CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Portraiture in ancient Egypt - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ad5db99d-4d76-4372-b110-1dc2cff8b972","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt","wgTitle":"Portraiture in ancient Egypt","wgCurRevisionId":1259837220,"wgRevisionId":1259837220,"wgArticleId":23662398,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2022","Portraits of ancient Egypt","Burial monuments and structures"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt","wgRelevantArticleId":23662398,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[], "wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7232371","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/1200px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1757"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/800px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1171"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/640px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="937"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Portraiture in ancient Egypt - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt rootpage-Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Portraiture+in+ancient+Egypt" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Portraiture+in+ancient+Egypt" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Portraiture+in+ancient+Egypt" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Portraiture+in+ancient+Egypt" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idealism,_naturalism_and_realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idealism,_naturalism_and_realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Idealism, naturalism and realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idealism,_naturalism_and_realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_framework_and_the_patron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_framework_and_the_patron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Artistic framework and the patron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_framework_and_the_patron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art-historical_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art-historical_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Art-historical interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-historical_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Portraiture in ancient Egypt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7232371#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&oldid=1259837220" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&id=1259837220&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPortraiture_in_ancient_Egypt"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPortraiture_in_ancient_Egypt"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7232371" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art in Egypt from 3400 BC to 300 AD</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/220px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/330px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/440px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="1877" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a> bust, from the 18th dynasty, New kingdom</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eyes_in_wooden_coffin-E_11647-p1010906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Eyes_in_wooden_coffin-E_11647-p1010906.jpg/220px-Eyes_in_wooden_coffin-E_11647-p1010906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Eyes_in_wooden_coffin-E_11647-p1010906.jpg/330px-Eyes_in_wooden_coffin-E_11647-p1010906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Eyes_in_wooden_coffin-E_11647-p1010906.jpg/440px-Eyes_in_wooden_coffin-E_11647-p1010906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian death mask from the 18th dynasty. <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhmim6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Akhmim6.jpg/220px-Akhmim6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Akhmim6.jpg/330px-Akhmim6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Akhmim6.jpg/440px-Akhmim6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>portrait of <a href="/wiki/Meritamun" class="mw-redirect" title="Meritamun">Meritamun</a>, 19th dynasty of Egypt</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Portraiture in ancient Egypt</b> forms a conceptual attempt to portray "the subject from its own perspective rather than the viewpoint of the artist ... to communicate essential information about the object itself".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian art">Ancient Egyptian art</a> was a religious tool used "to maintain perfect order in the universe" and to substitute for the real thing or person through its representation.<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._189_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._189-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artistic conservatism during the 3000 years of the Dynastic age was a direct result of the ideal of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27at" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'at">Ma'at</a>. Modification and innovation would have moved art away from the initial state of perfection that was present at the time of the creation of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._189_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._189-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deceased "had to advertise for his or her adherence to ... Ma'at" and therefore, chose the most perfect way to represent him/herself and excluded his/her imperfect qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-Spanel,_p.5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanel,_p.5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this civilisation, "a statue of a person was believed to be a permanent abode for the spirit of that individual and guaranteed his or her eternal life after death".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such idealized representation of the deceased made him "eternally beautiful" and attested to his sinless life.<sup id="cite_ref-Spanel,_p.5_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanel,_p.5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to "convey the spectrum (and totality) of the deceased's personality" rather than merely the physical image, there was a "reluctance to show individual features ... because it conflicted with the representation of the perfect person".<sup id="cite_ref-Spanel,_p._10_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanel,_p._10-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When discussing portraiture in ancient Egypt it is important to differentiate between the modern concept of <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portraiture</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> counterpart. In <a href="/wiki/Western_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art">Western art</a>, portraiture captures the exact physical resemblance of a person as well as his/her inner qualities. Ancient Egyptian art had religious roots and functions, and therefore, the result is quite different. To assess ancient Egyptian art and portraiture, it must be examined on its own terms and within its specific cultural context. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Couple_Princier_(Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire)_(3910846784).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Couple_Princier_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%283910846784%29.jpg/220px-Couple_Princier_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%283910846784%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Couple_Princier_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%283910846784%29.jpg/330px-Couple_Princier_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%283910846784%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Couple_Princier_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%283910846784%29.jpg/440px-Couple_Princier_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%283910846784%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rahotep" title="Prince Rahotep">Prince Rahotep</a> son of king <a href="/wiki/Snefru" title="Snefru">Snefru</a> and brother of king <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a>, and his wife</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raherka_and_Merseankh-E_15592-IMG_9758-gradient.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Raherka_and_Merseankh-E_15592-IMG_9758-gradient.jpg/220px-Raherka_and_Merseankh-E_15592-IMG_9758-gradient.