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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Timing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion_polls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_polls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Opinion polls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinion_polls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ballot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referendum_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referendum_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referendum day</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referendum_day-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Referendum day subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referendum_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parody_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parody_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Parody recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parody_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exit_polling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exit_polling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Exit polling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exit_polling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Result" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Result"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Result</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Result-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes"> <div 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process_endorsements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analyses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analyses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Analyses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analyses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B6_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_2004" title="استفتاء نقض ولاية الرئيس الفنزويلي 2004 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استفتاء نقض ولاية الرئيس الفنزويلي 2004" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refer%C3%A9ndum_revocatorio_de_Venezuela_de_2004" title="Referéndum revocatorio de Venezuela de 2004 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Referéndum revocatorio de Venezuela de 2004" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5_(2004)" title="Референдум в Венесуэле (2004) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Референдум в Венесуэле (2004)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96_15_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8F_2004" title="Референдум у Венесуелі 15 серпня 2004 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Референдум у Венесуелі 15 серпня 2004" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E5%B9%B4%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E6%9F%A5%E9%9F%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%BD%B7%E5%85%8D%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="2004年委內瑞拉總統查韋斯罷免公投 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="2004年委內瑞拉總統查韋斯罷免公投" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1159459382">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px);overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:24em"><caption class="infobox-title">2004 Venezuelan recall referendum</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Venezuela_(1930%E2%80%932006).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1150407293">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile"><hr /></span><span class="mobile"></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:10%;" class="noprint"></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;width:80%;" class=""><b>15 August 2004</b></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:10%;" class="noprint"></td> </tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1150407293"><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile"><hr /></span><span class="mobile"></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: #A2A9B1;border-width: 2px;background-color: #FEFEFE;color: black;margin: 3px;width: calc(100% - 16px);max-width: 24em;">Do you agree to annul the popular mandate granted through legitimate democratic elections to the citizen Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías as president of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela for the current presidential term?</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#efefef;">Results</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:25em; margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#EEEEEE"> <th style="width: 50%;"><div style="float:left;">Choice</div> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 25%">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 25%">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/14px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/21px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/28px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="577" /></span></span> Yes </td> <td style="text-align: right;margin-right: 0.5em">3,989,008 </td> <td style="text-align: right;margin-right: 0.5em"><span data-sort-value="7001407472514047252♠" style="display:none"></span>40.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Light_brown_x.svg/14px-Light_brown_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Light_brown_x.svg/21px-Light_brown_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Light_brown_x.svg/28px-Light_brown_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3584" data-file-height="4096" /></span></span> No </td> <td style="text-align: right;margin-right: 0.5em"><b>5,800,629</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right;margin-right: 0.5em"><b><span data-sort-value="7001592527485952747♠" style="display:none"></span>59.25%</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#EEEEEE"> <td style="text-align: left">Valid votes </td> <td style="text-align: right;">9,789,637 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><span data-sort-value="7001997351774939379♠" style="display:none"></span>99.74% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#EEEEEE"> <td style="text-align: left">Invalid or blank votes </td> <td style="text-align: right;">25,994 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><span data-sort-value="6999264822506062014♠" style="display:none"></span>0.26% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#EEEEEE"> <td style="text-align: left"><b>Total votes</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>9,815,631</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>100.00%</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#EEEEEE"> <td style="text-align: left"><span class="nowrap">Registered voters/turnout</span> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">14,037,900 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><span data-sort-value="7001699223601820785♠" style="display:none"></span>69.92% </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1150407293"><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile"><hr /></span><span class="mobile"></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Refer%C3%A9ndum_presidencial_de_Venezuela_de_2004_-_Resultados_por_Estado.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Refer%C3%A9ndum_presidencial_de_Venezuela_de_2004_-_Resultados_por_Estado.svg/300px-Refer%C3%A9ndum_presidencial_de_Venezuela_de_2004_-_Resultados_por_Estado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Refer%C3%A9ndum_presidencial_de_Venezuela_de_2004_-_Resultados_por_Estado.svg/450px-Refer%C3%A9ndum_presidencial_de_Venezuela_de_2004_-_Resultados_por_Estado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Refer%C3%A9ndum_presidencial_de_Venezuela_de_2004_-_Resultados_por_Estado.svg/600px-Refer%C3%A9ndum_presidencial_de_Venezuela_de_2004_-_Resultados_por_Estado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="1479" /></a></span><div>Results by state</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Politics of Venezuela">Politics of Venezuela</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Constitution</li><li>Law</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Constitution</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuela_state_constitutions" title="List of Venezuela state constitutions">Constitutions of States</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela" title="Human rights in Venezuela">Human rights</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Venezuela">LGBT rights</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Venezuela" title="Law of Venezuela">Law</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Venezuela" title="Abortion in Venezuela">Abortion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_labour_law" title="Venezuelan labour law">Labour</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_nationality_law" title="Venezuelan nationality law">Nationality</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Venezuela" title="Capital punishment in Venezuela">Capital punishment</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela" title="Vice President of Venezuela">Vice President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Delcy_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Delcy Rodríguez">Delcy Rodríguez</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Venezuela" title="Cabinet of Venezuela">Cabinet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="President of the National Assembly of Venezuela">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dinorah_Figuera" title="Dinorah Figuera">Dinorah Figuera</a></span></dd> <dd>Disputed with <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(Venezuelan_politician)" title="Jorge Rodríguez (Venezuelan politician)">Jorge Rodríguez</a> since 5 January 2021</dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Venezuela" title="Administrative divisions of Venezuela">Federal divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Venezuela" title="Regions of Venezuela">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuela_governors" title="List of Venezuela governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuela_state_constitutions" title="List of Venezuela state constitutions">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuela_state_legislatures" title="List of Venezuela state legislatures">Legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Venezuela" title="Municipalities of Venezuela">Municipalities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Dependencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Venezuela" title="List of political parties in Venezuela">Political parties</a></li> <li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presidential: <a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Parliamentary: <a href="/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2020</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Constituent: <a href="/wiki/1999_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1999 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election">1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election">2017</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Regional: <a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_regional_elections" title="2017 Venezuelan regional elections">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Venezuelan_regional_elections" title="2021 Venezuelan regional elections">2021</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Municipal: <a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_municipal_elections" title="2017 Venezuelan municipal elections">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_municipal_elections" title="2018 Venezuelan municipal elections">2018</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Referendums: <a href="/wiki/2009_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_referendum" title="2017 Venezuelan referendum">2017</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Venezuela" title="Foreign relations of Venezuela">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Venezuela)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Venezuela)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Plasencia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Plasencia (page does not exist)">Felix Plasencia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela">list</a>)</dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Venezuela" title="List of diplomatic missions of Venezuela">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Venezuela" title="List of diplomatic missions in Venezuela">in Venezuela</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_nationality_law" title="Venezuelan nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_passport" title="Venezuelan passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Venezuelan_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Venezuelan citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Venezuela" title="Visa policy of Venezuela">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez government">Chávez's foreign policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/32px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/48px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/64px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Venezuela" title="Portal:Venezuela">Venezuela portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Template:Politics of Venezuela"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Template talk:Politics of Venezuela"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Venezuela"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Venezuelan recall referendum</b> of 15 August 2004 was a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> to determine whether <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, then <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a>, should be <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recalled</a> from office. The recall referendum was announced on 8 June 2004 by the <a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Venezuela)" title="National Electoral Council (Venezuela)">National Electoral Council</a> (CNE) after the Venezuelan opposition succeeded in collecting the number of signatures required by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">1999 Constitution</a> to effect a recall. The result of the referendum was not to recall Chávez (59% no). </p><p>The opposition <a href="/wiki/Coordinadora_Democr%C3%A1tica_(Venezuela)" title="Coordinadora Democrática (Venezuela)">Coordinadora Democrática</a> declared that fraud had taken place and published a preliminary report supporting the conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a>, the electoral observers and other analysts denied fraud, saying the referendum was performed in a free and fair manner.