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id="toc-Name_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Narmer_and_Menes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narmer_and_Menes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Narmer and Menes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narmer_and_Menes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Capital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cultural influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crocodile_episode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crocodile_episode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Crocodile episode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crocodile_episode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9C%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B5" title="ሜኒስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሜኒስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مينا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مينا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="মেনেস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেনেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Менес – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Менес" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Менес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Менес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Менес – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Менес" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meni" title="Meni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Meni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Μήνης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μήνης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3" title="منس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9n%C3%A8s_(pharaon)" title="Ménès (pharaon) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ménès (pharaon)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="메네스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메네스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Մենես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մենես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="מנס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მენესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მენესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menas_(faraonas)" title="Menas (faraonas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Menas (faraonas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meni" title="Meni – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Meni" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მენესი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მენესი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مينا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مينا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9" title="メネス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メネス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meni" title="Meni – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Meni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menis" title="Menis – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Menis" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3" title="منس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%C3%A9s" title="Menés – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Menés" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Менес – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Менес" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mei-ni-se" title="Mei-ni-se – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Mei-ni-se" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="මෙනස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෙනස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meni" title="Meni – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Meni" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Менес – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Менес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="மெனஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெனஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA" title="ฟาโรห์เมเนส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟาโรห์เมเนส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon_Menes" title="Faraon Menes – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Faraon Menes" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Менес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Менес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" title="Menes – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Menes" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="米尼斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="米尼斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Menes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189574" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Founder of Manetho's 1st dynasty and unifier of Egypt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Menes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Menes (disambiguation)">Menes (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87;font-size:125%;">Menes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname"><a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Africanus</a>: Mênês <br /> <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Eusebius</a>: Mênês <br /> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> (?) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> (?)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abydos_KL_01-01_n01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cartouche of Menes on the Abydos King List"><img alt="The cartouche of Menes on the Abydos King List" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Abydos_KL_01-01_n01.jpg/250px-Abydos_KL_01-01_n01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Abydos_KL_01-01_n01.jpg/330px-Abydos_KL_01-01_n01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="526" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(hieroglyph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartouche (hieroglyph)">cartouche</a> of Menes on the <a href="/wiki/Abydos_King_List" title="Abydos King List">Abydos King List</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Reign</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3200–3000 BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-Kitchen_1991_201–8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitchen_1991_201–8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> <small>(possibly)</small> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> <small>(possibly)</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;margin:0;border:0;padding:0;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Royal titulary</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:2px solid #decd87;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(ancient_Egypt)" title="Nomen (ancient Egypt)">Nomen</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td>Menes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd19947-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECervelló-Autuori2003174_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECervelló-Autuori2003174-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>Mnj</i><br />He who endures<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png?381eb" height="13" title="Y5" alt="Y5" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17" alt="M17" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Umm_El_Qa%27ab" title="Umm El Qa'ab">Umm El Qa'ab</a> chambers B17 and B18 (<a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a>’s burial) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Umm_El_Qa%27ab" title="Umm El Qa'ab">Umm El Qa'ab</a> chambers B10/B15/B19 (<a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a>’s burial)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Dynasty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Menes</b> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3200–3000 BC</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Kitchen_1991_201–8_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitchen_1991_201–8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a>: <i lang="egy">mnj</i>, probably pronounced *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/maˈnij/</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Μήνης</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Μήν<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, credited by classical tradition with having united <a href="/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" title="Upper and Lower Egypt">Upper and Lower Egypt</a>, and as the founder of the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckBlackKriegerNaylor1999_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckBlackKriegerNaylor1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The identity of Menes is the subject of ongoing debate, although mainstream Egyptological consensus inconclusively identifies Menes with the <a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd19947-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECervelló-Autuori2003174_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECervelló-Autuori2003174-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeagy2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeagy2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or his successor, the First Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidlmayer2010_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidlmayer2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_identity">Name and identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Menes</i> is first documented in the work of <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a>, an Egyptian historian and priest of the relatively late <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic period</a>. Manetho noted the name in Greek as Μήνης (<small><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">transliterated</a>:</small> <i>Mênês</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manetho_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manetho-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative Greek form, Μιν (<small>transliterated:</small> <i>Min</i>), was cited by the fifth-century-BC historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this variant appears to be unrelated, the result of contamination from the name of the god <a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19946_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd19946-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptian form, <i>mnj</i>, is taken from the <a href="/wiki/Turin_King_List" title="Turin King List">Turin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abydos_King_List" title="Abydos King List">Abydos King Lists</a>, which are dated to the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty</a>, whose pronunciation has been reconstructed as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/maˈnij/</span>. By the early <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>, changes in the Egyptian language meant his name was already pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/maˈneʔ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoprieno199538_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoprieno199538-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>mnj</i> means "He who endures", which, <a href="/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" title="I. E. S. Edwards">I.E.S. Edwards</a> (1971) suggests, may have been coined as "a mere descriptive <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> denoting a semi-legendary hero [...] whose name had been lost".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, the name may conceal the collective identity of the <a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a> rulers: <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a>, or may simply refer to a functional leadership role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narmer_and_Menes">Narmer and Menes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Narmer and Menes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hieroglyph_names_of_Menes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hieroglyph_names_of_Menes.jpg/220px-Hieroglyph_names_of_Menes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hieroglyph_names_of_Menes.jpg/330px-Hieroglyph_names_of_Menes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hieroglyph_names_of_Menes.jpg/440px-Hieroglyph_names_of_Menes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>Two Horus names of <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> (left and center) and a name of Menes (right) in hieroglyphs.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Ivory tablet of Menes</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C%2BB-Egypt-Fig10-TabletOfMenesFromNaqada.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/C%2BB-Egypt-Fig10-TabletOfMenesFromNaqada.PNG/208px-C%2BB-Egypt-Fig10-TabletOfMenesFromNaqada.PNG" decoding="async" width="208" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/C%2BB-Egypt-Fig10-TabletOfMenesFromNaqada.PNG/312px-C%2BB-Egypt-Fig10-TabletOfMenesFromNaqada.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/C%2BB-Egypt-Fig10-TabletOfMenesFromNaqada.PNG/416px-C%2BB-Egypt-Fig10-TabletOfMenesFromNaqada.PNG 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="585" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The ivory label mentioning Hor-Aha along with the <i>mn</i> sign.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:228px;max-width:228px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naqad_Label.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Naqad_Label.jpg/250px-Naqad_Label.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Naqad_Label.jpg/500px-Naqad_Label.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1926" data-file-height="1638" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Reconstructed tablet.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The almost complete absence of any mention of Menes in the archaeological record<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the comparative wealth of evidence of <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a>, a protodynastic figure credited by posterity and in the archaeological record with a firm claim<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd19947-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, has given rise to a theory identifying Menes with Narmer. </p><p>The chief archaeological reference to Menes is an <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> label (from the town <a href="/wiki/Naqada" title="Naqada">Naqada</a>) which depicts the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Horus_name" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">royal title</a> <i>Aha</i> (the pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a>) next to a building, and within this is the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Nebty_.28.22two_ladies.22.29_name" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">royal title</a> <i>mn</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardiner1961405_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner1961405-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> generally taken to be Menes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this, various theories on the nature of the building (a funerary booth or a shrine), the meaning of the word <i>mn</i> (a name or the verb <i>endures</i>) and the relationship between Hor-Aha and Menes (as one person or as successive pharaohs) have arisen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Turin and Abydos king lists, generally accepted to be correct,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> list the <i>nesu-bit</i>-names of the pharaohs, not their Horus-names,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd19947-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are vital to the potential reconciliation of the various records: the <i><a href="/wiki/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)">nesu-bit</a></i>-names of the king lists, the Horus-names of the archaeological record and the number of pharaohs in Dynasty I according to Manetho and other historical sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd19947-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a> first attempted this task,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd19947-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> associating <i>Iti</i> with <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> as the third pharaoh of Dynasty I, <i>Teti</i> (Turin) (or another <i>Iti</i> (Abydos)) with Hor-Aha as second pharaoh, and Menes (a <i>nebty</i>-name) with Narmer (a Horus-name) as first pharaoh of Dynasty I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd19947-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lloyd (1994) finds this succession "extremely probable",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd19947-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Cervelló-Autuori (2003) categorically states that "Menes is Narmer and the First Dynasty begins with him".