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<span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ownership_of_the_summit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership_of_the_summit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ownership of the summit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership_of_the_summit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vallot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vallot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vallot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vallot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Janssen_observatory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Janssen_observatory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Janssen observatory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Janssen_observatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_crashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_crashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Air crashes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_crashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Tunnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1999_disaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1999_disaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>1999 disaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1999_disaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elevation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Elevation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climbing_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climbing_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Climbing routes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climbing_routes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Climbing routes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Climbing_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fatalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Fatalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refuges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refuges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Refuges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Refuges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Refuges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Refuges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impacts_of_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_of_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Impacts of climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_of_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploits_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploits_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Exploits and incidents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exploits_and_incidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exploits and incidents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exploits_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Incidents_involving_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents_involving_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Incidents involving children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidents_involving_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cinema_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Cinema and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panorama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panorama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Panorama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panorama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mont Blanc</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%95_%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95" title="ሞን ብላን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞን ብላን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مون بلان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مون بلان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մոն Պլան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մոն Պլան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monblan" title="Monblan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Monblan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="মন্ট ব্লাঙ্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মন্ট ব্লাঙ্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Монблан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Монблан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манблан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манблан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Монблан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Монблан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menez_Gwenn" title="Menez Gwenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Menez Gwenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Монблан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Монблан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc_(bukid_sa_Pransiya,_lat_45,83,_long_6,86)" title="Mont Blanc (bukid sa Pransiya, lat 45,83, long 6,86) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mont Blanc (bukid sa Pransiya, lat 45,83, long 6,86)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Λευκό Όρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λευκό Όρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanka_Monto" title="Blanka Monto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blanka Monto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مون بلان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مون بلان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%BD%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%91%EC%82%B0" title="몽블랑산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몽블랑산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A2%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մոնբլան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոնբլան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monto_Blanka" title="Monto Blanka – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Monto Blanka" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Монблан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Монблан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADtfjall" title="Hvítfjall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hvítfjall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Bianco" title="Monte Bianco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monte Bianco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9F" title="מון בלאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מון בלאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%CA%8A%CA%8A_k%CA%8Ah%CA%8Al%CA%8Am%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Pʊʊ kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pʊʊ kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მონბლანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონბლანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Монблан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Монблан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Монблан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Монблан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupes_Alba" title="Rupes Alba – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rupes Alba" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monbl%C4%81ns" title="Monblāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Monblāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc_(Alpen)" title="Mont Blanc (Alpen) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mont Blanc (Alpen)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monblanas" title="Monblanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Monblanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Bianch" title="Mont Bianch – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mont Bianch" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मोन्ट ब्लाङ्क – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मोन्ट ब्लाङ्क" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Монблан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Монблан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="മോണ്ട് ബ്ലാങ്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മോണ്ട് ബ്ലാങ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95" title="माँट ब्लँक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माँट ब्लँक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მონბლანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მონბლანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="جبل مون بلون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جبل مون بلون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مون بلان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مون بلان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мон Блан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мон Блан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मोन्ट ब्लाङ्क – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मोन्ट ब्लाङ्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="モンブラン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モンブラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blianc_Mont" title="Blianc Mont – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Blianc Mont" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monblan" title="Monblan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Monblan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%D9%B9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="ماؤنٹ بلانک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماؤنٹ بلانک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84_%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84" title="ម៉ុង ប្លុង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ុង ប្លុង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Branco" title="Monte Branco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monte Branco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Монблан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монблан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blank" title="Mont Blank – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mont Blank" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munti_Jancu" title="Munti Jancu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Munti Jancu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مۆنت بلان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆنت بلان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Монблан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Монблан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="மோண்ட் பிளாங்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மோண்ட் பிளாங்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Монблан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Монблан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87_(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2)" title="มงบล็อง (เขา) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มงบล็อง (เขา)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Монблан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Монблан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Монблан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монблан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="مونٹ بلانک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مونٹ بلانک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Bianco" title="Monte Bianco – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Monte Bianco" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mont Blanc" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E6%9C%97%E5%B3%B0" title="勃朗峰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="勃朗峰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="מאן בלאנק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאן בלאנק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mont_Blanc&params=45_49_58_N_06_51_54_E_type:mountain_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°49′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">06°51′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.83278°N 6.86500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.83278; 6.86500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Highest mountain in the Alps (4,808 m)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the mountain. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mont Blanc (disambiguation)">Mont Blanc (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Mont Blanc</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname">Monte Bianco</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monte_bianco.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Monte_bianco.JPG/272px-Monte_bianco.JPG" decoding="async" width="272" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Monte_bianco.JPG/408px-Monte_bianco.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Monte_bianco.JPG/544px-Monte_bianco.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">Mont Blanc from the Aosta Valley (Italy)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,805.59 m (15,766.4 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-Beaumont_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaumont-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">Prominence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4696 m<span title="above the wind-gap"> ↓ </span>by <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kubenskoye" title="Lake Kubenskoye">Lake Kubenskoye</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_by_prominence" class="mw-redirect" title="List of peaks by prominence">Ranked 11th</a></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence#Prominence_parentage" title="Topographic prominence">Parent peak</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_isolation" title="Topographic isolation">Isolation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,812 km<span title="to"> → </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kukurtlu_Dome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kukurtlu Dome (page does not exist)">Kukurtlu Dome</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjukjurtlju" class="extiw" title="de:Kjukjurtlju">de</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains" title="Lists of mountains">Listing</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_highest_point" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by highest point">Country high point</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ultra_prominent_peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra prominent peak">Ultra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Seven_Summits" title="Seven Summits">Seven Summits</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mont_Blanc&params=45_49_58_N_06_51_54_E_type:mountain_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°49′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">06°51′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.83278°N 6.86500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.83278; 6.86500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alps_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mont Blanc is located in Alps"><img alt="Mont Blanc is located in Alps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Alps_location_map.png/272px-Alps_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Alps_location_map.png/408px-Alps_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Alps_location_map.png/544px-Alps_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1381" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.386%;left:18.92%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mont Blanc"><img alt="Mont Blanc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div>Mont Blanc</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Alps</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mont Blanc is located in France"><img alt="Mont Blanc is located in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg/272px-France_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg/408px-France_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg/544px-France_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.974%;left:80.158%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mont Blanc"><img alt="Mont Blanc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:9px"><div>Mont Blanc</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Mont Blanc (France)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of France</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mont Blanc is located in Italy"><img alt="Mont Blanc is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/272px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/408px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/544px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:12.952%;left:5.195%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mont Blanc"><img alt="Mont Blanc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div>Mont Blanc</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Mont Blanc (Italy)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Italy</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mont Blanc is located in Europe"><img alt="Mont Blanc is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/272px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/408px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/544px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.513%;left:31.366%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mont Blanc"><img alt="Mont Blanc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div>Mont Blanc</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Mont Blanc (Europe)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_a63d9596ebc223dd7a3795260556887e7af354a9"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Mont_Blanc&revid=1259168763&groups=_a63d9596ebc223dd7a3795260556887e7af354a9" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Mont_Blanc&revid=1259168763&groups=_a63d9596ebc223dd7a3795260556887e7af354a9 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>, Italy<br /><a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range"><span class="nowrap">Parent range</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Graian_Alps" title="Graian Alps">Graian Alps</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Climbing</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First_ascent" title="First ascent">First ascent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8 August 1786 by <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Balmat" title="Jacques Balmat">Jacques Balmat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Michel-Gabriel_Paccard" title="Michel-Gabriel Paccard">Michel-Gabriel Paccard</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mont Blanc</b> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">BrE</a>: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ̃/: nasal 'an' in 'vin blanc'">ɒ̃</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ̃/: nasal 'an' in 'vin blanc'">ɒ̃</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>)/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">AmE</a>: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the highest mountain in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, and the highest mountain in Europe outside the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>, rising 4,805.59 m (15,766 