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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Palermo Stone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermosteen" title="Palermosteen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Palermosteen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88" title="حجر باليرمو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حجر باليرمو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Палермскі камень – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палермскі камень" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BA" title="Палермски камък – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Палермски камък" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_de_Palerm" title="Pedra de Palerm – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pedra de Palerm" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermsk%C3%A1_deska" title="Palermská deska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Palermská deska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo-stenen" title="Palermo-stenen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Palermo-stenen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermostein" title="Palermostein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Palermostein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Στήλη του Παλέρμο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στήλη του Παλέρμο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedra_de_Palermo" title="Piedra de Palermo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piedra de Palermo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctono_de_Palermo" title="Ŝtono de Palermo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtono de Palermo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermoko_harria" title="Palermoko harria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Palermoko harria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88" title="سنگ پالرمو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگ پالرمو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Palerme" title="Pierre de Palerme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre de Palerme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%A0%88%EB%A5%B4%EB%AA%A8_%EC%84%9D" title="팔레르모 석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팔레르모 석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պալերմոյի արձանագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պալերմոյի արձանագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_iz_Palerma" title="Kamen iz Palerma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kamen iz Palerma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasasti_Palermo" title="Prasasti Palermo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Prasasti Palermo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietra_di_Palermo" title="Pietra di Palermo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pietra di Palermo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95" title="אבן פלרמו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבן פלרמו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Палермо ташы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Палермо ташы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo_akmuo" title="Palermo akmuo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Palermo akmuo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palerm%C3%B3i_k%C5%91" title="Palermói kő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Palermói kő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Камен од Палермо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Камен од Палермо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88" title="حجر باليرمو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حجر باليرمو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Palermo" title="Batu Palermo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Batu Palermo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steen_van_Palermo" title="Steen van Palermo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Steen van Palermo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A2%E7%9F%B3" title="パレルモ石 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パレルモ石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermosteinen" title="Palermosteinen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Palermosteinen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8ira_de_Pal%C3%A8rme" title="Pèira de Palèrme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pèira de Palèrme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo_toshi" title="Palermo toshi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Palermo toshi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamie%C5%84_z_Palermo" title="Kamień z Palermo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kamień z Palermo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_de_Palermo" title="Pedra de Palermo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pedra de Palermo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Палермский камень – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палермский камень" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පලෑර්මෝ ශිලාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පලෑර්මෝ ශිලාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo_Stone" title="Palermo Stone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Palermo Stone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermsk%C3%A1_doska" title="Palermská doska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Palermská doska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_iz_Palerma" title="Kamen iz Palerma – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kamen iz Palerma" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Камен из Палерма – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Камен из Палерма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_iz_Palerma" title="Kamen iz Palerma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kamen iz Palerma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermon_kivi" title="Palermon kivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palermon kivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermostenen" title="Palermostenen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Palermostenen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பலெர்மோ கல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பலெர்மோ கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1" title="ศิลาปาแลร์โม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิลาปาแลร์โม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo_Ta%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Palermo Taşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Palermo Taşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekh&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fragment of a stele known as the Royal Annals of