<sup id="cite_ref-observers_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observers-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carter_accept_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter_accept-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carter_report_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter_report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carter_accuse_opposition_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter_accuse_opposition-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CEPRBlackSwan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEPRBlackSwan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carter Center released a paper and statistical analysis at the request of the NGO <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAmate" title="Súmate">Súmate</a> to evaluate a study by <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Hausmann" title="Ricardo Hausmann">Ricardo Hausmann</a> and Roberto Rigobon, reaffirming the center's original conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-carter_center_analysis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter_center_analysis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Statistical evaluations published in 2006 and 2011 concluded that fraud was committed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-specialsection_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-specialsection-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Petition">Petition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Petition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The recall mechanism was introduced into Venezuelan law in 1999 under the new Constitution drafted by the National <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> and sanctioned by the electorate in a referendum. Under its provisions, an elected official can be subjected to a recall referendum if a petition gathers signatures from 20% of the corresponding electorate. Thus, to order a presidential recall vote in 2004, 2.4 million signatures were needed - 20% of the national electorate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_basis">Constitutional basis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Constitutional basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The recall referendum is provided for in two articles of the 1999 Constitution: </p> <dl><dd><small><u>Article 72</u>: All [...] offices filled by popular vote are subject to revocation.</small></dd> <dd><small>Once one-half of the term of office to which an official has been elected has elapsed, a number of voters representing at least 20% of the registered voters in the affected constituency may petition for the calling of a referendum to revoke that official's mandate.</small></dd> <dd><small>When a number of voters equal to or greater than the number of those who elected the official vote in favour of the recall, provided that a number of voters equal to or greater than 25% of the total number of registered voters vote in the recall referendum, the official's mandate shall be deemed revoked and immediate action shall be taken to fill the permanent vacancy as provided for by this Constitution and by law.</small></dd></dl> <dl><dd><small><u>Article 233</u>: The President of the Republic shall become permanently unavailable to serve by reason of any of the following events: death; resignation; [...] recall by popular vote.</small></dd> <dd><small>[...] When the President of the Republic becomes permanently unavailable to serve during the first four years of his constitutional term of office, a new election by universal suffrage and direct ballot shall be held within 30 calendar days. Pending the election and inauguration of the new President, the Executive Vice President shall take charge of the Presidency of the Republic.</small></dd> <dd><small>In the cases described above, the new President shall complete the current constitutional term of office. If the President becomes permanently unavailable to serve during the last two years of his constitutional term of office, the Executive Vice President shall take over the Presidency of the Republic until the term is completed.</small></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests">Protests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_protests" title="2004 Venezuelan protests">2004 Venezuelan protests</a></div> <p>In February 2003, the <a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Venezuela)" title="National Electoral Council (Venezuela)">National Electoral Council</a> announced that the signatures presented to request the recall referendum had to be examined a second time.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protests against the decision began on 27 February 2004 in Caracas and fifteen other cities of the country, lasting five consecutive days.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations between the opposition and government agreeing on signatures led to the end of the protests.<sup id="cite_ref-:142_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the protests, 9 people were killed, of which at least 4 were due to the response of security officials,<sup id="cite_ref-:232_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:232-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hundreds were injured and 300 were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-:142_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signature_collection_drive">Signature collection drive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Signature collection drive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2003, about 3.2 million signatures were presented by <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAmate" title="Súmate">Súmate</a></i>, a Venezuelan volunteer civil association, founded in 2002. These signatures were rejected by the National Electoral Council (CNE) on the grounds that they had been collected prematurely; i.e., before the midpoint of the presidential term.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In September 2003, that the government used a "rapid reaction" squad to raid the offices of CNE, the government body overseeing the petition drive, where the petitions were stored.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2003, the opposition collected a new set of signatures, with 3.6 million names produced in four days. The CNE rejected the petition, saying that only 1.9 million were valid, while 1.1 million were dubious and 460,000 completely invalid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Reaction to the decision to reject the petition (for the second time) resulted in riots that led to nine dead, 339 arrested, and 1,200 injured.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The petitioners appealed to the Electoral Chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Supreme Tribunal of Justice">Venezuelan Supreme Court</a>. The court reinstated over 800,000 of the disputed signatures, bringing the total to 2.7 million<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, above the 2.4 million needed to authorise the referendum. However, about a week later, the Constitutional chamber of the Supreme Court overturned the Electoral chamber's ruling alleging that the latter did not have jurisdiction for that ruling.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The list of signatories was subsequently collected by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Aló_Presidente_N°180_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aló_Presidente_N°180-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The names of petition signers were posted publicly online in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Tasc%C3%B3n_List" title="Tascón List">Tascón List</a>. The president of the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Workers_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Workers Confederation">Venezuelan Workers Confederation</a> was quoted by the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> as claiming that the Chávez government had begun dismissing petition signers from government ministries, the state oil company, the state water company, the <a href="/wiki/Caracas_Metro" title="Caracas Metro">Caracas Metro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_hospital" title="Public hospital">public hospitals</a> and municipal governments controlled by Chávez's party.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Associated Press also quoted Venezuela's <a href="/wiki/Health_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Minister">Health Minister</a> as justifying petition related layoffs by saying "all those who have signed to activate the recall referendum against President Chávez should be fired from the Health Ministry". He retracted these remarks several days later by saying that they were his own personal opinions and not a matter of public policy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The CNE later admitted that 15,863 signatures of those signatures that were verified in May 2004 belonged to people who had died in 2003.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timing">Timing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Timing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The date chosen for the recall referendum was significant: had the recall vote been held on 19 August or later, Chávez would have been into the fifth year of his six-year term and had he been voted out, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vicente_Rangel" title="José Vicente Rangel">José Vicente Rangel</a> would have taken over and served out the rest of Chávez's presidency (in accordance with Article 233 of the Constitution, above). With the vote called for 15 August, Chávez was not yet into the last two years of his term in office; an unfavourable result would therefore have meant the calling of fresh presidential elections within the following 30 days. Chávez had expressed his clear intention to stand in the election, had he been recalled; the opposition factions, however, maintained that he would have been disqualified from doing so.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2009</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-chavez_march.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Anti-chavez_march.jpg/300px-Anti-chavez_march.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Anti-chavez_march.jpg/450px-Anti-chavez_march.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Anti-chavez_march.jpg/600px-Anti-chavez_march.