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-Beaumont_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaumont-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> above sea level, located on the <a href="/wiki/France-Italy_border" class="mw-redirect" title="France-Italy border">Franco-Italian border</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_ultra-prominent_peaks" title="List of European ultra-prominent peaks">second-most prominent mountain</a> in Europe, after <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_by_prominence" class="mw-redirect" title="List of peaks by prominence">11th most prominent mountain</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It gives its name to the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_massif" title="Mont Blanc massif">Mont Blanc massif</a>, which straddles parts of France, Italy and Switzerland. Mont Blanc's <a href="/wiki/Topographical_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographical summit">summit</a> lies on the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a> line between the valleys of <a href="/wiki/Ferret_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferret Valley">Ferret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Val_Veny" title="Val Veny">Veny</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and the valleys of Montjoie, and <a href="/wiki/Arve_Valley" title="Arve Valley">Arve</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Ownership of the summit area has long been disputed between France and Italy. </p><p>The Mont Blanc massif is popular for outdoor activities like <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">climbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trail_running" title="Trail running">trail running</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">winter sports</a> like <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a>. The most popular climbing route to the summit of Mont Blanc is the <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBter_Route" title="Goûter Route">Goûter Route</a>, which typically takes two days. </p><p>The three towns and their communes which surround Mont Blanc are <a href="/wiki/Courmayeur" title="Courmayeur">Courmayeur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a>, Italy; and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gervais-les-Bains" title="Saint-Gervais-les-Bains">Saint-Gervais-les-Bains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haute-Savoie" title="Haute-Savoie">Haute-Savoie</a>, France. The latter town was the site of the <a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics" title="1924 Winter Olympics">first Winter Olympics</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_Blanche_Cable_Car" title="Vallée Blanche Cable Car">cable car</a> ascends and crosses the mountain range from Courmayeur to Chamonix through the <a href="/wiki/Col_du_G%C3%A9ant" title="Col du Géant">Col du Géant</a>. The <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>11.6 km (<span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> mi) <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_Tunnel" title="Mont Blanc Tunnel">Mont Blanc Tunnel</a>, constructed between 1957 and 1965, runs beneath the mountain and is a major transalpine transport route. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mont Blanc and adjacent mountains in the massif are predominately formed from a large intrusion of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> (termed a <a href="/wiki/Batholith" title="Batholith">batholith</a>) which was forced up through a basement layer of <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">mica schists</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Variscan mountain-forming event</a> of the late <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Palaeozoic</a> period. The summit of Mont Blanc is located at the point of contact of these two rock types. To the southwest, the granite contact is of a more <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusive</a> nature, whereas to the northeast it changes to being more <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a>. The granites are mostly very-coarse grained, ranging in type from microgranites to <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyroid</a> granites. The massif is tilted in a north-westerly direction and was cut by near-vertical recurrent faults lying in a north–south direction during the Variscan orogeny. Further faulting with shear zones subsequently occurred during the later <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a>. Repeated tectonic phases have caused breakup of the rock in multiple directions and in overlapping planes. Finally, past and current glaciation caused significant sculpting of the <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a> into its present-day form.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first systematic account of the minerals of the Mont Blanc area was published in 1873 by <a href="/wiki/Venance_Payot" title="Venance Payot">Venance Payot</a>. His list, entitled "Statistique minéralogique des environs du Mt-Blanc", catalogued 90 mineral types although it also included those present only as very small components of rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If these are excluded, it is known today that at least 68 separate mineral species occur across the wider range of the Mont Blanc massif.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_massif#Climate" title="Mont Blanc massif">Mont Blanc massif § Climate</a></div> <p>Located on the watershed between the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>, the massif of Mont Blanc is also situated between the two different climatic regions of the northern and western Alps and that of the southern Alps. Climatic conditions on the Mer de Glace are similar to those found on the northern side of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nussbaumer_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nussbaumer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> </p><p>The climate is cold and temperate (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Cfb</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-ChamWeather_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChamWeather-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is greatly influenced by altitude. Being the highest part of the Alps, Mont Blanc and surrounding mountains can create their own weather patterns. Temperatures drop as the mountains gain in height, and the summit of Mont Blanc is a permanent ice cap, with temperatures around −20 °C (−4 °F). The summit is also prone to strong winds and sudden weather changes. Because of its great overall height, a considerable proportion is permanently glaciated or snow-covered and is exposed to extremely cold conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Nussbaumer_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nussbaumer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </p><p>There is, however, significant variation in <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> with altitude. For example, the village of Chamonix below Mont Blanc is at an elevation of approximately 1,030 m (3,380 ft). It receives around 1,020 mm (40 in) of annual precipitation, whilst the Col du Midi, which is at 3,500 m (11,500 ft) above sea level, receives significantly more, totalling 3,100 mm (122 in). However, at an even higher altitude (near the summit of Mont Blanc), precipitation is considerably less, with only around 1,100 mm (43 in) recorded, despite the latter measurements being taken at the height of 4,300 m (14,100 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Reynaud_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynaud-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mont_Blanc" title="Special:EditPage/Mont Blanc">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Blanc_from_Aosta_Valley.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mont_Blanc_from_Aosta_Valley.JPG/220px-Mont_Blanc_from_Aosta_Valley.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mont_Blanc_from_Aosta_Valley.JPG/330px-Mont_Blanc_from_Aosta_Valley.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mont_Blanc_from_Aosta_Valley.JPG/440px-Mont_Blanc_from_Aosta_Valley.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Mont Blanc as seen from <a href="/wiki/Valdigne" title="Valdigne">Valdigne</a> in Aosta Valley, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mont Blanc was the highest mountain of the <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and the highest mountain of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> until 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1760, Swiss naturalist <a href="/wiki/Horace-B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace-Bénédict de Saussure">Horace-Bénédict de Saussure</a> began to go to <a href="/wiki/Chamonix-Mont-Blanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamonix-Mont-Blanc">Chamonix</a> to observe Mont Blanc.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He tried to summit it with the <a href="/wiki/Courmayeur" title="Courmayeur">Courmayeur</a> mountain guide Jean-Laurent Jordaney, a native of <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9-Saint-Didier" title="Pré-Saint-Didier">Pré-Saint-Didier</a>, who accompanied De Saussure since 1774 on the Miage Glacier and Mont Crammont. </p><p>The first recorded ascent of Mont Blanc (at the time neither within Italy nor France) was on 8 August 1786 by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Balmat" title="Jacques Balmat">Jacques Balmat</a> and the doctor <a href="/wiki/Michel-Gabriel_Paccard" title="Michel-Gabriel Paccard">Michel Paccard</a>. This climb, initiated by <a href="/wiki/Horace-B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace-Bénédict de Saussure">Horace-Bénédict de Saussure</a>, who rewarded the successful ascent, traditionally marks the start of modern mountaineering.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first woman to reach the summit was <a href="/wiki/Marie_Paradis" title="Marie Paradis">Marie Paradis</a> in 1808. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_view_of_Mont_Blanc_from_the_Tour_du_Mont_Blanc,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_view_of_Mont_Blanc_from_the_Tour_du_Mont_Blanc%2C_2007.jpg/220px-A_view_of_Mont_Blanc_from_the_Tour_du_Mont_Blanc%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_view_of_Mont_Blanc_from_the_Tour_du_Mont_Blanc%2C_2007.jpg/330px-A_view_of_Mont_Blanc_from_the_Tour_du_Mont_Blanc%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_view_of_Mont_Blanc_from_the_Tour_du_Mont_Blanc%2C_2007.jpg/440px-A_view_of_Mont_Blanc_from_the_Tour_du_Mont_Blanc%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Mont Blanc from the <a href="/wiki/Tour_du_Mont_Blanc" title="Tour du Mont Blanc">TMB</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ownership_of_the_summit">Ownership of the summit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ownership of the summit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the scale of the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_massif" title="Mont Blanc massif">Mont Blanc massif</a>, the border between Italy and France passes along most of the main Alpine watershed, from the <a href="/wiki/Aiguille_des_Glaciers" title="Aiguille des Glaciers">Aiguille des Glaciers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mont_Dolent" title="Mont Dolent">Mont Dolent</a>, where it reaches the border with Switzerland. However, its precise location near the summits of Mont Blanc and nearby <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B4me_du_Go%C3%BBter" title="Dôme du Goûter">Dôme du Goûter</a> is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian officials claim the border follows the watershed, splitting both summits between Italy and France. In contrast, French officials claim the border avoids the two summits, placing them entirely with France. The size of these two (distinct) disputed areas is approximately 65 hectares (160 acres) on Mont Blanc and ten hectares (25 acres) on Dôme du Goûter.<sup id="cite_ref-Swisstopo_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swisstopo-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1723, the Duke of Savoy, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia">Victor Amadeus II</a>, acquired the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>. The resulting state of Sardinia was to become preeminent in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Mont_Blanc_from_Aguille_Rouge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/View_of_Mont_Blanc_from_Aguille_Rouge.jpg/220px-View_of_Mont_Blanc_from_Aguille_Rouge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/View_of_Mont_Blanc_from_Aguille_Rouge.jpg/330px-View_of_Mont_Blanc_from_Aguille_Rouge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/View_of_Mont_Blanc_from_Aguille_Rouge.jpg/440px-View_of_Mont_Blanc_from_Aguille_Rouge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3962" data-file-height="2972" /></a><figcaption>View of the southern side of Mont Blanc (big summit on the left) from <a href="/wiki/Aiguille_Rouge" title="Aiguille Rouge">Aiguille Rouge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Citing the Treaty of Paris (1796), France claims that the historical border of Savoy and Piedmont diverged from the watershed line, fully encompassing the summit of Mont Blanc within Savoy and consequently, within French territory.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Napoleonic Wars, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> restored the King of Sardinia in Savoy, Nice, and Piedmont, his traditional territories, overruling the 1796 Treaty of Paris. Forty-five years later, after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a>, it was replaced by a new legal act. This <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1860)" title="Treaty of Turin (1860)">act</a> was signed in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> on 24 March 1860 by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy</a>, and deals with the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> (following the French neutrality for the plebiscites held in Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna to join the Kingdom of Sardinia, against the Pope's will). A demarcation agreement, signed on 7 March 1861, defined the new border. With the formation of Italy, for the first time, Mont Blanc was located on the border of France and Italy, along the old border between the department of Savoy and that of Piedmont, formerly belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-questions.assemblee-nationale.fr_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-questions.assemblee-nationale.fr-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1860 act is still legally valid for both the French and Italian governments.<sup id="cite_ref-questions.assemblee-nationale.fr_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-questions.assemblee-nationale.fr-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy claims, that the border was moved by France in 1865, when surveys carried out by a cartographer of the French army, Captain JJ Mieulet, incorporated the summit into French territory, making the state border deviate from the watershed line, and giving rise to the differences with the maps published in Italy in the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-Colombo_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colombo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Swiss mapping, published by the <a href="/wiki/Swisstopo" title="Swisstopo">Federal Office of Topography</a>, plots a region of disputed territory (statut de territoire contesté) around the summits of both Mont Blanc and the Dôme du Goûter. One of its interpretations of the French-Italian border places both summits straddling a line running directly along the geographic ridgeline (watershed) between France and Italy, thus sharing their summits equally between both states. However, a second interpretation places both summits, as well as that of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_de_Courmayeur" title="Mont Blanc de Courmayeur">Mont Blanc de Courmayeur</a> (although much less clearly in the latter case), solely within France.<sup id="cite_ref-Swisstopo_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swisstopo-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> maps take data from the Italian national mapping agency, the <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Geografico_Militare" title="Istituto Geografico Militare">Istituto Geografico Militare</a>, which is based upon past treaties in force.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1823_Mont_Blanc_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1823_Mont_Blanc_1.jpg/220px-1823_Mont_Blanc_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1823_Mont_Blanc_1.jpg/330px-1823_Mont_Blanc_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1823_Mont_Blanc_1.jpg/440px-1823_Mont_Blanc_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>1832 Map of the Kingdom of Sardinia showing an administrative border passing through the summit of Mont Blanc. This was the same map annexed to the 1860 treaty to determine the current border between France and Italy.</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_Mieulet_Mont_Blanc%2Bfrontispice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Carte_Mieulet_Mont_Blanc%2Bfrontispice.jpg/220px-Carte_Mieulet_Mont_Blanc%2Bfrontispice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Carte_Mieulet_Mont_Blanc%2Bfrontispice.jpg/330px-Carte_Mieulet_Mont_Blanc%2Bfrontispice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Carte_Mieulet_Mont_Blanc%2Bfrontispice.jpg/440px-Carte_Mieulet_Mont_Blanc%2Bfrontispice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Captain Mieulet map of 1865 placing the international border south of the watershed<sup id="cite_ref-Colombo_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colombo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mbianco.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mbianco.png/220px-Mbianco.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mbianco.png/330px-Mbianco.