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mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Venezuela" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-Columbian history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Colonization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 German colonization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_15th_century_to_early_17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_15th_century_to_early_17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Late 15th century to early 17th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_15th_century_to_early_17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_and_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_and_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Independence and 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_and_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivarian_government_under_Chávez:_1999–2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivarian_government_under_Chávez:_1999–2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Bolivarian government under Chávez: 1999–2013 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivarian_government_under_Chávez:_1999–2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivarian_government_under_Maduro:_2013–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivarian_government_under_Maduro:_2013–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Bolivarian government under Maduro: 2013–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivarian_government_under_Maduro:_2013–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity and conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Hydrography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Relief </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valleys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valleys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Valleys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valleys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deserts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deserts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Deserts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deserts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suspension_of_constitutional_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suspension_of_constitutional_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Suspension of constitutional rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suspension_of_constitutional_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Law and crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shortages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shortages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Shortages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shortages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petroleum_and_other_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroleum_and_other_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Petroleum and other resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroleum_and_other_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talks_and_interviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talks_and_interviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Talks and interviews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talks_and_interviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Venezuela</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 269 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-269" aria-hidden="true" > 269 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8n%C3%A8zu%C3%A8la" title="Vènèzuèla – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Vènèzuèla" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Венесуелэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Венесуелэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Венесуэлэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Венесуэлэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AC%E1%8A%94%E1%8B%9D%E1%8B%8C%E1%88%8B" title="ቬኔዝዌላ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቬኔዝዌላ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="वेनेजुएला – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="वेनेजुएला" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feneswela" title="Feneswela – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Feneswela" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуела – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Венесуела" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="فنزويلا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فنزويلا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%A2%DC%99%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%A0%DC%90" title="ܒܢܙܘܝܠܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܢܙܘܝܠܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Վենեզուելա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վենեզուելա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8n%C3%A8%C3%A7u%C3%A8la" title="Vènèçuèla – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vènèçuèla" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="वेनेज़ुएला – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="वेनेज़ुएला" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesu%C3%A9la" title="Venesuéla – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Venesuéla" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%C3%AFxwila" title="Winïxwila – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Winïxwila" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesuela" title="Venesuela – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Venesuela" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ونزوئلا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ونزوئلا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9n%C3%A9zu%C3%A9la" title="Vénézuéla – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Vénézuéla" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="ভেনেজুয়েলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভেনেজুয়েলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вэнэсуэла – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэнэсуэла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="वेनेजुएला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वेनेजुएला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benesuela" title="Benesuela – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Benesuela" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneswela" title="Veneswela – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Veneswela" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венецуела – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Венецуела" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="ཝེ་ནེ་ཟུའེ་ལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཝེ་ནེ་ཟུའེ་ལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecuela" title="Venecuela – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Venecuela" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Венесуэлэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Венесуэлэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene%C3%A7uela" title="Veneçuela – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Veneçuela" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feneswela" title="Feneswela – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Feneswela" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ڤينيزويلا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤينيزويلا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%AC%DE%92%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%AD%DE%8D%DE%A7" title="ވެނެޒުއޭލާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވެނެޒުއޭލާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1%C5%82k%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC_Bighan_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Táłkááʼ Bighan Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Táłkááʼ Bighan Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="भेनेजुयला – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भेनेजुयला" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Βενεζουέλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βενεζουέλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venes%C3%BCela" title="Venesüela – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Venesüela" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelo" title="Venezuelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Venezuelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene%C3%A7uela" title="Veneçuela – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Veneçuela" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ونزوئلا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ونزوئلا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesuela" title="Venesuela – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Venesuela" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenezu%C3%ABla" title="Fenezuëla – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fenezuëla" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenesuwela" title="Wenesuwela – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Wenesuwela" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veinis%C3%A9ala" title="Veiniséala – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Veiniséala" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Veneswaaley" title="Yn Veneswaaley – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Veneswaaley" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesuela" title="Venesuela – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Venesuela" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Bheiniseala" title="A' Bheiniseala – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Bheiniseala" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9D%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE" title="વેનેઝુએલા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વેનેઝુએલા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="व्हेनेझुएला – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="व्हेनेझुएला" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%84%A4%EC%88%98%EC%97%98%EB%9D%BC" title="베네수엘라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베네수엘라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenekola" title="Wenekola – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Wenekola" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Վենեսուելա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վենեսուելա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="वेनेज़ुएला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेनेज़ुएला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="ভেনেজুয়েলা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ভেনেজুয়েলা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%C3%A6" title="Венесуэлæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Венесуэлæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venes%C3%BAela" title="Venesúela – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Venesúela" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94" title="ונצואלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ונצואלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenezuyeelaa" title="Fenezuyeelaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fenezuyeelaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE" title="ವೆನೆಜುವೆಲಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೆನೆಜುವೆಲಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benesuela" title="Benesuela – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Benesuela" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ვენესუელა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვენესუელა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%97%DB%8C%D9%90%D9%84%D8%A7" title="وینَزوٗیِلا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وینَزوٗیِلا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenezuelsk%C3%B4" title="Wenezuelskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wenezuelskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezwela" title="Venezwela – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Venezwela" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuwela" title="Venezuwela – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Venezuwela" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneswela" title="Beneswela – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Beneswela" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezwela" title="Venezwela – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Venezwela" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9n%C3%A9zw%C3%A9la" title="Vénézwéla – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vénézwéla" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B8%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2" title="ປະເທດເວເນຊຸເອລາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເວເນຊຸເອລາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecuela" title="Venecuela – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Venecuela" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetiola" title="Venetiola – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Venetiola" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecu%C4%93la" title="Venecuēla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Venecuēla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesuela" title="Venesuela – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Venesuela" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezwela" title="Venezwela – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Venezwela" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesuela" title="Venesuela – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Venesuela" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/benesuel" title="benesuel – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="benesuel" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="भेनेजुएला – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भेनेजुएला" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венецуела – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Венецуела" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezoela" title="Venezoela – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Venezoela" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B2" title="വെനസ്വേല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെനസ്വേല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene%C5%BCwela" title="Veneżwela – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Veneżwela" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weneh%C5%ABera" title="Wenehūera – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Wenehūera" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="व्हेनेझुएला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हेनेझुएला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ვენესუელა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვენესუელა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ڤينيزويلا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤينيزويلا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ونزوئلا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ونزوئلا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%93%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯚꯦꯅꯦꯓꯨꯑꯦꯂꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯚꯦꯅꯦꯓꯨꯑꯦꯂꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benezuela" title="Benezuela – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Benezuela" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вэнэзуэла – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Вэнэзуэла" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Венесуэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Венесуэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%87%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဗင်နီဇွဲလားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗင်နီဇွဲလားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="भेनेजुएला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भेनेजुएला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="भेनेजुएला – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भेनेजुएला" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%8D%E3%82%BA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A9" title="ベネズエラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベネズエラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weenesuela" title="Weenesuela – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Weenesuela" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenezuela" title="Wenezuela – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Wenezuela" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9n%C3%A9zu%C3%A9la" title="Vénézuéla – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Vénézuéla" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene%C3%A7u%C3%A8la" title="Veneçuèla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Veneçuèla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezu%E2%80%99eelaa" title="Venezu’eelaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Venezu’eelaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesuela" title="Venesuela – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Venesuela" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵੈਨੇਜ਼ੁਐਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੈਨੇਜ਼ੁਐਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="वेनेज्वेला – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="वेनेज्वेला" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="وینزویلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وینزویلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%D8%A7" title="وېنزوېلا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وېنزوېلا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venizuela" title="Venizuela – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Venizuela" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6" title="វេណេស៊ុយអេឡា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វេណេស៊ុយអេឡា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venessuela" title="Venessuela – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Venessuela" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesuwela" title="Venesuwela – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Venesuwela" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenezuela" title="Wenezuela – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wenezuela" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesuela" title="Venesuela – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Venesuela" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesuela" title="Venesuela – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Venesuela" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winisuyla" title="Winisuyla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Winisuyla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5c%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венеcуела – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Венеcуела" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesuela" title="Venesuela – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Venesuela" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="वेनेजुयेला – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वेनेजुयेला" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱞᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱮᱡᱩᱭᱮᱞᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezzuela" title="Venezzuela – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Venezzuela" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="වෙනිසියුලාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෙනිසියුලාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="وينيزويلا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وينيزويلا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynezuela" title="Wynezuela – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wynezuela" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanansuwela" title="Fanansuwela – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fanansuwela" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ڤێنیزوێلا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤێنیزوێلا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venswelikondre" title="Venswelikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Venswelikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венецуела – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Венецуела" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9n%C3%A9zu%C3%A9la" title="Vénézuéla – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Vénézuéla" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE" title="வெனிசுவேலா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெனிசுவேலா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%82%84%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%82%87%E1%81%B8%E1%80%BD%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဝႄႇၼေႇၸွႆးလႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဝႄႇၼေႇၸွႆးလႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE" title="వెనుజ్వేలా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వెనుజ్వేలా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="ประเทศเวเนซุเอลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเวเนซุเอลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AC%E1%8A%94%E1%8B%9D%E1%8B%8C%E1%88%8B" title="ቬኔዝዌላ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቬኔዝዌላ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesuela" title="Venesuela – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Venesuela" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%AA%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%91%E1%8F%AA%E1%8E%B3" title="ᏪᏁᏑᏪᎳ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏪᏁᏑᏪᎳ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenesuela" title="Wenesuela – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wenesuela" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezwela" title="Venezwela – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Venezwela" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуэла – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Венесуэла" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Венесуела – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Венесуела" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="وینیزویلا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وینیزویلا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%DB%90%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B3%DB%87%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ۋېنېسۇئېلا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋېنېسۇئېلا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veijneisuilah" title="Veijneisuilah – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Veijneisuilah" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesue%C5%82a" title="Venesueła – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Venesueła" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesuel" title="Venesuel – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Venesuel" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesol%C3%A4n" title="Venesolän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Venesolän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezwela" title="Venezwela – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Venezwela" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenesuweera" title="Wenesuweera – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Wenesuweera" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89" title="委內瑞拉 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="委內瑞拉" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benesuwela" title="Benesuwela – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Benesuwela" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%86%85%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89" title="委内瑞拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="委内瑞拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="ווענעזועלע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווענעזועלע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenesuela" title="Fenesuela – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fenesuela" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89" title="委內瑞拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="委內瑞拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesoela" title="Venesoela – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Venesoela" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89" title="委內瑞拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="委內瑞拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9su%C3%A8la" title="Bénésuèla – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bénésuèla" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelat%C3%B2" title="Venezuelatò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Venezuelatò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesuela" title="Venesuela – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Venesuela" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q717#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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.geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venezuela&params=7_N_65_W_type:country_region:VE">7°N 65°W / 7°N 65°W / 7; -65</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in South America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" redirects here. For the period when it was known as the "Republic of Venezuela" from 1953 to 1999, see <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Republic of Venezuela">Republic of Venezuela</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Venezuela_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Venezuela (disambiguation)">Venezuela (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Valenzuela_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Valenzuela (disambiguation)">Valenzuela</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vuvuzela" title="Vuvuzela">Vuvuzela</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela</div><div class="ib-country-names">República Bolivariana de Venezuela (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Venezuela"><img alt="Flag of Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/125px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/188px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/250px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Venezuela" title="Flag of Venezuela">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Venezuela"><img alt="Coat of arms of Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="558" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela" title="Coat of arms of Venezuela"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <a href="/wiki/Dios_y_Federaci%C3%B3n" title="Dios y Federación">Dios y Federación</a> ("God and Federation")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_al_Bravo_Pueblo" title="Gloria al Bravo Pueblo">Gloria al Bravo Pueblo</a> (Spanish) ("Glory to the Brave People")<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Gloria_al_Bravo_Pueblo.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Gloria_al_Bravo_Pueblo.ogg&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Gloria_al_Bravo_Pueblo.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Gloria_al_Bravo_Pueblo.ogg&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Gloria_al_Bravo_Pueblo.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Gloria_al_Bravo_Pueblo.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_Orthographic_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Venezuela_Orthographic_Map.svg/220px-Venezuela_Orthographic_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Venezuela_Orthographic_Map.svg/330px-Venezuela_Orthographic_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Venezuela_Orthographic_Map.svg/440px-Venezuela_Orthographic_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a>Location on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_Administrative_Divisions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Venezuela_Administrative_Divisions.jpg/220px-Venezuela_Administrative_Divisions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Venezuela_Administrative_Divisions.jpg/330px-Venezuela_Administrative_Divisions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Venezuela_Administrative_Divisions.jpg/440px-Venezuela_Administrative_Divisions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="2393" /></a>Show region with labels</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Territory controlled by Venezuela shown in dark green; <a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_territorial_dispute" title="Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute">territory claimed but not controlled</a> shown in light green</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venezuela&params=10_28_50_N_66_54_13_W_type:city(3,200,000)_region:VE-A">10°28′50″N 66°54′13″W / 10.48056°N 66.90361°W / 10.48056; -66.90361</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Spanish</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_languagesnone">[b]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognized regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">26 languages</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Piapoco_language" title="Piapoco language">Piapoco</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Baniwa_of_I%C3%A7ana" class="mw-redirect" title="Baniwa of Içana">Baniwa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Arawak_language" title="Arawak language">Locono</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Wayuu_language" title="Wayuu language">Wayúu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pemon_language" title="Pemon language">Pemón</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Panare_language" title="Panare language">Panare</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ye%27kuana_language" title="Ye'kuana language">Yek'uana</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Yukpa_language" title="Yukpa language">Yukpa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Carib_language" title="Carib language">Carib</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kap%C3%B3ng_language" title="Kapóng language">Akawaio</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Japreria_language" title="Japreria language">Japrería</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mapoyo-Yabarana_language" title="Mapoyo-Yabarana language">Mapoyo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mapoyo-Yabarana_language" title="Mapoyo-Yabarana language">Yawarana</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guahibo_language" title="Guahibo language">Jivi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%AD_language" title="Barí language">Barí</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Uruak</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sap%C3%A9_language" title="Sapé language">Sapé</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Pumé</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Piaroa_language" title="Piaroa language">Piaroa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Yanomam%C3%B6_language" title="Yanomamö language">Yanomamö</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sanum%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanumá language">Sanemá</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ninam_language" title="Ninam language">Yanam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nheengatu_language" title="Nheengatu language">Yeral</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2011)<a href="#cite_note-Census-ethnics-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>51.6% <a href="/wiki/Moreno_Venezuelans" title="Moreno Venezuelans">multiracial</a></li><li>43.6% <a href="/wiki/Venezuelans_of_European_descent" title="Venezuelans of European descent">White</a></li><li>3.6% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Venezuelan">Afro-Venezuelan</a></li><li>1.2% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>92.6% Christianity <ul><li>80.5% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Venezuela" title="Catholic Church in Venezuela">Roman