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A rally in favor of the recall referendum in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Between late May 2004, when the CNE set the referendum date, and 15 August, the date chosen, a contentious campaign took place, with both sides convinced of victory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion_polls">Opinion polls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opinion polls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although support for Chávez had been low in 2003 and early 2004, polling data showed a shift as the campaign got under way. Most polls, including those by firms linked to the opposition which had showed low support for Chávez in 2003 and early 2004, predicted a rejection of the recall in the weeks before the referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-HellingerLAP328_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HellingerLAP328-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pre-referendum polls, both by opposition and by pro-Chávez groups, during the previous months and weeks predicted the <i>No</i> vote to win by a margin of between 5% and 31%. For example, <a href="/wiki/Stan_Greenberg" title="Stan Greenberg">Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research (GQR)</a> Inc. and <a href="/w/index.php?title=DATOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DATOS (page does not exist)">DATOS</a>, both commissioned by the opposition, found margins in favour of <i>No</i> by 5% and 12% respectively in June 2004;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Datan%C3%A1lisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Datanálisis">Datanálisis</a> found a margin of 14% in favour of Chávez in June.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 August, <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Jensen" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert W. Jensen">Robert Jensen</a> wrote that recent polls ranged from 8% to 31% for margins in favour of the <i>No</i> vote.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ballot">Ballot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ballot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum" title="Special:EditPage/2004 Venezuelan recall referendum">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following question was put to the Venezuelan electorate: </p> <dl><dd><i>¿Está usted de acuerdo con dejar sin efecto el mandato popular otorgado mediante elecciones democráticas legítimas al ciudadano Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías como presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela para el actual período presidencial? ¿NO o SÍ?</i></dd></dl> <p>Translated into English: </p> <dl><dd><i>Do you agree to revoke, for the current term, the popular mandate as President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela conferred on citizen Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías through democratic and legitimate elections? NO or YES?</i></dd></dl> <p>For the recall to be successful, there were three conditions: </p> <ul><li>A turnout of at least 25% of the country's 14.25 million registered voters.</li> <li>More votes against Chávez than the number who voted for him in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Venezuelan presidential election">2000 presidential election</a> (3.76 million).</li> <li>More "yes" votes cast than "no" votes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referendum_day">Referendum day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Referendum day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polling stations opened at 6 am Venezuelan time on 15 August 2004. Later in the day, faced with a 70% turnout, lengthy queues of waiting voters, and delays exacerbated by the use of novel electronic voting equipment and fingerprint scanners, the electoral authorities agreed to extend the close of voting twice: a four-hour extension of the deadline that took it to 8 p.m., followed by an additional four hours announced later in the evening, which took it to midnight.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A record number of voters turned out to defeat the recall attempt with a 59% "no" vote.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, who was in Venezuela to observe the electoral process, said of the patiently waiting Venezuelan electors, "This is the largest turnout I have ever seen." In previous presidential elections, turnout figures were at an average 55%.<sup id="cite_ref-Galeano_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galeano-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All Venezuelans aged 18 and up whose names appear on the electoral roll were eligible to vote, including those residing abroad: polling stations were set up in Venezuelan embassies and consulates abroad.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parody_recording">Parody recording</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parody recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At 3:50pm local time on 15 August, CNE rector <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(Venezuelan_politician)" title="Jorge Rodríguez (Venezuelan politician)">Jorge Rodríguez</a> and CNE president Francisco Carrasquero announced on national television that they had found an audio CD where a imitation voice of Carrasquero declared that the opposition had won the referendum with a total of 11,436,086 "yes" votes, and that Chávez's mandate was thereby revoked. Since this was several hours before the closing of the polling booths, and since Carrasquero declared the recording to be fake, this appeared to be a case of attempted sabotage of the referendum. The attorney-general was called on to conduct a full inquiry into the incident and to locate and arrest those responsible for the spurious audio recording.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Journalist Fausto Malavé declared in an interview in RCR that the recording was an evident parody that had been circulating in city streets for at least two months, claiming that it was surprising that it was only brought to public attention then. He also expressed concern at the significance that was attributed to it by the CNE.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exit_polling">Exit polling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exit polling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Coordinadora_Democr%C3%A1tica_(Venezuela)" title="Coordinadora Democrática (Venezuela)">Coordinadora Democrática</a> commissioned an exit poll from the American firm of <a href="/wiki/Penn,_Schoen_%26_Berland" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn, Schoen & Berland">Penn, Schoen & Berland</a>, which showed Chávez losing by a 60–40 margin. PSB used volunteers from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAmate" title="Súmate">Súmate</a>, a NGO which was the primary organizer of the recall referendum, and involved around 200 polling places<sup id="cite_ref-Barone_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barone-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> out of 8500. With over 20,000 responses the exit poll produced a much larger amount of data than most opinion polls (typically around 1000 responses), leading to an extremely low <a href="/wiki/Sampling_error" title="Sampling error">sampling error</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research" title="Center for Economic and Policy Research">Center for Economic and Policy Research</a> suggested that since the chance of sample error in the exit poll was so low and observers did not find any signs of fraud, it may have been the survey's methodology that led to the discrepancy in results.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PSB was criticized in the press for how the poll was carried out considering the Súmate group had been involved in organizing the recall and was considered anti-Chávez by the Venezuelan government.<sup id="cite_ref-ref36_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref36-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Publication or broadcast of exit polls was banned by electoral authorities, but results of the PSB poll went out to media outlets and opposition offices several hours before polls closed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> said that Súmate "deliberately distributed this erroneous exit poll data in order to build up, not only the expectation of victory, but also to influence the people still standing in line".<sup id="cite_ref-carter_accuse_opposition_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter_accuse_opposition-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Result">Result</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Result"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The preliminary result was announced on 16 August 2004 on national television and radio after 94% of the vote had been counted,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 58% having voted no and 42% voted yes..<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to these early-morning results, the first condition (a quorum of 25% of the electorate) had been satisfied. The second condition (more votes against Chávez than he received in 2000) would probably be satisfied. However, the third condition (a simple majority: more people voting "yes" than "no") had clearly failed. </p><p>The final results showed 59% had voted no. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"><caption></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Choice</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2">For</td><td style="text-align:right">3,989,008</td><td style="text-align:right">40.75</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Against</td><td style="text-align:right">5,800,629</td><td style="text-align:right">59.25</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold"><td colspan="2">Total</td><td style="text-align:right">9,789,637</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom"><td colspan="4" style="color:black;background:#eaecf0"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Valid votes</th><td>9,789,637</td><td>99.74</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Invalid/blank votes</th><td>25,994</td><td>0.26</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;background:inherit;color:inherit">Total votes</th><td>9,815,631</td><td>100.00</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Registered voters/turnout</th><td>14,037,900</td><td>69.92</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><td colspan="4" style="text-align:left">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050217074928/http://www.cne.gov.ve/referendum_presidencial2004/">CNE</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputes">Disputes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_fraud_complaints">Electoral fraud complaints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electoral fraud complaints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the preliminary results were broadcast, the opposition Coordinadora Democrática declared that fraud had taken place, stating that its own data (the <a href="/wiki/Penn,_Schoen_%26_Berland" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn, Schoen & Berland">Penn, Schoen & Berland</a> exit poll, which was performed by volunteers from Súmate, the NGO which had organized the referendum) put the "Yes" vote at 59% and the "No" vote at 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-eluniv983_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eluniv983-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their exit poll showed the opposite result to the official voting data, predicting that Chávez would lose by 20%, whereas the election results showed him to have won by 20%. A poll company representative, Schoen commented, "I think it was a massive fraud".<sup id="cite_ref-Barone_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barone-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coordinadora Democrática also told the press that no opposition representation was present when the votes were counted and that the physical ballots had not yet been taken into account.<sup id="cite_ref-eluniv983_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eluniv983-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constitutional lawyer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulio_%C3%81lvarez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulio Álvarez (page does not exist)">Tulio Álvarez</a>, representative of the Coordinadora Democrática, published a preliminary report entitled "Fraud to Democracy", the result of the work of 40 professionals diversified in 14 thematic areas, concluding that "qualitative, continued, selective, massive fraud" occurred in the manual and automated procedures, for which the coalition decided to challenge the process. The report explains that it was detected that in Venezuela the scheme of the electoral population averages was broken and in two months it went from 48 points to 53 points of proportion in the electoral population, meaning that close to 1.8 million people who never voted were accounted for, a mobilization of a non-existent population was made to commit fraud in the manual voting according to the report. The study states that mostnew registrants were oriented to rural centers or urban areas of manual voting, in an attempt to disguise the electronic fraud with a voting trend in favor of the "No" option. In the automated process, a collective manipulation of 28% of the vote was detected, which "compromises officials of the National Electoral Council and of the company in charge of the automation". Likewise, evidence of "bidirectionality of communication" was found, since according to the data obtained from <a href="/wiki/CANTV" title="CANTV">CANTV</a> there was traffic to and from the machines before printing the ballots, and it is indicated that there was "a pattern of communications intervention. At certain hours, traffic was concentrated to receive information, send and manipulate it", transmissions "outside the allowed hours, since 7:00 a.m.", when it was established that "the machine would not be connected until the closing of the process".