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mbianco.png/440px-Mbianco.png 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>A Sardinian Atlas map of 1869 showing the international border on the watershed<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 300px; height: 200px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -500px; left: -150px; width: 2100px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:292_Courmayeur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1:50'000 Swiss National Map, with both disputed areas marked" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/292_Courmayeur.jpg/2100px-292_Courmayeur.jpg" decoding="async" width="2100" height="1440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/292_Courmayeur.jpg/3150px-292_Courmayeur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/292_Courmayeur.jpg/4200px-292_Courmayeur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14000" data-file-height="9600" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:292_Courmayeur.jpg" title="File:292 Courmayeur.jpg"> </a></div>1:50'000 <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Map" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss National Map">Swiss National Map</a>, with both disputed areas marked </div> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vallot">Vallot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vallot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vallot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vallot.jpg/220px-Vallot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vallot.jpg/330px-Vallot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vallot.jpg/440px-Vallot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>The original <a href="/wiki/Vallot_Hut" title="Vallot Hut">Vallot refuge</a> (now rebuilt) near Mont Blanc summit, at an altitude of 4,362 m</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Janssen_observatory">Janssen observatory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Janssen observatory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1890, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janssen" title="Pierre Janssen">Pierre Janssen</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> and the director of the Meudon astrophysical observatory, considered the construction of an observatory at the summit of Mont Blanc. <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel" title="Gustave Eiffel">Gustave Eiffel</a> agreed to take on the project, provided he could build on a rock foundation if found at a depth of less than twelve metres (39 ft) below the ice. In 1891, the Swiss surveyor Imfeld dug two 23-metre (75 ft) horizontal tunnels twelve metres (39 ft) below the ice summit but found nothing solid. Consequently, the Eiffel project was abandoned. </p><p>Despite this, the observatory was built in 1893. During the cold wave of January 1893, a temperature of −43 °C (−45 °F) was recorded on Mont Blanc, being the lowest ever recorded there. </p><p>Levers attached to the ice supported the observatory. This worked to some extent until 1906, when the building started leaning heavily. The movement of the levers corrected the lean slightly, but three years later (two years after Janssen's death), a crevasse started opening under the observatory. It was abandoned. Eventually the building fell, and only the tower could be saved <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_extremis" class="extiw" title="wikt:in extremis"><i>in extremis</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Janssen_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janssen-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_crashes">Air crashes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Air crashes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mountain was the scene of two fatal air crashes; <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_245" title="Air India Flight 245">Air India Flight 245</a> in 1950<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_101" title="Air India Flight 101">Air India Flight 101</a> in 1966. Both planes were approaching <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Airport" title="Geneva Airport">Geneva Airport</a> and the pilots miscalculated their descent; 48 and 117 people, respectively, died.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passengers on flight 101 included <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear scientist">nuclear scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Homi_J._Bhabha" title="Homi J. Bhabha">Homi J. Bhabha</a>, known as the "father" of India's nuclear programme.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunnel">Tunnel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tunnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_Tunnel" title="Mont Blanc Tunnel">Mont Blanc Tunnel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunel_mont_blanc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tunel_mont_blanc.jpg/220px-Tunel_mont_blanc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tunel_mont_blanc.jpg/330px-Tunel_mont_blanc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tunel_mont_blanc.jpg/440px-Tunel_mont_blanc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Entrance of the Mont Blanc Tunnel in Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1946, a drilling project was initiated to carve a tunnel through the mountain. The Mont Blanc tunnel would connect <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a>, France, and <a href="/wiki/Courmayeur" title="Courmayeur">Courmayeur</a>, Italy, and become one of the major transalpine transport routes between the two countries. In 1965, the tunnel opened to vehicle traffic with a length of 11,611 metres (7.215 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1999_disaster">1999 disaster</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1999 disaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_tunnel_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Blanc tunnel fire">Mont Blanc tunnel fire</a></div> <p>In 1999, a transport truck caught fire in the tunnel beneath the mountain. In total, 39 people were killed when the fire raged out of control. The tunnel was renovated in the aftermath to increase driver safety. Renovations include computerised detection equipment, extra security bays, a parallel escape shaft, and a fire station in the middle of the tunnel. The escape shafts also have clean air flowing through them via vents. Any people in the security bays now have live video contact to communicate with the control centre. A remote site for cargo safety inspection was created on each side: Aosta in Italy and Passy-Le Fayet in France. Here all trucks are inspected before entering the tunnel. These remote sites are also used as <a href="/wiki/Staging_area" title="Staging area">staging areas</a> to control commercial traffic during peak hours. The renovated tunnel reopened three years after the disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-tunneltalk_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunneltalk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elevation">Elevation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Elevation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Blanc_2005_118.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mont_Blanc_2005_118.jpg/260px-Mont_Blanc_2005_118.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mont_Blanc_2005_118.jpg/390px-Mont_Blanc_2005_118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mont_Blanc_2005_118.jpg/520px-Mont_Blanc_2005_118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Mont Blanc summit</figcaption></figure> <p>The summit of Mont Blanc is a thick, perennial ice-and-snow dome whose thickness varies. Therefore, no exact and permanent summit elevation can be determined, though accurate measurements have been made on specific dates. Its official elevation was 4,807 m (15,771 ft) for a long time. In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Institut_g%C3%A9ographique_national" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut géographique national">IGN</a> and expert surveyors, with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> technology, measured it to be 4,807.40 m (15,772 ft 4 in). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MontBlanc052021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/MontBlanc052021.jpg/220px-MontBlanc052021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/MontBlanc052021.jpg/330px-MontBlanc052021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/MontBlanc052021.jpg/440px-MontBlanc052021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>View from the Glacier des Bossons, May 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/2003_European_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 European heat wave">2003 heatwave in Europe</a>, a team of scientists remeasured the height on 6 and 7 September. The team was made up of the glaciologist Luc Moreau, two surveyors from the GPS Company, three people from the <a href="/wiki/Institut_g%C3%A9ographique_national_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut géographique national (France)">IGN</a>, seven expert surveyors, four mountain guides from <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gervais-les-Bains" title="Saint-Gervais-les-Bains">Saint-Gervais</a> and four students from various institutes in France. This team noted that the elevation was 4,808.45 m (15,775 ft 9 in), and the peak had shifted to a point 75 cm (30 in) away from where it had been in 2002. </p><p>After these results were published, more than 500 points were measured to assess the effects of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and the mountain's height fluctuations at different points. Since then, the mountain's elevation has been measured every two years. </p><p>The summit was measured again in 2005, and the results were published on 16 December 2005. The height was found to be 4,808.75 m (15,776 ft 9 in), 30 cm (12 in) more than the previously recorded height. The rock summit was found to be at 4,792 m (15,722 ft), some 40 m (130 ft) west of the ice-covered summit.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the summit was measured at 4,807.9 m (15,774 ft) and in 2009 at 4,807.45 m (15,772 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-smh4807.45_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh4807.45-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the summit was measured at 4,810.02 m (15,781 ft) and in 2015 at 4,808.73 m (15,777 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-BFM4809_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFM4809-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the summit of Mont Blanc on a clear day, the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Massif_Central" title="Massif Central">Massif Central</a> mountain ranges can be seen, as well as the principal summits of the Alps. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PanoMontBlancHDR_edit_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PanoMontBlancHDR_edit_1.jpg/900px-PanoMontBlancHDR_edit_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PanoMontBlancHDR_edit_1.jpg/1350px-PanoMontBlancHDR_edit_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/PanoMontBlancHDR_edit_1.jpg/1800px-PanoMontBlancHDR_edit_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6355" data-file-height="1835" /></a><figcaption>Mont Blanc seen from the Rébuffat platform on Aiguille du Midi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MonteBiancoPanoramica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MonteBiancoPanoramica.jpg/900px-MonteBiancoPanoramica.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MonteBiancoPanoramica.jpg/1350px-MonteBiancoPanoramica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MonteBiancoPanoramica.jpg/1800px-MonteBiancoPanoramica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6925" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption>View from Vallee Blanche of Glacier du Géant and <a href="/wiki/Dent_du_G%C3%A9ant" title="Dent du Géant">Dent du Géant</a>, looking down Glacier du Tacul towards the Mer de Glace, with Aiguille du Moine, les Drus and Aiguille Verte in centre-left</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climbing_routes">Climbing routes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climbing routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Blanc_3D_small.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Mont_Blanc_3D_small.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption>Mont Blanc 3D</figcaption></figure> <p>Several classic climbing routes lead to the summit of Mont Blanc:<sup id="cite_ref-Topo_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Topo-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The most popular route is the <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBter_Route" title="Goûter Route">Goûter Route</a>, also known as the <i>Voie Des Cristalliers</i> or the <i>Voie Royale</i>. Starting from <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gervais-les-Bains" title="Saint-Gervais-les-Bains">Saint-Gervais-les-Bains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_Tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Blanc Tramway">Tramway du Mont-Blanc (TMB)</a> is taken to get to the <a href="/wiki/Gare_du_Nid_d%27Aigle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare du Nid d'Aigle">Gare du Nid d'Aigle</a>. The ascent begins in the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Refuge_de_T%C3%AAte_Rousse" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuge de Tête Rousse">Refuge de Tête Rousse</a>, crossing the <i>Grand Couloir</i> or <i>Goûter Corridor</i>, considered dangerous because of frequent rockfalls, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBter_Hut" title="Goûter Hut">Goûter Hut</a> for night shelter. The next day the route leads to the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B4me_du_Go%C3%BBter" title="Dôme du Goûter">Dôme du Goûter</a>, past the emergency Vallot cabin and l'Arête des Bosses.</li> <li><i>La Voie des 3 Monts</i> is also known as <i>La Traversée</i>. Starting from <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aiguille_du_Midi#Cable_car" title="Aiguille du Midi">Téléphérique de l'Aiguille du Midi</a> is taken towards the Col du Midi. The <a href="/wiki/Cosmiques_Hut" title="Cosmiques Hut">Cosmiques Hut</a> is used to spend the night. The next day the ascent continues over <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_du_Tacul" title="Mont Blanc du Tacul">Mont Blanc du Tacul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mont_Maudit" title="Mont Maudit">Mont Maudit</a>.</li> <li>The historic itinerary via the <a href="/wiki/Grands_Mulets_Hut" title="Grands Mulets Hut">Grands Mulets Hut</a>, or the old normal route on the French side, which is most frequently traversed in winter by ski, or in summer to descend to Chamonix.</li> <li>The normal Italian itinerary is called <i>La route des Aiguilles Grises</i>. After crossing the <a href="/wiki/Miage_Glacier" title="Miage Glacier">Miage Glacier</a>, climbers spend the night at the <a href="/wiki/Gonella_Hut" title="Gonella Hut">Gonella refuge</a>. The next day, one proceeds through the Col des Aiguilles Grises and the Dôme du Goûter, concluding at L'arête des Bosses (Bosses ridge).</li> <li>The Miage – Bionnassay – Mont Blanc crossing is usually done in three days. It has been described as <i>a truly magical expedition of ice and snow arêtes at great altitude</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumler_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumler-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 199">: 199 </span></sup> The route begins from Contamines-Montjoie, with the night spent in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscrits_Hut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscrits Hut (page does not exist)">Conscrits Hut</a>. The following day, the Dômes de Miages is crossed and the night is spent at the Durier cabin. The third day proceeds over <a href="/wiki/Aiguille_de_Bionnassay" title="Aiguille de Bionnassay">l'Aiguille de Bionnassay</a> and the Dôme du Goûter, finally reaching the summit of Mont Blanc via the Bosses ridge.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_du_mont_Blanc_depuis_9000_m%C3%A8tres_d%27altitude.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of Mont Blanc from 9,000 meters above sea level, picture taken by Thomas Vautrin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Photo_du_mont_Blanc_depuis_9000_m%C3%A8tres_d%27altitude.jpg/220px-Photo_du_mont_Blanc_depuis_9000_m%C3%A8tres_d%27altitude.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Photo_du_mont_Blanc_depuis_9000_m%C3%A8tres_d%27altitude.jpg/330px-Photo_du_mont_Blanc_depuis_9000_m%C3%A8tres_d%27altitude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Photo_du_mont_Blanc_depuis_9000_m%C3%A8tres_d%27altitude.jpg/440px-Photo_du_mont_Blanc_depuis_9000_m%C3%A8tres_d%27altitude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Mont Blanc from 9,000 meters above sea level</figcaption></figure> <p>Nowadays, the summit is ascended by an average of 20,000 mountaineer tourists each year. It could be considered a technically easy yet arduous ascent for someone well-trained and acclimatised to the altitude. From l'<a href="/wiki/Aiguille_du_Midi" title="Aiguille du Midi">Aiguille du Midi</a> (where the cable car stops), Mont Blanc seems quite close, being 1,000 m (3,300 ft) higher. But while the peak looks deceptively close, the La Voie des 3 Monts route (known to be more technical and challenging than other more commonly used routes) requires more ascent over two other 4,000 m (13,000 ft) mountains, <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_du_Tacul" title="Mont Blanc du Tacul">Mont Blanc du Tacul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mont_Maudit" title="Mont Maudit">Mont Maudit</a>, before the final section of the climb is reached. The last 1,000 m (3,300 ft) push to the summit is undertaken. </p><p>Each year climbing deaths occur on Mont Blanc. On the busiest weekends, normally around August, the local rescue service performs an average of 12 missions, mostly directed to aid people in trouble on one of the normal routes of the mountain. Some routes require knowledge of high-altitude mountaineering and a guide (or at least an experienced mountaineer), and all require proper equipment. All routes are long and arduous, involving delicate passages and the hazard of rockfall or avalanche. Climbers may also suffer <a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">altitude sickness</a>, occasionally life-threatening, particularly if they are not properly <a href="/wiki/Altitude_acclimatization" class="mw-redirect" title="Altitude acclimatization">acclimatised</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Acclimatization_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acclimatization-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MedicalProblems_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedicalProblems-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatalities">Fatalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fatalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 1994 estimate suggests there had been 6,000 to 8,000 alpinist fatalities in total, more than on any other mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumler_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumler-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 208">: 208 </span></sup> These numbers exclude the fatalities of <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_245" title="Air India Flight 245">Air India Flight 245</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_101" title="Air India Flight 101">Air India Flight 101</a>, two planes that crashed into Mont Blanc. Despite <a href="/wiki/Circular_reporting" title="Circular reporting">unsubstantiated claims recurring in media</a> that "some estimates put the fatality rate at an average of 100 hikers a year",<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> actual reported annual numbers at least since the 1990s are between 10 and 20: in 2017, fourteen people died out of 20,000 summit attempts, and two remained missing; with 15 in 2018 as of August.