Catholic</a></li> <li>11.2% <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></li> <li>0.9% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>5.5% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Latin_America" title="Irreligion in Latin America">no religion</a></li><li>1.1% <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li><li>0.8% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelans" title="Venezuelans">Venezuelan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Politics of Venezuela">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Federal <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> dictatorship<a href="#cite_note-Dictatorship-17">[b]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela" title="Vice President of Venezuela">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Delcy_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Delcy Rodríguez">Delcy Rodríguez</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">Independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan Declaration of Independence">Declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 July 1811</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• from <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 January 1830</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Recognized </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 March 1845</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 December 1999<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Venezuela" title="Geography of Venezuela">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">916,445<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> km2 (353,841 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">32nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.2%<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_areanone">[d]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Venezuela" title="Demographics of Venezuela">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">30,518,260<a href="#cite_note-ciawfb-20">[18]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">53rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">33.74/km2 (87.4/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">144th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $211.926 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.VE-21">[19]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">81st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $7,985<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.VE-21">[19]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">159th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $92.210 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.VE-21">[19]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">94th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3,474<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.VE-21">[19]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">145th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2013)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 44.8<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.699<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">119th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Venezuelan bolívar</a> (official) <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> (de facto recognised, unofficial)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−4 (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Venezuela" title="Time in Venezuela">VET</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Venezuela" title="Telephone numbers in Venezuela">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B58" class="mw-redirect" title="+58">+58</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:VE" title="ISO 3166-2:VE">VE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ve" title=".ve">.ve</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_namenone">^</a> The "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" has been the full official title since the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Constitution of 1999</a>, when the state was renamed in honor of <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>.</li><li value="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_languagesnone">^</a> The Constitution also recognizes all <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">indigenous languages</a> spoken in the country.</li><li value="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_groupsnone">^</a> Some important subgroups include those of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Venezuelan">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Venezuelan">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italo-Venezuelans" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Venezuelans">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Amerindian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Venezuelan">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Venezuelan">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="German Venezuelan">German</a> descent.</li><li value="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_areanone">^</a> Area totals include only Venezuelan-administered territory.</li><li value="5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_currencynone">^</a> On 1 October 2021, a new bolivar was introduced, the Bolívar digital (ISO 4217 code VED) worth 1,000,000 VES.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Venezuela,<a href="#cite_note-24">[c]</a> officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela,<a href="#cite_note-25">[d]</a> is a country on the northern coast of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continental</a> landmass and many <a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">islands and islets</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>. It comprises an area of 916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi), and its population was estimated at 29 million in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-ciawfb-20">[18]</a> The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>. The continental territory is bordered on the north by the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, on the west by <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> on the south, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> to the north-east and on the east by <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>. Venezuela is a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">23 states</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Capital_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Capital District">Capital District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">federal dependencies</a> covering Venezuela's offshore islands. Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America;<a href="#cite_note-encartaSA-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNpopstats-27">[23]</a> the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north and in the capital. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Venezuela_in_three_parts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/All_Venezuela_in_three_parts.jpg/220px-All_Venezuela_in_three_parts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/All_Venezuela_in_three_parts.jpg/330px-All_Venezuela_in_three_parts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/All_Venezuela_in_three_parts.jpg/440px-All_Venezuela_in_three_parts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="1792" /></a><figcaption>Pictorial map of Venezuela</figcaption></figure> The territory of Venezuela was <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">colonized by Spain</a> in 1522 amid resistance from Indigenous peoples. In 1811, it became one of the first Spanish-American territories to <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="First Republic of Venezuela">declare independence</a> from the Spanish and to form part of the first federal Republic of Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>). It separated as a full sovereign country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">military dictators</a> until the mid-20th century. From 1958, the country had a series of democratic governments, as an exception where most of the region was ruled by military dictatorships, and the period was characterized by economic prosperity. Economic shocks in the <a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s</a> and 1990s led to major political crises and widespread social unrest, including the deadly <a href="/wiki/Caracazo" title="Caracazo">Caracazo</a> riots of 1989, <a href="/wiki/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts">two attempted coups in 1992</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez#Impeachment" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">impeachment of a President</a> for embezzlement of public funds charges in 1993. The collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the <a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="1998 Venezuelan presidential election">1998 Venezuelan presidential election</a>, the catalyst for the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a>, which began with a <a href="/wiki/1999_Constituent_Assembly_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Constituent Assembly of Venezuela">1999 Constituent Assembly</a>, where a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Constitution of Venezuela</a> was imposed. The government's <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a> policies were bolstered by soaring oil prices,<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> temporarily increasing social spending,<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> and reducing <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> and poverty in the early years of the regime.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> However, poverty began to rapidly increase in the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-UN-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">2013 Venezuelan presidential election</a> was widely disputed leading to <a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election_protests" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election protests">widespread protest</a>, which triggered another nationwide <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">crisis</a> that continues to this day.