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some individuals have disputed the center's endorsement of the electoral process in the Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox News' <a href="/wiki/Doug_Schoen" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug Schoen">Doug Schoen</a> told Michael Barone at <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>, "Our internal sourcing tells us that there was fraud in the Venezuelan central commission. There are widespread reports of irregularities and evidence of fraud, many of them ably recorded by Mary Anastasia O'Grady in <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> last week. Carter is untroubled by any of this, and declares that Chavez won 'fair and square.'"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carter Center looked into the allegations and released a paper and statistical analysis reaffirming their original conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process_endorsements">Process endorsements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Process endorsements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The day before the polling, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter expressed confidence that the vote would proceed in a calm and orderly fashion. Carter commented that, "I might project results that will be much more satisfactory than they were in 2000 in Florida".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the afternoon of 16 August 2004, Carter and OAS Secretary General <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Gaviria" title="César Gaviria">César Gaviria</a> gave a joint press conference in which they endorsed the preliminary results announced by the CNE. The monitors' findings "coincided with the partial returns announced today by the National Elections Council" said Carter, while Gaviria added that the OAS electoral observation mission's members had "found no element of fraud in the process". Directing his remarks at opposition figures who made claims of "widespread fraud" in the voting, Carter called on all Venezuelans to "accept the results and work together for the future".<sup id="cite_ref-carter_accept_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter_accept-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a> "concluded the results were accurate."<sup id="cite_ref-carter_report_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter_report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> accepted that the results of the subsequent audit were "consistent with the results announced by (Venezuela's) National Electoral Council."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Maisto" title="John Maisto">John Maisto</a>, U.S. Permanent Representative to the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, added that the results of the referendum "speak for themselves", saying that the quest for Venezuelan democracy "does not end with a single electoral process or referendum" and urging the "democratically elected government of Venezuela to address and recognize the legitimate concerns, rights, and aspirations of all of its citizens".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the recall effort, in testimony before the U.S. Senate, Maisto also pointed out that Carter had said that " 'expression of the citizen must be privileged over excessive technicalities' in resolving issues surrounding the tabulation of the signatures".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European Union observers did not oversee the elections, saying too many restrictions were put on their participation by the Chávez administration.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analyses">Analyses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Analyses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Economists <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Hausmann" title="Ricardo Hausmann">Ricardo Hausmann</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and Roberto Rigobón of the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management" title="MIT Sloan School of Management">MIT Sloan School of Management</a> performed a statistical analysis at Súmate's request, analyzing how fraud could have occurred during the referendum. They concluded that the vote samples audited by the government were not a random representation of all precincts, noting that the Chávez-backed <a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Venezuela)" title="National Electoral Council (Venezuela)">CNE</a> had "refused to use the random number generating program offered by the Carter Center for the 18 August audit and instead used its own program installed in its own computer and initialed with their own seed." They also noted that opposition witnesses and international observers were not allowed near the computer hub on election day.<sup id="cite_ref-UniversalElectionFraud_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UniversalElectionFraud-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">the Wall Street Journal</a></i>, a computer-science professor at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> said, "The Hausmann/Rigobon study is more credible than many of the other allegations being thrown around."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carter Center looked into the allegations and released a paper with a statistical analysis in response; this stated that the audit sample data, in particular the statistical <a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlation</a> between the number of "Yes" voters and the number of petition signatories in each audited voting centre, were consistent with nationwide results, and reaffirmed the Carter Center's earlier conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-carter_center_analysis_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter_center_analysis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research" title="Center for Economic and Policy Research">Center for Economic and Policy Research</a> drew on the Carter Center analysis and elaborated on the issue, criticising Hausmann and Rigobón's statistical model.<sup id="cite_ref-CEPRBlackSwan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEPRBlackSwan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the CEPR analysis noted that "although Hausmann and Rigobón's analysis does not require this data to be accurate, it does require that its errors be uncorrelated with those of the signatures, something that cannot be assumed without any verifiable knowledge or observation of where the data came from.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Javier Corrales wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Policy Magazine">Foreign Policy Magazine</a> that the opposition was "shocked not so much by the results as by the ease with which international observers condoned the Electoral Council's flimsy audit of the results."<sup id="cite_ref-HugoBoss_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HugoBoss-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sample for the audit was selected by the government controlled National Electoral Council and, according to the opposition, was not of sufficient size to be statistically reliable.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (July 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Election observers insisted that no fraud had taken place,<sup id="cite_ref-CEPRBlackSwan_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEPRBlackSwan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-observers_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observers-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but scholarly analyses published over the years to come disagreed. A statistical study by Maria M. Febres Cordero and Bernardo Márquez was published in 2006 in a peer-reviewed academic statistics journal.<sup id="cite_ref-corderomarquez_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corderomarquez-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study used <a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">cluster analysis</a> to review differences in vote patterns between voting certificates on the basis that voters were randomly assigned to certificates (each voting center had on average 2 or 3 certificates, typically for computerised and manual voting systems). It concluded: "[The] Venezuelan opposition has statistical evidence to reject the official results given by the CNE. The irregularities detected were observed consistently in numerous voting centers and the magnitude of the irregularities imply that the official results do not reflect the intention of voters with statistical confidence."<sup id="cite_ref-corderomarquez_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corderomarquez-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They estimated that 56.4% had voted yes to recall Chavez, as opposed to the official result of 41%. </p><p>The presence of systemic election fraud was also supported by six analyses in a special section in the November 2011 issue of <i>Statistical Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Raquel_Prado" title="Raquel Prado">Raquel Prado</a> and Bruno Sansó examined the exit polls;<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luis Raul Pericchi and David A Torres examined the no-votes against the <a href="/wiki/Benford%27s_law" title="Benford's law">Newcomb-Benford law</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isbelia Martin discovered anomalous patterns in telecommunications;<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ricardo Hausmann and Roberto I. Rigobón analyzed patterns related to exit polls; Raúl Jiménez examined the distribution of valid votes, null votes, and abstentions in each precinct;<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Gustavo Delfino and Guillermo Salas reported on the anomalous relation between signatures requesting the recall, and the yes-votes.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The section is introduced by an article written by <a href="/wiki/Alicia_L._Carriquiry" title="Alicia L. Carriquiry">Alicia L. Carriquiry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-specialsection_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-specialsection-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the papers, by Hausmann and Rigobón, was a later version of a paper disputed by the Carter Center, and contains a response to that criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_protests" title="2004 Venezuelan protests">2004 Venezuelan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Altamira_military" title="Plaza Altamira military">Plaza Altamira military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Venezuelan_recall_referendum_project" title="2016 Venezuelan recall referendum project">2016 Venezuelan recall referendum project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Venezuelan_recall_referendum_project" title="2022 Venezuelan recall referendum project">2022 Venezuelan recall referendum project</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contexto+y+Balance+de+Situaci%C3%B3n&rft.pages=11%2C+16&rft.date=2004-09&rft.au=PROVEA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprovea.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F08%2F001_contexto.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2004+Venezuelan+recall+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Economist</i>, 11 September 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_NDVQQSQ">Venezuela's referendum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aló_Presidente_N°180-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aló_Presidente_N°180_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugo_Chavez2004" class="citation cs2">Hugo Chavez (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070628091726/http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/misc-view/sharedfiles/Alo_Presidente_180.pdf">"Official transcript 'Aló Presidente' N°180, 1 February 2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Venezuelan State Television</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/misc-view/sharedfiles/Alo_Presidente_180.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Venezuelan+State+Television&rft.atitle=Official+transcript+%27Al%C3%B3+Presidente%27+N%C2%B0180%2C+1+February+2004&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Hugo+Chavez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gobiernoenlinea.ve%2Fmisc-view%2Fsharedfiles%2FAlo_Presidente_180.