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Raherka_and_Merseankh-E_15592-IMG_9758-gradient.jpg/330px-Raherka_and_Merseankh-E_15592-IMG_9758-gradient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Raherka_and_Merseankh-E_15592-IMG_9758-gradient.jpg/440px-Raherka_and_Merseankh-E_15592-IMG_9758-gradient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Raherka_and_Meresankh" title="Raherka and Meresankh">Raherka and Meresankh</a>. Raherka is depicted with realistic looking musculature.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mummy_mask_of_Gemni-em-hat_(%C3%86IN_1625).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mummy_mask_of_Gemni-em-hat_%28%C3%86IN_1625%29.jpeg/220px-Mummy_mask_of_Gemni-em-hat_%28%C3%86IN_1625%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mummy_mask_of_Gemni-em-hat_%28%C3%86IN_1625%29.jpeg/330px-Mummy_mask_of_Gemni-em-hat_%28%C3%86IN_1625%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mummy_mask_of_Gemni-em-hat_%28%C3%86IN_1625%29.jpeg/440px-Mummy_mask_of_Gemni-em-hat_%28%C3%86IN_1625%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="2570" /></a><figcaption>Gemiem-hat an official in early Middle Kingdom</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_115.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_115.jpg/220px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_115.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_115.jpg/330px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_115.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_115.jpg/440px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_115.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="3169" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herishefhotep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herishefhotep (page does not exist)">Herishefhotep</a> an official in early Middle kingdom of ancient Egypt</figcaption></figure> <p>Idealism apparent in ancient Egyptian art in general and specifically in portraiture was employed by choice, not as a result of lack of proficiency or talent. This is evident in the detailed and realistic depiction of birds and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._206_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._206-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This choice was made for religious, political, magical, ethical and social reasons. What can be defined as a portrait outside of the western tradition? It is difficult to understand the ancient Egyptians' concept of portraiture, and therefore in approaching portraiture from ancient Egypt one must try to ignore the modern concept of what a portrait should be. "The Egyptians sought something very different in their representations of the human, and we should not judge them by our own standards".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After understanding why "portraits" were made in ancient Egypt, one can debate whether they are real portraits especially when they are examined "through ancient eyes".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seneb_and_wife_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Seneb_and_wife_statue.jpg/220px-Seneb_and_wife_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Seneb_and_wife_statue.jpg/330px-Seneb_and_wife_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Seneb_and_wife_statue.jpg/440px-Seneb_and_wife_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Portraits of the dwarf <a href="/wiki/Seneb" title="Seneb">Seneb</a> and his wife, 4th Dynasty. Seneb's <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarfism</a> is portrayed realistically, but his wife and children are depicted as archetypes.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are three concepts one must bear in mind when looking at ancient Egyptian portraiture: "the person represented may have chosen the particular form, and for him or her, it was real"; "Egyptian may have seen his individuality expressed in terms of conformity to Ma'at"; and "the sense of identity in ancient Egypt was different from ours".<sup id="cite_ref-Spanel,_p._21_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanel,_p._21-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A statue was believed to convey a person's true identity merely by bearing an inscription of its owner's name upon it. The identity of a person fully inhabited it regardless whether there was any physical or facial resemblance. Other factors contributing to the further clarification of the person's identity could include a certain facial expression, a physical action or pose, or presence of certain official <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a> (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Scribe#Ancient_Egypt" title="Scribe">scribal</a> <a href="/wiki/Scribe_equipment_(hieroglyph)" title="Scribe equipment (hieroglyph)">palette</a>). As to the king's identity, it was determined through his various royal epithets as well as his different manifestations as a human, deity or animal, and as a sphinx.<sup id="cite_ref-Spanel,_p._10_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanel,_p._10-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes certain physical features reoccur in statues and reliefs of the same person, but that doesn't mean that they are portraits but rather a manifestation is a single quality or aspect.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preservation of the deceased body through <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummification</a> affected tomb sculpture as artistic objects were created to help further preserve the body for the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>. Such objects are apotropaic amulets that "ensured the eternal existence of the deceased's soul" and "naturalistically sculpted heads of the deceased – <a href="/wiki/Reserve_head" title="Reserve head">reserve heads</a> – (that functioned as) substitutes in case the skull was damaged".<sup id="cite_ref-Spanel,_p._19_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanel,_p._19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such funerary context, the deceased's statue was not just an abode for his personality, but also became the focal point of the cult's offerings; in other words, "the image became the reality".<sup id="cite_ref-Spanel,_p.5_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanel,_p.5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the deceased wished to be remembered as an upright and blameless individual, the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_soul#Ka_.28life_force.29" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian soul">ka</a> statues tend to be idealized.<sup id="cite_ref-Spanel,_p._19_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanel,_p._19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masques_plastrons_%C3%A0_dosseret_-_200-299_(%C3%A9poque_romaine)_-_Touna_el-Gebel.-_Louvre_-_De_gauche_%C3%A0_droite_-_E_12170_-_E_12167_-_E_12177.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Masques_plastrons_%C3%A0_dosseret_-_200-299_%28%C3%A9poque_romaine%29_-_Touna_el-Gebel.-_Louvre_-_De_gauche_%C3%A0_droite_-_E_12170_-_E_12167_-_E_12177.jpg/220px-Masques_plastrons_%C3%A0_dosseret_-_200-299_%28%C3%A9poque_romaine%29_-_Touna_el-Gebel.-_Louvre_-_De_gauche_%C3%A0_droite_-_E_12170_-_E_12167_-_E_12177.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Masques_plastrons_%C3%A0_dosseret_-_200-299_%28%C3%A9poque_romaine%29_-_Touna_el-Gebel.-_Louvre_-_De_gauche_%C3%A0_droite_-_E_12170_-_E_12167_-_E_12177.jpg/330px-Masques_plastrons_%C3%A0_dosseret_-_200-299_%28%C3%A9poque_romaine%29_-_Touna_el-Gebel.-_Louvre_-_De_gauche_%C3%A0_droite_-_E_12170_-_E_12167_-_E_12177.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Masques_plastrons_%C3%A0_dosseret_-_200-299_%28%C3%A9poque_romaine%29_-_Touna_el-Gebel.-_Louvre_-_De_gauche_%C3%A0_droite_-_E_12170_-_E_12167_-_E_12177.jpg/440px-Masques_plastrons_%C3%A0_dosseret_-_200-299_%28%C3%A9poque_romaine%29_-_Touna_el-Gebel.-_Louvre_-_De_gauche_%C3%A0_droite_-_E_12170_-_E_12167_-_E_12177.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian funerary masks</figcaption></figure> <p>Many royal ideal representations are a "type of countenance ... including iconographic and stylistic details (to convey the king's) <a href="/wiki/Physiognomical" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiognomical">physiognomical</a> characteristics (as well as) physical particularities with a great deal of traditional idealization".