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECervelló-Autuori2003174_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECervelló-Autuori2003174-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Seidlmayer (2004) states that it is "a fairly safe inference" that Menes was Hor-Aha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidlmayer2010_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidlmayer2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two documents have been put forward as proof either Narmer or <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> was Menes. The first is the "Naqada Label" found at the site of Naqada, in the tomb of Queen Neithhotep, often assumed to have been the mother of Horus Aha.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The label shows a <a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">serekh</a> of Hor-Aha next to an enclosure inside of which are symbols that have been interpreted by some scholars as the name "Menes". The second is the seal impression from Abydos that alternates between a <i>serekh</i> of Narmer and the chessboard symbol, "<i>mn</i>", which is interpreted as an abbreviation of Menes. Inconclusive arguments have been made with regard to each of these documents in favour of Narmer or Hor-Aha being Menes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second document, the seal impression from Abydos, shows the serekh of Narmer alternating with the gameboard sign (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mn" class="extiw" title="wikt:mn">mn</a></i>), together with its phonetic complement, the <i>n</i> sign, which is always shown when the full name of Menes is written, again representing the name "Menes". At first glance, this would seem to be strong evidence that Narmer was Menes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewberry192949–50_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewberry192949–50-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, based on an analysis of other early <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a> seal impressions, which contain the name of one or more princes, the seal impression has been interpreted by other scholars as showing the name of a prince of Narmer named Menes, hence Menes was Narmer's successor, Hor-Aha, and thus Hor-Aha was Menes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelck1953356–359_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelck1953356–359-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was refuted by <a href="#CITEREFCervelló-Autuori2005">Cervelló-Autuori 2005</a>, pp. 42–45<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCervelló-Autuori2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; but opinions still vary, and the seal impression cannot be said to definitively support either theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeagy201477–78_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeagy201477–78-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, having mentioned <i>Min</i> as the first king of Egypt, wrote that <i>Linus</i>, or Egyptian <i>Maneros</i>, was "the only son of the first king of Egypt" and that he died untimely.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates">Dates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Egyptologists, archaeologists, and scholars from the 19th century have proposed different dates for the era of Menes, or the date of the first dynasty:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Gardner_Wilkinson" title="John Gardner Wilkinson">John Gardner Wilkinson</a> (1835) – 2320 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion" title="Jean-François Champollion">Jean-François Champollion</a> (Published posthumously in 1840) – 5867 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_B%C3%B6ckh" title="August Böckh">August Böckh</a> (1845) – 5702 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Charles_Josias_Bunsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Charles Josias Bunsen">Christian Charles Josias Bunsen</a> (1848) – 3623 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Stuart_Poole" title="Reginald Stuart Poole">Reginald Stuart Poole</a> (1851) – 2717 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Richard_Lepsius" title="Karl Richard Lepsius">Karl Richard Lepsius</a> (1856) – 3892 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Karl_Brugsch" title="Heinrich Karl Brugsch">Heinrich Karl Brugsch</a> (1859) – 4455 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Lauth" title="Franz Joseph Lauth">Franz Joseph Lauth</a> (1869) – 4157 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Mariette" title="Auguste Mariette">Auguste Mariette</a> (1871) – 5004 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Strong_(theologian)" title="James Strong (theologian)">James Strong</a> (1878) – 2515 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a> (1887) – 4777 BC</li></ul> <p>Modern consensus dates the era of Menes or the start of the first dynasty between c. 3200–3030 BC; some academic literature uses c. 3000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Kitchen_1991_201–8_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitchen_1991_201–8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Ebony plaque of Narmer from his tomb of Abydos</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:215px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ebony_plaque_of_Menes_in_his_tomb_of_Abydos_(photograph).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ebony_plaque_of_Menes_in_his_tomb_of_Abydos_%28photograph%29.jpg/330px-Ebony_plaque_of_Menes_in_his_tomb_of_Abydos_%28photograph%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ebony_plaque_of_Menes_in_his_tomb_of_Abydos_%28photograph%29.jpg/500px-Ebony_plaque_of_Menes_in_his_tomb_of_Abydos_%28photograph%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ebony_plaque_of_Menes_in_his_tomb_of_Abydos_%28photograph%29.jpg/960px-Ebony_plaque_of_Menes_in_his_tomb_of_Abydos_%28photograph%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="876" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:207px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ebony_plaque_of_Menes_in_his_tomb_of_Abydos_(drawing).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ebony_plaque_of_Menes_in_his_tomb_of_Abydos_%28drawing%29.jpg/330px-Ebony_plaque_of_Menes_in_his_tomb_of_Abydos_%28drawing%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ebony_plaque_of_Menes_in_his_tomb_of_Abydos_%28drawing%29.jpg/500px-Ebony_plaque_of_Menes_in_his_tomb_of_Abydos_%28drawing%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ebony_plaque_of_Menes_in_his_tomb_of_Abydos_%28drawing%29.jpg/960px-Ebony_plaque_of_Menes_in_his_tomb_of_Abydos_%28drawing%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="1251" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Ancient tradition ascribes to Menes to uniting Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaspero1903331_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaspero1903331-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and becoming the first pharaoh of the First Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001131_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001131-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Menes does not appear on extant pieces of the Royal Annals (Cairo Stone and <a href="/wiki/Palermo_Stone" title="Palermo Stone">Palermo Stone</a>), his name appears in later sources as the first ruler of Egypt. Some sources credit him as directly inheriting the throne from the god <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawNicholson1995218_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNicholson1995218-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also appears in later dated king's lists, always as the first human pharaoh of Egypt. Menes appears in demotic <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, demonstrating that, even that late, he was regarded as an important figure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyholt2009_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyholt2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menes was seen as a founding figure for much of the history of ancient Egypt, similar to <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManley199722_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManley199722-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manetho records that Menes "led the army across the frontier and won great glory".