the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Palermo_Fragment" title="Palermo Fragment">Palermo Fragment</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Palermo Stone</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:240911_CvZ-Palermo-stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/240911_CvZ-Palermo-stone.jpg/220px-240911_CvZ-Palermo-stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/240911_CvZ-Palermo-stone.jpg/330px-240911_CvZ-Palermo-stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/240911_CvZ-Palermo-stone.jpg/440px-240911_CvZ-Palermo-stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="3698" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Palermo Stone, the fragment of the Egyptian <i>Royal Annals</i> housed in Palermo, Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">43.5 cm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">25 cm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Created</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2338 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Discovered</th><td class="infobox-data">before 1859</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Present location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Palermo Stone</b> is one of seven surviving fragments of a <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> known as the Royal Annals of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>. The stele contained a list of the kings of Egypt from the <a href="/wiki/First_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="First dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a> (c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>3150–2890 BCE) through to the early part of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a> (c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>2392–2283 BCE) and noted significant events in each year of their reigns. It was probably made during the Fifth Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Dodson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Palermo Stone is held in the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Archeological_Museum_Antonio_Salinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Archeological Museum Antonio Salinas">Regional Archeological Museum Antonio Salinas</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, from which it derives its name.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Palermo Stone" is sometimes applied to all seven surviving fragments of the Royal Annals, including those held in museums in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. The fragments are also sometimes described collectively as the "Cairo Annals Stone",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the term "Cairo Stone" is also used to mean only those fragments of the Royal Annals now in Cairo. </p><p>The Palermo Stone and other fragments of the Royal Annals preserve what is probably the oldest historical text that has survived from Ancient Egypt and form a key source for Egyptian history in the Old Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Hsu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hsu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palermo_Stone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Royal Annals stele, of which the Palermo Stone formed part, may originally have been about 60 cm high and 2.1m wide. The fragments are composed of a compact hard black stone, probably a form of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>. </p><p>The Palermo Stone itself is an irregular shield-shaped fragment, 43.5 cm high, 25 cm wide and 6.5 cm thick (maximum dimensions). </p><p>The inscription on the "front" (recto) of the Palermo Stone consists of six horizontal bands or registers of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphic</a> text running right to left. The first register lists the names of predynastic kings of Lower Egypt (identified as such by the wearing of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Crown">Red Crown</a>). The second and subsequent registers contain portions of royal annals for pharaohs of the First to Fourth Dynasties, that is lists of the key events in each year of the reign of each king, arranged chronologically. The second register on the Palermo Stone begins with the final year entries for a king of the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a> whose name is not preserved, but who is generally assumed to be either <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Aha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the second register is taken up with the first nine annual entries for this king's successor, who is again not named on the fragment, but is assumed to be either Aha or his successor <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a>. The remainder of the inscription on this side continues with royal annals down to the kings of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty</a>. </p><p>The text continues on the "back" (verso) of the Palermo Stone, cataloguing events during the reigns of pharaohs down to <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a>, third ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the surviving fragments, it is unclear whether the Royal Annals originally continued beyond this point in time. Where a king is named, the name of his mother is also recorded, such as <a href="/wiki/Betrest" title="Betrest">Betrest</a> mother of the First Dynasty king <a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meresankh_I" title="Meresankh I">Meresankh I</a> mother of the Fourth Dynasty king <a href="/wiki/Seneferu" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneferu">Seneferu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Information recorded in the Royal Annals (as preserved on the Palermo Stone) includes measurements of the height of the <a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">annual Nile flood</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Nilometer" title="Nilometer">Nilometer</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Inundation" title="Season of the Inundation">inundation</a>, details of festivals (such as <a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festivals</a>), taxation, sculpture, buildings, and warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_history">Archaeological history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palermo_Stone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Archaeological history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Royal_Annals_of_Egypt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Royal_Annals_of_Egypt.png/220px-The_Royal_Annals_of_Egypt.