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, they are idealized well studied forms of the ruling kind, and sometimes, hard to be discarded with his death. Therefore, the deceased king's idealized form may prevail during the beginning of his successor's reign till the artists found a new conventionalized form to represent the new king. Also, such borrowing of older forms of representations was also used during the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Kushite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt">Saite periods</a> as efforts for a renaissance of the arts. However, it was sometimes an exact copy of older reliefs to the point of even copying the exact names and titles of the older relief as is the case with the relief of "<a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> as <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a> trampling fallen enemies" and a <a href="/wiki/Fifth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth dynasty of Egypt">5th Dynasty</a> relief in the Sun Temple in <a href="/wiki/Abusir" title="Abusir">Abu Sir</a>. </p><p>The concept of portraiture is still debated upon with regards to Egyptian art, but also, its modern definition. The debate arises because of the expression of the inner qualities – that have no concrete manifestation – in contrast to the physical resemblance that is more emphasized for the easy identification of the subject. In other words, portraiture is very subjective as it is not a mere photographic shot of the person. Nevertheless, throughout history, the inner life was found to be more important because it is the main characteristic of an individual and continuous attempts are made to further express such a fleeting concept visually. As a result, likeness between the image and the model could be a more exact expression of such concept as the main idea is to convey a huge spectrum of different types of the model's qualities rather than mechanically reproduce the external features.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Idealism,_naturalism_and_realism"><span id="Idealism.2C_naturalism_and_realism"></span>Idealism, naturalism and realism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Idealism, naturalism and realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religious and funerary influence on ancient Egyptian art is great as is made it <a href="/wiki/Utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian">utilitarian</a> rather than aesthetic mainly "commissioned for the tomb or the temple destined to be seen by only a few persons".<sup id="cite_ref-Spanel,_p._29_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanel,_p._29-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, idealizing work is propagandistic to represent "the perfect human figure, the culmination of all that the Egyptians held to be good" as religion and fear of death and the afterlife were ruling forces over the Egyptians' minds and idealism is a means for them to achieve the desired happy ending as "it compromises a tangible affirmation of the individual's adherence to Ma'at and virtue as proclaimed in tomb biographies and chapter 125 of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Spanel,_p._29_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanel,_p._29-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, to achieve the expression of the "virtuous" person, the artist's perception and techniques of portrayal underwent "the process of selection, deletion and arrangement".<sup id="cite_ref-Spanel,_p.5_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanel,_p.5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaster_mask_Hildesheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Plaster_mask_Hildesheim.jpg/220px-Plaster_mask_Hildesheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Plaster_mask_Hildesheim.jpg/330px-Plaster_mask_Hildesheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Plaster_mask_Hildesheim.jpg/440px-Plaster_mask_Hildesheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2486" /></a><figcaption>Plaster <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> is often used as a means to indicate status. Old age is a sign of wisdom and hard work as in <a href="/wiki/Senwosret_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Senwosret III">Senwosret III</a>'s case as well as wealth expressed through corpulence of the body. Nevertheless, old men are rarely depicted, but such work is found almost in every period especially in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle</a> Kingdoms while it can reach photographic realism in the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt">Saite</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a great difference between kings and queens depictions, and the non-royal. As the king and queen are both royal as well as religious institutions by themselves, they can only be rendered as perfect as possible. Hence, idealism is used and with the progress of time, introducing normal tendencies were introduced. This is not necessarily the case with normal folk or even high status officials: they can be realistically and individually rendered such is the case with the bust of <a href="/wiki/Ankhhaf" title="Ankhhaf">Ankhhaf</a> of the fourth dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter is a special and unique case since the prevailing inclinations to emulate the royal way of portrayal especially of very high status officials as is the case with Ankhhaf. There is a general observation that the lower the social status the less idealistic and conventional rendering of the person.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, such works are still debated whether they are true portraits or idealized and conventionalized.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PaintedPlasterCartonnageMaskOfAWoman-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PaintedPlasterCartonnageMaskOfAWoman-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg/220px-PaintedPlasterCartonnageMaskOfAWoman-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PaintedPlasterCartonnageMaskOfAWoman-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg/330px-PaintedPlasterCartonnageMaskOfAWoman-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PaintedPlasterCartonnageMaskOfAWoman-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg/440px-PaintedPlasterCartonnageMaskOfAWoman-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2940" /></a><figcaption>Painted plaster <a href="/wiki/Cartonnage" title="Cartonnage">cartonnage</a> mask from the Roman Period, circa 100–120 AD. EA 29476</figcaption></figure> <p>As to women, few naturalistic works of women prior to Late Period and Ptolemaic Period existed and "the great majority of female representations are idealized".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainly, noble and high status women were highly idealized to express their eternal youth, beauty and fertility. This is not the case for non-elite women. The latter exhibit more variety of postures, costumes, activity and age as seen in scenes of working women, market places, and mothers and off springs. Such scenes have women with protruding bellies, sagging breasts, deep naso-labial folds ...etc. resulting into sometimes ugly, inelegant effect. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(visual_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalism (visual art)">Naturalism</a> in art, the accurate depiction of the visual appearance of things, is not necessarily portraiture. It is sometimes distinguished (although the usage of both terms is highly variable) from <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a>, "which is the rendering of the qualities, (inner and outer), of a particular person"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, both avoid the abstractive nature of idealism. This does not mean that naturalism and idealism cannot coexist because they do especially in royal portraiture that conventionalizes and idealizes some of the king's chosen features. Naturalistic tendencies were mildly introduced during the Old and Middle Kingdoms in non- royal artworks and some royal (12th Dynasty: note <a href="/wiki/Senwosret_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Senwosret III">Senwosret III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a>'s), then again, during the Amarna period as seen in the awkward depiction of Akhenaton's features and body as well as in some of Nefertiti's. Also, note the resemblance between the profiles (especially the noses) of both Thutmose III and Set I's statues or reliefs and their mummies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the greatest efforts for naturalism and sometimes an almost brutal verism in royal statuary started with the <a href="/wiki/Kushite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushite">Kushite</a> kings of the 25th Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such naturalistic tendencies were direct influences from Middle Kingdom statuary. Hence, the renaissance that mainly characterizes the 26th Dynasty (Saite Period) started with the Nubian Kings. Since they are Nubians with different physical and facial features, their statues and reliefs were trying to express such differences. Even with their naturalistic tendencies and the recurrence of the same king's features in almost all of his statuaries (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a>), we cannot prove they are realistic work, but at the same time, we cannot prove they are not.