<sup id="cite_ref-Manetho_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manetho-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001131_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001131-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital">Capital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a> associates the city of <a href="/wiki/Thinis" title="Thinis">Thinis</a> with the Early Dynastic Period and, in particular, Menes, a "Thinite" or native of Thinis.<sup id="cite_ref-Manetho_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manetho-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001131_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001131-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herodotus contradicts Manetho in stating that Menes founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> as his capital<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after diverting the course of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> through the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manetho ascribes the building of Memphis to Menes' son, Athothis,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001131_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001131-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and calls no pharaohs earlier than <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty</a> "Memphite".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001133_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001133-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herodotus and Manetho's stories of the foundation of Memphis are probably later inventions: in 2012 a relief mentioning the visit to Memphis by <a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a>—a predynastic ruler of Upper Egypt reigning before Narmer—was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>, indicating that the city was already in existence in the early <a href="/wiki/32nd_century_BC" title="32nd century BC">32nd century BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labels_from_the_tomb_of_Menes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Labels_from_the_tomb_of_Menes.jpg/220px-Labels_from_the_tomb_of_Menes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Labels_from_the_tomb_of_Menes.jpg/330px-Labels_from_the_tomb_of_Menes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Labels_from_the_tomb_of_Menes.jpg/440px-Labels_from_the_tomb_of_Menes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>Labels from the tomb of Narmer</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> stated that Menes had introduced the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">worship of the gods and the practice of sacrifice</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElder18491040_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElder18491040-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a more elegant and luxurious style of living.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElder18491040_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElder18491040-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this latter invention, Menes' memory was dishonoured by the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty</a> pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> mentions a pillar at <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> on which was inscribed an imprecation against Menes as the introducer of luxury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElder18491040_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElder18491040-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Pliny's<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Which Pliny? Which account? (March 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> account, Menes was credited with being the inventor of writing in Egypt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crocodile_episode">Crocodile episode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Crocodile episode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diodorus Siculus recorded a story of Menes related by the priests of the <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodile</a> god <a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a> at <a href="/wiki/Faiyum#Ancient_history" title="Faiyum">Crocodilopolis</a>, in which the pharaoh Menes, attacked by his own dogs while out hunting,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaspero1910235_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaspero1910235-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fled across <a href="/wiki/Lake_Moeris" title="Lake Moeris">Lake Moeris</a> on the back of a crocodile and, in thanks, founded the city of Crocodilopolis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaspero1910235_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaspero1910235-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197422_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197422-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Maspero" title="Gaston Maspero">Gaston Maspero</a> (1910), while acknowledging the possibility that traditions relating to other kings may have become mixed up with this story, dismisses the suggestions of some commentators<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElder18491040,_‘in_defiance_of_chronology’_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElder18491040,_‘in_defiance_of_chronology’-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the story should be transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty</a> pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> and sees no reason to doubt that Diodorus did not correctly record a tradition of Menes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaspero1910235_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaspero1910235-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Edwards (1974) states that "the legend, which is obviously filled with anachronisms, is patently devoid of historical value".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197422_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197422-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Manetho, Menes reigned for either 30, 60 or 62 years and was killed by a <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manetho_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manetho-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dow" title="Alexander Dow">Alexander Dow</a> (1735/6–79), a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">orientalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a>, wrote the tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/Sethona" title="Sethona">Sethona</a></i>, set in ancient Egypt. The <a href="/wiki/Lead_actor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead actor">lead</a> part of Menes is described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dramatis_person%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatis personæ">dramatis personæ</a></i> as "next male-heir to the crown" now worn by <a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Seraphis</a>, and was played by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Reddish" title="Samuel Reddish">Samuel Reddish</a> in a 1774 production by <a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDow1774_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDow1774-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hobby_Japan" title="Hobby Japan">Hobby Japan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Blade" title="Queen's Blade">Queen's Blade</a></i> media franchise, there is a character named <a href="/wiki/Menace_(Queen%27s_Blade)" title="Menace (Queen's Blade)">Menace</a>. Her name is a play on the ancient Egyptian ruler Menes. She is depicted wearing an outfit inspired by Ancient