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Royal_Annals_of_Egypt.png/330px-The_Royal_Annals_of_Egypt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Royal_Annals_of_Egypt.png/440px-The_Royal_Annals_of_Egypt.png 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>The Royal Annals of Egypt, showing a suggested reconstruction of the stele and the positions of the seven surviving fragments. <i>P</i> is the Palermo Stone, <i>nos. 1-5</i> are the Cairo fragments, and <i>L</i> is the London fragment</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PelermoStoneFragment-PetrieMuseum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/PelermoStoneFragment-PetrieMuseum.png/220px-PelermoStoneFragment-PetrieMuseum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/PelermoStoneFragment-PetrieMuseum.png/330px-PelermoStoneFragment-PetrieMuseum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/PelermoStoneFragment-PetrieMuseum.png 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>A fragment of the <i>Royal Annals</i>, on display at the <a href="/wiki/Petrie_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrie Museum">Petrie Museum</a>, London, which is inscribed with part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a> register</i> and at the bottom with a sign from the <i><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Sneferu</a> register</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The original location of the stele is unknown and none of the surviving fragments have a secure archeological provenance. One fragment now in Cairo is said to have been found at an archaeological site at <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, while three other fragments now in Cairo were said to have been found in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Egypt" title="Middle Egypt">Middle Egypt</a>. No find site for the Palermo Stone itself has been suggested. </p><p>The Palermo Stone was purchased by a Sicilian lawyer, Ferdinand Guidano, in 1859 and it has been in Palermo since 1866. On 19 October 1877, it was presented to the Palermo Archaeological Museum by the Guidano family, where it has remained since. </p><p>There are five fragments of the Royal Annals in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, four of which were acquired between 1895 and 1914. The fifth was purchased on the antiquities market in 1963. One small fragment is in the <a href="/wiki/Petrie_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrie Museum">Petrie Museum</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, forming part of the collection of the archeologist Sir <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a> (and purchased by him in 1914). </p><p>The importance of the Palermo Stone was not recognized until it was noticed by a visiting French archaeologist in 1895. The first full publication and translation was that done in 1902 by Heinrich Schäfer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uncertainties">Uncertainties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palermo_Stone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uncertainties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are uncertainties regarding the date of the Palermo Stone and of the Royal Annals it records. It is unknown whether the inscription was done all at once or whether it was added to over time. It is also unknown whether or not it dates from the latest period it describes (i.e. from no later than the Fifth Dynasty). It has been suggested<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2021)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that the stele was made much later, perhaps in the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty</a> (747–656 BCE). It seems clear from the content of the inscription that even if the Royal Annals, as preserved by the Palermo Stone and other fragments, were not carved during, or soon after, the period they describe, they are directly based on an <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> original.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (May 2017)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is also unknown whether all the surviving fragments are parts of the same stele or whether they come from separate copies. None of the smaller fragments held in Cairo have any clear provenance, and they might not all be genuine.<sup id="cite_ref-wilkinson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilkinson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various parts of the ancient text are in widely varying states of preservation, which makes the text difficult to decipher. If the text is a later copy, rather than a Fifth Dynasty original, errors and invention may have crept in during the copying process.<sup id="cite_ref-wilkinson_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilkinson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palermo_Stone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Palermo Stone and the other associated fragments of the Royal Annals are a vital source for the history of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> and, for example, preserve names of members of the royal families during the first five dynasties, which are not otherwise recorded. </p><p>The surviving Royal Annals fragments contains the names of the following pharaohs: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">1st dynasty</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> (1st dynasty).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a> (1st dynasty).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a> (1st dynasty).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">2nd dynasty</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a> (2nd dynasty).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">3rd dynasty</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Sneferu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">4th dynasty</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> (4th dynasty), builder of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> (4th dynasty), first pharaoh using the sun symbol in a royal cartouche.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a> (4th dynasty)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">5th dynasty</a>), founder of the 5th dynasty.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> (5th dynasty)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> (5th dynasty)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> Egyptian king lists, such as the <a href="/wiki/Turin_King_List" title="Turin King List">Turin Canon</a> (13th century BCE) and the <a href="/wiki/Abydos_king_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Abydos king list">Abydos king list</a> (reign of <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a>, 1294–1279 BCE), identify <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> (probably <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a>) (c. 3100 or 3000 BCE) as the first king of the First Dynasty and so credit him with unifying Egypt. However, the top register of the <i>Royal Annals</i> names some predynastic rulers of Upper and Lower Egypt, presumably referring to a time before Egypt was unified. Identification of these kings with historical persons remains controversial. </p><p>The ancient historian <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a> may have used information similar to the complete Royal Annals stele to construct his chronology of the early dynasties of Egypt, forming part of his <i><a href="/wiki/Aegyptiaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptiaca">Aegyptiaca</a></i> (History of Egypt), written during the third century BCE, although the surviving <a href="/wiki/King_list#Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="King list">king list</a> most closely related to his work (as preserved by later ancient and later writers) is the <a href="/wiki/Turin_King_List" title="Turin King List">Turin Canon</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Palermo stone also mentions 9 predynastic pharaohs from <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>. These may be mythical kings preserved through oral tradition, or may even be completely fictitious.