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A French study on the especially risky "<a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBter_Route" title="Goûter Route">Goûter couloir</a>, on the normal route on Mont Blanc" and necessary rescue operations found that, between 1990 and 2011, there were 74 deaths "between the Tête Rousse refuge (3,187 m) and the Goûter refuge (3,830 m)". There were 17 more in 2012–15, none in 2016, and 11 in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refuges">Refuges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Refuges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Refuge <a href="/wiki/Vallot_Hut" title="Vallot Hut">Vallot</a>, 4362 m</li> <li>Bivouac Giuseppe Lampugnani, 3860 m</li> <li>Bivouac Marco Crippa, 3840 m</li> <li>Refuge <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBter_Refuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Goûter Refuge">Goûter</a>, 3817 m</li> <li>Bivouac Corrado Alberico – Luigi Borgna, 3684 m</li> <li>Refuge <a href="/wiki/Cosmiques_Hut" title="Cosmiques Hut">Cosmiques</a>, 3613 m</li> <li>Refuge <a href="/wiki/T%C3%AAte_Rousse_Hut" title="Tête Rousse Hut">Tête Rousse</a>, 3167 m</li> <li>Refuge Francesco Gonella, 3071 m</li> <li>Refuge <a href="/wiki/Grands_Mulets_Hut" title="Grands Mulets Hut">Grands Mulets</a>, 3050 m</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impacts_of_climate_change">Impacts of climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Impacts of climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The recent temperature rises and heatwaves, such as those of the summers of 2015 and 2018, have significantly impacted many climbing routes across the Alps, including those on Mont Blanc. For example, in 2015, the Grand Mulets route, previously popular in the 20th century, was blocked by virtually impenetrable crevasse fields, and the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B4me_du_Go%C3%BBter" title="Dôme du Goûter">Gouter Hut</a> was closed by municipal decree for some days because of a very high rockfall danger, with some stranded climbers evacuated by helicopter.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016 a <a href="/wiki/Crevasse" title="Crevasse">crevasse</a> opened at high altitude, also indicating previously unobserved glacial movements. The new crevasse forms an obstacle to be scaled by climbing parties on the final part of the itinerary to the top shared by the popular <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBter_Route" title="Goûter Route">Goûter Route</a> and the Grand Mulets Route.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploits_and_incidents">Exploits and incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Exploits and incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Blanc_view_from_a_plane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mont_Blanc_view_from_a_plane.jpg/260px-Mont_Blanc_view_from_a_plane.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mont_Blanc_view_from_a_plane.jpg/390px-Mont_Blanc_view_from_a_plane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mont_Blanc_view_from_a_plane.jpg/520px-Mont_Blanc_view_from_a_plane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aerial_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial view">Aerial view</a> of the south-eastern side of Mont Blanc, taken on a commercial flight</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:His_Master%27s_Voice_(small).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/His_Master%27s_Voice_%28small%29.png/70px-His_Master%27s_Voice_%28small%29.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/His_Master%27s_Voice_%28small%29.png/105px-His_Master%27s_Voice_%28small%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/His_Master%27s_Voice_%28small%29.png/140px-His_Master%27s_Voice_%28small%29.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Balmat,_or_The_First_Ascent_of_Mont_Blanc_-_read_by_Phil_Schempfn_for_LibriVox%27s_Short_Nonfiction_Collection_Vol._042_(2016).ogg" title="File:Jacques Balmat, or The First Ascent of Mont Blanc - read by Phil Schempfn for LibriVox's Short Nonfiction Collection Vol. 042 (2016).ogg"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">"The First Ascent of Mont Blanc"<br />by T. Louis Oxley 1881<br /><small>Read by Phil Schempfn for LibriVox</small></div></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2387" data-mwtitle="Jacques_Balmat,_or_The_First_Ascent_of_Mont_Blanc_-_read_by_Phil_Schempfn_for_LibriVox's_Short_Nonfiction_Collection_Vol._042_(2016).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Jacques_Balmat%2C_or_The_First_Ascent_of_Mont_Blanc_-_read_by_Phil_Schempfn_for_LibriVox%27s_Short_Nonfiction_Collection_Vol._042_%282016%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/Jacques_Balmat%2C_or_The_First_Ascent_of_Mont_Blanc_-_read_by_Phil_Schempfn_for_LibriVox%27s_Short_Nonfiction_Collection_Vol._042_%282016%29.ogg/Jacques_Balmat%2C_or_The_First_Ascent_of_Mont_Blanc_-_read_by_Phil_Schempfn_for_LibriVox%27s_Short_Nonfiction_Collection_Vol._042_%282016%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Audio 00:39:46 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jacquesbalmator00oxlegoog">full text</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1786: <span class="summary">The first ascent, by <a href="/wiki/Michel-Gabriel_Paccard" title="Michel-Gabriel Paccard">Michel-Gabriel Paccard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Balmat" title="Jacques Balmat">Jacques Balmat</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_High_Alps" title="Exploration of the High Alps">Exploration of the High Alps</a>.</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1787: <span class="summary">The fourth ascent, by Englishman <a href="/wiki/Mark_Beaufoy" title="Mark Beaufoy">Mark Beaufoy</a>, with at least six guides and a servant.</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">July 1808<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1808-07</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">The first ascent by a woman, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Paradis" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Paradis">Maria Paradis</a>, with Balmat as her guide.</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">July 1838<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1838-07</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">The second ascent by a woman, <a href="/wiki/Henriette_d%27Angeville" title="Henriette d'Angeville">Henriette d'Angeville</a>.</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1890: <span class="summary">Giovanni Bonin, Luigi Grasselli and Fr. Achille Ratti (later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>) discovered the normal Italian route (West Face Direct) on descent.</span></span></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_245" title="Air India Flight 245">Air India Flight 245</a> crashes into Mont Blanc.</li> <li><span class="vevent">1960: <span class="summary">The airplane pilot Henri Giraud landed on the summit, which is only 30 m (98 ft) long.</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_101" title="Air India Flight 101">Air India Flight 101</a> crashes into Mont Blanc.</li> <li><span class="vevent">1990: <span class="summary">The <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> Pierre-André Gobet, leaving from <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a>, completed the ascent and descent in 5 hours, 10 minutes and 14 seconds.</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">30 May 2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003-05-30</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Brosse" title="Stéphane Brosse">Stéphane Brosse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gignoux" title="Pierre Gignoux">Pierre Gignoux</a> tried to beat the record by ski-walking. They went up in 4 hours and 7 minutes and came back down in 1 hour and 8 minutes. In total, they did the ascent and descent in 5 hours and 15 minutes.</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">13 August 2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003-08-13</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Seven French paraglider pilots landed on the summit. They reached a peak altitude of 5,200 m (17,100 ft), thanks to the hot weather conditions, which provided strong hot air currents. Five had left from Planpraz, one from <a href="/wiki/Rochebrune,_Hautes-Alpes" title="Rochebrune, Hautes-Alpes">Rochebrune</a> at <a href="/wiki/Meg%C3%A8ve" title="Megève">Megève</a> and the last one from <a href="/wiki/Samo%C3%ABns" title="Samoëns">Samoëns</a>.</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">8 June 2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007-06-08</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Danish artist <a href="/wiki/Marco_Evaristti" title="Marco Evaristti">Marco Evaristti</a> draped the peak of Mont Blanc with red fabric, along with a 20 ft (6.1 m) pole with a flag reading "Pink State". He had been arrested and detained earlier on 6 June for attempting to paint a pass leading up to the summit red. He aimed to raise awareness of environmental degradation.</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="vevent">13 September 2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007-09-13</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">A group of 20 people set up a hot tub at the summit.</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="vevent">19 August 2012<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012-08-19</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Fifty paraglider pilots landed on the summit, beating the previous record of seven top landing pilots, set in 2003. This included the second-ever tandem landing on the summit.</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>11 July 2013: <a href="/wiki/Kilian_Jornet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilian Jornet">Kilian Jornet</a> beat the fastest overall time for ascent and descent with 4 hours, 57 minutes and 40 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>21 June 2018: <a href="/wiki/Emelie_Forsberg" title="Emelie Forsberg">Emelie Forsberg</a> set a women's fastest known time up and down from Chamonix with 7 hours 53 minutes and 12 seconds, improving her previous record of 8 hours 10 minutes from 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-alpinrunning1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alpinrunning1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>17 June 2023: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Gerardi" class="extiw" title="fr:Hillary Gerardi">Hillary Gerardi</a> set a new women's fastest known time with 7 hours, 27 minutes and 39 seconds, taking a longer but safer route via the Arête Nord due to serac fall.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incidents_involving_children">Incidents involving children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Incidents involving children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2014, an American entrepreneur and traveller <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sweeney_(entrepreneur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Sweeney (entrepreneur)">Patrick Sweeney</a> attempted to break the record with his nine-year-old son and 11-year-old daughter. They were caught in <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">an avalanche</a>, escaped death and decided not to pursue their attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-ind_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ind-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-figaro_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figaro-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2014, an unknown <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> climber with his 5-year-old son were intercepted by <a href="/wiki/Mountain_rescue" title="Mountain rescue">mountain gendarmes</a> at 3,200 m (10,500 ft) and forced to turn back.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 August 2017, 9-year-old <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> twins and their mother were rescued from 3,800 m (12,500 ft) by helicopter while their father and family friend continued their summit attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema_and_television">Cinema and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cinema and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>La Terre, son visage</i>, is a documentary by Jean-Luc Prévost and published by Édition Société national de télévision française, released in 1984. It is part of the <i>Haroun Tazieff raconte sa terre, vol. 1</i> series. In it he talks about the west–east crossing of Mont Blanc.</li> <li>The film <i><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Princess" title="Malabar Princess">Malabar Princess</a></i>.</li> <li>The television-film <i>Premier de cordée</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Storm_over_Mont_Blanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm over Mont Blanc">Storm over Mont Blanc</a></i> (<i>Stürme über dem Mont Blanc</i>, 1930) with <a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Fanck" title="Arnold Fanck">Arnold Fanck</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Roue" title="La Roue">La Roue</a></i> (<i>The Wheel</i>, 1923) is a 273-minute film by <a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Abel Gance</a> depicting rail operations, workers, and families in south-eastern France, including the Mont Blanc area.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tripods" title="The Tripods">The Tripods</a></i> (1985/86) BBC TV adapatation of the first two novels in John Christopher’s Tripods trilogy (<i>The White Mountains</i>, <i>The City of Gold and Lead</i>), which ran for 25 episodes over two seasons. The main characters are journeying to Mont Blanc where a group of humans free of the Tripods’ subjugation live.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Premier de cordée</i> by Roger Frison-Roche</li> <li><i>Hugo et le Mont Blanc</i> by Colette Cosnie – Édition Guérin</li> <li><i>Hymn Before Sunrise, in the Vale of Chamouni</i> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manfred" title="Manfred">Manfred</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_(poem)" title="Mont Blanc (poem)">Mont Blanc</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Percy_Shelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Shelley">Percy Shelley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Point_Blanc" title="Point Blanc">Point Blanc</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Horowitz" title="Anthony Horowitz">Anthony Horowitz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prelude" title="The Prelude">The Prelude</a> Book VI</i> by William Wordsworth</li> <li><i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poems_of_Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_The_Bijou,_1829/Mont_Blanc" class="extiw" title="s:Poems of Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in The Bijou, 1829/Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a>.</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a>, a poem to accompany an engraving of a painting by <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>.</li> <li><i>Kordian</i> by <a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Juliusz Słowacki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiger_Dreams" title="Eiger Dreams">Eiger Dreams</a>: Ventures Among Men and Mountains</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Krakauer" title="Jon Krakauer">Jon Krakauer</a></li> <li><i>Running Water</i> by <a href="/wiki/AEW_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="AEW Mason">AEW Mason</a></li> <li><i>La neige en deuil</i> by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Troyat" title="Henri Troyat">Henri Troyat</a></li> <li><i>The Tripods trilogy</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Christopher" title="John Christopher">John Christopher</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protection">Protection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mont Blanc massif is being put forward as a potential <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> because of its uniqueness and cultural importance considered the birthplace and symbol of modern mountaineering.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would require the three governments of Italy, France and Switzerland to request <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> for it to be listed.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mont Blanc is one of the most visited tourist destinations in the world. For this reason, some view it as threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pro-Mont Blanc (an international collective of associations for the protection of Mont Blanc) published in 2002 the book <i>Le versant noir du mont Blanc</i> (The black hillside of Mont Blanc), which exposes current and future problems in conserving the site.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, Europe's two highest toilets (at 4,260 metres, 13,976 feet) were taken by helicopter to the top of Mont Blanc. They are also serviced by helicopter. They will serve 30,000 skiers and hikers annually, helping to alleviate the discharge of urine and faeces that spreads down the mountain face with the spring thaw.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a> has begun to melt glaciers and cause avalanches on Mont Blanc, creating more dangerous climbing conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Panorama">Panorama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Panorama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:4008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto;direction:rtl"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Blanc_Panorama_beschriftet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="‪360° panorama from Mont Blanc‬"><img alt="Panorama of Mont Blanc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mont_Blanc_Panorama_beschriftet.jpg/4000px-Mont_Blanc_Panorama_beschriftet.jpg" decoding="async" width="4000" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mont_Blanc_Panorama_beschriftet.jpg/6000px-Mont_Blanc_Panorama_beschriftet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mont_Blanc_Panorama_beschriftet.jpg/8000px-Mont_Blanc_Panorama_beschriftet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="41251" data-file-height="3956" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Blanc_Panorama_beschriftet.jpg" title="File:Mont Blanc Panorama beschriftet.jpg"> </a></div>360° panorama from Mont Blanc</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://panoviewer.toolforge.org/#Mont_Blanc_Spherical_Panorama.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Mont_Blanc_Spherical_Panorama.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mont_Blanc_Spherical_Panorama.jpg/310px-Mont_Blanc_Spherical_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mont_Blanc_Spherical_Panorama.jpg/465px-Mont_Blanc_Spherical_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mont_Blanc_Spherical_Panorama.jpg/620px-Mont_Blanc_Spherical_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="22016" data-file-height="11008" /></a><figcaption>Spherical panorama from Mont Blanc<br /><small>(<span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://panoviewer.toolforge.org/#Mont_Blanc_Spherical_Panorama.jpg">view as a 360° interactive panorama</a></span>)</small></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pal%C3%BC_en_Diavolezza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pal%C3%BC_en_Diavolezza.jpg/32px-Pal%C3%BC_en_Diavolezza.