; Lane, Thomas (2003). The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521531207" title="Special:BookSources/9780521531207"><bdi>9780521531207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+and+the+Outbreak+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521531207&rft.aulast=Hiden&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Lane%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÅselius2004" class="citation book cs1">Åselius, Gunnar (2004). The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Navy in the Baltic 1921–1941. Routledge. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135769604" title="Special:BookSources/9781135769604"><bdi>9781135769604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Navy+in+the+Baltic+1921%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781135769604&rft.aulast=%C3%85selius&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanePabriksPursSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Thomas; Pabriks, Artis; Purs, Aldis; Smith, David J. (2013). The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Routledge. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136483042" title="Special:BookSources/9781136483042"><bdi>9781136483042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+States%3A+Estonia%2C+Latvia+and+Lithuania&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136483042&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Pabriks%2C+Artis&rft.au=Purs%2C+Aldis&rft.au=Smith%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGärtner2017" class="citation book cs1">Gärtner, Heinz (2017). Engaged Neutrality: An Evolved Approach to the Cold War. Lexington Books. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498546195" title="Special:BookSources/9781498546195"><bdi>9781498546195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engaged+Neutrality%3A+An+Evolved+Approach+to+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781498546195&rft.aulast=G%C3%A4rtner&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiljan2015" class="citation book cs1">Miljan, Toivo (2015). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7513-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7513-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-7513-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Estonia&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7513-5&rft.aulast=Miljan&rft.aufirst=Toivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHidenSalmon2014" class="citation book cs1">Hiden, John; Salmon, Patrick (2014). The Baltic Nations and Europe: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century. 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Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9985701151" title="Special:BookSources/9985701151"><bdi>9985701151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eesti+ents%C3%BCklopeedia+11%3A+Eesti+%C3%BCld&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Eesti+Ents%C3%BCklopeediakirjastus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9985701151&rft.aulast=Raukas&rft.aufirst=Anto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonHermann2007" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Eric A.; Hermann, Anna (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117175841/http://finland.usembassy.gov/root/pdfs/antheil_article.pdf">"The Last Flight from Tallinn"</a> (PDF). Foreign Service Journal. American Foreign Service Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finland.usembassy.gov/root/pdfs/antheil_article.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Service+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Last+Flight+from+Tallinn&rft.date=2007-05&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Eric+A.&rft.au=Hermann%2C+Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinland.usembassy.gov%2Froot%2Fpdfs%2Fantheil_article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.err.ee/954916/staabi-ja-sidepataljon-meenutas-raua-tanava-lahingut">"Staabi- ja sidepataljon meenutas Raua tänava lahingut"</a> (in Estonian). 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Leiden – Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-411-2177-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-411-2177-3"><bdi>90-411-2177-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illegal+Annexation+and+State+Continuity%3A+The+Case+of+the+Incorporation+of+the+Baltic+States+by+the+USSR&rft.place=Leiden+%E2%80%93+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-411-2177-3&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4lksoo&rft.aufirst=Lauri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miljan110-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miljan110_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miljan110_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiljan2015" class="citation book cs1">Miljan, Toivo (2015). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7513-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7513-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-7513-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Estonia&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7513-5&rft.aulast=Miljan&rft.aufirst=Toivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatrellBaron2009" class="citation book cs1">Gatrell, Peter; Baron, Nick (2009). Warlands: Population Resettlement and State Reconstruction in the Soviet-East European Borderlands, 1945–50. Springer. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-24693-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-24693-5"><bdi>978-0-230-24693-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlands%3A+Population+Resettlement+and+State+Reconstruction+in+the+Soviet-East+European+Borderlands%2C+1945%E2%80%9350&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-24693-5&rft.aulast=Gatrell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Baron%2C+Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence by Anatol Lieven p424 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06078-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06078-5">0-300-06078-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanePabriksPursSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Thomas; Pabriks, Artis; Purs, Aldis; Smith, David J. (2013). The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Routledge. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-48304-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-48304-2"><bdi>978-1-136-48304-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+States%3A+Estonia%2C+Latvia+and+Lithuania&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-48304-2&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Pabriks%2C+Artis&rft.au=Purs%2C+Aldis&rft.au=Smith%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaasikRaudvassar2006" class="citation book cs1">Kaasik, Peeter; Raudvassar, Mika (2006). "Estonia from June to October, 1941: Forest brothers and Summer War". In Hiio, Toomas; Maripuu, Meelis; Paavle, Indrek (eds.). Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_International_Commission_for_the_Investigation_of_Crimes_Against_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity">Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity</a>. Tallinn. pp. 496–517.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Estonia+from+June+to+October%2C+1941%3A+Forest+brothers+and+Summer+War&rft.btitle=Estonia+1940%E2%80%931945%3A+Reports+of+the+Estonian+International+Commission+for+the+Investigation+of+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pages=496-517&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kaasik&rft.aufirst=Peeter&rft.au=Raudvassar%2C+Mika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Meelis Maripuu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.ut.ee/server/api/core/bitstreams/f9387131-c2f5-42b4-84f6-37187a57f7fa/content">Omavalitsuseta omavalitsused: Halduskorraldus Eestis Saksa okupatsiooni ajal 1941–1944</a>. 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-pinder80-180"><a href="#cite_ref-pinder80_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinder1990" class="citation book cs1">Pinder, David (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/80">Western Europe: Challenge and Change</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/80">80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-800-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Europe%3A+Challenge+and+Change&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-800-6&rft.aulast=Pinder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feasterneuropeint0000unse%2Fpage%2F80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiljan2015" class="citation book cs1">Miljan, Toivo (2015). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7513-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7513-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-7513-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Estonia&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7513-5&rft.aulast=Miljan&rft.aufirst=Toivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CommissionReport-182"><a href="#cite_ref-CommissionReport_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080629035526/http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/conclusions.htm#crimger">"Conclusions of the Commission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Estonian_International_Commission_for_Investigation_of_Crimes_Against_Humanity" title="Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity">Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity</a>. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/conclusions.htm#crimger">the original</a> on 29 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conclusions+of+the+Commission&rft.pub=Estonian+International+Commission+for+Investigation+of+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycommission.ee%2Ftemp%2Fconclusions.htm%23crimger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David (2013). Estonia: Independence and European Integration. Routledge. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45213-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45213-0"><bdi>978-1-136-45213-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Independence+and+European+Integration&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-45213-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiljan2004" class="citation book cs1">Miljan, Toivo (2004). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Scarecrow Press. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6571-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6571-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6571-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Estonia&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6571-6&rft.aulast=Miljan&rft.aufirst=Toivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=99&kateg=43&alam=61&leht=4German">mobilisation in Estonia</a> estonica.org <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090131101150/http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=99&kateg=43&alam=61&leht=4German">Archived</a> 31 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/pdf/tables/chronology.pdf">Chronology</a> at the EIHC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609224537/http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/pdf/tables/chronology.pdf">Archived</a> 9 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Resistance! Occupied Europe and Its Defiance of Hitler by Dave Lande on Page 200 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0745-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0745-8">978-0-7603-0745-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raun159-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raun159_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raun159_188-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. Hoover Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-2853-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-2853-7"><bdi>978-0-8179-2853-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+Edition%2C+Updated&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-2853-7&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKangilaski2005" class="citation book cs1">Kangilaski, Jaan; et al. (2005). Salo, Vello (ed.). The white book: losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes, 1940–1991. Estonian Encyclopaedia Publishers. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789985701959" title="Special:BookSources/9789985701959"><bdi>9789985701959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+white+book%3A+losses+inflicted+on+the+Estonian+nation+by+occupation+regimes%2C+1940%E2%80%931991&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Estonian+Encyclopaedia+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789985701959&rft.aulast=Kangilaski&rft.aufirst=Jaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasekamp2010" class="citation book cs1">Kasekamp, Andres (2010). A History of the Baltic States. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36450-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36450-9"><bdi>978-0-230-36450-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Baltic+States&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-36450-9&rft.aulast=Kasekamp&rft.aufirst=Andres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKangilaski2005" class="citation book cs1">Kangilaski, Jaan; et al. (2005). Salo, Vello (ed.). The white book: losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes, 1940–1991. Estonian Encyclopaedia Publishers. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789985701959" title="Special:BookSources/9789985701959"><bdi>9789985701959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+white+book%3A+losses+inflicted+on+the+Estonian+nation+by+occupation+regimes%2C+1940%E2%80%931991&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Estonian+Encyclopaedia+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789985701959&rft.aulast=Kangilaski&rft.aufirst=Jaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKangilaski2005" class="citation book cs1">Kangilaski, Jaan; et al. (2005). Salo, Vello (ed.). The white book: losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes, 1940–1991. Estonian Encyclopaedia Publishers. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789985701959" title="Special:BookSources/9789985701959"><bdi>9789985701959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+white+book%3A+losses+inflicted+on+the+Estonian+nation+by+occupation+regimes%2C+1940%E2%80%931991&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Estonian+Encyclopaedia+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789985701959&rft.aulast=Kangilaski&rft.aufirst=Jaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisiunasTaagepera1983" class="citation book cs1">Misiunas, Romuald J.; Taagepera, Rein (1983). The Baltic States, Years of Dependence, 1940–1980. University of California Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04625-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04625-2"><bdi>978-0-520-04625-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+States%2C+Years+of+Dependence%2C+1940%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04625-2&rft.aulast=Misiunas&rft.aufirst=Romuald+J.&rft.au=Taagepera%2C+Rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated. Hoover Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817928537" title="Special:BookSources/9780817928537"><bdi>9780817928537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians%3A+Second+Edition%2C+Updated&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780817928537&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisiunas1983" class="citation book cs1">Misiunas, Romuald (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balticstatesyear00misi/page/n7/mode/2up">The Baltic States, Years of Dependence: 1940-1990</a>. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04625-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04625-2"><bdi>978-0-520-04625-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+States%2C+Years+of+Dependence%3A+1940-1990&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04625-2&rft.aulast=Misiunas&rft.aufirst=Romuald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalticstatesyear00misi%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurs2013" class="citation book cs1">Purs, Aldis (2013). Baltic Facades: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1945. Reaktion Books. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861899323" title="Special:BookSources/9781861899323"><bdi>9781861899323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baltic+Facades%3A+Estonia%2C+Latvia+and+Lithuania+since+1945&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781861899323&rft.aulast=Purs&rft.aufirst=Aldis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taagepera97-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taagepera97_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taagepera97_197-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera2013" class="citation book cs1">Taagepera, Rein (2013). The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State. Routledge. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136678011" title="Special:BookSources/9781136678011"><bdi>9781136678011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Finno-Ugric+Republics+and+the+Russian+State&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136678011&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuurRahnuSakkeusKlesment2018" class="citation journal cs1">Puur, Allan; Rahnu, Leen; Sakkeus, Luule; Klesment, Martin; Abuladze, Liili (22 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol38/38/38-38.pdf">"The formation of ethnically mixed partnerships in Estonia: A stalling trend from a two-sided perspective"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Demographic_Research_(journal)" title="Demographic Research (journal)">Demographic Research</a>. 38 (38): 1117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4054%2FDemRes.2018.38.38">10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.38</a>. Retrieved 7 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Demographic+Research&rft.atitle=The+formation+of+ethnically+mixed+partnerships+in+Estonia%3A+A+stalling+trend+from+a+two-sided+perspective&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=1117&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4054%2FDemRes.2018.38.38&rft.aulast=Puur&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.au=Rahnu%2C+Leen&rft.au=Sakkeus%2C+Luule&rft.au=Klesment%2C+Martin&rft.au=Abuladze%2C+Liili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.demographic-research.org%2Fvolumes%2Fvol38%2F38%2F38-38.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisiunas1983" class="citation book cs1">Misiunas, Romuald (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balticstatesyear00misi/page/n7/mode/2up">The Baltic States, Years of Dependence: 1940-1990</a>. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04625-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04625-2"><bdi>978-0-520-04625-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+States%2C+Years+of+Dependence%3A+1940-1990&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04625-2&rft.aulast=Misiunas&rft.aufirst=Romuald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalticstatesyear00misi%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-staehr-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-staehr_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-staehr_200-1">b</a> Karsten Staehr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://haldus.taltech.ee/sites/default/files/2021-04/011_2004-CC20in20Estonia.pdf">Economic Transition in Estonia. Background, Reforms and Results</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiljan2015" class="citation book cs1">Miljan, Toivo (2015). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810875135" title="Special:BookSources/9780810875135"><bdi>9780810875135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Estonia&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780810875135&rft.aulast=Miljan&rft.aufirst=Toivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpyraKatzsch2007" class="citation book cs1">Spyra, Wolfgang; Katzsch, Michael (2007). Environmental Security and Public Safety: Problems and Needs in Conversion Policy and Research after 15 Years of Conversion in Central and Eastern Europe. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402056444" title="Special:BookSources/9781402056444"><bdi>9781402056444</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Security+and+Public+Safety%3A+Problems+and+Needs+in+Conversion+Policy+and+Research+after+15+Years+of+Conversion+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781402056444&rft.aulast=Spyra&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Katzsch%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStöcker2017" class="citation book cs1">Stöcker, Lars Fredrik (2017). 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Lexington Books. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498551281" title="Special:BookSources/9781498551281"><bdi>9781498551281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridging+the+Baltic+Sea%3A+Networks+of+Resistance+and+Opposition+during+the+Cold+War+Era&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781498551281&rft.aulast=St%C3%B6cker&rft.aufirst=Lars+Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeppPantti2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lepp, Annika; Pantti, Mervi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054651/http://viewjournal.eu/european-television-memories/window-to-the-west/">"Window to the West: Memories of watching Finnish television in Estonia during the Soviet period"</a>. VIEW (3/2013). Journal of European Television History and Culture: 80–81. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viewjournal.eu/european-television-memories/window-to-the-west/">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VIEW&rft.atitle=Window+to+the+West%3A+Memories+of+watching+Finnish+television+in+Estonia+during+the+Soviet+period&rft.issue=3%2F2013&rft.pages=80-81&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lepp&rft.aufirst=Annika&rft.au=Pantti%2C+Mervi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fviewjournal.eu%2Feuropean-television-memories%2Fwindow-to-the-west%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Sirje Kiin, Rein Ruutsoo, <a href="/wiki/Andres_Tarand" title="Andres Tarand">Andres Tarand</a>. 1990. 40 kirja lugu. Tallinn: Olion. ISBN 5-450-01408-2 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldbruggeVan_den_BergSimons1985" class="citation book cs1">Feldbrugge, F. J. Ferdinand Joseph Maria; Van den Berg, Gerard Pieter; Simons, William Bradford (1985). Encyclopedia of Soviet Law. BRILL. p. 461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789024730759" title="Special:BookSources/9789024730759"><bdi>9789024730759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Soviet+Law&rft.pages=461&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9789024730759&rft.aulast=Feldbrugge&rft.aufirst=F.+J.+Ferdinand+Joseph+Maria&rft.au=Van+den+Berg%2C+Gerard+Pieter&rft.au=Simons%2C+William+Bradford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanePabriksPursSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Thomas; Pabriks, Artis; Purs, Aldis; Smith, David J. (2013). The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Routledge. p. xx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136483042" title="Special:BookSources/9781136483042"><bdi>9781136483042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+States%3A+Estonia%2C+Latvia+and+Lithuania&rft.pages=xx&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136483042&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Pabriks%2C+Artis&rft.au=Purs%2C+Aldis&rft.au=Smith%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankowskiStephan_III1995" class="citation book cs1">Frankowski, Stanisław; Stephan III, Paul B. (1995). Legal Reform in Post-Communist Europe: The View from Within. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780792332183" title="Special:BookSources/9780792332183"><bdi>9780792332183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Reform+in+Post-Communist+Europe%3A+The+View+from+Within&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780792332183&rft.aulast=Frankowski&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rft.au=Stephan+III%2C+Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.err.ee/1096871/the-moscow-olympic-games-changed-the-face-of-tallinn-forever">The Moscow Olympic Games changed the face of Tallinn forever</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackesMoreau2008" class="citation book cs1">Backes, Uwe; Moreau, Patrick (2008). Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe: Schriften Des Hannah-Arendt-Instituts Für Totalitarismusforschung 36. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783525369128" title="Special:BookSources/9783525369128"><bdi>9783525369128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communist+and+Post-Communist+Parties+in+Europe%3A+Schriften+Des+Hannah-Arendt-Instituts+F%C3%BCr+Totalitarismusforschung+36&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783525369128&rft.aulast=Backes&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft.au=Moreau%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogt2005" class="citation book cs1">Vogt, Henri (2005). Between Utopia and Disillusionment: A Narrative of the Political Transformation in Eastern Europe. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 20–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571818959" title="Special:BookSources/9781571818959"><bdi>9781571818959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Utopia+and+Disillusionment%3A+A+Narrative+of+the+Political+Transformation+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=20-22&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781571818959&rft.aulast=Vogt&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Hirvepark 1987: 20 aastat kodanikualgatusest, mis muutis Eesti lähiajalugu. [Peatoimetaja Tõnu Tannberg; eessõna: Tunne Kelam; fotod: Taaniel Raudsepp; intervjuud: Anneli Kivisiv] Tallinn: Kultuuriselts Hirvepark, 2007. ISBN 9789949153510 </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Viktor Niitsoo. Müürimurdjad: MRP-AEG ja ERSP lugu. Tallinn: [Ortwil], 2002. ISBN 9985897137 </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonsWesterlund2015" class="citation book cs1">Simons, Greg; Westerlund, David (2015). Religion, Politics and Nation-Building in Post-Communist Countries. Ashgate Publishing. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472449719" title="Special:BookSources/9781472449719"><bdi>9781472449719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Politics+and+Nation-Building+in+Post-Communist+Countries&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781472449719&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Westerlund%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David (2013). Estonia: Independence and European Integration. Routledge. pp. 46–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136452130" title="Special:BookSources/9781136452130"><bdi>9781136452130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Independence+and+European+Integration&rft.pages=46-48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136452130&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2003" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Edward W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dissolutionsover00walk/page/63">Dissolution: Sovereignty and the Breakup of the Soviet Union</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dissolutionsover00walk/page/63">63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742524538" title="Special:BookSources/9780742524538"><bdi>9780742524538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dissolution%3A+Sovereignty+and+the+Breakup+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780742524538&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdissolutionsover00walk%2Fpage%2F63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David (2013). 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Rodopi. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1666-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1666-8"><bdi>978-90-420-1666-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+States+and+Their+Region%3A+New+Europe+Or+Old%3F&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-420-1666-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbRvH4quutCUC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agri.ee/regionaalareng-planeeringud/kohalikud-omavalitsused/asustusjaotus">Asustusjaotus</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.ee/et/uudised/linnastumisest-valglinnastumisest-ja-vastulinnastumisest-kolme-viimase-rahvaloenduse-naitel">Linnastumisest, valglinnastumisest ja vastulinnastumisest kolme viimase rahvaloenduse näitel</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rahvaloendus.ee/et/uudised/tutvu-rahvastiku-paiknemisega-eesti-kaardil">Tutvu rahvastiku paiknemisega Eesti kaardil</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvastik__rahvastikunaitajad-ja-koosseis__rahvaarv-ja-rahvastiku-koosseis/RV068">"RV068: POPULATION BY CITIZENSHIP AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE, 1 JANUARY"</a>. PxWeb. Retrieved 30 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PxWeb&rft.atitle=RV068%3A+POPULATION+BY+CITIZENSHIP+AND+PLACE+OF+RESIDENCE%2C+1+JANUARY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandmed.stat.ee%2Fen%2Fstat%2Frahvastik__rahvastikunaitajad-ja-koosseis__rahvaarv-ja-rahvastiku-koosseis%2FRV068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stat2021-456">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stat2021_456-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat2021_456-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andmed.stat.ee/et/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk">"PC0454: at least 15-year-old persons by religion, sex, age group, ethnic nationality and county, 31 December 2021"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Estonia" title="Statistics Estonia">Statistics Estonia</a>. 