Egyptian fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">First Dynasty of Egypt family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min (god)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a>, king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannus" title="Mannus">Mannus</a>, ancestral figure in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu (Hinduism)</a>, Progenitor of humanity</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Originally, the full royal title of a pharaoh was <i>Horus</i> name <i>x</i> <i>nebty</i> name <i>y</i> <i>Golden-Horus</i> name <i>z</i> <i>nesu-bit</i> name <i>a</i> <i>Son-of-Ra</i> name <i>b</i>. For brevity's sake, only one element might be used, but the choice varied between circumstances and period. Starting with Dynasty V, the <i>nesu-bit</i> name was the one regularly used in all official documents. In Dynasty I, the Horus-name was used for a living pharaoh, the <i>nebty</i>-name for the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd19947-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the upper right hand quarter of the Naqada label is a <i>serekh</i> of Hor-Aha. To its right is a hill-shaped triple enclosure with the "<i>mn</i>" sign surmounted by the signs of the "two ladies", the goddesses of Upper Egypt (<a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a>) and Lower Egypt (<a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a>). In later contexts, the presence of the "two ladies" would indicate a "<i>nbty</i>" name (one of the five names of the king). Hence, the inscription was interpreted as showing that the "<i>nbty</i>" name of Hor-Aha was "<i>Mn</i>" short for Menes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchardt18971056–1057_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchardt18971056–1057-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative theory is that the enclosure was a funeral shrine and it represents Hor-Aha burying his predecessor, Menes. Hence Menes was Narmer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewberry192947–49_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewberry192947–49-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the label generated a lot of debate, it is now generally agreed that the inscription in the shrine is not a king’s name, but is the name of the shrine "The Two Ladies Endure," and provide no evidence for who Menes was.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinnear200330_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinnear200330-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Other dates typical of the era are found cited in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCapart" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Capart" title="Jean Capart">Capart, Jean</a>, <i>Primitive Art in Egypt</i>, pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>18</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primitive+Art+in+Egypt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.aulast=Capart&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kitchen_1991_201–8-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kitchen_1991_201–8_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kitchen_1991_201–8_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kitchen_1991_201–8_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitchen1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen">Kitchen, KA</a> (1991). "The Chronology of Ancient Egypt". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>23</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">201–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1991.9980172">10.1080/00438243.1991.9980172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Chronology+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1991.9980172&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=KA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1971">Edwards 1971</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd19947-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19947_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloyd1994">Lloyd 1994</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECervelló-Autuori2003174-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECervelló-Autuori2003174_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECervelló-Autuori2003174_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECervelló-Autuori2003174_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCervelló-Autuori2003">Cervelló-Autuori 2003</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1971">Edwards 1971</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoprieno1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Loprieno" title="Antonio Loprieno">Loprieno, Antonio</a> (1995). <i>Ancient Egyptian: A linguistic introduction</i>. Cambridge University press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44384-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-44384-9"><bdi>0-521-44384-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian%3A+A+linguistic+introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-44384-9&rft.aulast=Loprieno&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=menes-harpers">"Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Menes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Perseus_Digital_Library" title="Perseus Digital Library">Perseus Digital Library</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Harry+Thurston+Peck%2C+Harpers+Dictionary+of+Classical+Antiquities+%281898%29%2C+Menes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aid%3Dmenes-harpers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckBlackKriegerNaylor1999-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckBlackKriegerNaylor1999_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckBlackKriegerNaylor1999">Beck et al. 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeagy2014-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeagy2014_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeagy2014">Heagy 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidlmayer2010-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidlmayer2010_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidlmayer2010_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeidlmayer2010">Seidlmayer 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manetho-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manetho_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manetho_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manetho_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manetho_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manetho, Fr. 6, 7a, 7b. Text and translation in <i>Manetho</i>, translated by W.G. Waddell (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1940), pp.26–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus: 2.4.1, 2.99.1ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd19946-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd19946_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloyd1994">Lloyd 1994</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoprieno199538-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoprieno199538_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoprieno1995">Loprieno 1995</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner1961405-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardiner1961405_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardiner1961">Gardiner 1961</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancient-egypt.org/history/early-dynastic-period/1st-dynasty/horus-aha/naqada-label.html">"Naqada Label | The Ancient Egypt Site"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403204733/http://www.ancient-egypt.org/history/early-dynastic-period/1st-dynasty/horus-aha/naqada-label.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naqada+Label+%7C+The+Ancient+Egypt+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient-egypt.org%2Fhistory%2Fearly-dynastic-period%2F1st-dynasty%2Fhorus-aha%2Fnaqada-label.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchardt18971056–1057-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchardt18971056–1057_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorchardt1897">Borchardt 1897</a>, pp. 1056–1057.