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pal%C3%BC_en_Diavolezza.jpg/48px-Pal%C3%BC_en_Diavolezza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pal%C3%BC_en_Diavolezza.jpg/64px-Pal%C3%BC_en_Diavolezza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Alps" title="Portal:Alps">Alps portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_High_Alps" title="Exploration of the High Alps">Exploration of the High Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_Route" title="Haute Route">Haute Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_(Moon)" title="Mont Blanc (Moon)">Mont Blanc (Moon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%AAte_Rousse_Glacier" title="Tête Rousse Glacier">Tête Rousse Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_massif" title="Mont Blanc massif">Mont Blanc massif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_Tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Blanc Tramway">Mont Blanc Tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_Tunnel" title="Mont Blanc Tunnel">Mont Blanc Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_du_Mont_Blanc" title="Tour du Mont Blanc">Tour du Mont Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Mont_Blanc" title="Top of the Mont Blanc">Top of the Mont Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alpine_four-thousanders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Alpine four-thousanders">List of Alpine four-thousanders</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a> is normally considered the tallest mountain in continental Europe, the latter continent is part of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian">Eurasian</a> land mass, which culminates at Mount Everest (highest col between Mont Blanc and Mount Everest: 113 m <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/KeyCol.aspx?pid=9941">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221115225/http://www.peakbagger.com/KeyCol.aspx?pid=9941">Archived</a> 21 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; highest col between Mount Elbrus and Mount Everest: 901 m <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/KeyCol.aspx?pid=10381">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221115148/http://www.peakbagger.com/KeyCol.aspx?pid=10381">Archived</a> 21 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following the secession of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ortler" title="Ortler">Ortler</a> became the highest mountain of the Holy Roman Empire.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Beaumont-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beaumont_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaumont_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont2023" class="citation news cs1">Beaumont, Peter (5 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/oct/05/mont-blanc-height-peak-shrinks">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Exceptional year': Mont Blanc shrinks by another 2 metres"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005184033/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/oct/05/mont-blanc-height-peak-shrinks">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Exceptional+year%27%3A+Mont+Blanc+shrinks+by+another+2+metres&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2023%2Foct%2F05%2Fmont-blanc-height-peak-shrinks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=9941"><i>Mont Blanc</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918095900/https://www.peakbagger.com/Peak.aspx?pid=9941">Archived</a> 18 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at peakbagger.com. Retrieved 19 August 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Mont Blanc</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mɔ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>blɑ̃]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Monte Bianco</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈmonte<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbjaŋko]</a></span>; both meaning 'white mountain')</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francetvinfo.fr/meteo/climat/le-mont-blanc-a-perdu-un-metre-en-quatre-ans-et-culmine-desormais-a-4807-81-metres_4787791.html">"Le mont Blanc a perdu un mètre en quatre ans et culmine désormais à 4807,81 mètres"</a>. <i>Franceinfo</i> (in French). 29 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929101130/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/meteo/climat/le-mont-blanc-a-perdu-un-metre-en-quatre-ans-et-culmine-desormais-a-4807-81-metres_4787791.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Franceinfo&rft.atitle=Le+mont+Blanc+a+perdu+un+m%C3%A8tre+en+quatre+ans+et+culmine+d%C3%A9sormais+%C3%A0+4807%2C81+m%C3%A8tres&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francetvinfo.fr%2Fmeteo%2Fclimat%2Fle-mont-blanc-a-perdu-un-metre-en-quatre-ans-et-culmine-desormais-a-4807-81-metres_4787791.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the prominence of 4,696 m for Mont Blanc is taken from the "Ultras Project" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/EuroCoreP1500m.html#1">peaklist.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109222443/http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/EuroCoreP1500m.html#1">Archived</a> 9 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), "List compiled 2004 by Petter Bjørstad, Jonathan de Ferranti, Eberhard Jurgalski, Vasja Kavcic and Aaron Maizlish". See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alpine_peaks_by_prominence" title="List of Alpine peaks by prominence">list of Alpine peaks by prominence</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavanelAllignolDelineGruber2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ravanel, Ludovic; Allignol, Françoise; Deline, Philip; Gruber, Stephan; Ravello, Mario (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226540399">"Rock falls in the Mont Blanc Massif in 2007 and 2008"</a>. <i>Landslides</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 493–501. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Lands...7..493R">2010Lands...7..493R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10346-010-0206-z">10.1007/s10346-010-0206-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1612-510X">1612-510X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140203828">140203828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Landslides&rft.atitle=Rock+falls+in+the+Mont+Blanc+Massif+in+2007+and+2008&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=493-501&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10346-010-0206-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140203828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1612-510X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Lands...7..493R&rft.aulast=Ravanel&rft.aufirst=Ludovic&rft.au=Allignol%2C+Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.au=Deline%2C+Philip&rft.au=Gruber%2C+Stephan&rft.au=Ravello%2C+Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F226540399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComte" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Comte, Armand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mineralogie-chamonix.org/?op=html&page=30">"Resources minéralogiques du massif du Mont-Blanc et des régions limitrophes"</a> [Mineralogical Resources of Mont Blanc and surrounding areas]. <i>Club de minéralogie de Chamonix</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514212018/http://www.mineralogie-chamonix.org/?op=html&page=30">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Club+de+min%C3%A9ralogie+de+Chamonix&rft.atitle=Resources+min%C3%A9ralogiques+du+massif+du+Mont-Blanc+et+des+r%C3%A9gions+limitrophes&rft.aulast=Comte&rft.aufirst=Armand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mineralogie-chamonix.org%2F%3Fop%3Dhtml%26page%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/loc-6922.html">"Monte Bianco Massif (Mont Blanc Massif)"</a>. <i>Mindat.org</i>. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216123158/http://www.mindat.org/loc-6922.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mindat.org&rft.atitle=Monte+Bianco+Massif+%28Mont+Blanc+Massif%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Floc-6922.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/loc-7683.html">"Miage Glacier, Veny Valley, Monte Bianco Massif"</a>. <i>Mindat.org</i>. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160612083541/http://www.mindat.org/loc-7683.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mindat.org&rft.atitle=Miage+Glacier%2C+Veny+Valley%2C+Monte+Bianco+Massif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Floc-7683.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/loc-5824.html">"Les Droites (north face), Mont Blanc Massif, Chamonix"</a>. <i>Mindat.org</i>. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505145600/http://www.mindat.org/loc-5824.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mindat.org&rft.atitle=Les+Droites+%28north+face%29%2C+Mont+Blanc+Massif%2C+Chamonix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Floc-5824.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/loc-190088.html">"Talèfre glacier, Mont Blanc Massif, Chamonix"</a>. <i>Mindat.org</i>. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509152637/http://www.mindat.org/loc-190088.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mindat.org&rft.atitle=Tal%C3%A8fre+glacier%2C+Mont+Blanc+Massif%2C+Chamonix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Floc-190088.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nussbaumer-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nussbaumer_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nussbaumer_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNussbaumerZumbuhlSteiner2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Nussbaumer, S.U.; Zumbuhl, H.J.; Steiner, D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phzh.ch/MAPortrait_Data/131444/8/Nussbaumer_et_al_2007.pdf">"Fluctuations of the 'Mer de Glace' (Mont Blanc area, France) AD 1500–2050"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie</i>. BAND 40 (2005/2006): 1–137. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-2836">0044-2836</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125060509/https://phzh.ch/MAPortrait_Data/131444/8/Nussbaumer_et_al_2007.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Gletscherkunde+und+Glazialgeologie&rft.atitle=Fluctuations+of+the+%27Mer+de+Glace%27+%28Mont+Blanc+area%2C+France%29+AD+1500%E2%80%932050&rft.volume=BAND+40+%282005%2F2006%29&rft.pages=1-137&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0044-2836&rft.aulast=Nussbaumer&rft.aufirst=S.U.&rft.au=Zumbuhl%2C+H.J.&rft.au=Steiner%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphzh.ch%2FMAPortrait_Data%2F131444%2F8%2FNussbaumer_et_al_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChamWeather-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChamWeather_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.climate-data.org/location/66184/">"Climate: Chamonix-Mont-Blanc"</a>. <i>Climate-data.org</i>. AmbiWeb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511083356/https://en.climate-data.org/location/66184/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate-data.org&rft.atitle=Climate%3A+Chamonix-Mont-Blanc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.climate-data.org%2Flocation%2F66184%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynaud-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reynaud_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynaud,_Louis1993" class="citation journal cs1">Reynaud, Louis (1993). Williams, Richard S.; Ferrigno, Jane G. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386e/alps.pdf">"The French Alps"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World</i>. Professional Paper 1386. U.S.Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423002718/http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386e/alps.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Satellite+Image+Atlas+of+Glaciers+of+the+World&rft.atitle=The+French+Alps&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Reynaud%2C+Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fpp%2Fp1386e%2Falps.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">André Fournier, <i>Mer de Glace</i>, La Fontaine de Siloé, Montmélian, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8420-6256-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8420-6256-9">978-2-8420-6256-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen" class="citation web cs1">Green, Stewart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827160142/http://climbing.about.com/od/mountainclimbing/a/MontBlanc.htm">"Facts About Mont Blanc – Highest Mountain in Western Europe"</a>. <i>climbing.about.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climbing.about.com/od/mountainclimbing/a/MontBlanc.htm">the original</a> on 27 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climbing.about.com&rft.atitle=Facts+About+Mont+Blanc+%E2%80%93+Highest+Mountain+in+Western+Europe&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimbing.about.com%2Fod%2Fmountainclimbing%2Fa%2FMontBlanc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2019/07/23/news/monte_bianco_la_francia_invade_i_confini_italiani_si_rischia_il_caso_diplomatico-231842103/">"Monte Bianco, la Francia "invade" il confine italiano: si rischia il caso diplomatico"</a> [Mont Blanc, France "invades" the Italian border: diplomatic case at risk]. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a></i> (in Italian). 23 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130124726/https://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2019/07/23/news/monte_bianco_la_francia_invade_i_confini_italiani_si_rischia_il_caso_diplomatico-231842103/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>Un'ordinanza francese 'invade' il territorio del Monte Bianco che l'Italia considera come proprio e il caso rischia di riaprire il contenzioso, mai risolto, sui confini tra i due Paesi ed avere complessi sviluppi giudiziari.</q> [A French order 'invades' the Mont Blanc territory that Italy considers as its own and the case risks reopening the dispute, never resolved, of the borders between the two countries with complex judicial developments.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Monte+Bianco%2C+la+Francia+%22invade%22+il+confine+italiano%3A+si+rischia+il+caso+diplomatico&rft.date=2019-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorino.repubblica.it%2Fcronaca%2F2019%2F07%2F23%2Fnews%2Fmonte_bianco_la_francia_invade_i_confini_italiani_si_rischia_il_caso_diplomatico-231842103%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/10/21/news/monte_bianco_cresce_la_tensione_tra_italia_e_francia_macron_vuole_la_vetta-271373634/">"Monte Bianco, cresce la tensione tra Italia e Francia: Macron vuole la vetta"</a> [Mont Blanc, the tension between Italy and France is growing: Macron wants the summit]. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a></i> (in Italian). 21 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143918/https://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/10/21/news/monte_bianco_cresce_la_tensione_tra_italia_e_francia_macron_vuole_la_vetta-271373634/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>L'ultimo motivo di attrito: due leggi a favore della biodiversità violano la sovranità italiana sul proprio territorio. Di Maio protesta formalmente: "Forte disappunto"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q> [The last reason for friction: two laws in favor of biodiversity violate Italian sovereignty over its territory. Di Maio formally protests: "Strong disappointment"]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Monte+Bianco%2C+cresce+la+tensione+tra+Italia+e+Francia%3A+Macron+vuole+la+vetta&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorino.repubblica.it%2Fcronaca%2F2020%2F10%2F21%2Fnews%2Fmonte_bianco_cresce_la_tensione_tra_italia_e_francia_macron_vuole_la_vetta-271373634%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2020-006010-ASW_EN.html">"Parliamentary questions: Answer given by Ms Johansson on behalf of the European Commission"</a>. European Parliament. 3 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125183302/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2020-006010-ASW_EN.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Commission is aware of the ongoing dispute between Italy and France regarding their common border in the Mont Blanc area, particularly in the area of the Torino Hut, and would welcome a swift — and for both parties satisfactory — settlement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+questions%3A+Answer+given+by+Ms+Johansson+on+behalf+of+the+European+Commission&rft.pub=European+Parliament&rft.date=2021-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fdoceo%2Fdocument%2FE-9-2020-006010-ASW_EN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swisstopo-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swisstopo_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swisstopo_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s.geo.admin.ch/894dc622d1">"Swiss National Map: Courmayeur (1:50,000)"</a>. <i>map.geo.admin.ch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124011644/https://map.geo.admin.ch/?topic=ech&bgLayer=ch.swisstopo.pixelkarte-farbe&layers=ch.swisstopo.zeitreihen,ch.bfs.gebaeude_wohnungs_register,ch.bafu.wrz-wildruhezonen_portal,ch.swisstopo.swisstlm3d-wanderwege,ch.bav.haltestellen-oev&layers_visibility=false,false,false,true,true&layers_timestamp=20181231,,,,&layers_opacity=1,1,1,0.65,0.7&lang=en&E=2554626.15&N=1076553.19&zoom=7">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=map.geo.admin.ch&rft.atitle=Swiss+National+Map%3A+Courmayeur+%281%3A50%2C000%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs.geo.admin.ch%2F894dc622d1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~31537~1150016:A-new-map-of-the-dominions-of-the-K">"A new map of the dominions of the King of Sardinia. (with) Isle and kingdom of Sardinia. (with) Mont Blanc in Faucigni and the subjacent Alps and glaciers. From the original published at Turin with royal approbation, and dedicated to his Sardinian Majesty. By Francis de Caroly; translated with improvements and additions. London, Published by Laurie & Whittle, 53, Fleet Street, 12th May 1799. Engrav'd by B. Baker, Islington. – David Rumsey Historical Map Collection"</a>. <i>www.davidrumsey.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101140505/https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~31537~1150016:A-new-map-of-the-dominions-of-the-K">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.davidrumsey.com&rft.atitle=A+new+map+of+the+dominions+of+the+King+of+Sardinia.+%28with%29+Isle+and+kingdom+of+Sardinia.+%28with%29+Mont+Blanc+in+Faucigni+and+the+subjacent+Alps+and+glaciers.+From+the+original+published+at+Turin+with+royal+approbation%2C+and+dedicated+to+his+Sardinian+Majesty.+By+Francis+de+Caroly%3B+translated+with+improvements+and+additions.+London%2C+Published+by+Laurie+%26+Whittle%2C+53%2C+Fleet+Street%2C+12th+May+1799.+Engrav%27d+by+B.+Baker%2C+Islington.+%E2%80%93+David+Rumsey+Historical+Map+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidrumsey.com%2Fluna%2Fservlet%2Fdetail%2FRUMSEY~8~1~31537~1150016%3AA-new-map-of-the-dominions-of-the-K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_mQlHAdHhs">"Conférence : Le différend frontalier Franco-Italien au sommet du mont Blanc"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706130403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_mQlHAdHhs">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conf%C3%A9rence+%3A+Le+diff%C3%A9rend+frontalier+Franco-Italien+au+sommet+du+mont+Blanc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dp_mQlHAdHhs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-questions.assemblee-nationale.fr-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-questions.assemblee-nationale.fr_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-questions.assemblee-nationale.fr_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://questions.assemblee-nationale.fr/q13/13-76121QE.htm">"FICHE QUESTION"</a>. <i>questions.assemblee-nationale.