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>…pu</li> <li>Hsekiu, alternatively Seka</li> <li>Khayu</li> <li>Tiu, also known as Teyew</li> <li>Thesh, also known as Tjesh and Tesh</li> <li>Neheb</li> <li>Wazner, also Wazenez, Wadjenedj and possibly Wenegbu</li> <li>Mekh</li> <li>…a</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palermo_Stone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saqqara_Tablet" title="Saqqara Tablet">Saqqara Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palermo_Stone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dodson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dodson_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodson, Aidan (2004) <i>The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt</i>, p.62. Thames & Hudson, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05128-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05128-3">0-500-05128-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchirò2021" class="citation web cs1">Schirò, Saverio (9 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palermoviva.it/the-palermo-stone-and-its-unsolved-mysteries/">"The Palermo Stone and its unsolved mysteries"</a>. <i>palermoviva.it</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=palermoviva.it&rft.atitle=The+Palermo+Stone+and+its+unsolved+mysteries&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft.aulast=Schir%C3%B2&rft.aufirst=Saverio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palermoviva.it%2Fthe-palermo-stone-and-its-unsolved-mysteries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalermo+Stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hsu-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hsu_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hsu, Hsu, Shih-Wei (2010) <i>The Palermo Stone: the Earliest Royal Inscription from Ancient Egypt</i>, Altoriental. Forsch., Akademie Verlag, 37 (2010) 1, 68–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd, Alan B. (1988), <i>Commentary on Herodotus</i> 99–132 p.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Neill, John P. <i>Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids</i>. p.349. Yale University Press. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87099-907-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87099-907-9">0-87099-907-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Ian (2003) <i>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</i>, p.5. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280458-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280458-8">0-19-280458-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (2000), <i>Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, p.23ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilkinson-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilkinson_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilkinson_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (1999). <i>Early Dynastic Egypt.</i> London: Routledge, p.64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Mara, P.F. (1979). <i>The Palermo Stone and the Archaic Kings of Egypt</i>. California: Paulette Pub. Co., p.113-131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tetley, C. (2014) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egyptchronology.com/vols-1--2.html"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egyptchronology.com/vols-1--2.html">The Reconstructed Chronology of the Egyptian Kings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075421/http://www.egyptchronology.com/vols-1--2.html">Archived</a> 2017-02-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><i>, Vol I & II, Whangarei, New Zealand. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-473-29338-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-473-29338-3">978-0-473-29338-3</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helck, <i>Untersuchungen zu Manetho und den ägyptischen Königslisten</i> 1956, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ägyptens 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Mara, <i>Was there an Old Kingdom historiography? Is it datable?</i> 1996, Orientalia 65: 197-208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (2000). <i>Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt.</i> p.85 New York: Columbia University Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7103-0667-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7103-0667-9">0-7103-0667-9</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palermo_Stone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Partial and dated English translation of the text in <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">J.H. Breasted</a>, (1906). <i>Ancient Records of Egypt</i>, vol. I, sections 76–167. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>St. John, Michael (1999). <i>The Palermo Stone: An Arithmetical View</i>. London: University Bookshop Publications.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9536-8650-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9536-8650-7">0-9536-8650-7</a></li> <li>Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (2000). <i>Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7103-0667-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7103-0667-9">0-7103-0667-9</a>.</li> <li>Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (1999). <i>Early Dynastic Egypt</i>. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-02438-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-02438-9">0-203-02438-9</a>.</li> <li>O'Mara, P.F. (1979). <i>The Palermo Stone and the Archaic Kings of Egypt</i>. Calif: Paulette Pub. Co, 113-131.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palermo_Stone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Palermo_stone" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Palermo stone">Palermo stone</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618010530/http://www.antiquityofman.com/palermo-stone.html">Extract of a lecture given by T.A.H. 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