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBorchardt1897 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewberry192947–49-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewberry192947–49_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewberry1929">Newberry 1929</a>, pp. 47–49.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNewberry1929 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinnear200330-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinnear200330_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinnear2003">Kinnear 2003</a>, p. 30.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKinnear2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewberry192949–50-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewberry192949–50_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewberry1929">Newberry 1929</a>, pp. 49–50.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNewberry1929 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelck1953356–359-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelck1953356–359_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelck1953">Helck 1953</a>, pp. 356–359.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHelck1953 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeagy201477–78-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeagy201477–78_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeagy2014">Heagy 2014</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (1958). <i>The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus</i>. Translated by Harry Carter. Haarlem, Netherlands: Joh. Enschedé en Zonen. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/270617466">270617466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories+of+Herodotus+of+Halicarnassus&rft.place=Haarlem%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Joh.+Ensched%C3%A9+en+Zonen&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F270617466&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBudge1885" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. A. Wallis Budge">Budge, EA Wallis</a> (1885), <i>The Dwellers on the Nile: Chapters on the Life, Literature, History and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians</i>, p. 54, <q>Many dates have been fixed by scholars for the reign of this king: Champollion-Figeac thought about BC 5867, Bunsen 3623, Lepsius 3892, Brugsch 4455, and Wilkinson 2320.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dwellers+on+the+Nile%3A+Chapters+on+the+Life%2C+Literature%2C+History+and+Customs+of+the+Ancient+Egyptians&rft.pages=54&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Budge&rft.aufirst=EA+Wallis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaspero1903331-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaspero1903331_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaspero1903">Maspero 1903</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001131-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001131_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001131_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001131_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001131_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerbruggheWickersham2001">Verbrugghe & Wickersham 2001</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawNicholson1995218-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawNicholson1995218_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShawNicholson1995">Shaw & Nicholson 1995</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyholt2009-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyholt2009_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyholt2009">Ryholt 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManley199722-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManley199722_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManley1997">Manley 1997</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus: 2.99.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus: 2.109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001133-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbruggheWickersham2001133_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerbruggheWickersham2001">Verbrugghe & Wickersham 2001</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Tallet, D. Laisnay: <i>Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene</i>, in: BIFAO 112 (2012), 381–395, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3844520/_Iry-Hor_et_Narmer_au_Sud-Sinai_ouadi_Ameyra_">available online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228055758/https://www.academia.edu/3844520/_Iry-Hor_et_Narmer_au_Sud-Sinai_ouadi_Ameyra_">Archived</a> 2023-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElder18491040-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElder18491040_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElder18491040_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElder18491040_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElder1849">Elder 1849</a>, p. 1040.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaspero1910235-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaspero1910235_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaspero1910235_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaspero1910235_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaspero1910">Maspero 1910</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197422-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197422_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197422_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1974">Edwards 1974</a>, p. 22.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdwards1974 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus: 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElder18491040,_‘in_defiance_of_chronology’-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElder18491040,_‘in_defiance_of_chronology’_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElder1849">Elder 1849</a>, p. 1040, ‘in defiance of chronology’.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pharaoh.se/comparing-manetho">"Comparing the King Lists of Manetho"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301151532/https://pharaoh.se/comparing-manetho">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparing+the+King+Lists+of+Manetho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpharaoh.se%2Fcomparing-manetho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDow1774-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDow1774_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDow1774">Dow 1774</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/gp/product/4894254670">"クイーンズブレイド古代の王女メナス (対戦型ビジュアルブックロストワールド)"</a>. <i>Amazon Japan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazon+Japan&rft.atitle=%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89+%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E7%8E%8B%E5%A5%B3+%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9+%28%E5%AF%BE%E6%88%A6%E5%9E%8B%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.co.jp%2Fgp%2Fproduct%2F4894254670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckBlackKriegerNaylor1999" class="citation cs2">Beck, Roger B; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S; Naylor, Phillip C; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo (1999), <i>World history: Patterns of interaction</i>, <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a>: McDougal Littell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-87274-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-87274-X"><bdi>0-395-87274-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+history%3A+Patterns+of+interaction&rft.place=Evanston%2C+IL&rft.pub=McDougal+Littell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-395-87274-X&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Roger+B&rft.au=Black%2C+Linda&rft.au=Krieger%2C+Larry+S&rft.au=Naylor%2C+Phillip+C&rft.au=Shabaka%2C+Dahia+Ibo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCervelló-Autuori2003" class="citation cs2">Cervelló-Autuori, Josep (2003), "Narmer, Menes and the seals from Abydos", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pJ48YP14qZQC"><i>Egyptology at the dawn of the twenty-first century: proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists</i></a>, vol. 2, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-424-714-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-424-714-9"><bdi>978-977-424-714-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narmer%2C+Menes+and+the+seals+from+Abydos&rft.btitle=Egyptology+at+the+dawn+of+the+twenty-first+century%3A+proceedings+of+the+Eighth+International+Congress+of+Egyptologists&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-977-424-714-9&rft.aulast=Cervell%C3%B3-Autuori&rft.aufirst=Josep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpJ48YP14qZQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiodorus_Siculus" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica"><i>Bibliotheca historica</i></a>, vol. 