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_framework_and_the_patron">Artistic framework and the patron</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Artistic framework and the patron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_III.jpg/100px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_III.jpg/150px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_III.jpg/200px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Amenemhat III from the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Collection_of_the_Hermitage_Museum" title="Egyptian Collection of the Hermitage Museum">Egyptian Collection of the Hermitage Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Egyptian artists and artisans worked within a strict framework dictated by ethical, religious, social and magical considerations. They were not free to express their personal likes and dislikes even they were not free to produce what they actually saw. Rather, they expressed the patron's wishes. The statue or relief had to conform "to highly developed set of ethical principles and it was the artist's task to represent the model as a loyal adherent", but still considering the naturalizing tendencies evolving with time, it is possible to say that "something of both the physical and appearance and the personality of the individual was made manifest".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a>'s sculptures are frequently difficult to distinguish from Senwosret III's; meanwhile, the facial features of both were popular among private sculptures.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both observations further consolidate the idea of the artist as a propagandist for certain dictated ideologies or personal agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a> was frequently depicted as a male king. That was an imposed request from her for political reasons to legitimize her rule as a woman (that is considered a sign of decay and chaos) and to emphasize her adherence to Ma'at by ascertaining her male identity. Her divine conception scene is purely propagandistic. Also during the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Period" title="Amarna Period">Amarna Period</a>, the change in style might be a result of a change in theology and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._206_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._206-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaton" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhenaton">Akhenaton</a>'s depiction is "the most extreme variation from the standard canon... showing the king with an elongated neck, drooping jaw, and fleshly feminine body".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is so to serve the king's new theological program that referred to him as "the agent of creation" and in order to emphasize his "role of androgynous creator god (both male and female at the same time), hence the feminine features of the king".<sup id="cite_ref-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._206_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._206-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the change in religion, there was no fear to change the standards of art that was once considered as deviation from perfection. Clearly, in both Hatshepsut and Akhenaton's cases, the artists were forced to portray what they are told not what they saw and that further increases the confusion over the degree of likeness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art-historical_interpretation">Art-historical interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Art-historical interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The context of the displayed statue or relief must be put into consideration when studying a piece of art. Was it in the innermost sanctuary of the tomb and meant to be seen only by the gods; or was it monumental, on the first <a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">pylon</a> of the temple, and meant to be seen by the public? Context dictates the purpose of the statue or relief, and therefore the patron would have asked for different representations of himself in each situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Spanel,_p._21_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanel,_p._21-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the intended audience for the piece has great effect on the type of representation required for the piece. If the judges of the afterlife are the intended audience, then the patron would want himself idealized as much as possible in order to adhere to Ma'at and to be capable of inhabiting a perfect and youthful body eternally. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmosenefertari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Ahmosenefertari.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Ahmose-Nefertari" title="Ahmose-Nefertari">Ahmose-Nefertari</a>, Great Royal Wife of Pharao Amosis I (c.1550 A.C.)</figcaption></figure> <p>However, if the audience were meant to be the masses, then the patron's political agenda would dictate the nature of the representation: the king would want himself portrayed in as powerful and as godlike a way as possible. Also, some private individuals who had the means to commission pieces occasionally ordered highly naturalistic "portraits". Some of them preferred to have themselves portrayed as old and corpulent to show their wisdom and wealth. Who was the audience for such naturalistic pieces? Perhaps the public, perhaps the gods, but certainly the patrons of such works did not believe that they needed to be idealized like a king. </p><p>The state of preservation and condition greatly affect how we interpret and evaluate the work at hand. This because "limestone sculptures were occasionally covered with a thin plaster coat, which received additional modeling. The finishing (layer) will obviously obscure or enhance the details of the core sculpture".<sup id="cite_ref-Spanel,_p._21_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanel,_p._21-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the naturalistic statues are found with their plaster coat, while the less preserved the coat is, the more idealized the work appears. </p><p>Additionally, the condition of the sculptures (whether they were found full-figure or fragmentary) is also a major factor. A person's identity could be determined by a certain action or pose, so if the body is missing, that means vital information about the individual's personality is missing also. "The missing bodies would have had their own indications of personality or stylistic peculiarities".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Portraits from predynastic king Narmer 3400 BCE to 300 AD, Old Kingdom, Middle kingdom, New kingdom, Late Period, and Greco-Roman period: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-overlay"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 290px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 288px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Master_of_animals_on_the_Gebel_el_Arak_knife.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Predynastic 5000 Bce"><img alt="Predynastic 5000 Bce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Master_of_animals_on_the_Gebel_el_Arak_knife.jpg/432px-Master_of_animals_on_the_Gebel_el_Arak_knife.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Master_of_animals_on_the_Gebel_el_Arak_knife.jpg/647px-Master_of_animals_on_the_Gebel_el_Arak_knife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Master_of_animals_on_the_Gebel_el_Arak_knife.jpg/863px-Master_of_animals_on_the_Gebel_el_Arak_knife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 268px"><div class="gallerytext">Predynastic 5000 Bce </div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hierakonpolis_ivory_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hierakonpolis_ivory_head.jpg/294px-Hierakonpolis_ivory_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hierakonpolis_ivory_head.jpg/442px-Hierakonpolis_ivory_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hierakonpolis_ivory_head.jpg/589px-Hierakonpolis_ivory_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Couple_Princier_(Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire)_(3910846784).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Kingdom Prince Rahotep 2600 BCE"><img alt="Old Kingdom Prince Rahotep 2600 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Couple_Princier_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%283910846784%29.jpg/225px-Couple_Princier_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%283910846784%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Couple_Princier_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%283910846784%29.jpg/337px-Couple_Princier_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%283910846784%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Couple_Princier_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%283910846784%29.jpg/450px-Couple_Princier_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Caire%29_%283910846784%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 130px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rahotep" title="Prince Rahotep">Prince Rahotep</a> 2600 BCE </div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raherka_and_Merseankh-E_15592-IMG_9758-gradient.