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171102204702/http://questions.assemblee-nationale.fr/q13/13-76121QE.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=questions.assemblee-nationale.fr&rft.atitle=FICHE+QUESTION&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquestions.assemblee-nationale.fr%2Fq13%2F13-76121QE.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colombo-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colombo_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colombo_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColombo" class="citation web cs1">Colombo, Claudio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801070918/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2005/dicembre/27/disfida_del_Monte_Bianco_co_9_051227086.shtml">"La disfida del Monte Bianco"</a>. <i>corriere.it</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2005/dicembre/27/disfida_del_Monte_Bianco_co_9_051227086.shtml">the original</a> on 1 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=corriere.it&rft.atitle=La+disfida+del+Monte+Bianco&rft.aulast=Colombo&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiviostorico.corriere.it%2F2005%2Fdicembre%2F27%2Fdisfida_del_Monte_Bianco_co_9_051227086.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120012425/http://www.cai.it/uploads/media/LO_SCARPONE_NOVEMBRE_2011.pdf">"Ridateci il "nostro" Monte Bianco!"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lo Scarpone</i> (in Italian). Club Alpino Italiano: 6. November 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1590-7716">1590-7716</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cai.it/uploads/media/LO_SCARPONE_NOVEMBRE_2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lo+Scarpone&rft.atitle=Ridateci+il+%22nostro%22+Monte+Bianco%21&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2011-11&rft.issn=1590-7716&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cai.it%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2FLO_SCARPONE_NOVEMBRE_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/ita/scontro-italia-francia-sul-monte-bianco/45276766">"Scontro Italia-Francia sul Monte Bianco"</a> [Italy-France clash on Mont Blanc]. <i><a href="/wiki/Swissinfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Swissinfo">Swissinfo</a></i> (in Italian). 4 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143916/https://www.swissinfo.ch/ita/scontro-italia-francia-sul-monte-bianco/45276766">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>La cartografia ufficiale italiana, in uso alle Forze Nato e riconosciuta a livello internazionale, si basa sulla Convenzione del 1861...</q> [The official Italian cartography, in use by the NATO forces and internationally recognized, is based on the 1861 Convention...]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swissinfo&rft.atitle=Scontro+Italia-Francia+sul+Monte+Bianco&rft.date=2019-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Fita%2Fscontro-italia-francia-sul-monte-bianco%2F45276766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The map is based on measurements taken in 1856 before the convention of 7 March 1861 and is identical to the map attached to the Treaty of Turin. See <a href="/wiki/Institut_g%C3%A9ographique_national_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut géographique national (France)">IGN</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janssen-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Janssen_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lesia.obspm.fr/perso/jean-marie-malherbe/Montagne/Obs_MtBlanc/Janssen.htm">Janssen et l'observatoire du sommet du mont Blanc (1893–1909)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415073446/http://www.lesia.obspm.fr/perso/jean-marie-malherbe/Montagne/Obs_MtBlanc/Janssen.htm">Archived</a> 15 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, JM. Malherbe, Observatoire de Paris, section de Meudon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montblanc.to/uk/glacier/texte4.html">The glacier des Bossons : plane crashes:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090620064252/http://www.montblanc.to/uk/glacier/texte4.html">Archived</a> 20 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/24/newsid_4056000/4056551.stm">"1966: 117 die in Air India tragedy"</a>. 23 October 1966. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023230827/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/24/newsid_4056000/4056551.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span> – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1966%3A+117+die+in+Air+India+tragedy&rft.date=1966-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjanuary%2F24%2Fnewsid_4056000%2F4056551.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-19645550">"Diplomatic bag contents revealed"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 19 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921000406/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-19645550">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Diplomatic+bag+contents+revealed&rft.date=2012-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-19645550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104022749/http://www.atmb.com/atmb/en/tunnel/26/the-mont-blanc-tunnel/the-history-of-the-tunnel.html">"Timeline of the Mont Blanc Tunnel"</a>. <i>atmb.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ukclimbing.com&rft.atitle=The+Ice+and+the+Canary%3A+A+Story+of+Alpine+Climbing+in+a+Changing+Climate&rft.date=2015-09-25&rft.aulast=Gaventa&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukclimbing.com%2Farticles%2Fpage.php%3Fid%3D7709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledauphine.com/haute-savoie/2016/07/07/mont-blanc-une-grande-crevasse-barre-la-voie-royale-du-toit-des-alpes">"<i>Mont Blanc : une grande crevasse barre la voie royale du toit des Alpes!</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226232950/https://www.ledauphine.com/haute-savoie/2016/07/07/mont-blanc-une-grande-crevasse-barre-la-voie-royale-du-toit-des-alpes">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mont+Blanc+%3A+une+grande+crevasse+barre+la+voie+royale+du+toit+des+Alpes%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledauphine.com%2Fhaute-savoie%2F2016%2F07%2F07%2Fmont-blanc-une-grande-crevasse-barre-la-voie-royale-du-toit-des-alpes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tripadvisor.nl/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g187261-d195616-i216960869-Mont_Blanc-Chamonix_Haute_Savoie_Auvergne_Rhone_Alpes.html">"<i>Passage de la crevasse sur l'arête des Bosses </i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190113182321/https://www.tripadvisor.nl/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g187261-d195616-i216960869-Mont_Blanc-Chamonix_Haute_Savoie_Auvergne_Rhone_Alpes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Passage+de+la+crevasse+sur+l%27ar%C3%AAte+des+Bosses+&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripadvisor.nl%2FLocationPhotoDirectLink-g187261-d195616-i216960869-Mont_Blanc-Chamonix_Haute_Savoie_Auvergne_Rhone_Alpes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721025052/http://www.flight-system.com/HGiraud01.htm">"Henri GIRAUD"</a>. <i>www.flight-system.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flight-system.com/HGiraud01.htm">the original</a> on 21 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.flight-system.com&rft.atitle=Henri+GIRAUD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flight-system.com%2FHGiraud01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/08/AR2007060802937.html">Danish Artist Drapes Mont Blanc in Red</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922211628/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/08/AR2007060802937.html">Archived</a> 22 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, 8 June 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaccuzzi.ch/index_e.html">"Jaccuzzi on mont-blanc summit"</a>. <i>www.jaccuzzi.ch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407055109/http://www.jaccuzzi.ch/index_e.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jaccuzzi.ch&rft.atitle=Jaccuzzi+on+mont-blanc+summit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaccuzzi.ch%2Findex_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.xcmag.com/2012/08/50-pilots-topland-mont-blanc-as-chamonix-sees-record-day/">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120922211304/http://www.xcmag.com/2012/08/50-pilots-topland-mont-blanc-as-chamonix-sees-record-day/">Archived</a> 22 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, '50' pilots topland Mont Blanc as Chamonix sees record day, XC Mag, 19 August 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climbing.com/news/extraordinary-speed-record-on-mont-blanc/">"Extraordinary Speed Record on Mont Blanc"</a>. <i>climbing.com</i>. 21 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171029020134/https://www.climbing.com/news/extraordinary-speed-record-on-mont-blanc/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climbing.com&rft.atitle=Extraordinary+Speed+Record+on+Mont+Blanc&rft.date=2013-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climbing.com%2Fnews%2Fextraordinary-speed-record-on-mont-blanc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFchamonix.net" class="citation web cs1">chamonix.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chamonix.net/english/mountaineering/mont-blanc-speed-records">"Mont-Blanc Speed Record: Ascent and Descent on Foot"</a>. <i>www.chamonix.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024152933/https://www.chamonix.net/english/mountaineering/mont-blanc-speed-records">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chamonix.net&rft.atitle=Mont-Blanc+Speed+Record%3A+Ascent+and+Descent+on+Foot&rft.au=chamonix.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chamonix.net%2Fenglish%2Fmountaineering%2Fmont-blanc-speed-records&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alpinrunning1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alpinrunning1_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810122046/http://alpinrunning.org/summitsrecords">"Summit Records"</a>. Alpinrunning. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alpinrunning.org/summitsrecords">the original</a> on 10 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summit+Records&rft.pub=Alpinrunning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falpinrunning.org%2Fsummitsrecords&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukclimbing.com/news/2023/06/hillary_gerardi_breaks_womens_mont_blanc_fkt-73373">"NEWS: Hillary Gerardi breaks Women's Mont Blanc FKT"</a>. <i>www.ukclimbing.com</i>. 19 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ukclimbing.com&rft.atitle=NEWS%3A+Hillary+Gerardi+breaks+Women%27s+Mont+Blanc+FKT&rft.date=2023-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukclimbing.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F06%2Fhillary_gerardi_breaks_womens_mont_blanc_fkt-73373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ind-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ind_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLizzie_Dearden2014" class="citation news cs1">Lizzie Dearden (28 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151028205921/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/american-climber-whose-children-almost-died-in-mont-blanc-avalanche-says-he-has-no-regrets-amid-9633772.html">"American climber whose children almost died in Mont Blanc avalanche says he has 'no regrets' amid criticism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/american-climber-whose-children-almost-died-in-mont-blanc-avalanche-says-he-has-no-regrets-amid-9633772.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=American+climber+whose+children+almost+died+in+Mont+Blanc+avalanche+says+he+has+%27no+regrets%27+amid+criticism&rft.date=2014-07-28&rft.au=Lizzie+Dearden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Famerican-climber-whose-children-almost-died-in-mont-blanc-avalanche-says-he-has-no-regrets-amid-9633772.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-figaro-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-figaro_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstance_Jamet2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Constance Jamet (28 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728150816/http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2014/07/28/01016-20140728ARTFIG00093-la-presence-d-enfants-alpinistes-sur-le-mont-blanc-scandalise.php">"La présence d'enfants alpinistes sur le Mont-Blanc scandalise"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2014/07/28/01016-20140728ARTFIG00093-la-presence-d-enfants-alpinistes-sur-le-mont-blanc-scandalise.php">the original</a> on 28 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.atitle=La+pr%C3%A9sence+d%27enfants+alpinistes+sur+le+Mont-Blanc+scandalise&rft.date=2014-07-28&rft.au=Constance+Jamet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Factualite-france%2F2014%2F07%2F28%2F01016-20140728ARTFIG00093-la-presence-d-enfants-alpinistes-sur-le-mont-blanc-scandalise.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Willsher2014" class="citation web cs1">Kim Willsher (13 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140820165616/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/13/climbers-bodies-found-mont-blanc-france">"Bodies of five climbers found on Mont Blanc after six go missing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/13/climbers-bodies-found-mont-blanc-france">the original</a> on 20 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bodies+of+five+climbers+found+on+Mont+Blanc+after+six+go+missing&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft.au=Kim+Willsher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Faug%2F13%2Fclimbers-bodies-found-mont-blanc-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelly_Assénat2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nelly Assénat (10 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/faits-divers-justice/ils-tentent-de-gravir-le-mont-blanc-avec-leurs-jumeaux-de-9-ans-1502371456">"Ils tentent de gravir le Mont-Blanc avec leurs jumeaux de 9 ans"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/France_Bleu" title="France Bleu">France Bleu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041146/https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/faits-divers-justice/ils-tentent-de-gravir-le-mont-blanc-avec-leurs-jumeaux-de-9-ans-1502371456">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ils+tentent+de+gravir+le+Mont-Blanc+avec+leurs+jumeaux+de+9+ans&rft.pub=France+Bleu&rft.date=2017-08-10&rft.au=Nelly+Ass%C3%A9nat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francebleu.fr%2Finfos%2Ffaits-divers-justice%2Fils-tentent-de-gravir-le-mont-blanc-avec-leurs-jumeaux-de-9-ans-1502371456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1431/">"Massif du Mont Blanc"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061102231021/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1431/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massif+du+Mont+Blanc&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F1431%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2001/10/02/pour-l-inscription-du-massif-a-l-unesco_4191592_1819218.html">"<i>Pour l'inscription du massif à l'Unesco</i>"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i>. 2 October 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227234423/https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2001/10/02/pour-l-inscription-du-massif-a-l-unesco_4191592_1819218.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Pour+l%27inscription+du+massif+%C3%A0+l%27Unesco&rft.date=2001-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F2001%2F10%2F02%2Fpour-l-inscription-du-massif-a-l-unesco_4191592_1819218.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirch2018" class="citation news cs1">Birch, Simon (24 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/aug/24/climate-change-is-melting-the-french-alps-say-mountaineers">"Climate change is melting the French Alps, say mountaineers"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209201244/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/aug/24/climate-change-is-melting-the-french-alps-say-mountaineers">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Climate+change+is+melting+the+French+Alps%2C+say+mountaineers&rft.date=2018-08-24&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Birch&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2018%2Faug%2F24%2Fclimate-change-is-melting-the-french-alps-say-mountaineers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009164929/http://pro-mont-blanc.org/fr_art_aff.php?id_article=21">"proMONT-BLANC >> (Le versant noir du Mont-Blanc)"</a>. 9 October 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=proMONT-BLANC+%3E%3E+%28Le+versant+noir+du+Mont-Blanc%29&rft.date=2007-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpro-mont-blanc.org%2Ffr_art_aff.php%3Fid_article%3D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208143034/http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_2429287.html">"Europe's highest toilet"</a>. Ananova. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_2429287.html">the original</a> on 8 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+highest+toilet&rft.pub=Ananova&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ananova.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2Fsm_2429287.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/science/article3776375.ece">"Warming threatens safety on Mont Blanc"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London. 28 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529022221/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/science/article3776375.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Warming+threatens+safety+on+Mont+Blanc&rft.date=2013-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fscience%2Farticle3776375.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc" class="extiw" title="commons:Mont Blanc"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Mont Blanc</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mont_Blanc" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mont Blanc">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Topographic map of Mont Blanc: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/carte?c=6.8651732621637045,45.83374526755415&z=15&l0=GEOGRAPHICALGRIDSYSTEMS.MAPS::GEOPORTAIL:OGC:WMTS(1)&permalink=yes">French IGN map</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s.geo.admin.ch/894ea21281">Swiss National Map (showing disputed areas)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4000er.de/gipfel.php?vid=83">Mont Blanc</a> at 4000er.de (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115173033/http://www.travelzenith.com/2014/04/mont-blanc-mountains/">Places to visit around Mont Blanc</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alpsmagic.com/mont-blanc-guide">In-depth guide to Mont Blanc</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chamonet.com/webcam/chamonix/21">Mont-Blanc summit webcam</a>: Close up of the summit of the Mont Blanc and its glaciers at 4811m.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcam-montblanc.com/">Mont-Blanc panoramic webcam</a>: See several points of view of the Mont-Blanc range and zoom on the top.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122101/http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=184">"Mont Blanc"</a>. <i>Peakware.