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2004+Venezuelan+recall+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HellingerLAP328-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HellingerLAP328_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellinger, Daniel (2005), "When 'No' Means 'Yes to Revolution': Electoral Politics in Bolivarian Venezuela", <i>Latin American Perspectives</i>, 32(8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Several polls in the run-up to the referendum showed Chavez to be the likely winner; the most recent ( 4–8 August) and comprehensive was the poll by Evans/McDonough Company, Inc., with Varianzas Opinion. With a nationwide sample of 2000 and a margin of error of 2.2 percent, it showed Chavez ahead by 50 to 38 percentage points among registered voters (up from 49–41 in July)."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuela_2004_08.pdf">"Polling and the Ballot: The Venezuelan Referendum"</a> <i>CEPR: Center for Economic and Policy Research</i>. Accessed 30 June 2006]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/El_Universal_(Caracas)" title="El Universal (Caracas)">El Universal</a></i>, 2 July 2004, <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/07/02/pol_art_02104D.shtml">Chávez ganará revocatorio según encuesta de EEUU</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040810073025/http://narcosphere.narconews.com/story/2004/8/1/185820/8839">"Are the Polls Credible in Venezuela? Vote NO"</a>. Narcosphere.narconews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://narcosphere.narconews.com/story/2004/8/1/185820/8839">the original</a> on 10 August 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+the+Polls+Credible+in+Venezuela%3F+Vote+NO&rft.pub=Narcosphere.narconews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnarcosphere.narconews.com%2Fstory%2F2004%2F8%2F1%2F185820%2F8839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2004+Venezuelan+recall+referendum" class="Z3988"></span> View full user profile.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Jensen, 11 August 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zmag.org/sustainers/content/2004-08/11jensen.cfm">"U.S. Supports Anti-democratic Forces In Venezuela Recall"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051116060439/http://www.zmag.org/sustainers/content/2004-08/11jensen.cfm">Archived</a> 16 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Zmag</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer2004" class="citation news cs1">Staff writer (21 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3587184.stm">"Venezuelan audit confirms victory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Venezuelan+audit+confirms+victory&rft.date=2004-09-21&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F3587184.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2004+Venezuelan+recall+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galeano-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galeano_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaleano2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Galeano" title="Eduardo Galeano">Galeano, Eduardo</a> (September–October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/II/29/eduardo-galeano-nothingland-or-venezuela">"Nothingland—or Venezuela?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>II</b> (29).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Nothingland%E2%80%94or+Venezuela%3F&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=29&rft.date=2004-09%2F2004-10&rft.aulast=Galeano&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FII%2F29%2Feduardo-galeano-nothingland-or-venezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2004+Venezuelan+recall+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050313204850/http://newswire.indymedia.org/en/newswire/2004/08/808090.shtml">"Independent Media Center"</a>. August 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newswire.indymedia.org/en/newswire/2004/08/808090.shtml">the original</a> on 13 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Independent+Media+Center&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewswire.indymedia.org%2Fen%2Fnewswire%2F2004%2F08%2F808090.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2004+Venezuelan+recall+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717020928/http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/08/15/revo_ava_15A483829.shtml">"Referéndum Revocatorio"</a>. <i>eluniversal.com</i>. El Universal. 15 August 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/08/15/revo_ava_15A483829.shtml">the original</a> on 17 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eluniversal.com&rft.atitle=Refer%C3%A9ndum+Revocatorio&rft.date=2004-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversal.com%2F2004%2F08%2F15%2Frevo_ava_15A483829.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2004+Venezuelan+recall+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barone-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barone_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barone_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barone, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/usnews/opinion/baroneweb/mb_040820.htm">"Exit polls in Venezuela".</a> <i>U.S. News & World Report.</i> 20 August 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuela_2004_08.pdf">"Polling and the Ballot: The Venezuelan Referendum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Center for Economic and Policy Research. August 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polling+and+the+Ballot%3A+The+Venezuelan+Referendum&rft.pub=Center+for+Economic+and+Policy+Research&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepr.net%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fvenezuela_2004_08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2004+Venezuelan+recall+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref36-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref36_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4D4J-M3V0-01TH-803J&csi=270093&oc=00240&perma=true">"Pollsters predicting recall under fire"</a>. <i>Inland Valley Daily Bulletin</i>. 20 August 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inland+Valley+Daily+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Pollsters+predicting+recall+under+fire&rft.date=2004-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4D4J-M3V0-01TH-803J%26csi%3D270093%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2004+Venezuelan+recall+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2004/08/296520.html">"U.S. poll firm in hot water in Venezuela"</a>. <i>indymedia.org.uk</i>. Indy Media UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indymedia.org.uk&rft.atitle=U.S.+poll+firm+in+hot+water+in+Venezuela&rft.date=2004-08&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indymedia.org.uk%2Fen%2F2004%2F08%2F296520.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2004+Venezuelan+recall+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040824181355/http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/?act=ST&f=2&t=7761">"Radio Nacional de Venezuela -> Presidente Chávez gana con casi 5 millones de votos"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rnv.gov.ve/noticias/?act=ST&f=2&t=7761">the original</a> on 24 August 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+Nacional+de+Venezuela+-%3E+Presidente+Ch%C3%A1vez+gana+con+casi+5+millones+de+votos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frnv.gov.ve%2Fnoticias%2F%3Fact%3DST%26f%3D2%26t%3D7761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2004+Venezuelan+recall+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Consejo Nacional Electoral. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cne.gov.ve/referendum_presidencial2004/">Chávez Ratificado Con el 58 Por Ciento de los votos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527022017/http://www.cne.gov.ve/referendum_presidencial2004/">Archived</a> 27 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 16 August 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eluniv983-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eluniv983_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eluniv983_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span><i>El Universal</i>, 16 August 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/08/16/revo_ava_16A483983.shtml">Coordinadora Democrática rechaza resultados oficiales del CNE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Michael Waller, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630013004/http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/modules/newsmanager/center%20publication%20pdfs/ocwhat_to_dovenezuela.pdf">"What to Do about Venezuela?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/modules/newsmanager/center%20publication%20pdfs/ocwhat_to_dovenezuela.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+to+Do+about+Venezuela%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centerforsecuritypolicy.org%2Fmodules%2Fnewsmanager%2Fcenter%2520publication%2520pdfs%2Focwhat_to_dovenezuela.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2004+Venezuelan+recall+referendum" class="Z3988"></span>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(75.0 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>)</span> Occasional Papers 6 <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">Center for Security Policy</a> May 2005, accessed 19 December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/usnews/opinion/baroneweb/mb_040820.htm">USNews.com: The National Interest: Exit polls in Venezuela (8/20/04)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110005586">"Opinion & Reviews - Wall Street Journal"</a>. <i>WSJ</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSJ&rft.atitle=Opinion+%26+Reviews+-+Wall+Street+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opinionjournal.com%2Feditorial%2Ffeature.html%3Fid%3D110005586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2004+Venezuelan+recall+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter Center, 17 September 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/1834.pdf">Report on an Analysis of the Representativeness of the Second Audit Sample, and the Correlation between Petition Signers and the Yes Vote in the Aug. 15, 2004 Presidential Recall Referendum in Venezuela</a>, accessed 20 February 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/">"Yahoo News - Latest News & Headlines"</a>. <i>news.yahoo.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Yahoo+News+-+Latest+News+%26+Headlines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2004+Venezuelan+recall+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pravda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pravda.ru/world/americas/25-08-2004/6685-chavez-0">Venezuelan opposition seeks revenge as audits confirm Chavez’s victory</a> Retrieved 5 August 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Department of State <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2004/35296.htm">Daily Press Briefing for August 17– Transcript</a> Retrieved 5 August 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usinfo.state.gov/wh/Archive/2004/Sep/14-795264.html">U.S. Urges Venezuela to Choose "Peaceful Path" to Democracy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060816172946/https://usinfo.state.gov/wh/Archive/2004/Sep/14-795264.html">Archived</a> 16 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 6 August 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maisto, John F. (24 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/~foreign/testimony/2004/MaistoTestimony040624.pdf">STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR JOHN F. MAISTO.</a> United States Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Cordoba, Jose and Luhnow, David. "Venezuelans Rush to Vote on Chavez: Polarized Nation Decides Whether to Recall President After Years of Political Rifts". <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. (Eastern edition). New York, NY: 16 August 2004. pg. A11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UniversalElectionFraud-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UniversalElectionFraud_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juan Francisco Alonso (6 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/09/06/en_pol_art_06A489963.shtml">Súmate: There is a 99% probability of fraud in referendum</a>. <i>El Universal</i>. Retrieved 6 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luhnow, David. Academics' Study Backs Fraud Claim in Chavez Election. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> (7 September 2004) pg. A18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisbrotRosnickTucker2004" class="citation web cs1">Weisbrot, Mark; Rosnick, David; Tucker, Todd (20 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuela_2004_09.pdf">"Black Swans, Conspiracy Theories, and the Quixotic Search for Fraud: A Look at Hausmann and Rigobón's 1 Analysis of Venezuela's Referendum Vote"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>cepr.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227012901/http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuela_2004_09.