<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> Venezuela has experienced <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a>, shifting into an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Isidoro_LosadaBitar_Deeb2022-3">[3]</a> It <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Venezuela" title="International rankings of Venezuela">ranks</a> low in international measurements of <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Media freedom in Venezuela">freedom of the press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela" title="Human rights in Venezuela">civil liberties</a> and has high levels of perceived <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">corruption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch_2021-34">[30]</a> Venezuela is a developing country having the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">largest known oil reserves</a> and has been one of the world's leading <a href="/wiki/Oil_exporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exporter">exporters of oil</a>. Previously, the country was an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, but oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The excesses and poor policies of the incumbent government led to the collapse of Venezuela's entire economy.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-ELPAISfeb2015-36">[32]</a> The country struggles with record <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela" title="Hyperinflation in Venezuela">hyperinflation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">shortages of basic goods</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> unemployment,<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> poverty,<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> disease, high child mortality, <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Venezuela" title="Environmental issues in Venezuela">environmental issues</a>, severe crime and corruption. These factors have precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan refugee crisis</a> in which more than 7.7 million people had fled the country by June 2024.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> By 2017, Venezuela was declared to be in <a href="/wiki/Default_(finance)" title="Default (finance)">default</a> regarding debt payments by <a href="/wiki/Credit_rating_agency" title="Credit rating agency">credit rating agencies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> The crisis in Venezuela has contributed to a rapidly deteriorating <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela" title="Human rights in Venezuela">human rights</a> situation. The <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election">2024 presidential election</a> were not recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> due to the lack of granular results, and disputed by the opposition, leading to <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_protests" title="2024 Venezuelan protests">protests across the country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> According to the most popular and accepted version, in 1499, an expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a> visited the Venezuelan coast. The <a href="/wiki/Stilt_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Stilt houses">stilt houses</a> in the area of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo" title="Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a> reminded the Italian navigator, <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>, of the city of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Italy, so he named the region Veneziola, or "Little Venice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassabié2008153-47">[43]</a> The Spanish version of Veneziola is Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2005189-48">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Enciso" title="Martín Fernández de Enciso">Martín Fernández de Enciso</a>, a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda crew, gave a different account. In his work <a href="/wiki/Suma_de_Geographia" title="Suma de Geographia">Summa de geografía</a>, he states that the crew found <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> who called themselves the Veneciuela. Thus, the name "Venezuela" may have evolved from the native word.<a href="#cite_note-ICH_1958_386-49">[45]</a> Previously, the official name was <a href="/wiki/State_of_Venezuela" title="State of Venezuela">Estado de Venezuela</a> (1830–1856), República de Venezuela (1856–1864), <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Venezuela" title="United States of Venezuela">Estados Unidos de Venezuela</a> (1864–1953), and again <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Republic of Venezuela">República de Venezuela</a> (1953–1999). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela" title="History of Venezuela">History of Venezuela</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_history">Pre-Columbian history</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:IdolosRoques.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/IdolosRoques.jpg/200px-IdolosRoques.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/IdolosRoques.jpg/300px-IdolosRoques.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/IdolosRoques.jpg/400px-IdolosRoques.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="325" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">Cult image</a> sculpted in ceramic, <a href="/wiki/Los_Roques_Archipelago" title="Los Roques Archipelago">Los Roques Archipelago</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Petroglifo,_Parque_Waraira_Repano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Petroglifo%2C_Parque_Waraira_Repano.jpg/200px-Petroglifo%2C_Parque_Waraira_Repano.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Petroglifo%2C_Parque_Waraira_Repano.jpg/300px-Petroglifo%2C_Parque_Waraira_Repano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Petroglifo%2C_Parque_Waraira_Repano.jpg/400px-Petroglifo%2C_Parque_Waraira_Repano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a> in the <a href="/wiki/El_%C3%81vila_National_Park" title="El Ávila National Park">Waraira Repano National Park</a></div></div></div></div></div> Evidence exists of human habitation in the area now known as Venezuela from about 15,000 years ago. Tools have been found on the high <a href="/wiki/River_terraces_(tectonic%E2%80%93climatic_interaction)" title="River terraces (tectonic–climatic interaction)">riverine terraces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pedregal_River" title="Pedregal River">Rio Pedregal</a> in western Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer200091-50">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> hunting artifacts, including spear tips, have been found at a similar series of sites in northwestern Venezuela; according to <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a>, these date from 13,000 to 7,000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000172-51">[47]</a> It is unknown how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish conquest; it has been estimated at one million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWunder2003130-52">[48]</a> In addition to Indigenous peoples known today, the population included groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Kalina</a> (Caribs), <a href="/wiki/Auak%C3%A9_people" title="Auaké people">Auaké</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caquetio" title="Caquetio">Caquetio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariche" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariche">Mariche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timoto%E2%80%93Cuica_people" title="Timoto–Cuica people">Timoto–Cuicas</a>. The Timoto–Cuica culture was the most complex society in Pre-Columbian Venezuela, with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahoney89-53">[49]</a> Their houses were made of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They were peaceful and depended on growing crops. Regional crops included potatoes and <a href="/wiki/Ulluco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulluco">ullucos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-art-54">[50]</a> They left behind art, particularly anthropomorphic ceramics, but no major monuments. They spun vegetable fibers to weave into textiles and mats for housing. They are credited with having invented the <a href="/wiki/Arepa" title="Arepa">arepa</a>, a staple in <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan cuisine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalas2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6-1QnKS6xG4CpgPA142_142]-55">[51]</a> After the conquest, the population dropped markedly, mainly through the spread of infectious diseases from Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWunder2003130-52">[48]</a> Two main north–south axes of pre-Columbian population were present, who cultivated maize in the west and <a href="/wiki/Manioc" class="mw-redirect" title="Manioc">manioc</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWunder2003130-52">[48]</a> Large parts of the <a href="/wiki/Llanos" title="Llanos">llanos</a> were cultivated through a combination of <a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a> and permanent settled agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWunder2003130-52">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonization">Colonization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="German colonization of the Americas">German colonization of the Americas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Venezuela" title="Colonial Venezuela">Colonial Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musterung-Welser-Armada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Musterung-Welser-Armada.png/220px-Musterung-Welser-Armada.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Musterung-Welser-Armada.png/330px-Musterung-Welser-Armada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Musterung-Welser-Armada.png/440px-Musterung-Welser-Armada.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>The German <a href="/wiki/Welser" class="mw-redirect" title="Welser">Welser</a> Armada exploring Venezuela, German Welsers ruled Venezuela from 1528 to 1546, before it was retaken by the Spanish Empire. Painting of 1560 by Hieronymus Köler.