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+historica&rft.au=Diodorus+Siculus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDow1774" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dow" title="Alexander Dow">Dow, Alexander</a> (1774), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jTRKAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sethona: a tragedy, as it is performed at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane</i></a>, Collection of plays. [1767-1802] ;v. 1, no. 5, London: T. Becket, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft2z31pr8f">2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2z31pr8f</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sethona%3A+a+tragedy%2C+as+it+is+performed+at+the+Theatre+Royal+in+Drury+Lane&rft.place=London&rft.series=Collection+of+plays.+%26%2391%3B1767-1802%26%2393%3B+%3Bv.+1%2C+no.+5&rft.pub=T.+Becket&rft.date=1774&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft2z31pr8f&rft.aulast=Dow&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjTRKAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1971" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" title="I. E. S. Edwards">Edwards, IES</a> (1971), "The early dynastic period in Egypt", <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+early+dynastic+period+in+Egypt&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=IES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElder1849" class="citation cs2">Elder, Edward (1849), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HP4rAAAAYAAJ">"Menes"</a>, in Smith, William (ed.), <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"><i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology</i></a>, vol. 2, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Charles C. Little & James Brown</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Menes&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+biography+and+mythology&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Charles+C.+Little+%26+James+Brown&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Elder&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHP4rAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaber1816" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_Stanley_Faber" title="George Stanley Faber">Faber, George Stanley</a> (1816), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YcNBAAAAcAAJ">"The origin of pagan idolatry: ascertained from historical testimony and circumstantial evidence"</a>, <i>3</i>, vol. 2, London: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rivington" title="Charles Rivington">F&C Rivingtons</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=3&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+pagan+idolatry%3A+ascertained+from+historical+testimony+and+circumstantial+evidence&rft.volume=2&rft.date=1816&rft.aulast=Faber&rft.aufirst=George+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYcNBAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1961" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Gardiner" title="Alan Gardiner">Gardiner, Alan</a> (1961), <i>Egypt of the Pharaohs</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFof_Halicarnassus" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">of Halicarnassus, Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>The Histories</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories&rft.aulast=of+Halicarnassus&rft.aufirst=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeagy2014" class="citation cs2">Heagy, Thomas C. (2014), "Who was Menes?", <i>Archeo-Nil</i>, <b>24</b>: <span class="nowrap">59–</span>92</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archeo-Nil&rft.atitle=Who+was+Menes%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Heagy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>. Available online <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901204749/http://www.narmer.org/menes">"[1]"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.narmer.org/menes">the original</a> on 2017-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5B1%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.narmer.org%2Fmenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1994" class="citation cs2">Lloyd, Alan B. (1994) [1975], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ7e1nuD9tcC"><i>Herodotus: Book II</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">EJ Brill</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04179-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04179-6"><bdi>90-04-04179-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus%3A+Book+II&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=EJ+Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=90-04-04179-6&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Alan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQ7e1nuD9tcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaspero1903" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Maspero" title="Gaston Maspero">Maspero, Gaston</a> (1903), Sayce, Archibald Henry (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=taT4NjJ8VWsC"><i>History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria</i></a>, vol. 9, <a href="/wiki/Kessinger_Publishing" title="Kessinger Publishing">Kessinger Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780766135017" title="Special:BookSources/9780766135017"><bdi>9780766135017</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Egypt%2C+Chaldea%2C+Syria%2C+Babylonia%2C+and+Assyria&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=1903&rft.isbn=9780766135017&rft.aulast=Maspero&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtaT4NjJ8VWsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaspero1910" class="citation cs2">——— (1910) [1894], Sayce, Archibald Henry (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D3G46cJAW00C"><i>The dawn of civilization: Egypt and Chaldæa</i></a>, translated by McClure, M L, London: <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Promoting_Christian_Knowledge" title="Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge">Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-7774-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-7774-1"><bdi>978-0-7661-7774-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dawn+of+civilization%3A+Egypt+and+Chald%C3%A6a&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-7774-1&rft.aulast=Maspero&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD3G46cJAW00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManley1997" class="citation cs2">Manley, Bill (1997), <i>The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Egypt</i>, London: Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051331-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051331-0"><bdi>0-14-051331-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Historical+Atlas+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-14-051331-0&rft.aulast=Manley&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRachewiltz1969" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Boris_de_Rachewiltz" title="Boris de Rachewiltz">Rachewiltz, Boris de</a> (1969), "Pagan and magic elements in Ezra Pound's works", in Hesse, Eva (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYlK8Uh3dUC"><i>New approaches to Ezra Pound</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pagan+and+magic+elements+in+Ezra+Pound%27s+works&rft.btitle=New+approaches+to+Ezra+Pound&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Rachewiltz&rft.aufirst=Boris+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyXYlK8Uh3dUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyholt2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ryholt" title="Kim Ryholt">Ryholt, Kim</a> (2009), "Egyptian historical literature from the Greco-Roman period", in Fitzenreiter, Martin (ed.), <i>Das Ereignis, Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Vorfall