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Raherka and Meresankh. Raherka is depicted with realistic looking musculature"><img alt="Statue of Raherka and Meresankh. Raherka is depicted with realistic looking musculature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Raherka_and_Merseankh-E_15592-IMG_9758-gradient.jpg/300px-Raherka_and_Merseankh-E_15592-IMG_9758-gradient.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Raherka_and_Merseankh-E_15592-IMG_9758-gradient.jpg/450px-Raherka_and_Merseankh-E_15592-IMG_9758-gradient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Raherka_and_Merseankh-E_15592-IMG_9758-gradient.jpg/600px-Raherka_and_Merseankh-E_15592-IMG_9758-gradient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 180px"><div class="gallerytext">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Raherka_and_Meresankh" title="Raherka and Meresankh">Raherka and Meresankh</a>. Raherka is depicted with realistic looking musculature</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba-Vogel_Hildesheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ba-Vogel_Hildesheim.jpg/248px-Ba-Vogel_Hildesheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ba-Vogel_Hildesheim.jpg/371px-Ba-Vogel_Hildesheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ba-Vogel_Hildesheim.jpg/495px-Ba-Vogel_Hildesheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1473" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nefu_and_his_wife,_official_at_5th_dynasty,_Giza,_Old_Kingdom,_ancient_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nefu_and_his_wife%2C_official_at_5th_dynasty%2C_Giza%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_ancient_Egypt.jpg/338px-Nefu_and_his_wife%2C_official_at_5th_dynasty%2C_Giza%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_ancient_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nefu_and_his_wife%2C_official_at_5th_dynasty%2C_Giza%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_ancient_Egypt.jpg/506px-Nefu_and_his_wife%2C_official_at_5th_dynasty%2C_Giza%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_ancient_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Nefu_and_his_wife%2C_official_at_5th_dynasty%2C_Giza%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_ancient_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="471" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metjetji_statue,_Saqqara,_Old_Kingdom,_probably_late_5th_Dynasty,_c._2375-2345_BCE_-_Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08112.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Metjetji_statue%2C_Saqqara%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_probably_late_5th_Dynasty%2C_c._2375-2345_BCE_-_Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08112.JPG/225px-Metjetji_statue%2C_Saqqara%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_probably_late_5th_Dynasty%2C_c._2375-2345_BCE_-_Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08112.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Metjetji_statue%2C_Saqqara%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_probably_late_5th_Dynasty%2C_c._2375-2345_BCE_-_Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08112.JPG/337px-Metjetji_statue%2C_Saqqara%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_probably_late_5th_Dynasty%2C_c._2375-2345_BCE_-_Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08112.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Metjetji_statue%2C_Saqqara%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_probably_late_5th_Dynasty%2C_c._2375-2345_BCE_-_Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08112.JPG/450px-Metjetji_statue%2C_Saqqara%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_probably_late_5th_Dynasty%2C_c._2375-2345_BCE_-_Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08112.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_115.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_115.jpg/200px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_115.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_115.jpg/300px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_115.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_115.jpg/400px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_115.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="3169" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mummy_mask_of_Gemni-em-hat_(%C3%86IN_1625).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gemiem-hat, Middle Kingdom"><img alt="Gemiem-hat, Middle Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mummy_mask_of_Gemni-em-hat_%28%C3%86IN_1625%29.jpeg/254px-Mummy_mask_of_Gemni-em-hat_%28%C3%86IN_1625%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mummy_mask_of_Gemni-em-hat_%28%C3%86IN_1625%29.jpeg/382px-Mummy_mask_of_Gemni-em-hat_%28%C3%86IN_1625%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mummy_mask_of_Gemni-em-hat_%28%C3%86IN_1625%29.jpeg/509px-Mummy_mask_of_Gemni-em-hat_%28%C3%86IN_1625%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="2570" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 150px"><div class="gallerytext">Gemiem-hat, Middle Kingdom</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Djedefre_sphinx_head-E_12626-IMG_4294-gradient.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Djedefre_sphinx_head-E_12626-IMG_4294-gradient.jpg/300px-Djedefre_sphinx_head-E_12626-IMG_4294-gradient.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Djedefre_sphinx_head-E_12626-IMG_4294-gradient.jpg/450px-Djedefre_sphinx_head-E_12626-IMG_4294-gradient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Djedefre_sphinx_head-E_12626-IMG_4294-gradient.jpg/600px-Djedefre_sphinx_head-E_12626-IMG_4294-gradient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Mummy_Mask_of_a_High_Official_-_Walters_784.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Egyptian_-_Mummy_Mask_of_a_High_Official_-_Walters_784.jpg/231px-Egyptian_-_Mummy_Mask_of_a_High_Official_-_Walters_784.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Egyptian_-_Mummy_Mask_of_a_High_Official_-_Walters_784.jpg/347px-Egyptian_-_Mummy_Mask_of_a_High_Official_-_Walters_784.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Egyptian_-_Mummy_Mask_of_a_High_Official_-_Walters_784.jpg/462px-Egyptian_-_Mummy_Mask_of_a_High_Official_-_Walters_784.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1387" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 276.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 274.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Nebhepetre_Mentuhotep_II_and_the_Goddess_Hathor_MET_DP322048.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Relief_of_Nebhepetre_Mentuhotep_II_and_the_Goddess_Hathor_MET_DP322048.jpg/412px-Relief_of_Nebhepetre_Mentuhotep_II_and_the_Goddess_Hathor_MET_DP322048.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Relief_of_Nebhepetre_Mentuhotep_II_and_the_Goddess_Hathor_MET_DP322048.jpg/619px-Relief_of_Nebhepetre_Mentuhotep_II_and_the_Goddess_Hathor_MET_DP322048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Relief_of_Nebhepetre_Mentuhotep_II_and_the_Goddess_Hathor_MET_DP322048.jpg/825px-Relief_of_Nebhepetre_Mentuhotep_II_and_the_Goddess_Hathor_MET_DP322048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2911" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nefertiti bust, from the 18th dynasty, New kingdom"><img alt="Nefertiti bust, from the 18th dynasty, New kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/205px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/307px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/410px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="1877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 117px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a> bust, from the 18th dynasty, New kingdom</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhmim6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Meritamun, 19th dynasty"><img alt="Portrait of Meritamun, 19th dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Akhmim6.jpg/400px-Akhmim6.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Akhmim6.jpg/600px-Akhmim6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Akhmim6.jpg/800px-Akhmim6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 247px"><div class="gallerytext">Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Meritamun" class="mw-redirect" title="Meritamun">Meritamun</a>, 19th dynasty</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 313.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 311.