</figcaption></figure> In 1498, during his third voyage to the Americas, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> sailed near the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_Delta" title="Orinoco Delta">Orinoco Delta</a> and landed in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Paria" title="Gulf of Paria">Gulf of Paria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickey1892103-56">[52]</a> Amazed by the great offshore current of freshwater which deflected his course eastward, Columbus expressed in a letter to Isabella and Ferdinand that he must have reached Heaven on Earth (terrestrial paradise): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Great signs are these of the Terrestrial Paradise... for I have never read or heard of such a large quantity of fresh water being inside and in such close proximity to salt water; the very mild temperateness also corroborates this; and if the water of which I speak does not proceed from Paradise then it is an even greater marvel, because I do not believe such a large and deep river has ever been known to exist in this world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamora1993Voyage_to_Paradise-57">[53]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spain's colonization of mainland Venezuela</a> started in 1522, establishing its first permanent South American settlement in the present-day<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit">[update]</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Cuman%C3%A1" title="Cumaná">Cumaná</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_colonization">German colonization</h4></div> In the 16th century, the king of Spain granted a concession to the German <a href="/wiki/Welser_family" title="Welser family">Welser family</a>. <a href="/wiki/Klein-Venedig" title="Klein-Venedig">Klein-Venedig</a> <a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> became the most extensive initiative in the <a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="German colonization of the Americas">German colonization of the Americas</a> from 1528 to 1546. The Welsers were bankers to the Habsburgs and financiers of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, who was King of Spain and had borrowed heavily from them to pay bribes for his <a href="/wiki/Imperial_election,_1519" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial election, 1519">Imperial election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> In 1528, Charles V granted the Welsers the right to explore, rule and colonize the territory, as well as to seek the mythical golden town of <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> The first expedition was led by <a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Ehinger" title="Ambrosius Ehinger">Ambrosius Ehinger</a>, who established <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a> in 1529. After the deaths of first Ehinger (1533), then <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Federmann" title="Nikolaus Federmann">Nikolaus Federmann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Speyer" title="Georg von Speyer">Georg von Speyer</a> (1540), <a href="/wiki/Philipp_von_Hutten" title="Philipp von Hutten">Philipp von Hutten</a> persisted in exploring the interior. In absence of von Hutten from the capital of the province, the crown of Spain claimed the right to appoint a governor. On Hutten's return to the capital, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_de_Coro" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Ana de Coro">Santa Ana de Coro</a>, in 1546, the Spanish governor <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Carvajal" title="Juan de Carvajal">Juan de Carvajal</a> had Hutten and <a href="/wiki/Bartholomeus_VI._Welser" title="Bartholomeus VI. Welser">Bartholomeus VI. Welser</a> executed. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles V">Charles V</a> revoked Welser's concession. The Welsers transported German miners to the colony, in addition to 4,000 African <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a> to plant <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> plantations. Many German colonists died from tropical diseases, to which they had no <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a>, or through wars with the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous inhabitants</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_15th_century_to_early_17th_century">Late 15th century to early 17th century</h3></div> Native <a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">caciques</a> (leaders) such as <a href="/wiki/Guaicaipuro" title="Guaicaipuro">Guaicaipuro</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1530–1568) and <a href="/wiki/Tamanaco" title="Tamanaco">Tamanaco</a> (died 1573) attempted to resist Spanish incursions, but the newcomers ultimately subdued them.<a href="#cite_note-UNE-63">[59]</a> In the 16th century, during the Spanish colonization, indigenous peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Mariches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariches">Mariches</a>, themselves descendants of the Kalina, were converted to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>. Some resisting tribes or leaders are commemorated in place names, including Caracas, <a href="/wiki/Chacao_Municipality" title="Chacao Municipality">Chacao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Teques" title="Los Teques">Los Teques</a>. The early colonial settlements focused on the northern coast,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWunder2003130-52">[48]</a> but in the mid-18th century, the Spanish pushed farther inland along the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco River">Orinoco River</a>. Here, the <a href="/wiki/Ye%27kuana" title="Ye'kuana">Ye'kuana</a> organized resistance in 1775–76.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGott2005203-64">[60]</a> Spain's eastern Venezuelan settlements were incorporated into <a href="/wiki/New_Andalusia_Province" title="New Andalusia Province">New Andalusia Province</a>. Administered by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo</a> from the early 16th century, most of Venezuela became part of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a> in the early 18th century, and was then reorganized as an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Captaincy General</a> starting in 1777. Caracas, founded in the central coastal region in 1567, was well-placed to become a key location, being near the coastal port of <a href="/wiki/La_Guaira" title="La Guaira">La Guaira</a> and in a valley, in a mountain range, providing defensive strength against <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a> and a more fertile and healthy climate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwell19844-65">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_and_19th_century">Independence and 19th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">Venezuelan War of Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_2.jpg/170px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_2.jpg/255px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_2.jpg/340px-Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1990" /></a><figcaption>El Libertador, <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a></figcaption></figure> After unsuccessful uprisings, Venezuela, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda" title="Francisco de Miranda">Francisco de Miranda</a>, a Venezuelan marshal who had fought in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan Declaration of Independence">declared independence</a> as the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="First Republic of Venezuela">First Republic of Venezuela</a> on 5 July 1811.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> This began the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">Venezuelan War of Independence</a>. A devastating <a href="/wiki/1812_Caracas_earthquake" title="1812 Caracas earthquake">1812 Caracas earthquake</a>, together with the rebellion of the Venezuelan <a href="/wiki/Llanero" title="Llanero">llaneros</a>, helped bring down the republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChasteen2001103-67">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>, new leader of the independentist forces, launched his <a href="/wiki/Admirable_Campaign" title="Admirable Campaign">Admirable Campaign</a> in 1813 from <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">New Granada</a>, retaking most of the territory and being proclaimed as El Libertador ("The Liberator"). A <a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Second Republic of Venezuela">Second Republic of Venezuela</a> was proclaimed on 7 August 1813, but lasted only a few months before being crushed by <a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">royalist</a> caudillo <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tom%C3%A1s_Boves" title="José Tomás Boves">José Tomás Boves</a> and his personal army of llaneros.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> The end of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">French invasion</a> of homeland Spain in 1814 allowed a large expeditionary force to come under general <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Morillo" title="Pablo Morillo">Pablo Morillo</a>, with the goal to regain the lost territory in Venezuela and New Granada. As the war reached a stalemate on 1817, Bolívar reestablished the <a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Third Republic of Venezuela">Third Republic of Venezuela</a> on the territory still controlled by the patriots, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Guayana_Province" title="Guayana Province">Guayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llanos" title="Llanos">Llanos</a> regions. This republic was short-lived as only two years later, during the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Angostura" title="Congress of Angostura">Congress of Angostura</a> of 1819, the union of Venezuela with New Granada was decreed to form the Republic of Colombia. The war continued until full victory and <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> was attained after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Battle of Carabobo</a> on 24 June 1821.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory199289–90-69">[65]</a> On 24 July 1823, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Prudencio_Padilla" title="José Prudencio Padilla">José Prudencio Padilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Urdaneta" title="Rafael Urdaneta">Rafael Urdaneta</a> helped seal Venezuelan independence with their victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Maracaibo" title="Battle of Lake Maracaibo">Battle of Lake Maracaibo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ciawfb-20">[18]</a> New Granada's congress gave Bolívar control of the Granadian army; leading it, he liberated several countries and founded the Republic of Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory199289–90-69">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19_de_abril.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/19_de_abril.jpg/220px-19_de_abril.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/19_de_abril.jpg/330px-19_de_abril.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/19_de_abril.jpg/440px-19_de_abril.