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=184">the original</a> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peakware.com&rft.atitle=Mont+Blanc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakware.com%2Fpeaks.html%3Fpk%3D184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/mtblanc/">Descent into the Ice</a> Companion website to the PBS NOVA program which follows a glaciologist and a climber into the glacier caves of Mont Blanc</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetware.com/map/chamonix-mont-blanc-map-f-cham.htm">Chamonix-Mont-Blanc Map </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11252700">The scientific observatories on Mont Blanc.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/07/why-is-mont-blanc-one-of-the-worlds-deadliest-mountains/260143/">Why Is Mont Blanc One of the World's Deadliest Mountains?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peakclimber.com/map/summit/2746/mont-blanc">Mont Blanc on Peakclimber</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolidge1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._A._B._Coolidge" title="W. A. B. Coolidge">Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Blanc, Mont"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Blanc,_Mont">"Blanc, Mont" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 39–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blanc%2C+Mont&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=39-40&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=William+Augustus+Brevoort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMont+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">Settlements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argenti%C3%A8re" title="Argentière">Argentière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champex" title="Champex">Champex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courmayeur" title="Courmayeur">Courmayeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Fouly" title="La Fouly">La Fouly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Houches" title="Les Houches">Les Houches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montroc" title="Montroc">Montroc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Praz" title="Les Praz">Les Praz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gervais-les-Bains" title="Saint-Gervais-les-Bains">Saint-Gervais-les-Bains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trient,_Switzerland" title="Trient, Switzerland">Trient</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiguille_du_Dru_in_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The west and south-west faces of the Aiguille du Dru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aiguille_du_Dru_in_2006.jpg/90px-Aiguille_du_Dru_in_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aiguille_du_Dru_in_2006.jpg/135px-Aiguille_du_Dru_in_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aiguille_du_Dru_in_2006.jpg/180px-Aiguille_du_Dru_in_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="1572" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GrandesJorasses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="North face of the Grandes Jorasses and the Leschaux Glacier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GrandesJorasses.jpg/90px-GrandesJorasses.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GrandesJorasses.jpg/135px-GrandesJorasses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GrandesJorasses.jpg/180px-GrandesJorasses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mbcourmayeur0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mont Blanc de Courmayeur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mbcourmayeur0001.jpg/90px-Mbcourmayeur0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mbcourmayeur0001.jpg/135px-Mbcourmayeur0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mbcourmayeur0001.jpg/180px-Mbcourmayeur0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="502" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_d%27Argenti%C3%A8re" title="Aiguille d'Argentière">Aiguille d'Argentière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_de_Bionnassay" title="Aiguille de Bionnassay">Aiguille de Bionnassay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_de_Blaiti%C3%A8re" title="Aiguille de Blaitière">Aiguille de Blaitière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_Blanche_de_Peuterey" title="Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey">Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_du_Chardonnet" title="Aiguille du Chardonnet">Aiguille du Chardonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguilles_du_Diable" title="Aiguilles du Diable">Aiguilles du Diable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguilles_Dor%C3%A9es" title="Aiguilles Dorées">Aiguilles Dorées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_du_Dru" title="Aiguille du Dru">Aiguille du Dru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_des_Glaciers" title="Aiguille des Glaciers">Aiguille des Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_du_Go%C3%BBter" title="Aiguille du Goûter">Aiguille du Goûter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_des_Grands_Charmoz" title="Aiguille des Grands Charmoz">Aiguille des Grands Charmoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_des_Grands_Montets" title="Aiguille des Grands Montets">Aiguille des Grands Montets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_du_Gr%C3%A9pon" title="Aiguille du Grépon">Aiguille du Grépon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_du_Jardin" title="Aiguille du Jardin">Aiguille du Jardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_du_Midi" title="Aiguille du Midi">Aiguille du Midi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_de_l%27A_Neuve" title="Aiguille de l'A Neuve">Aiguille de l'A Neuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_Noire_de_Peuterey" title="Aiguille Noire de Peuterey">Aiguille Noire de Peuterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_du_Pissoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiguille du Pissoir">Aiguille du Pissoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_du_Plan" title="Aiguille du Plan">Aiguille du Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_de_Rochefort" title="Aiguille de Rochefort">Aiguille de Rochefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_du_Tour" title="Aiguille du Tour">Aiguille du Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_de_Tr%C3%A9_la_T%C3%AAte" title="Aiguille de Tré la Tête">Aiguille de Tré la Tête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_de_Triolet" title="Aiguille de Triolet">Aiguille de Triolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_Verte" title="Aiguille Verte">Aiguille Verte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Breya" title="La Breya">La Breya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Catogne" title="Le Catogne">Le Catogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Ch%C3%A2telet_(Mont_Blanc)" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Châtelet (Mont Blanc)">Le Châtelet (Mont Blanc)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dent_du_G%C3%A9ant" title="Dent du Géant">Dent du Géant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B4me_du_Go%C3%BBter" title="Dôme du Goûter">Dôme du Goûter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B4me_de_Rochefort" title="Dôme de Rochefort">Dôme de Rochefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Droites" title="Les Droites">Les Droites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9pi" title="Le Génépi">Le Génépi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Capucin" title="Grand Capucin">Grand Capucin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Darray" title="Grand Darray">Grand Darray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Pilier_d%27Angle" title="Grand Pilier d'Angle">Grand Pilier d'Angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Lui" title="Grande Lui">Grande Lui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Pointe_des_Planereuses" title="Grande Pointe des Planereuses">Grande Pointe des Planereuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Rocheuse" title="Grande Rocheuse">Grande Rocheuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandes_Jorasses" title="Grandes Jorasses">Grandes Jorasses</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mont Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_de_Courmayeur" title="Mont Blanc de Courmayeur">Mont Blanc de Courmayeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_du_Tacul" title="Mont Blanc du Tacul">Mont Blanc du Tacul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Brouillard" title="Mont Brouillard">Mont Brouillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Dolent" title="Mont Dolent">Mont Dolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Mallet" title="Mont Mallet">Mont Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Maudit" title="Mont Maudit">Mont Maudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pic_Eccles" title="Pic Eccles">Pic Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picco_Luigi_Amedeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Picco Luigi Amedeo">Picco Luigi Amedeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_Allobrogia" title="Pointe Allobrogia">Pointe Allobrogia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_Helbronner" title="Pointe Helbronner">Pointe Helbronner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_d%27Orny" title="Pointe d'Orny">Pointe d'Orny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_des_Plines" title="Pointe des Plines">Pointe des Plines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_Ronde" title="Pointe Ronde">Pointe Ronde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointe Walker">Pointe Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Portalet" title="Le Portalet">Le Portalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punta_Baretti" title="Punta Baretti">Punta Baretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tita_Neire" title="Tita Neire">Tita Neire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_Noir" title="Tour Noir">Tour Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_Ronde" title="Tour Ronde">Tour Ronde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">Cols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Col_Ferret" title="Col Ferret">Col Ferret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Col_Ferret" title="Petit Col Ferret">Petit Col Ferret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col_des_Montets" title="Col des Montets">Col des Montets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glaciers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argenti%C3%A8re_Glacier" title="Argentière Glacier">Argentière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bossons_Glacier" title="Bossons Glacier">Bossons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mer_de_Glace" title="Mer de Glace">Mer de Glace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miage_Glacier" title="Miage Glacier">Miage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleina_Glacier" title="Saleina Glacier">Saleina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%AAte_Rousse_Glacier" title="Tête Rousse Glacier">Tête Rousse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trient_Glacier" title="Trient Glacier">Trient</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_hut" title="Mountain hut">Refuges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Premier_Hut" title="Albert Premier Hut">Albert Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Neuve_Hut" title="A Neuve Hut">A Neuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argenti%C3%A8re_Hut" title="Argentière Hut">Argentière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charpoua_Hut" title="Charpoua Hut">Charpoua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmiques_Hut" title="Cosmiques Hut">Cosmiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couvercle_Hut" title="Couvercle Hut">Couvercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durier_Hut" title="Durier Hut">Durier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifugio_Elisabetta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifugio Elisabetta">Elisabetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonella_Hut" title="Gonella Hut">Francesco Gonella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grands_Mulets_Hut" title="Grands Mulets Hut">Grands Mulets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leschaux_Hut" title="Leschaux Hut">Leschaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_Mont-Blanc" title="Refuge Mont-Blanc">Mont-Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_du_Plan_de_l%27Aiguille" title="Refuge du Plan de l'Aiguille">Plan de l'Aiguille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintino_Sella_Hut_(Mont_Blanc)" title="Quintino Sella Hut (Mont Blanc)">Quintino Sella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%AAte_Rousse_Hut" title="Tête Rousse Hut">Tête Rousse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torino_Hut" title="Torino Hut">Torino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_de_Tr%C3%A9_la_T%C3%AAte" title="Refuge de Tré la Tête">Tré la Tête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trient_Hut" title="Trient Hut">Trient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleina_Hut" title="Saleina Hut">Saleina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallot_Hut" title="Vallot Hut">Vallot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">Mountaineers</a><br /><a href="/wiki/First_ascent" title="First ascent">(first or major ascents)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Allain" title="Pierre Allain">Allain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Almer" title="Christian Almer">Almer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Anderegg" title="Jakob Anderegg">Anderegg (J.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Anderegg" title="Melchior Anderegg">Anderegg (M.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Balmat" title="Jacques Balmat">Balmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Blanchard" title="Barry Blanchard">Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Blodig" title="Karl Blodig">Blodig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Boivin" title="Jean-Marc Boivin">Boivin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bonatti" title="Walter Bonatti">Bonatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Bonington" title="Chris Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulou_Boulaz" title="Loulou Boulaz">Boulaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lily_Bristow" title="Lily Bristow">Bristow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Brown_(climber)" title="Joe Brown (climber)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Burgener" title="Alexander Burgener">Burgener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Cassin" title="Riccardo Cassin">Cassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Charlet" title="Armand Charlet">Charlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Clough" title="Ian Clough">Clough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Cordier_(mountaineer)" title="Henri Cordier (mountaineer)">Cordier (H.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cordier_(alpinist)" title="Patrick Cordier (alpinist)">Cordier (P.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Couzy" title="Jean Couzy">Couzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Croz" title="Michel Croz">Croz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Thomas_Dent" title="Clinton Thomas Dent">Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Desmaison" title="René Desmaison">Desmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Destivelle" title="Catherine Destivelle">Destivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz_(mountaineer)" title="Jan Długosz (mountaineer)">Długosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Eccles" title="James Eccles">Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Eckenstein" title="Oscar Eckenstein">Eckenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gabarrou" title="Patrick Gabarrou">Gabarrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivano_Ghirardini" title="Ivano Ghirardini">Ghirardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_Brown" title="Thomas Graham Brown">Graham Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G%C3%BCssfeldt" title="Paul Güssfeldt">Güssfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harlin" title="John Harlin">Harlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Heckmair" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreas Heckmair">Heckmair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Hemming" title="Gary Hemming">Hemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hudson_(climber)" title="Charles Hudson (climber)">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shirley_Kennedy" title="Edward Shirley Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_King,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Henry King, 1st Baronet">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Klucker" title="Christian Klucker">Klucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriz_von_Kuffner" title="Moriz von Kuffner">Kuffner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Kukuczka" title="Jerzy Kukuczka">Kukuczka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Kurtyka" title="Wojciech Kurtyka">Kurtyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Lachenal" title="Louis Lachenal">Lachenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Lafaille" title="Jean-Christophe Lafaille">Lafaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Lambert" title="Raymond Lambert">Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_MacIntyre" title="Alex MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mallory" title="George Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oakley_Maund" title="John Oakley Maund">Maund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mazeaud" title="Pierre Mazeaud">Mazeaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Middlemore" title="Thomas Middlemore">Middlemore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Warburton_Moore" title="Adolphus Warburton Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_F._Mummery" title="Albert F. Mummery">Mummery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel-Gabriel_Paccard" title="Michel-Gabriel Paccard">Paccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Paradis" title="Marie Paradis">Paradis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Patey" title="Tom Patey">Patey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Ratti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_R%C3%A9buffat" title="Gaston Rébuffat">Rébuffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Rey" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Rey">Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Robbins" title="Royal Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Roch" title="André Roch">Roch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Rouse" title="Alan Rouse">Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace-B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace-Bénédict de Saussure">de Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Smythe" title="Frank Smythe">Smythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Terray" title="Lionel Terray">Terray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twight" title="Mark Twight">Twight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vallen%C3%A7ant" title="Patrick