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffin_of_Sennedjem_NMEC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sennedjem funerary mask 19th dynasty, Thebes, Egypt"><img alt="Sennedjem funerary mask 19th dynasty, Thebes, Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Coffin_of_Sennedjem_NMEC.jpg/467px-Coffin_of_Sennedjem_NMEC.jpg" decoding="async" width="312" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Coffin_of_Sennedjem_NMEC.jpg/700px-Coffin_of_Sennedjem_NMEC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Coffin_of_Sennedjem_NMEC.jpg/934px-Coffin_of_Sennedjem_NMEC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3482" data-file-height="2238" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 292px"><div class="gallerytext">Sennedjem funerary mask 19th dynasty, Thebes, Egypt</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Egypt_early_Roman_period_Mummy_portraits_from_Faiyum_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greco-Roman Period Mummy portraits"><img alt="Greco-Roman Period Mummy portraits" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ancient_Egypt_early_Roman_period_Mummy_portraits_from_Faiyum_Egypt.jpg/313px-Ancient_Egypt_early_Roman_period_Mummy_portraits_from_Faiyum_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ancient_Egypt_early_Roman_period_Mummy_portraits_from_Faiyum_Egypt.jpg/470px-Ancient_Egypt_early_Roman_period_Mummy_portraits_from_Faiyum_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ancient_Egypt_early_Roman_period_Mummy_portraits_from_Faiyum_Egypt.jpg/626px-Ancient_Egypt_early_Roman_period_Mummy_portraits_from_Faiyum_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 189px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Roman_Period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greco-Roman Period (page does not exist)">Greco-Roman Period</a> Mummy portraits </div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fayum-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Fayum-09.jpg/234px-Fayum-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Fayum-09.jpg/351px-Fayum-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Fayum-09.jpg/467px-Fayum-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="847" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_man_in_a_blue_cloak_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_man_in_a_blue_cloak_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/253px-A_man_in_a_blue_cloak_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_man_in_a_blue_cloak_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/379px-A_man_in_a_blue_cloak_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_man_in_a_blue_cloak_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/505px-A_man_in_a_blue_cloak_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3389" data-file-height="4024" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Funerary_Portrait_of_a_Young_Girl,_about_25-37_AD,_Roman_Empire,_late_Tiberian,_encaustic_on_wood_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08657.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Funerary_Portrait_of_a_Young_Girl%2C_about_25-37_AD%2C_Roman_Empire%2C_late_Tiberian%2C_encaustic_on_wood_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08657.JPG/161px-Funerary_Portrait_of_a_Young_Girl%2C_about_25-37_AD%2C_Roman_Empire%2C_late_Tiberian%2C_encaustic_on_wood_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08657.JPG" decoding="async" width="108" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Funerary_Portrait_of_a_Young_Girl%2C_about_25-37_AD%2C_Roman_Empire%2C_late_Tiberian%2C_encaustic_on_wood_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08657.JPG/241px-Funerary_Portrait_of_a_Young_Girl%2C_about_25-37_AD%2C_Roman_Empire%2C_late_Tiberian%2C_encaustic_on_wood_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08657.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Funerary_Portrait_of_a_Young_Girl%2C_about_25-37_AD%2C_Roman_Empire%2C_late_Tiberian%2C_encaustic_on_wood_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08657.JPG/321px-Funerary_Portrait_of_a_Young_Girl%2C_about_25-37_AD%2C_Roman_Empire%2C_late_Tiberian%2C_encaustic_on_wood_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08657.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2315" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mummy_portrait_of_a_young_woman_named_Eirene_from_Egypt_-_Stuttgart_LMW_AS_7.2_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mummy_portrait_of_a_young_woman_named_Eirene_from_Egypt_-_Stuttgart_LMW_AS_7.2_%2801%29.jpg/200px-Mummy_portrait_of_a_young_woman_named_Eirene_from_Egypt_-_Stuttgart_LMW_AS_7.2_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mummy_portrait_of_a_young_woman_named_Eirene_from_Egypt_-_Stuttgart_LMW_AS_7.2_%2801%29.jpg/300px-Mummy_portrait_of_a_young_woman_named_Eirene_from_Egypt_-_Stuttgart_LMW_AS_7.2_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mummy_portrait_of_a_young_woman_named_Eirene_from_Egypt_-_Stuttgart_LMW_AS_7.2_%2801%29.jpg/400px-Mummy_portrait_of_a_young_woman_named_Eirene_from_Egypt_-_Stuttgart_LMW_AS_7.2_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mummy_portrait_on_wooden_tablet_of_a_woman,_from_Fayum,_c._AD_150,_National_Museum_of_Denmark,_Copenhagen_(12993278095).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mummy_portrait_on_wooden_tablet_of_a_woman%2C_from_Fayum%2C_c._AD_150%2C_National_Museum_of_Denmark%2C_Copenhagen_%2812993278095%29.jpg/187px-Mummy_portrait_on_wooden_tablet_of_a_woman%2C_from_Fayum%2C_c._AD_150%2C_National_Museum_of_Denmark%2C_Copenhagen_%2812993278095%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mummy_portrait_on_wooden_tablet_of_a_woman%2C_from_Fayum%2C_c._AD_150%2C_National_Museum_of_Denmark%2C_Copenhagen_%2812993278095%29.jpg/281px-Mummy_portrait_on_wooden_tablet_of_a_woman%2C_from_Fayum%2C_c._AD_150%2C_National_Museum_of_Denmark%2C_Copenhagen_%2812993278095%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mummy_portrait_on_wooden_tablet_of_a_woman%2C_from_Fayum%2C_c._AD_150%2C_National_Museum_of_Denmark%2C_Copenhagen_%2812993278095%29.jpg/374px-Mummy_portrait_on_wooden_tablet_of_a_woman%2C_from_Fayum%2C_c._AD_150%2C_National_Museum_of_Denmark%2C_Copenhagen_%2812993278095%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2955" data-file-height="4735" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_donna_con_gioielli,_da_er-rubayat,_fayum,_140_dc_ca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ritratto_di_donna_con_gioielli%2C_da_er-rubayat%2C_fayum%2C_140_dc_ca.JPG/152px-Ritratto_di_donna_con_gioielli%2C_da_er-rubayat%2C_fayum%2C_140_dc_ca.JPG" decoding="async" width="102" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ritratto_di_donna_con_gioielli%2C_da_er-rubayat%2C_fayum%2C_140_dc_ca.JPG/229px-Ritratto_di_donna_con_gioielli%2C_da_er-rubayat%2C_fayum%2C_140_dc_ca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ritratto_di_donna_con_gioielli%2C_da_er-rubayat%2C_fayum%2C_140_dc_ca.JPG/305px-Ritratto_di_donna_con_gioielli%2C_da_er-rubayat%2C_fayum%2C_140_dc_ca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mummy_portrait_of_young_man_300AC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_Inv_15013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mummy_portrait_of_young_man_300AC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_Inv_15013.jpg/177px-Mummy_portrait_of_young_man_300AC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_Inv_15013.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mummy_portrait_of_young_man_300AC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_Inv_15013.jpg/265px-Mummy_portrait_of_young_man_300AC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_Inv_15013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mummy_portrait_of_young_man_300AC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_Inv_15013.jpg/354px-Mummy_portrait_of_young_man_300AC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_Inv_15013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="2617" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fayum-37.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fayum-37.jpg/193px-Fayum-37.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fayum-37.jpg/289px-Fayum-37.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fayum-37.jpg/385px-Fayum-37.