und Befund</i>, London: Golden House</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Egyptian+historical+literature+from+the+Greco-Roman+period&rft.btitle=Das+Ereignis%2C+Geschichtsschreibung+zwischen+Vorfall+und+Befund&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Golden+House&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Ryholt&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchulzSeidel2004" class="citation cs2">Schulz, Regine; Seidel, Matthias (2004), <i>Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs</i>, HF Ullmann, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-6000-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-6000-4"><bdi>978-3-8331-6000-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%3A+The+World+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.pub=HF+Ullmann&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-8331-6000-4&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Regine&rft.au=Seidel%2C+Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShawNicholson1995" class="citation cs2">Shaw, Ian; Nicholson, Paul (1995), <i>The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt</i>, Harry N Abrams, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-9096-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-9096-2"><bdi>0-8109-9096-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Harry+N+Abrams&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8109-9096-2&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeidlmayer2010" class="citation cs2">Seidlmayer, Stephan (2010) [2004], "The Rise of the State to the Second Dynasty", <i>Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs</i>, H.f.ullmann, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-6000-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-6000-4"><bdi>978-3-8331-6000-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+State+to+the+Second+Dynasty&rft.btitle=Egypt%3A+The+World+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.pub=H.f.ullmann&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-8331-6000-4&rft.aulast=Seidlmayer&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerbruggheWickersham2001" class="citation cs2">Verbrugghe, Gerald Paul; Wickersham, John Moore (2001) [1996], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2kAED-kQCJkC"><i>Berossos and Manetho, introduced and translated: Native Traditions in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ann Arbor">Ann Arbor</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Michigan_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Michigan Press">The University of Michigan Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08687-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08687-0"><bdi>978-0-472-08687-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berossos+and+Manetho%2C+introduced+and+translated%3A+Native+Traditions+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia+and+Egypt&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08687-0&rft.aulast=Verbrugghe&rft.aufirst=Gerald+Paul&rft.au=Wickersham%2C+John+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2kAED-kQCJkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaddell1930" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Waddell" title="Laurence Waddell">Waddell, Laurence A</a> (1930), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4UkunFgdis0C"><i>Egyptian civilization: Its Sumerian origin</i></a>, London: Kessinger Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-4273-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-4273-2"><bdi>978-0-7661-4273-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+civilization%3A+Its+Sumerian+origin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-4273-2&rft.aulast=Waddell&rft.aufirst=Laurence+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4UkunFgdis0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenes" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(pre-3150 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(3150–2686 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2686–2181 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2181–2040 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2040–1802 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1802–1550 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (1550–664 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(male</span></li><li><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1550–1070 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausret" title="Tausret">Tausret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1069–664 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(664 BC–313 AD)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(664–332 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(332–30 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(30 BC–313 AD)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li>2<sup>nd</sup></li> <li>3<sup>rd</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Dynasty_of_Ancient_Egypt141" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Dynasty_of_Ancient_Egypt" title="Template:First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Dynasty_of_Ancient_Egypt" title="Template talk:First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Dynasty_of_Ancient_Egypt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Dynasty_of_Ancient_Egypt141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Pharaohs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Menes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/120px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/250px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2404" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Regents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Queen consorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benerib" title="Benerib">Benerib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herneith" title="Herneith">Herneith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penebui" title="Penebui">Penebui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhtneith" title="Nakhtneith">Nakhtneith</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khenthap" title="Khenthap">Khenthap</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semat" title="Semat">Semat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serethor" title="Serethor">Serethor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshemetka" title="Seshemetka">Seshemetka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betrest" title="Betrest">Betrest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amka_(official)" title="Amka (official)">Amka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemaka" title="Hemaka">Hemaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabef" title="Sabef">Sabef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriiti" title="Meriiti">Meriiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Other people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahaneith" title="Ahaneith">Ahaneith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Artefacts and<br />monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer_macehead" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmer macehead">Narmer macehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer_palette" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmer palette">Narmer palette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_seal_impressions" title="Den seal impressions">Den seal impressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGregor_plaque" title="MacGregor plaque">MacGregor plaque</a></li> <li>Mastabas <a href="/wiki/Mastaba_S3503" title="Mastaba S3503">S3503</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mastaba_S3504" title="Mastaba S3504">S3504</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Capital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thinis" title="Thinis">Thinis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189574#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata751" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92057284">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007385687705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menes&oldid=1277696081">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menes&oldid=1277696081</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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