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cepr.net&rft.atitle=Black+Swans%2C+Conspiracy+Theories%2C+and+the+Quixotic+Search+for+Fraud%3A+A+Look+at+Hausmann+and+Rigob%C3%B3n%27s+1+Analysis+of+Venezuela%27s+Referendum+Vote&rft.date=2004-09-20&rft.aulast=Weisbrot&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Rosnick%2C+David&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcepr.net%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fvenezuela_2004_09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2004+Venezuelan+recall+referendum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HugoBoss-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HugoBoss_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corrales, Javier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/19/hugo-boss/">Hugo Boss.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122061831/https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/19/hugo-boss/">Archived</a> 22 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Foreign Policy</i> (19 October 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.sumate.org/documentos/PrelimRRP1-2%20main%20text2.pdf">Preliminary Report: The Presidential Recall Referendum.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904232252/http://web.sumate.org/documentos/PrelimRRP1-2%20main%20text2.pdf">Archived</a> 4 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Súmate</i> (7 September 2004). Retrieved 8 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corderomarquez-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corderomarquez_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-corderomarquez_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria M. Febres Cordero and Bernardo Márquez (2006), "A Statistical Approach to Assess Referendum Results: the Venezuelan Recall Referendum 2004", <i>International Statistical Review</i>, 74(3); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?verb=Display&version=1.0&service=UI&handle=euclid.isr/1165245390&page=record">abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607174857/http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?verb=Display&version=1.0&service=UI&handle=euclid.isr%2F1165245390&page=record">Archived</a> 7 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Raquel_Prado" title="Raquel Prado">Raquel Prado</a> and Bruno Sansó (2011), <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.3320" class="extiw" title="arxiv:1205.3320">The 2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum: Discrepancies Between Two Exit Polls and Official Results</a>, <i>Statistical Science</i> 26(4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luis Raul Pericchi and David A Torres (2011), <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.3290" class="extiw" title="arxiv:1205.3290">Quick Anomaly Detection by the Newcomb–Benford Law, with Applications to Electoral Processes Data from the USA, Puerto Rico and Venezuela</a>, <i>Statistical Science</i> 26(4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isbelia Martin (2011), <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.3564" class="extiw" title="arxiv:1205.3564">2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum (2004 PRR): A Statistical Analysis from the Point of View of Electronic Voting Data Transmissions</a>, <i>Statistical Science</i> 26(4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raúl Jiménez (2011), <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.3645" class="extiw" title="arxiv:1205.3645">Forensic Analysis of the Venezuelan Recall Referendum</a>, <i>Statistical Science</i> 26(4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gustavo Delfino and Guillermo Salas (2011), <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.5108" class="extiw" title="arxiv:1205.5108">Analysis of the 2004 Venezuela Referendum: The Official Results Versus the Petition Signatures</a>, <i>Statistical Science</i> 26(4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alicia_L._Carriquiry" title="Alicia L. Carriquiry">Alicia L. Carriquiry</a>. (2011), <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.3009" class="extiw" title="arxiv:1205.3009">Election Forensics and the 2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum as a Case Study</a>, <i>Statistical Science</i> 26(4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Hausmann" title="Ricardo Hausmann">Ricardo Hausmann</a> and Roberto I. Rigobón (2011), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/rigobon/www/Robertos_Web_Page/oth_-_blackswan_files/Black%20Swan%20FINAL.pdf">In Search of the Black Swan: Analysis of the Statistical Evidence of Electoral Fraud in Venezuela</a>", <i>Statistical Science</i> 26(4)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3247816.stm">Recall Referendum Q&A</a> (BBC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3479113.stm">Head-to-head: Should Chávez leave power?</a> (BBC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050313204850/http://newswire.indymedia.org/en/newswire/2004/08/808090.shtml">indymedia global newswire</a> claims of electoral fraud by CNE</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040824181355/http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/?act=ST&f=2&t=7761">referendum result</a> announced on national radio and television</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://analitica.com/">Venezuela Analitica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cne.gov.ve/referendum_presidencial2004">CNE's Official Results for Recall Referendum</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Venezuela)" title="National Electoral Council (Venezuela)">National Electoral Council (Venezuela)</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107211505/http://www.cartercenter.org/doc1837.htm">Carter Center's Executive Summary of Comprehensive Report: 2004 Venezuela Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107211505/http://www.cartercenter.org/doc1820.htm">Carter Center's Audit of the Results of the Presidential Recall Referendum in Venezuela</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107211505/http://www.cartercenter.org/doc1834.htm">Carter Center's Report on an Analysis of the Representativeness of the Second Audit Sample, and the Correlation between Petition Signers and the Yes Vote in the August 15, 2004, Presidential Recall Referendum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/usnews/opinion/baroneweb/mb_040820.htm">Exit polls in Venezuela</a> an analysis by Michael Barone of <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuela_2004_09.pdf">Black Swans, Conspiracy Theories, and the Quixotic Search for Fraud: A Look at Hausmann and Rigobon's Analysis of Venezuela's Referendum Vote</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research" title="Center for Economic and Policy Research">Center for Economic and Policy Research</a>, September 2004</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Venezuela&#124;link=Venezuela_Elections_and_referendums_in_Venezuela" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Venezuelan_elections" title="Template:Venezuelan elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venezuelan_elections" title="Template talk:Venezuelan elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venezuelan_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venezuelan elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Venezuela&#124;link=Venezuela_Elections_and_referendums_in_Venezuela" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela">Elections and referendums in Venezuela</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">Presidential elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1947 Venezuelan general election">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1958 Venezuelan general election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1963 Venezuelan general election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1968 Venezuelan general election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1973 Venezuelan general election">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1978 Venezuelan general election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1983 Venezuelan general election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1988 Venezuelan general election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1993 Venezuelan general election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="1998 Venezuelan presidential election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election" title="2000 Venezuelan general election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">Parliamentary elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1832_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1832 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1835_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1835 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1838_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1838 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1838</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1841_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1841 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1841</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1844_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1844 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1847_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1847 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1847</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1850_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1850 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1853_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1853 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1856_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1856 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1859_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1859 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1863_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1863 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1873_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1873 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1873</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1877 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1882_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1882 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1888_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1888 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1890 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1894_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1894 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1898_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1898 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1929_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1929 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_Venezuelan_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 Venezuelan general election (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1936_Venezuelan_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1936 Venezuelan general election (page does not exist)">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 Venezuelan parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1947 Venezuelan general election">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1958 Venezuelan general election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1963 Venezuelan general election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1968 Venezuelan general election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1973 Venezuelan general election">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1978 Venezuelan general election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1983 Venezuelan general election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1988 Venezuelan general election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1993 Venezuelan general election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="1998 Venezuelan parliamentary election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election" title="2000 Venezuelan general election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2020</a></li> <li><i>2025</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Venezuela" title="Regions of Venezuela">Regional elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_Venezuelan_regional_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 Venezuelan regional elections (page does not exist)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Venezuelan_regional_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 Venezuelan regional elections (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_Venezuelan_regional_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 Venezuelan regional elections (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_Venezuelan_regional_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 Venezuelan regional elections (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_regional_elections" title="2000 Venezuelan regional elections">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_regional_elections" title="2004 Venezuelan regional elections">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Venezuelan_regional_elections" title="2008 Venezuelan regional elections">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_regional_elections" title="2012 