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="959" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_d%27homme_-_Anonyme_-_MBA_Dijon_GA_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Portrait_d%27homme_-_Anonyme_-_MBA_Dijon_GA_2.jpg/236px-Portrait_d%27homme_-_Anonyme_-_MBA_Dijon_GA_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Portrait_d%27homme_-_Anonyme_-_MBA_Dijon_GA_2.jpg/355px-Portrait_d%27homme_-_Anonyme_-_MBA_Dijon_GA_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Portrait_d%27homme_-_Anonyme_-_MBA_Dijon_GA_2.jpg/473px-Portrait_d%27homme_-_Anonyme_-_MBA_Dijon_GA_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="951" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fayum-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fayum-14.jpg/163px-Fayum-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fayum-14.jpg/244px-Fayum-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fayum-14.jpg/326px-Fayum-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1342" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumieportr%C3%A6t_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mumieportr%C3%A6t_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek.jpg/236px-Mumieportr%C3%A6t_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mumieportr%C3%A6t_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek.jpg/353px-Mumieportr%C3%A6t_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mumieportr%C3%A6t_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek.jpg/471px-Mumieportr%C3%A6t_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="2413" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mummy_portrait_on_wooden_tablet_of_a_woman,_from_Fayum,_c._AD_150,_National_Museum_of_Denmark,_Copenhagen_(12993278095).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mummy_portrait_on_wooden_tablet_of_a_woman%2C_from_Fayum%2C_c._AD_150%2C_National_Museum_of_Denmark%2C_Copenhagen_%2812993278095%29.jpg/187px-Mummy_portrait_on_wooden_tablet_of_a_woman%2C_from_Fayum%2C_c._AD_150%2C_National_Museum_of_Denmark%2C_Copenhagen_%2812993278095%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mummy_portrait_on_wooden_tablet_of_a_woman%2C_from_Fayum%2C_c._AD_150%2C_National_Museum_of_Denmark%2C_Copenhagen_%2812993278095%29.jpg/281px-Mummy_portrait_on_wooden_tablet_of_a_woman%2C_from_Fayum%2C_c._AD_150%2C_National_Museum_of_Denmark%2C_Copenhagen_%2812993278095%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mummy_portrait_on_wooden_tablet_of_a_woman%2C_from_Fayum%2C_c._AD_150%2C_National_Museum_of_Denmark%2C_Copenhagen_%2812993278095%29.jpg/374px-Mummy_portrait_on_wooden_tablet_of_a_woman%2C_from_Fayum%2C_c._AD_150%2C_National_Museum_of_Denmark%2C_Copenhagen_%2812993278095%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2955" data-file-height="4735" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_d%27homme_AF_6723_09254.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Portrait_d%27homme_AF_6723_09254.JPG/200px-Portrait_d%27homme_AF_6723_09254.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Portrait_d%27homme_AF_6723_09254.JPG/300px-Portrait_d%27homme_AF_6723_09254.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Portrait_d%27homme_AF_6723_09254.JPG/401px-Portrait_d%27homme_AF_6723_09254.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4240" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 147.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 145.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_d%E2%80%99homme_barbu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Portrait_d%E2%80%99homme_barbu.jpg/218px-Portrait_d%E2%80%99homme_barbu.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Portrait_d%E2%80%99homme_barbu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_d%27homme_-_Anonyme_-_MBA_Dijon_GA_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Portrait_d%27homme_-_Anonyme_-_MBA_Dijon_GA_2.jpg/236px-Portrait_d%27homme_-_Anonyme_-_MBA_Dijon_GA_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Portrait_d%27homme_-_Anonyme_-_MBA_Dijon_GA_2.jpg/355px-Portrait_d%27homme_-_Anonyme_-_MBA_Dijon_GA_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Portrait_d%27homme_-_Anonyme_-_MBA_Dijon_GA_2.jpg/473px-Portrait_d%27homme_-_Anonyme_-_MBA_Dijon_GA_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="951" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fayum_mummy_portrait_(160-170_AD)_-_British_museum,_EA65345.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fayum_mummy_portrait_%28160-170_AD%29_-_British_museum%2C_EA65345.jpg/117px-Fayum_mummy_portrait_%28160-170_AD%29_-_British_museum%2C_EA65345.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fayum_mummy_portrait_%28160-170_AD%29_-_British_museum%2C_EA65345.jpg/175px-Fayum_mummy_portrait_%28160-170_AD%29_-_British_museum%2C_EA65345.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fayum_mummy_portrait_%28160-170_AD%29_-_British_museum%2C_EA65345.jpg/234px-Fayum_mummy_portrait_%28160-170_AD%29_-_British_museum%2C_EA65345.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="1293" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fayum_mummy_portrait_(c._100-120_AD)_-_British_museum,_EA29772.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fayum_mummy_portrait_%28c._100-120_AD%29_-_British_museum%2C_EA29772.jpg/144px-Fayum_mummy_portrait_%28c._100-120_AD%29_-_British_museum%2C_EA29772.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fayum_mummy_portrait_%28c._100-120_AD%29_-_British_museum%2C_EA29772.jpg/216px-Fayum_mummy_portrait_%28c._100-120_AD%29_-_British_museum%2C_EA29772.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fayum_mummy_portrait_%28c._100-120_AD%29_-_British_museum%2C_EA29772.jpg/288px-Fayum_mummy_portrait_%28c._100-120_AD%29_-_British_museum%2C_EA29772.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="902" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fayum_mummy_portrait,_male,_Sotheby%27s_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fayum_mummy_portrait%2C_male%2C_Sotheby%27s_01.jpg/165px-Fayum_mummy_portrait%2C_male%2C_Sotheby%27s_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fayum_mummy_portrait%2C_male%2C_Sotheby%27s_01.jpg/247px-Fayum_mummy_portrait%2C_male%2C_Sotheby%27s_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Fayum_mummy_portrait%2C_male%2C_Sotheby%27s_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fayum_mummy_portrait,_female_(circa_55-70_AD),_Christie%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fayum_mummy_portrait%2C_female_%28circa_55-70_AD%29%2C_Christie%27s.jpg/153px-Fayum_mummy_portrait%2C_female_%28circa_55-70_AD%29%2C_Christie%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fayum_mummy_portrait%2C_female_%28circa_55-70_AD%29%2C_Christie%27s.jpg/230px-Fayum_mummy_portrait%2C_female_%28circa_55-70_AD%29%2C_Christie%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Fayum_mummy_portrait%2C_female_%28circa_55-70_AD%29%2C_Christie%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 93.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 91.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fayum-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fayum-28.jpg/137px-Fayum-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fayum-28.jpg/206px-Fayum-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fayum-28.jpg/274px-Fayum-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%B6misch-%C3%84gyptischer_Meister_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fayum mummy portrait of man thin face and with curly hair at MET museum gallery 138"><img alt="Fayum mummy portrait of man thin face and with curly hair at MET museum gallery 138" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/R%C3%B6misch-%C3%84gyptischer_Meister_001.jpg/183px-R%C3%B6misch-%C3%84gyptischer_Meister_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/R%C3%B6misch-%C3%84gyptischer_Meister_001.jpg/274px-R%C3%B6misch-%C3%84gyptischer_Meister_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/R%C3%B6misch-%C3%84gyptischer_Meister_001.jpg/365px-R%C3%B6misch-%C3%84gyptischer_Meister_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2587" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 102px"><div class="gallerytext">Fayum mummy portrait of man thin face and with curly hair at MET museum gallery 138</div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">Funerary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_portraiture_offerings_with_Ancient_Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="List of portraiture offerings with Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs">List of portraiture offerings with Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brewer and Teeter, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._189-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._189_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._189_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brewer and Teeter, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanel,_p.5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spanel,_p.5_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanel,_p.5_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanel,_p.5_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanel,_p.5_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brewer and Teeter, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanel,_p._10-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spanel,_p._10_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanel,_p._10_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._206-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._206_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._206_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_and_Teeter,_p._206_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brewer