31 December 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PC0454%3A+at+least+15-year-old+persons+by+religion%2C+sex%2C+age+group%2C+ethnic+nationality+and+county%2C+31+December+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Estonia&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandmed.stat.ee%2Fet%2Fstat%2Frahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ligikaudu-457"><a href="#cite_ref-ligikaudu_457-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postimees.ee/7639965/ligikaudu-60-protsenti-eesti-elanikest-ei-pea-omaks-uhtegi-usku">Ligikaudu 60 protsenti Eesti elanikest ei pea omaks ühtegi usku</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia#Chapter_2:_Fundamental_Rights,_Liberties,_and_Duties" title="Constitution of Estonia">Constitution of Estonia#Chapter 2: Fundamental Rights, Liberties, and Duties</a> Article 40.–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060524004644/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">"Social Values"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 May 2006. Retrieved 5 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+Values&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_225_report_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gallup-religiosity-poor-nations-460"><a href="#cite_ref-gallup-religiosity-poor-nations_460-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrabtree2010" class="citation web cs1">Crabtree, Steve (31 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/142727/religiosity-highest-world-poorest-nations.aspx">"Religiosity Highest in World's Poorest Nations"</a>. Gallup. Retrieved 27 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religiosity+Highest+in+World%27s+Poorest+Nations&rft.pub=Gallup&rft.date=2010-08-31&rft.aulast=Crabtree&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F142727%2Freligiosity-highest-world-poorest-nations.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> (in which numbers have been rounded) </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-affiliation/">Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe: 1. Religious affiliation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 10 May 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.ut.ee/the-estonian-atheist-experiment/">The Estonian Atheist Experiment</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> Lea Altnurme. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arvamus.postimees.ee/405074/lea-altnurme-eestlased-usulises-poordes">Eestlased usulises pöördes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Postimees" title="Postimees">Postimees</a>, 20 March 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFERR2023" class="citation web cs1">ERR, ERR, Indrek Kiisler, ERR News | (27 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.err.ee/1608990614/estonian-government-ends-long-standing-agreement-with-lutheran-church">"Estonian government ends long-standing agreement with Lutheran Church"</a>. ERR. Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ERR&rft.atitle=Estonian+government+ends+long-standing+agreement+with+Lutheran+Church&rft.date=2023-05-27&rft.aulast=ERR&rft.aufirst=ERR%2C+Indrek+Kiisler%2C+ERR+News+%7C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.err.ee%2F1608990614%2Festonian-government-ends-long-standing-agreement-with-lutheran-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-IvkovićHaberfeld2015-465"><a href="#cite_ref-IvkovićHaberfeld2015_465-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvkovićHaberfeld2015" class="citation book cs1">Ivković, Sanja Kutnjak; Haberfeld, M.R. (10 June 2015). Measuring Police Integrity Across the World: Studies from Established Democracies and Countries in Transition. Springer. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781493922796" title="Special:BookSources/9781493922796"><bdi>9781493922796</bdi></a>. <q>Estonia is considered Protestant when classified by its historically predominant major religion (Norris and Inglehart 2011) and thus some authors (e.g., Davie 2003) claim Estonia belongs to Western (Lutheran) Europe, while others (e.g., Norris and Inglehart 2011) see Estonia as a Protestant ex-Communist society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Measuring+Police+Integrity+Across+the+World%3A+Studies+from+Established+Democracies+and+Countries+in+Transition&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft.isbn=9781493922796&rft.aulast=Ivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sanja+Kutnjak&rft.au=Haberfeld%2C+M.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingvee2011" class="citation web cs1">Ringvee, Ringo (16 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/sep/16/estonia-least-religious-country-world">"Is Estonia really the least religious country in the world?"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 October 2014. <q>For this situation there are several reasons, starting from the distant past (the close connection of the churches with the Swedish or German ruling classes) up to the Soviet-period atheist policy when the chain of religious traditions was broken in most families. In Estonia, religion has never played an important role on the political or ideological battlefield. The institutional religious life was dominated by foreigners until the early 20th century. The tendencies that prevailed in the late 1930s for closer relations between the state and Lutheran church [...] ended with the Soviet occupation in 1940.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Is+Estonia+really+the+least+religious+country+in+the+world%3F&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft.aulast=Ringvee&rft.aufirst=Ringo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fbelief%2F2011%2Fsep%2F16%2Festonia-least-religious-country-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarshallCavendish2010-467"><a href="#cite_ref-MarshallCavendish2010_467-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdovaldFeltonHaywoodJuskaitis2010" class="citation book cs1">Edovald, Triin; Felton, Michelle; Haywood, John; Juskaitis, Rimvydas; Michael Thomas Kerrigan; Lund-Lack, Simon; Middleton, Nicholas; Miskovsky, Josef; Piatrowicz, Ihar; Pickering, Lisa; Praulins, Dace; Swift, John; Uselis, Vytautas; Zajedova, Ilivi (2010). World and Its Peoples: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a>. p. 1066. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761478966" title="Special:BookSources/9780761478966"><bdi>9780761478966</bdi></a>. <q>It is usually said that Estonia is a Protestant country; however, the overwhelming majority of Estonians, some 72 percent, are nonreligious. Estonia is the European Union (EU) country with the greatest percentage of people with no religious belief. This is in part, the result of Soviet actions and repression of religion. When the Soviet Union annexed Estonia in 1940, church property was confiscated, many theologians were deported to Siberia, most of the leadership of Evangelical Lutheran Church went into exile, and religious instruction was banned. Many churches were destroyed in the German occupation of Estonia, from 1941 through 1944, and in World War II (1939–1945), and religion was actively persecuted in Estonia under Soviet rule 1944 until 1989, when some measure of tolerance was introduced.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+Lithuania%2C+and+Poland&rft.pages=1066&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780761478966&rft.aulast=Edovald&rft.aufirst=Triin&rft.au=Felton%2C+Michelle&rft.au=Haywood%2C+John&rft.au=Juskaitis%2C+Rimvydas&rft.au=Michael+Thomas+Kerrigan&rft.au=Lund-Lack%2C+Simon&rft.au=Middleton%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Miskovsky%2C+Josef&rft.au=Piatrowicz%2C+Ihar&rft.au=Pickering%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Praulins%2C+Dace&rft.au=Swift%2C+John&rft.au=Uselis%2C+Vytautas&rft.au=Zajedova%2C+Ilivi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-studies.com/estonia/religion.html">"Estonia – Religion"</a>. Country Studies. Retrieved 2 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estonia+%E2%80%93+Religion&rft.pub=Country+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-studies.com%2Festonia%2Freligion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maavald.ee/eng/uudised.html?rubriik=50&id=363&op=lugu">"Maavald"</a>. Maavald.ee. Retrieved 2 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maavald&rft.pub=Maavald.ee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maavald.ee%2Feng%2Fuudised.html%3Frubriik%3D50%26id%3D363%26op%3Dlugu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaasik" class="citation web cs1">Kaasik, Ahto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811050822/http://www.estinst.ee/publications/estonianculture/II_MMIII/kaasik.html">"Old Estonian Religions"</a>. Einst.ee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estinst.ee/publications/estonianculture/II_MMIII/kaasik.html">the original</a> on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Estonian+Religions&rft.pub=Einst.ee&rft.aulast=Kaasik&rft.aufirst=Ahto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estinst.ee%2Fpublications%2Festonianculture%2FII_MMIII%2Fkaasik.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2008" class="citation news cs1">Barry, Ellen (9 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/09/world/europe/09iht-estonia.4.18535971.html">"Some Estonians return to pre-Christian animist traditions"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Some+Estonians+return+to+pre-Christian+animist+traditions&rft.date=2008-11-09&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F12%2F09%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F09iht-estonia.4.18535971.