Venezuelan regional elections">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_regional_elections" title="2017 Venezuelan regional elections">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Venezuelan_regional_elections" title="2021 Venezuelan regional elections">2021</a></li> <li><i>2025</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Venezuela" title="Municipalities of Venezuela">Municipal elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Venezuelan_municipal_elections" title="1948 Venezuelan municipal elections">1948</a></li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_municipal_elections" title="2013 Venezuelan municipal elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_municipal_elections" title="2017 Venezuelan municipal elections">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_municipal_elections" title="2018 Venezuelan municipal elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Venezuelan_regional_elections" title="2021 Venezuelan regional elections">2021</a></li> <li><i>2025</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituent Assemblies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1811_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1811 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1811</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1819_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1819 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1819</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1821 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1821</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1830 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1857_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1857 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1858_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1858 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1858</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1864_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1864 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1874_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1874 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1881_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1881 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1891_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1891 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1893_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1893 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1901 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1904_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1904 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1914_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1914 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1925_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1925 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1928 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1936_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1936 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1946 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1952 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1961_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election (page does not exist)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1999 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election">2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1957_Venezuelan_referendum" title="1957 Venezuelan referendum">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1999_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="April 1999 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">1999 (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1999_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="December 1999 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">1999 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_trade_union_leadership_referendum" title="2000 Venezuelan trade union leadership referendum">2000</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_referendum" title="2017 Venezuelan referendum">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2020_Venezuelan_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2020 Venezuelan referendum (page does not exist)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Venezuelan_referendum" title="2023 Venezuelan referendum">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Venezuela_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Venezuela_topics" title="Template:Venezuela topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venezuela_topics" title="Template talk:Venezuela topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venezuela_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venezuela topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Venezuela_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Venezuela-related_articles" title="Index of Venezuela-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela" title="History of Venezuela">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Captaincy General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">reunification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_the_Reforms" title="Revolution of the Reforms">Revolution of the Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_War" title="Federal War">Federal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revindicating_Revolution" title="Revindicating Revolution">Revindicating Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1895" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1895">1895 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_Liberal_Revolution" title="Restorative Liberal Revolution">Restorative Liberal Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">1902–03 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II" title="Venezuela during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Trienio_Adeco" title="El Trienio Adeco">El Trienio Adeco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1958 Venezuelan coup d'état">1958 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntofijo_Pact" title="Puntofijo Pact">Puntofijo Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Carupanazo" title="El Carupanazo">El Carupanazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracazo" title="Caracazo">Caracazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts">1992 coup d'état attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_tragedy" title="Vargas tragedy">Vargas tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">2002 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">2002–03 general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis" title="2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis">2017 constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">2019 presidential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_civil_wars" title="Venezuelan civil wars">Civil wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Venezuelan coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Venezuela" title="Geography of Venezuela">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Venezuela" title="Borders of Venezuela">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Venezuela" title="List of cities and towns in Venezuela">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Venezuela" title="List of metropolitan areas in Venezuela">metropolitan areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Venezuela" title="Climate of Venezuela">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Venezuela" title="List of earthquakes in Venezuela">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Venezuela" title="Environmental issues in Venezuela">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Venezuela" title="Fauna of Venezuela">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Venezuela" title="Flora of Venezuela">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Venezuela" title="List of national parks of Venezuela">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Venezuela" title="Natural regions of Venezuela">Natural Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Venezuela" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Venezuela">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Politics of Venezuela">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Corruption in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Venezuela" title="Torture in Venezuela">Torture in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela" title="Human rights in Venezuela">Human rights in Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Venezuela">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Crisis in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Venezuela" title="Administrative divisions of Venezuela">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Venezuela" title="Regions of Venezuela">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Venezuela" title="Foreign relations of Venezuela">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Venezuela" title="Law enforcement in Venezuela">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela" title="National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="President of the National Assembly of Venezuela">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela" title="Vice President of Venezuela">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Venezuela" title="Cabinet of Venezuela">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_of_Venezuela_in_exile" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile">In exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_territorial_dispute" title="Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute">Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Parties" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Venezuela" title="List of political parties in Venezuela">Parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_Pole" title="Great Patriotic Pole">Great Patriotic Pole</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_We_Are_Venezuela" title="Movement We Are Venezuela">Movement We Are Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="Communist Party of Venezuela">Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Social_Democracy" title="For Social Democracy">For Social Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupamaro_(Venezuela)" title="Tupamaro (Venezuela)">Tupamaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Electoral_Movement_(Venezuela)" title="People's Electoral Movement (Venezuela)">People's Electoral Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unity_Roundtable" title="Democratic Unity Roundtable">Democratic Unity Roundtable</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_First" title="Justice First">Justice First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Will" title="Popular Will">Popular Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_New_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="A New Era">A New Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_(Venezuela)" title="Democratic Action (Venezuela)">Democratic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Come_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Come Venezuela">Come Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Agreement_for_Change" title="Agreement for Change">Agreement for Change</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Advance" title="Progressive Advance">Progressive Advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Socialism (Venezuela)">Movement for Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copei" title="Copei">COPEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Movement_of_Venezuela" title="Ecological Movement of Venezuela">Ecological Movement of Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Venezuela" title="Agriculture in Venezuela">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Venezuela" title="List of companies of Venezuela">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporaci%C3%B3n_Venezolana_de_Guayana" title="Corporación Venezolana de Guayana">CVG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuelan_cooperatives" title="List of Venezuelan cooperatives">Cooperatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Venezuela" title="Energy policy of Venezuela">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">Oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Venezuela" title="Science and technology in Venezuela">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracas_Stock_Exchange" title="Caracas Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Venezuela" title="Telecommunications in Venezuela">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Venezuela" title="Tourism in Venezuela">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Venezuela" title="Transport in Venezuela">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Venezuela" title="Category:Society of Venezuela">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Venezuela" title="Crime in Venezuela">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Venezuela" title="Demographics