and Teeter, p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, title</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanel,_p._21-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spanel,_p._21_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanel,_p._21_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanel,_p._21_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanel,_p._19-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spanel,_p._19_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanel,_p._19_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mysliweic, p. IX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 3,5,11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanel,_p._29-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spanel,_p._29_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanel,_p._29_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRiefstahl1951" class="citation journal cs1">Riefstahl, Elizabeth (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/542256">"An Egyptian Portrait of an Old Man"</a>. <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2968">0022-2968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Egyptian+Portrait+of+an+Old+Man&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1951&rft.issn=0022-2968&rft.aulast=Riefstahl&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F542256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortraiture+in+ancient+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunham1943" class="citation journal cs1">Dunham, Dows (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4170896">"Portraiture in Ancient Egypt"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts</i>. <b>41</b> (246): <span class="nowrap">68–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-0336">0899-0336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Fine+Arts&rft.atitle=Portraiture+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=246&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1943&rft.issn=0899-0336&rft.aulast=Dunham&rft.aufirst=Dows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4170896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortraiture+in+ancient+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riefstahl, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russmann, Edna R. The Representation of the King in the XXVth Dynasty. p. 10. Bruxelles : Fondation egyptologique reine Elisabeth; Brooklyn : Brooklyn Museum, 1974. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brewer and Teeter, p. 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spanel, p. 27</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brewer, Douglas J. and Emily Teeter. <i>Egypt and the Egyptians</i>. 2nd. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print</li> <li>Mysliweic, Karol. <i>Royal Portraiture of the Dynasties XXI-XXX</i>. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1988.</li> <li>Spanel, Donald B. <i>Through Ancient Eyes: Egyptian Portraiture</i>. 2nd. Birmingham, Alabama: Birmingham Museum of Art, 1988.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Egypt_topics809" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Egypt_topics809" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Egypt_artifacts" title="Glossary of ancient Egypt artifacts">Glossary of artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ancient_Egypt%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of ancient Egypt–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt/Main_topics" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt/Main topics">Main topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:81px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_obelisks" title="List of Egyptian obelisks">Obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">Pylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portraiture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_towns_and_cities" title="List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Clothing in ancient Egypt">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population history of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Dance in ancient Egypt">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Dynasties of ancient Egypt">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerary practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Geography of ancient Egypt">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">Great Royal Wives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_royal_consorts" title="List of ancient Egyptian royal consorts">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_hieroglyphs" title="Cursive hieroglyphs">Cursive hieroglyphs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Military of ancient Egypt">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptians" title="List of ancient Egyptians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Titulary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_pottery" title="Ancient Egyptian pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_scribes" title="List of ancient Egyptian scribes">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_sites" title="List of ancient Egyptian sites">Sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" title="Egypt–Mesopotamia relations">Egypt–Mesopotamia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/100px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/150px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/200px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:81px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptologists" title="List of Egyptologists">Egyptologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Egyptian_antiquities" title="List of museums of Egyptian antiquities">Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/16px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/24px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/32px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Ancient Egypt">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ancient Egypt">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Outline of ancient Egypt">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ancient_Egypt" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ancient Egypt">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&oldid=1259837220">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&oldid=1259837220</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portraits_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Portraits of ancient Egypt">Portraits of ancient Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burial_monuments_and_structures" title="Category:Burial monuments and structures">Burial monuments and structures</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2022">Use dmy dates from March 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 09:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Portraiture in ancient Egypt</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>Add languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-grcdn","wgBackendResponseTime":128,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.312","walltime":"0.471","ppvisitednodes":{"value":992,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":20036,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":733,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":65349,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 383.061 1 -total"," 27.35% 104.766 1 Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics"," 26.22% 100.441 1 Template:Navbox"," 25.76% 98.674 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.07% 80.714 1 Template:Short_description"," 20.83% 79.803 2 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.43% 43.784 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.42% 16.950 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates"," 4.12% 15.773 4 Template:Main_other"," 3.49% 13.376 1 Template:SDcat"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.149","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4365496,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-b45b9c74c-nvtcj","timestamp":"20250209050301","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Portraiture in ancient Egypt","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7232371","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7232371","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-07-19T11:49:21Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T09:49:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1f\/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg","headline":"art in Egypt from 3400 BC to 300 AD"}</script> </body> </html>