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pub.stat.ee-472"><a href="#cite_ref-pub.stat.ee_472-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/I_Databas/Population_census/PHC2000/16Religious_affiliation/16Religious_affiliation.asp">"Statistical database: Population Census 2000 – Religious affiliation"</a>. Statistics Estonia. 22 October 2002. 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Rutgers University Press. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3042-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3042-0"><bdi>978-0-8135-3042-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+Baltics%3A+The+Struggle+for+Freedom+of+Artistic+Expression+Under+the+Soviets%2C+1945-1991&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3042-0&rft.aulast=N.J.%29&rft.aufirst=Jane+Voorhees+Zimmerli+art+museum+%28New+Brunswick&rft.au=Rosenfeld%2C+Alla&rft.au=Museum%2C+Jane+Voorhees+Zimmerli+Art&rft.au=N.J.%29%2C+Zimmerli+art+museum+at+Rutgers+%28New+Brunswick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr73fmcC5itkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-511"><a href="#cite_ref-511">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazierskaGregory2016" class="citation book cs1">Mazierska, E.; Gregory, G. 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Retrieved 2 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cinema+of+Estonia&rft.pub=Einst.ee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estinst.ee%2Fpublications%2Fkultuur%2Fcinema.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-570"><a href="#cite_ref-570">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sirp.ee/s1-artiklid/film/eesti-film-eesti-kinos/">Eesti film Eesti kinos</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-571"><a href="#cite_ref-571">^</a> Kadri Rood. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.ut.ee/server/api/core/bitstreams/6d7c27af-1a91-4a1b-ada6-35ebe362a130/content">Aegluse poeetika filmis</a>. Tartu 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-572"><a href="#cite_ref-572">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-balkans-baltics-choose-submissions-729441">"Croatia, Serbia, Finland and Estonia have announced their nominations for the category"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Croatia%2C+Serbia%2C+Finland+and+Estonia+have+announced+their+nominations+for+the+category&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Foscars-balkans-baltics-choose-submissions-729441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-573"><a href="#cite_ref-573">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/15/oscar-nominations-2015_n_6473542.html">"Oscar Nominations 2015: See The Full List"</a>. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 15 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Oscar+Nominations+2015%3A+See+The+Full+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2015%2F01%2F15%2Foscar-nominations-2015_n_6473542.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-574"><a href="#cite_ref-574">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vikerraadio.err.ee/1609041566/elmo-nuganen-inimene-ei-ole-loodud-selleks-et-alla-anda-ja-murduda">Elmo Nüganen: inimene ei ole loodud selleks, et alla anda ja murduda</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-575"><a href="#cite_ref-575">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyte2019" class="citation web cs1">Whyte, Andrew (7 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.err.ee/950253/tartu-keen-on-nolan-movie-filming-should-tallinn-fall-through">"Tartu keen on Nolan movie filming should Tallinn fall through"</a>. ERR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190608231857/https://news.err.ee/950253/tartu-keen-on-nolan-movie-filming-should-tallinn-fall-through">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ERR&rft.atitle=Tartu+keen+on+Nolan+movie+filming+should+Tallinn+fall+through&rft.date=2019-06-07&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.err.ee%2F950253%2Ftartu-keen-on-nolan-movie-filming-should-tallinn-fall-through&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-576"><a href="#cite_ref-576">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVahtla2019" class="citation web cs1">Vahtla, Aili (11 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.err.ee/951234/gallery-christopher-nolan-john-david-washington-arrive-in-tallinn">"Gallery: Christopher Nolan, John David Washington arrive in Tallinn"</a>. ERR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190614133043/https://news.err.ee/951234/gallery-christopher-nolan-john-david-washington-arrive-in-tallinn">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ERR&rft.atitle=Gallery%3A+Christopher+Nolan%2C+John+David+Washington+arrive+in+Tallinn&rft.date=2019-06-11&rft.aulast=Vahtla&rft.aufirst=Aili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.err.ee%2F951234%2Fgallery-christopher-nolan-john-david-washington-arrive-in-tallinn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-577"><a href="#cite_ref-577">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmi.ee/filmid/eesti-filmiajalugu">Eesti filmiajalugu</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-578"><a href="#cite_ref-578">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230901/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2011-2012%2C1043.html">"Press Freedom Index 2011–2012 – Reporters Without Borders"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2011-2012,1043.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Freedom+Index+2011%E2%80%932012+%E2%80%93+Reporters+Without+Borders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.rsf.org%2Fpress-freedom-index-2011-2012%2C1043.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-579"><a href="#cite_ref-579">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/index">"Index | RSF"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+%26%23124%3B+RSF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-580"><a href="#cite_ref-580">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/country/estonia">"Estonia | RSF"</a>. 24 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estonia+%26%23124%3B+RSF&rft.date=2024-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Festonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-581"><a href="#cite_ref-581">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstone2007" class="citation book cs1">Johnstone, Sarah (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_xvS1r8Ql0AC&pg=PA325">Europe on a Shoestring</a>. Lonely Planet. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-591-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-591-8"><bdi>978-1-74104-591-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+on+a+Shoestring&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-591-8&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_xvS1r8Ql0AC%26pg%3DPA325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-582"><a href="#cite_ref-582">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2006" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Michaela (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9NjsybIcgoC&pg=PA398">Campaigning in Europe</a>. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. p. 398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-9322-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-9322-4"><bdi>978-3-8258-9322-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campaigning+in+Europe&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+Berlin-Hamburg-M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-9322-4&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Michaela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj9NjsybIcgoC%26pg%3DPA398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-583"><a href="#cite_ref-583">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://menu.err.ee/1609140197/raivo-suviste-onne-13-fenomen-peitub-hasti-laotud-vundamendis">Raivo Suviste: "Õnne 13" fenomen peitub hästi laotud vundamendis</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-584"><a href="#cite_ref-584">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohtuleht.ee/melu/558955/rene-vilbre-tujurikkuja-edu-taga-on-tark-must-huumor">René Vilbre: "Tujurikkuja" edu taga on tark must huumor</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-585"><a href="#cite_ref-585">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postimees.ee/2011121/kreisiraadio-naasmisest-saab-laialiminek">Kreisiraadio naasmisest saab laialiminek</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-586"><a href="#cite_ref-586">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohtuleht.ee/melu/853036/jan-uuspold-alias-rullnokk-pets-mul-pole-mingit-probleemi-ossidega-tanaval-nalja-visata">Jan Uuspõld alias rullnokk Pets: mul pole mingit probleemi ossidega tänaval nalja visata</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-587"><a href="#cite_ref-587">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217022649/http://www.eestitoit.ee/pages.php/010201%2C8">"Estonian Food Inforserver"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eestitoit.ee/pages.php/010201,8">the original</a> on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estonian+Food+Inforserver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eestitoit.ee%2Fpages.php%2F010201%2C8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> (in Estonian) </li> <li id="cite_note-588"><a href="#cite_ref-588">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AjIntLsWsMoC&pg">Estonia By Michael Spilling</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-589"><a href="#cite_ref-589">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosa2020" class="citation web cs1">Rosa, Natalia (27 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trafalgar.com/real-word/first-timers-guide-estonian-food/">"A first timer's guide to wholesome and delicious Estonian Food"</a>. Trafalgar.com. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trafalgar.com&rft.atitle=A+first+timer%27s+guide+to+wholesome+and+delicious+Estonian+Food&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft.aulast=Rosa&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trafalgar.com%2Freal-word%2Ffirst-timers-guide-estonian-food%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-590"><a href="#cite_ref-590">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tai.ee/et/valjaanded/alkoholi-turg-tarbimine-ja-kahjud-eestis-aastaraamat-2022-alcohol-market-consumption-and">"Alcohol market, consumption and harms in Estonia Yearbook 2022"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcohol+market%2C+consumption+and+harms+in+Estonia+Yearbook+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftai.ee%2Fet%2Fvaljaanded%2Falkoholi-turg-tarbimine-ja-kahjud-eestis-aastaraamat-2022-alcohol-market-consumption-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-591"><a href="#cite_ref-591">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/estonia.htm">Sport in Estonia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-592"><a href="#cite_ref-592">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitestonia.com/en/what-to-see-do/activities-adventure/sports-games">"Sports and games"</a>. VisitEstonia.com. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VisitEstonia.com&rft.atitle=Sports+and+games&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitestonia.com%2Fen%2Fwhat-to-see-do%2Factivities-adventure%2Fsports-games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-593"><a href="#cite_ref-593">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitestonia.com/en/why-estonia/kiiking-a-wild-sport-invented-in-estonia">"A wild sport invented in Estonia - kiiking | Visit Estonia"</a>. Visitestonia.com. Retrieved 11 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visitestonia.com&rft.atitle=A+wild+sport+invented+in+Estonia+-+kiiking+%7C+Visit+Estonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitestonia.com%2Fen%2Fwhy-estonia%2Fkiiking-a-wild-sport-invented-in-estonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-594"><a href="#cite_ref-594">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTambur2021" class="citation web cs1">Tambur, Silver (23 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://estonianworld.com/life/estonia-at-the-olympics/">"Estonia at the Olympics"</a>. EstonianWorld.com. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EstonianWorld.com&rft.atitle=Estonia+at+the+Olympics&rft.date=2021-07-23&rft.aulast=Tambur&rft.aufirst=Silver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Festonianworld.com%2Flife%2Festonia-at-the-olympics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_D%27Amato" title="Giuseppe D'Amato">Giuseppe D'Amato</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarussia.com/books/viaggio_nellhansa_baltica/travel-to-the-baltic-hansa">Travel to the Baltic Hansa</a>. The European Union and its enlargement to the East. Book in Italian. Viaggio nell'Hansa baltica. L'Unione europea e l'allargamento ad Est. Greco&Greco editori, Milano, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7980-355-7" title="Special:BookSources/88-7980-355-7">88-7980-355-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHidenSalmon1991" class="citation book cs1">Hiden, John; Salmon, Patrick (1991). The Baltic Nations and Europe: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-08246-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-08246-3"><bdi>0-582-08246-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+Nations+and+Europe%3A+Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+and+Lithuania+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-582-08246-3&rft.aulast=Hiden&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Salmon%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKangilaski2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kangilaski, Jaak; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503200228/http://www.riigikogu.ee/public/Riigikogu/ValgeRaamat.pdf">Valge raamat: eesti rahva kaotustest okupatsioonide läbi; 1940-1991</a> (PDF) (in Estonian). Justiitsministeerium. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9985-70-194-1" title="Special:BookSources/9985-70-194-1"><bdi>9985-70-194-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riigikogu.ee/public/Riigikogu/ValgeRaamat.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valge+raamat%3A+eesti+rahva+kaotustest+okupatsioonide+l%C3%A4bi%3B+1940-1991&rft.pub=Justiitsministeerium&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9985-70-194-1&rft.aulast=Kangilaski&rft.aufirst=Jaak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigikogu.ee%2Fpublic%2FRiigikogu%2FValgeRaamat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealbyEliot1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_(diplomat)" title="Charles Eliot (diplomat)">Eliot, Charles Norton Edgcumbe</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Esthonia">"Esthonia" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 797–798.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esthonia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=797-798&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rft.au=Eliot%2C+Charles+Norton+Edgcumbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaar1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mart_Laar" title="Mart Laar">Laar, Mart</a> (1992). War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944–1956. Translated by Tiina Ets. Washington, D.C.: Compass Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929590-08-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-929590-08-2"><bdi>0-929590-08-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Woods%3A+Estonia%27s+Struggle+for+Survival%2C+1944%E2%80%931956&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Compass+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-929590-08-2&rft.aulast=Laar&rft.aufirst=Mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieven1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Lieven" title="Anatol Lieven">Lieven, Anatol</a> (1993). The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Path to Independence. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05552-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05552-8"><bdi>0-300-05552-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+Revolution%3A+Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+Lithuania%2C+and+the+Path+to+Independence&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-300-05552-8&rft.aulast=Lieven&rft.aufirst=Anatol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meyendorff, Alexander Feliksovich (1922). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Esthonia">"Esthonia" </a>. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esthonia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Feliksovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor2020" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Aliide (2020). <a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_in_the_East:_Vladimir_Putin_and_the_New_Baltic_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="The Shadow in the East: Vladimir Putin and the New Baltic Front">The Shadow in the East: Vladimir Putin and the New Baltic Front</a>. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781788312523" title="Special:BookSources/9781788312523"><bdi>9781788312523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shadow+in+the+East%3A+Vladimir+Putin+and+the+New+Baltic+Front&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781788312523&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Aliide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun1987" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (1987). Estonia and the Estonians. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-8511-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-8511-5"><bdi>0-8179-8511-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8179-8511-5&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David J. (2001). Estonia: Independence and European Integration. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26728-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26728-5"><bdi>0-415-26728-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Independence+and+European+Integration&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-26728-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1994" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Graham, ed. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balticstates00grah">The Baltic States: The National Self-determination of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-12060-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-12060-5"><bdi>0-312-12060-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+States%3A+The+National+Self-determination+of+Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+and+Lithuania&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-312-12060-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalticstates00grah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrenat2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Subrenat" title="Jean-Jacques Subrenat">Subrenat, Jean-Jacques</a>, ed. (2004). Estonia, identity and independence. Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0890-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-0890-3"><bdi>90-420-0890-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%2C+identity+and+independence&rft.place=Amsterdam+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-420-0890-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Taagepera, Rein</a> (1993). Estonia: Return to Independence. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-1199-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-1199-3"><bdi>0-8133-1199-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Return+to+Independence&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8133-1199-3&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2004" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Neil (2004). Estonia (4th ed.). Chalfont St. Peter: Bradt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84162-095-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84162-095-5"><bdi>1-84162-095-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia&rft.place=Chalfont+St.