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Revolution of 19 April 1810, the beginning of Venezuela's independence, by <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar" title="Martín Tovar y Tovar">Martín Tovar y Tovar</a></figcaption></figure> Sucre went on to liberate <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and become the second president of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. Venezuela remained part of Gran Colombia until 1830, when a rebellion led by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">José Antonio Páez</a> allowed the proclamation of a newly independent Venezuela, on 22 September;<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> Páez became the first president of the new <a href="/wiki/State_of_Venezuela" title="State of Venezuela">State of Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> Between one-quarter and one-third of Venezuela's population was lost during these two decades of war (including about half the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelans_of_European_descent" title="Venezuelans of European descent">Venezuelans of European descent</a>),<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> which by 1830, was estimated at 800,000.<a href="#cite_note-Caudillismo-73">[69]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Venezuela" title="Flag of Venezuela">Flag of Venezuela</a>, the yellow stands for land wealth, the blue for the sea that separates Venezuela from Spain, and the red for the blood shed by the heroes of independence.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> in Venezuela was abolished in 1854.<a href="#cite_note-Caudillismo-73">[69]</a> Much of Venezuela's 19th-century history was characterized by political turmoil and dictatorial rule, including the Independence leader José Antonio Páez, who gained the presidency three times and served 11 years between 1830 and 1863. This culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_War" title="Federal War">Federal War</a> (1859–63). In the latter half of the century, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco">Antonio Guzmán Blanco</a>, another caudillo, served 13 years, between 1870 and 1887, with three other presidents interspersed. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar_02.jpg/220px-Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar_02.jpg/330px-Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar_02.jpg/440px-Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>The signing of Venezuela's independence, by <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar" title="Martín Tovar y Tovar">Martín Tovar y Tovar</a></figcaption></figure> In 1895, a longstanding dispute with Great Britain about the Essequibo territory, which Britain claimed as part of <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a> and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory, erupted into the <a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Crisis_of_1895" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuela Crisis of 1895">Venezuela Crisis of 1895</a>. The dispute became a diplomatic crisis when Venezuela's lobbyist, <a href="/wiki/William_Lindsay_Scruggs" title="William Lindsay Scruggs">William L. Scruggs</a>, sought to argue that British behavior over the issue violated the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>' <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> of 1823, and used his influence in Washington, D.C., to pursue the matter. Then, U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> adopted a broad interpretation of the doctrine that declared an American interest in any matter within the hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakaria1999145–146-75">[71]</a> Britain ultimately accepted arbitration, but in negotiations over its terms was able to persuade the U.S. on many details. A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the issue and in 1899 awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana.<a href="#cite_note-Humphreys-76">[72]</a> In 1899, <a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro">Cipriano Castro</a>, assisted by his friend <a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Juan Vicente Gómez</a>, seized power in Caracas. Castro defaulted on Venezuela's considerable foreign debts and declined to pay compensation to foreigners caught up in Venezuela's <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_civil_wars" title="Venezuelan civil wars">civil wars</a>. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903</a>, in which Britain, Germany and Italy imposed a naval blockade before international arbitration at the new <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a> was agreed. In 1908, <a href="/wiki/Dutch-Venezuela_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-Venezuela War">another dispute</a> broke out with the Netherlands, which was resolved when Castro left for medical treatment in Germany and was promptly overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Juan Vicente Gómez</a> (1908–35). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt,_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt%2C_1961.jpg/220px-R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt%2C_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt%2C_1961.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Rómulo Betancourt</a> (president 1945–1948 / 1959–1964), one of the major democratic leaders of Venezuela</figcaption></figure> The discovery of massive <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil deposits</a> in Lake Maracaibo during World War I<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> proved pivotal for Venezuela and transformed its economy from a heavy dependence on agricultural exports. It prompted a boom that lasted into the 1980s; by 1935, Venezuela's per capita gross domestic product was Latin America's highest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrow1980616–617-78">[74]</a> Gómez benefited handsomely from this, as corruption thrived, but at the same time, the new source of income helped him centralize the state and develop its authority. Gómez remained the most powerful man in Venezuela until his death in 1935. The gomecista dictatorship (1935–1945) system largely continued under <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_L%C3%B3pez_Contreras" title="Eleazar López Contreras">Eleazar López Contreras</a>, but from 1941, under <a href="/wiki/Isa%C3%ADas_Medina_Angarita" title="Isaías Medina Angarita">Isaías Medina Angarita</a>, was relaxed. Angarita granted a range of reforms, including the legalization of all political parties. After World War II, immigration from Southern Europe and poorer Latin American countries markedly diversified Venezuelan society.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> In 1945, a civilian-military coup overthrew Medina Angarita and ushered in <a href="/wiki/El_Trienio_Adeco" title="El Trienio Adeco">a period of democratic rule</a> (1945–1948) under the mass membership party <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_(Venezuela)" title="Democratic Action (Venezuela)">Democratic Action</a>, initially under <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Rómulo Betancourt</a>, until <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos" title="Rómulo Gallegos">Rómulo Gallegos</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1947_Venezuelan_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Venezuelan presidential election">1947 Venezuelan presidential election</a> (the first free and fair elections in Venezuela).<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> Gallegos governed until overthrown by a military junta led by the triumvirate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Felipe_Llovera_P%C3%A1ez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Felipe Llovera Páez (page does not exist)">Luis Felipe Llovera Páez</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Llovera_P%C3%A1ez" class="extiw" title="es:Luis Llovera Páez">es</a>], <a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Marcos Pérez Jiménez</a>, and Gallegos' Defense Minister, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Delgado_Chalbaud" title="Carlos Delgado Chalbaud">Carlos Delgado Chalbaud</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Venezuelan coup d'état">1948 Venezuelan coup d'état</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez.jpg/170px-Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">Carlos Andrés Pérez</a> was <a href="/wiki/Impeached" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeached">impeached</a> on corruption charges in 1993.</figcaption></figure> The most powerful man in the military junta (1948–58) was Pérez Jiménez and he was suspected of being behind the death of Chalbaud, who died in a bungled kidnapping in 1950. When the junta unexpectedly lost the <a href="/wiki/1952_Venezuelan_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Venezuelan presidential election">1952 presidential election</a>, it ignored the results and Jiménez was installed as president[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Jiménez was forced out on 23 January 1958.<a href="#cite_note-ciawfb-20">[18]</a> In an effort to consolidate a young democracy, the three major political parties (<a href="/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_Democr%C3%A1tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acción Democrática">Acción Democrática</a> (AD), <a href="/wiki/COPEI" class="mw-redirect" title="COPEI">COPEI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Republicana_Democr%C3%A1tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Unión Republicana Democrática">Unión Republicana Democrática</a> (URD), with the notable exception of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="Communist Party of Venezuela">Communist Party of Venezuela</a>), signed the <a href="/wiki/Puntofijo_Pact" title="Puntofijo Pact">Puntofijo Pact</a> power-sharing agreement. AD and COPEI dominated the political landscape for four decades. During the presidencies of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Rómulo Betancourt</a> (1959–64, his second term) and <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Leoni" title="Raúl Leoni">Raúl Leoni</a> (1964–69), substantial guerilla movements occurred. Most laid down their arms under <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Rafael Caldera</a>'s first presidency (1969–74). Caldera had won the <a href="/wiki/1968_Venezuelan_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Venezuelan presidential election">1968 election</a> for COPEI, the first time a party other than Democratic Action took the presidency through a democratic election. The new democratic order had its antagonists. Betancourt <a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempt_of_R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination attempt of Rómulo Betancourt">suffered an attack</a> planned by the Dominican dictator <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a> in 1960, and the leftists excluded from the Pact initiated an insurgency by organizing themselves into the Armed Forces of National Liberation, sponsored by the Communist Party and <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>. In 1962 they tried to destabilize the military corps, with failed revolts. Betancourt promoted a foreign policy, the <a href="/wiki/Betancourt_Doctrine" title="Betancourt Doctrine">Betancourt Doctrine</a>, in which he only recognized elected governments by popular vote.