Vallençant">Vallençant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Walker" title="Horace Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Whillans" title="Don Whillans">Whillans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Whymper" title="Edward Whymper">Whymper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Winthrop_Young" title="Geoffrey Winthrop Young">Winthrop Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arve" title="Arve">Arve (river)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_fer_du_Montenvers" title="Chemin de fer du Montenvers">Chemin de fer du Montenvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardino_Botanico_Alpino_Saussurea" class="mw-redirect" title="Giardino Botanico Alpino Saussurea">Giardino Botanico Alpino Saussurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_Route" title="Haute Route">Haute Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_du_Mont_Blanc" title="Marathon du Mont Blanc">Marathon du Mont Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_glacier_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Blanc glacier flood">Mont Blanc glacier flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_tramway" title="Mont Blanc tramway">Mont Blanc tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_Tunnel" title="Mont Blanc Tunnel">Mont Blanc Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gervais%E2%80%93Vallorcine_railway" title="Saint-Gervais–Vallorcine railway">Saint-Gervais–Vallorcine railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyway_Monte_Bianco" title="Skyway Monte Bianco">Skyway Monte Bianco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Mont_Blanc" title="Top of the Mont Blanc">Top of the Mont Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_du_Mont_Blanc" title="Tour du Mont Blanc">Tour du Mont Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Val d'Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Ferret" title="Val Ferret">Val Ferret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Veny" title="Val Veny">Val Veny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_Blanche_Aerial_Tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallée Blanche Aerial Tramway">Vallée Blanche Aerial Tramway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ultra-prominent_peaks_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ultras_of_Europe" title="Template:Ultras of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ultras_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Ultras of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ultras_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ultras of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ultra-prominent_peaks_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_ultra-prominent_peaks" title="List of European ultra-prominent peaks">Ultra-prominent peaks of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scandinavia & Arctic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galdh%C3%B8piggen" title="Galdhøpiggen">Galdhøpiggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebnekaise" title="Kebnekaise">Kebnekaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiehkkev%C3%A1rri" title="Jiehkkevárri">Jiehkkevárri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%B8hetta" title="Snøhetta">Snøhetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_Lenangstind" title="Store Lenangstind">Store Lenangstind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarektj%C3%A5kk%C3%A5" title="Sarektjåkkå">Sarektjåkkå</a> — <b>On islands</b>: <a href="/wiki/Beerenberg" title="Beerenberg">Beerenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvannadalshn%C3%BAkur" class="mw-redirect" title="Hvannadalshnúkur">Hvannadalshnúkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtontoppen" title="Newtontoppen">Newtontoppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kruzenshtern" title="Mount Kruzenshtern">Mount Kruzenshtern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Spain</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mulhac%C3%A9n" title="Mulhacén">Mulhacén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneto" title="Aneto">Aneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_de_Cerredo" class="mw-redirect" title="Torre de Cerredo">Torre de Cerredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_Almanzor" title="Pico Almanzor">Almanzor</a> — <b>Massif Central</b>: <a href="/wiki/Puy_de_Sancy" title="Puy de Sancy">Puy de Sancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atlantic islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Canaries</b>: <a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Teide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_de_los_Muchachos" title="Roque de los Muchachos">Roque de los Muchachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_de_las_Nieves" title="Pico de las Nieves">Pico de las Nieves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_de_Malpaso" title="Pico de Malpaso">Malpaso</a> — <b>Azores</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pico" title="Mount Pico">Pico</a></li> <li><b>Madeira</b>: <a href="/wiki/Pico_Ruivo" title="Pico Ruivo">Ruivo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alps <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Alpine_peaks_by_prominence" title="List of Alpine peaks by prominence">List</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mont Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossglockner" title="Grossglockner">Grossglockner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsteraarhorn" title="Finsteraarhorn">Finsteraarhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildspitze" title="Wildspitze">Wildspitze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piz_Bernina" title="Piz Bernina">Bernina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochk%C3%B6nig" title="Hochkönig">Hochkönig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufourspitze" title="Dufourspitze">Dufourspitze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoher_Dachstein" title="Hoher Dachstein">Hoher Dachstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmolada" title="Marmolada">Marmolada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Viso" title="Monte Viso">Viso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triglav" title="Triglav">Triglav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barre_des_%C3%89crins" title="Barre des Écrins">Barre des Écrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4ntis" title="Säntis">Säntis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortler" title="Ortler">Ortler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Baldo" title="Monte Baldo">Baldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Paradiso" title="Gran Paradiso">Gran Paradiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzo_Coca" title="Pizzo Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cima_Dodici" title="Cima Dodici">Cima Dodici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dents_du_Midi" title="Dents du Midi">Dents du Midi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamechaude" title="Chamechaude">Chamechaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zugspitze" title="Zugspitze">Zugspitze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelao" title="Antelao">Antelao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcalod" title="Arcalod">Arcalod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grintovec" title="Grintovec">Grintovec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Priel" title="Großer Priel">Großer Priel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigna" title="Grigna">Grigna Settentrionale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Bondone" title="Monte Bondone">Bondone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presanella" title="Presanella">Presanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birnhorn" title="Birnhorn">Birnhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col_Nudo" title="Col Nudo">Col Nudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_Perc%C3%A9e" title="Pointe Percée">Pointe Percée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B4f_di_Montasio" title="Jôf di Montasio">Jôf di Montasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6lltaler_Polinik" title="Mölltaler Polinik">Polinik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6di" title="Tödi">Tödi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkkarspitze" title="Birkkarspitze">Birkkarspitze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellmauer_Halt" title="Ellmauer Halt">Ellmauer Halt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_T%C3%AAte_de_l%27Obiou" title="Grande Tête de l'Obiou">Grande Tête de l'Obiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochtor" title="Hochtor">Hochtor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimming" title="Grimming">Grimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Combin" title="Grand Combin">Grand Combin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Tournette" title="La Tournette">Tournette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirbitzkogel" title="Zirbitzkogel">Zirbitzkogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piz_Kesch" title="Piz Kesch">Kesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cima_Brenta" title="Cima Brenta">Cima Brenta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apennines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corno_Grande" title="Corno Grande">Corno Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiella" title="Maiella">Amaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollino" title="Pollino">Serra Dolcedorme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montalto_(Aspromonte)" title="Montalto (Aspromonte)">Montalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Cimone" title="Monte Cimone">Cimone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Carpathians</b>: <a href="/wiki/Gerlachovsk%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%ADt" title="Gerlachovský štít">Gerlachovský štít</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A2ngu_Mare" title="Parângu Mare">Parângu Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldoveanu_Peak" title="Moldoveanu Peak">Moldoveanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleaga" title="Peleaga">Peleaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodna_Mountains" title="Rodna Mountains">Pietrosul Rodnei</a> — <b>Crimea</b>: <a href="/wiki/Roman-Kosh" title="Roman-Kosh">Roman-Kosh</a> — <b>Urals</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Narodnaya" title="Mount Narodnaya">Narodnaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Balkans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musala" title="Musala">Musala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihren" title="Vihren">Vihren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygetus" title="Taygetus">Taygetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korab_(mountain)" title="Korab (mountain)">Korab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezerc%C3%AB" title="Jezercë">Jezercë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kyllini" title="Mount Kyllini">Kyllini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ossa_(Greece)" title="Mount Ossa (Greece)">Ossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maja_e_Papingut" title="Maja e Papingut">Papingu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaion_Hills" title="Pangaion Hills">Pangaion Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajmak%C4%8Dalan" title="Kajmakčalan">Kajmakčalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolikas" title="Smolikas">Smolikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Giona" title="Mount Giona">Giona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakupica" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakupica">Jakupica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maja_e_K%C3%ABndrevic%C3%ABs" class="mw-redirect" title="Maja e Këndrevicës">Këndrevica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomir_(mountain)" title="Radomir (mountain)">Radomir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Parnassus" title="Mount Parnassus">Parnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botev_Peak" title="Botev Peak">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maja_e_%C3%87ik%C3%ABs" class="mw-redirect" title="Maja e Çikës">Çika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valamara" title="Valamara">Valamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_(North_Macedonia)" title="Baba (North Macedonia)">Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_Mountains" title="Acarnanian Mountains">Psili Koryfi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mediterranean islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Corsica</b>: <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cinto" title="Monte Cinto">Cinto</a> — <b>Sardinia</b>: <a href="/wiki/Punta_La_Marmora" title="Punta La Marmora">Punta La Marmora</a> — <b>Sicily</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Etna</a> — <b>Crete</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)" title="Mount Ida (Crete)">Ida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefka_Ori" title="Lefka Ori">Lefka Ori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikti" title="Dikti">Dikti</a> — <b>Other Greek islands</b>:  <a href="/wiki/Dirfi" title="Dirfi">Dirfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ainos" title="Mount Ainos">Ainos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengari" title="Fengari">Fengari</a> — <b>Cyprus</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus_(Cyprus)" title="Mount Olympus (Cyprus)">Olympus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Elbrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bazard%C3%BCz%C3%BC" title="Mount Bazardüzü">Bazardüzü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kazbek" title="Mount Kazbek">Kazbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebulosmta" title="Tebulosmta">Tebulosmta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Aragats" title="Mount Aragats">Aragats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dykh-Tau" title="Dykh-Tau">Dykh-Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Dyultydag" title="Mount Dyultydag">Mount Dyultydag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kaputjugh" title="Mount Kaputjugh">Kaputjugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Addala-Shukhgelmeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Addala-Shukhgelmeer">Mount Addala-Shukhgelmeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shani" title="Mount Shani">Shani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_Summits" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seven_Summits" title="Template:Seven Summits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seven_Summits" title="Template talk:Seven Summits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seven_Summits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seven Summits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_Summits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Summits" title="Seven Summits">Seven Summits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a></b> (8,848 m or 29,029 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Aconcagua" title="Aconcagua">Aconcagua</a></b> (6,962 m or 22,841 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Denali" title="Denali">Denali</a></b> (6,198 m or 20,335 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a></b> (5,893 m or 19,334 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus#Watershed" title="Greater Caucasus">Conventional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a></b> (5,642 m or 18,510 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuma%E2%80%93Manych_Depression" title="Kuma–Manych Depression">Alternative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mont Blanc</a></b> (4,810 m or 15,781 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vinson_Massif" title="Vinson Massif">Vinson Massif</a></b> (4,892 m or 16,050 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Puncak_Jaya" title="Puncak Jaya">Puncak Jaya</a></b> (4,884 m or 16,024 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Oceania" title="United Nations geoscheme for Oceania">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilhelm" title="Mount Wilhelm">Mount Wilhelm</a></b> (4,509 m or 14,793 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kosciuszko" title="Mount Kosciuszko">Mount Kosciuszko</a></b> (2,228 m or 7,310 ft)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Highest_points_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Highest_points_of_Europe" title="Template:Highest points of 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title="Korab (mountain)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_Pedrosa" title="Coma Pedrosa">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Aragats" title="Mount Aragats">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossglockner" title="Grossglockner">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bazard%C3%BCz%C3%BC" title="Mount Bazardüzü">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzyarzhynskaya_Hara" title="Dzyarzhynskaya Hara">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_de_Botrange" title="Signal de Botrange">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magli%C4%87_(mountain)" title="Maglić (mountain)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musala" title="Musala">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinara" title="Dinara">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus_(Cyprus)" title="Mount Olympus (Cyprus)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C4%9B%C5%BEka" title="Sněžka">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B8rn_Fjeld" title="Gunnbjørn Fjeld">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suur_Munam%C3%A4gi" title="Suur Munamägi">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halti" title="Halti">Finland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkhara" title="Shkhara">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zugspitze" title="Zugspitze">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9kes" title="Kékes">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvannadalshn%C3%BAkur" class="mw-redirect" title="Hvannadalshnúkur">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrauntoohil" title="Carrauntoohil">Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Tengri" title="Khan Tengri">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaizi%C5%86kalns" title="Gaiziņkalns">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grauspitz" title="Grauspitz">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1tojas_Hill" title="Aukštojas Hill">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneiff" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Gerlachovsk%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%ADt" title="Gerlachovský štít">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triglav" title="Triglav">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebnekaise" title="Kebnekaise">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Mahya" title="Mount Mahya">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoverla" title="Hoverla">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snaefell" title="Snaefell">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Platons" title="Les Platons">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtontoppen" title="Newtontoppen">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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