+Peter&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Bradt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84162-095-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsHerrmannKemp2003" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Nicola; Herrmann, Debra; Kemp, Cathryn (2003). Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (3rd ed.). London: Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-132-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-132-1"><bdi>1-74059-132-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+and+Lithuania&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-74059-132-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft.au=Herrmann%2C+Debra&rft.au=Kemp%2C+Cathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstonia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Estonia at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Estonia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Estonia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eesti" class="extiw" title="c:Eesti">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Estonia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Estonia">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Estonia" class="extiw" title="q:Estonia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Estonia_OR_Esthonia" class="extiw" title="s:Estonia OR Esthonia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Cuisine_of_Estonia" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Cuisine of Estonia">Recipes</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Estonia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Estonia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.ee/en/index.html">The President of Estonia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riigikogu.ee/?lang=en">The Parliament of Estonia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valitsus.ee/en/">Estonian Government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vm.ee/?q=en">Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.ee/?lang=en">Statistical Office of Estonia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/EN.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190220152012/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/EN.html">Archived</a> 20 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel">Travel</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estonia.eu/">Official gateway to Estonia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100804182212/http://estonia.eu/">Archived</a> 4 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eesti.ee/eng/">E-Estonia Portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitestonia.com/">VisitEstonia Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Estonia#Q191" class="extiw" title="voy:Estonia">Estonia</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=estonia+map&ll=58.608334,25.004883&spn=13.048165,32.915039&gl=uk&t=p&z=5">google.com map of Estonia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/79510">Estonia</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_information">General information</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estonica.org/">Encyclopedia Estonica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100413215407/http://www.estonica.org/">Archived</a> 13 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estinst.ee/">Estonian Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/estonia/">Estonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17220810">BBC News – Estonia country profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011192732/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/estonia.htm">Estonia</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Estonia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Estonia">Wikimedia Atlas of Estonia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Estonia_topics" title="Template:Estonia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Estonia_topics" title="Template talk:Estonia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Estonia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Estonia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Estonia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estonia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Estonia-related_articles" title="Index of Estonia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Estonian_history" title="Timeline of Estonian history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Estonia" title="List of wars involving Estonia">list of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">German Bishoprics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Polish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Estonia" title="Governorate of Estonia">Russian Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Russian Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">Age of Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%93sis_(1919)" title="Battle of Cēsis (1919)">Battle of Võnnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Silence" title="Era of Silence">Era of Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of Estonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ants_Kaljurand" title="Ants Kaljurand">Ants Kaljurand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Deportations</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_government-in-exile" title="Estonian government-in-exile">Government-in-exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sovereignty_Declaration" title="Estonian Sovereignty Declaration">Declaration of sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Restoration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Restoration of Independence">Restoration of independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Estonia" title="Geography of Estonia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Estonia" title="Climate of Estonia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Estonia" title="Extreme points of Estonia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Estonia" title="List of mammals of Estonia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Estonia" title="List of islands of Estonia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Estonia" title="List of lakes of Estonia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Estonia" title="Populated places in Estonia">Populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Estonia" title="Protected areas of Estonia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Estonia" title="List of rivers of Estonia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Estonia" title="List of cities and towns in Estonia">Towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Estonia" title="Politics of Estonia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Estonia" title="Counties of Estonia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia" title="Constitution of Estonia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Estonia" title="Elections in Estonia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Estonia" title="Foreign relations of Estonia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Estonia" title="Government of Estonia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Estonia" title="Human rights in Estonia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Estonia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Estonia" title="Law of Estonia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Police" title="Estonian Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Defence_Forces" title="Estonian Defence Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Estonia" title="List of political parties in Estonia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">Riigikogu (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia" title="Supreme Court of Estonia">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Estonia" title="Agriculture in Estonia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Estonia" title="Bank of Estonia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Residency_of_Estonia" title="E-Residency of Estonia">e-Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Estonia" title="Energy in Estonia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_Estonia" title="Oil shale in Estonia">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Tallinn" title="Nasdaq Tallinn">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Estonia" title="Taxation in Estonia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Estonia" title="Telecommunications in Estonia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Estonia" title="Tourism in Estonia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Estonia" title="Transport in Estonia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Estonia" title="Category:Society of Estonia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Estonia" title="Crime in Estonia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Estonia" title="Demographics of Estonia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Estonia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Estonia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Estonia" title="Healthcare in Estonia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Estonia" title="Women in Estonia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia" title="Culture of Estonia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu_isamaa,_mu_%C3%B5nn_ja_r%C3%B5%C3%B5m" title="Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Estonia" title="Architecture of Estonia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Estonia" title="Beer in Estonia">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia" title="Coat of arms of Estonia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Estonian_given_names" title="Category:Estonian given names">Estonian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonian_flags" title="List of