of Venezuela">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_diaspora" title="Venezuelan diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Venezuela" title="Education in Venezuela">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Venezuela">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Venezuela" title="Immigration to Venezuela">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuelans" title="List of Venezuelans">List of Venezuelans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Venezuela" title="Public holidays in Venezuela">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="Venezuelan refugee crisis">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Venezuela" title="Squatting in Venezuela">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Venezuela" title="Women in Venezuela">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Venezuela" title="Culture of Venezuela">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Venezuela" title="Cinema of Venezuela">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_literature" title="Venezuelan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Venezuela" title="Mass media in Venezuela">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Venezuela" title="Miss Venezuela">Miss Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Venezuela" title="Sport in Venezuela">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Venezuela" title="National symbols of Venezuela">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_al_Bravo_Pueblo" title="Gloria al Bravo Pueblo">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela" title="Coat of arms of Venezuela">coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Venezuela" title="Flag of Venezuela">flag</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Venezuela" title="Outline of Venezuela">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Venezuela-related_articles" title="Index of Venezuela-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Venezuela" title="Category:Venezuela">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Venezuela" title="Portal:Venezuela">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Chávez" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Template:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Template talk:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hugo_Chávez" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">45th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a> (1999–2013)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early life and career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Early life of Hugo Chávez">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Military career of Hugo Chávez">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">Coup attempt of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="1998 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/100px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/150px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/200px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1291" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/100px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/150px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/200px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Hugo Chávez">Cabinet of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">1999 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election" title="2000 Venezuelan general election">General election of 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">Coup attempt of 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Recall referendum of 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li> <li>2007 protests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_RCTV_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan RCTV protests">RCTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_referendum_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan referendum protests">Referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boliburgues%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Boliburguesía">Boliburguesía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Circles" title="Bolivarian Circles">Bolivarian Circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">Colectivos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Bol%C3%ADvar_2000" title="Plan Bolívar 2000">Plan Bolívar 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_communal_councils" title="Venezuelan communal councils">Venezuelan communal councils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez government">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%B3_Presidente" title="Aló Presidente">Aló Presidente</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_propaganda" title="Bolivarian propaganda">Bolivarian propaganda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavismo:_The_Plague_of_the_21st_Century" title="Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century">Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_ocaso_del_socialismo_m%C3%A1gico" title="El ocaso del socialismo mágico">El ocaso del socialismo mágico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_pueblo_soy_yo" title="El pueblo soy yo">El pueblo soy yo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Hugo Chávez's cult of personality">Hugo Chávez's cult of personality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mi_amigo_Hugo" title="Mi amigo Hugo">Mi amigo Hugo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C2%BFPor_qu%C3%A9_no_te_callas%3F" title="¿Por qué no te callas?">¿Por qué no te callas?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Public image of Hugo Chávez">Public image of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C2%BF%C2%A1Revoluci%C3%B3n!%3F" title="¿¡Revolución!?">¿¡Revolución!?</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">teleSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_and_the_Scorpion" title="The Silence and the Scorpion">The Silence and the Scorpion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelanalysis" title="Venezuelanalysis">Venezuelanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Information_Office" title="Venezuela Information Office">Venezuela Information Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">← Rafael Caldera</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Category:Hugo Chávez">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidency_of_Hugo_Chávez" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ch%C3%A1vez_presidency" title="Template:Chávez presidency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ch%C3%A1vez_presidency" title="Template talk:Chávez presidency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ch%C3%A1vez_presidency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chávez presidency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidency_of_Hugo_Chávez" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez">Presidency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez">Tenure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Hugo Chávez">Cabinet of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Bol%C3%ADvar_2000" title="Plan Bolívar 2000">Plan Bolívar 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_tragedy" title="Vargas tragedy">Vargas tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree_1011" title="Decree 1011">Decree 1011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasc%C3%B3n_List" title="Tascón List">Tascón List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Danilo_Anderson" title="Assassination of Danilo Anderson">Assassination of Danilo Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">teleSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Maria_Lourdes_Afiuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni">Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDVAL_affair" title="PDVAL affair">PDVAL affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Brito" title="Franklin Brito">Death of Franklin Brito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yare_prison_riot" title="Yare prison riot">Yare prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Uribana_prison_riot" title="2013 Uribana prison riot">2013 Uribana prison riot</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daktari_Ranch_affair" title="Daktari Ranch affair">Daktari Ranch affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Granda_affair" title="Rodrigo Granda affair">Rodrigo Granda affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Ch%C3%A1vez_speech_at_the_United_Nations" title="2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations">2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Energy_Summit" title="South American Energy Summit">South American Energy Summit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C2%BFPor_qu%C3%A9_no_te_callas%3F" title="¿Por qué no te callas?">¿Por qué no te callas?</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Andean_diplomatic_crisis" title="2008 Andean diplomatic crisis">2008 Andean diplomatic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Emmanuel" title="Operation Emmanuel">Operation Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Maniceros_massacre" title="Los Maniceros massacre">Los Maniceros massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Colombia%E2%80%93Venezuela_diplomatic_crisis" title="2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis">2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election" title="2000 Venezuelan general election">2000 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_trade_union_leadership_referendum" title="2000 Venezuelan trade union leadership referendum">2000 trade union referendum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2004 recall referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tasc%C3%B3n_List" title="Tascón List">Tascón List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2005 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">2006 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">2007 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">2009 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">2012 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boliburgues%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Boliburguesía">Boliburguesía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Circles" title="Bolivarian Circles">Bolivarian Circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Florentino" title="Mission Florentino">Florentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Guaicaipuro" title="Mission Guaicaipuro">Guaicaipuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Habitat" title="Mission Habitat">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Identidad" title="Mission Identidad">Identidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Mercal" title="Mission Mercal">Mercal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Miranda" title="Mission Miranda">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Piar" title="Mission Piar">Piar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Ribas" title="Mission Ribas">Ribas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Robinson" title="Mission Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Sucre" title="Mission Sucre">Sucre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Vuelta_al_Campo" title="Mission Vuelta al Campo">Vuelta al Campo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Vuelvan_Caras" title="Mission Vuelvan Caras">Vuelvan Caras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Zamora" title="Mission Zamora">Zamora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">Colectivos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Economic policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Foreign_Commerce" title="National Center for Foreign Commerce">National Center for Foreign Commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snitch_Law" title="Snitch Law">Snitch Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_communal_councils" title="Venezuelan communal councils">Venezuelan communal councils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Decree_1011" title="Decree 1011">Con mis hijos no te metas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="2002 Venezuelan coup attempt">Coup attempt of 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Altamira_military" title="Plaza Altamira military">Plaza Altamira military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">2002–2003 general strike</a></li> <li>Protests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llaguno_Overpass_events" title="Llaguno Overpass events">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_protests" title="2004 Venezuelan protests">2004</a></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_RCTV_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan RCTV protests">RCTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_referendum_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan referendum protests">Referendum</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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