Estonian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_folklore" title="Estonian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Estonia" title="Internet in Estonia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Estonia" title="Languages of Estonia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_literature" title="Estonian literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABD_ehk_Luggemise-Ramat_Lastele" title="ABD ehk Luggemise-Ramat Lastele">ABD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Estonia" title="Mass media in Estonia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_mythology" title="Estonian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Estonia" title="Name of Estonia">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Estonia" title="National symbols of Estonia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Estonia" title="List of newspapers in Estonia">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Estonia" title="Public holidays in Estonia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Estonia" title="List of radio stations in Estonia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Estonia" title="Sport in Estonia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Estonia" title="Television in Estonia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Estonia" title="Theatre of Estonia">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Estonia" title="Outline of Estonia">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Estonia-related_articles" title="Index of Estonia-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Estonia" title="Category:Estonia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Estonia" title="Portal:Estonia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baltic_states" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baltic_states" title="Template:Baltic states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baltic_states" title="Template talk:Baltic states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baltic_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estonia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Territorial changes of the Baltic states">Territorial changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Entente" title="Baltic Entente">Baltic Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Timeline of the occupation of the Baltic states">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Background of the occupation of the Baltic states">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">by the Soviet Union (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II">by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">by the Soviet Union (1944)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deportations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_deportation" title="June deportation">June deportation (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi (1949)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_continuity_of_the_Baltic_states" title="State continuity of the Baltic states">State continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Legations_(1940%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic Legations (1940–1991)">Diplomatic services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Under Soviet rule (1944-91)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Sovietization of the Baltic states">Sovietization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_states_flag_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baltic_states_flag_map.svg/120px-Baltic_states_flag_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baltic_states_flag_map.svg/180px-Baltic_states_flag_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baltic_states_flag_map.svg/240px-Baltic_states_flag_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2391" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Baltic_states_by_population" title="List of cities in the Baltic states by population">Largest cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_Baltic_states" title="List of tallest buildings in the Baltic states">tallest buildings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_the_Baltics" title="List of national parks in the Baltics">National parks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Council_of_Ministers" title="Baltic Council of Ministers">Baltic Council of Ministers</a></li> <li>Military <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Air_Policing" title="Baltic Air Policing">Air Policing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Air_Surveillance_Network" title="Baltic Air Surveillance Network">Air Surveillance Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Defence_College" title="Baltic Defence College">Defence College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Naval_Squadron" title="Baltic Naval Squadron">Naval Squadron</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Tiger" title="Baltic Tiger">Baltic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_Baltic_states" title="List of the busiest airports in the Baltic states">Busiest airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_housing_bubble" title="Baltic states housing bubble">Housing bubble</a></li> <li>Regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Baltic_States_by_gross_regional_product_(GRP)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of Baltic States by gross regional product (GRP)">Gross regional product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Baltic_States_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of regions of Baltic States by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMX_Baltic_10" title="OMX Baltic 10">OMX Baltic 10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Cup_(football)" title="Baltic Cup (football)">Baltic Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Basketball_League" title="Baltic Basketball League">Baltic Basketball League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_States_Swimming_Championships" title="Baltic States Swimming Championships">Swimming Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Chain_Tour" title="Baltic Chain Tour">Baltic Chain Tour</a></li> <li>Records <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baltic_records_in_athletics" title="List of Baltic records in athletics">in athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baltic_records_in_swimming" title="List of Baltic records in swimming">in swimming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Baltic_states" title="Category:Baltic states">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baltic_states" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Baltic states">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this 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title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmian%E2%80%93Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship">Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the 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title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template talk:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Membership" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/80px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/120px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/160px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area#Membership" title="European Economic Area">provisional member</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">UK membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">CH–EU relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">UK–EU relations</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121547281">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134320092">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1223630/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx4q7KdKQpqBYwgQRdhHC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4015587-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82253985">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12002382x">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12002382x">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577526">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128473&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452760">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/117611">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90815443">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000570899&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000196599">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202013515">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm132kn72mgvch6">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/10150">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559988205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/e1c1215f-dcc0-35b4-b840-d2ca2151593b">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10334680?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/d9579f70-339f-48fa-97a1-f22d60e49d7f">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/Kpij1r7u">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028127595">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/006622">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045224">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=18029">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Estonia&params=59_N_26_E_type:country_scale:9000000_region:EE">59°N 26°E / 59°N 26°E / 59; 26</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estonia&oldid=1259036630">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estonia&oldid=1259036630</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Estonia" title="Category:Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baltic_states" title="Category:Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_NATO" title="Category:Member states of NATO">Member states of NATO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Category:Member states 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