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caracas_Sabana_Grande_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Caracas_Sabana_Grande_1973.jpg/220px-Caracas_Sabana_Grande_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Caracas_Sabana_Grande_1973.jpg/330px-Caracas_Sabana_Grande_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Caracas_Sabana_Grande_1973.jpg/440px-Caracas_Sabana_Grande_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sabana_Grande,_Caracas" title="Sabana Grande, Caracas">Sabana Grande</a> district, <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> (1973)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/1973_Venezuelan_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Venezuelan presidential election">1973 Venezuelan presidential election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">Carlos Andrés Pérez</a> coincided with an <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">oil crisis</a>, in which Venezuela's income exploded as <a href="/wiki/Oil_prices" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil prices">oil prices</a> soared; oil industries were nationalized in 1976. This led to massive increases in public spending, but also increases in external debts, until the collapse of oil prices during the 1980s crippled the economy. As the government started to devalue the currency in 1983 to face its financial obligations, standards of living fell dramatically. Failed economic policies and increasing corruption in government led to rising poverty and crime, worsening social indicators, and increased political instability.<a href="#cite_note-Schuyler_2001_10-82">[78]</a> In the 1980s, the Presidential Commission for State Reform (COPRE) emerged as a mechanism of political innovation. Venezuela decentralized its political system and diversified its economy, reducing the size of the state. COPRE operated as an innovation mechanism, also by incorporating issues into the political agenda, that were excluded from public deliberation by the main actors of the democratic system. The most discussed topics were incorporated into the public agenda: decentralization, political participation, municipalization, judicial order reforms and the role of the state in a new economic strategy. The social reality made the changes difficult to apply.<a href="#cite_note-:32-83">[79]</a> Economic crises in the 1980s and 1990s led to a political crisis. Hundreds of people were killed by security forces and the military in the <a href="/wiki/Caracazo" title="Caracazo">Caracazo</a> riots of 1989, during the second presidential term of Carlos Andrés Pérez (1989–1993) and after the implementation of economic austerity measures.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, who in 1982 had promised to depose the bipartisanship governments, used the growing anger at economic austerity measures to justify a <a href="/wiki/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts">coup attempt in February 1992</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Marquez124-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCprofile-86">[82]</a> a <a href="/wiki/November_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">second coup d'état attempt occurred in November</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBCprofile-86">[82]</a> President Carlos Andrés Pérez (re-elected in 1988) was impeached under embezzlement charges in 1993, leading to the interim presidency of <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Jos%C3%A9_Vel%C3%A1squez" title="Ramón José Velásquez">Ramón José Velásquez</a> (1993–1994). Coup leader Chávez <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera#Amnesty_to_the_1992_coup_participants" title="Rafael Caldera">was pardoned in March 1994</a> by president Rafael Caldera (1994–1999, his second term), with a clean slate and his political rights reinstated, allowing Chávez to win and maintain the presidency continuously from 1999 until his death in 2013. Chávez won the elections of 1998, 2000, 2006 and 2012 and the presidential referendum of 2004. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivarian_government_under_Chávez:_1999–2013">Bolivarian government under Chávez: 1999–2013</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela_(1999%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Venezuela (1999–present)">History of Venezuela (1999–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chavez_Kirch_Lula141597.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chavez_Kirch_Lula141597.jpg/220px-Chavez_Kirch_Lula141597.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chavez_Kirch_Lula141597.jpg/330px-Chavez_Kirch_Lula141597.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chavez_Kirch_Lula141597.jpg/440px-Chavez_Kirch_Lula141597.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="1769" /></a><figcaption>Chávez with fellow South American presidents <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a> of Argentina and <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a> of Brazil</figcaption></figure> A collapse in confidence in the existing parties led to <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> being elected president in 1998 and the subsequent launch of a "Bolivarian Revolution", beginning with a 1999 <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">constituent assembly</a> to write a new Constitution. The Revolution refers to a <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">left-wing populism</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a> and political process led by Chávez, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_Movement" title="Fifth Republic Movement">Fifth Republic Movement</a> in 1997 and the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a> in 2007. The "Bolivarian Revolution" is named after <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>. According to Chávez and other supporters, the "Bolivarian Revolution" sought to build a mass movement to implement <a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a>—<a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">popular democracy</a>, economic independence, equitable distribution of revenues, and an end to political corruption. They interpret Bolívar's ideas from a <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> perspective, using <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> rhetoric. This led to formation of the Fifth Republic of Venezuela, commonly known as the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, that continues to the present day. Venezuela has been considered the Bolivarian Republic following the adoption of the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Constitution of 1999</a>. Following Chávez's election, Venezuela developed into a <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party system</a>, dominated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a>. In April 2002, Chávez was briefly ousted from power in the <a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt</a> following popular demonstrations by his opponents,<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> but Chavez returned after two days as a result of demonstrations by poor Chávez supporters and actions by the military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon2004295-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Maya200516-89">[85]</a> Chávez remained in power after an all-out national strike that lasted <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">from December 2002 to February 2003</a>, including a strike/lockout in the state oil company <a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_flight" title="Capital flight">Capital flight</a> before and during the strike led to the reimposition of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_controls" title="Foreign exchange controls">currency controls</a>. In the subsequent decade, the government was forced into currency devaluations.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Economist-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Businessweek-94">[90]</a> These devaluations did not improve the situation[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] of the people who rely on imported products or locally produced products that depend on imported inputs, while dollar-denominated oil sales account for the majority of exports.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> The profits of the oil industry have been lost to "social engineering" and corruption, instead of investments needed to maintain oil production.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> Chávez survived further political tests, including an <a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum" title="2004 Venezuelan recall referendum">August 2004 recall referendum</a>. He was elected for another term <a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">in December 2006</a> and for a third term in October 2012. However, he was never sworn in due to medical complications; he died in March 2013.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivarian_government_under_Maduro:_2013–present">Bolivarian government under Maduro: 2013–present</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Presidency of Nicolás Maduro">Presidency of Nicolás Maduro</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Crisis in Venezuela</a></div> The presidential election that took place in April 2013, was the first since Chávez took office in 1999 in which his name did not appear on the ballot.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] Under the Bolivarian government, Venezuela went from being one of the richest countries in Latin America to one of the poorest.<a href="#cite_note-RICHtoRAGS-99">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Hugo Chávez's socioeconomic policies</a> of relying on oil sales and importing goods resulted in large amounts of debt, no change to <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">corruption in Venezuela</a> and culminated into a <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">crisis in Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RICHtoRAGS-99">[95]</a> As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan refugee crisis</a>, the largest emigration of people in Latin America's history,<a href="#cite_note-WPfeb18-100">[96]</a> occurred, with over 7 million – about 20% of the country's population – emigrating.<a href="#cite_note-LPgracias-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSJfeb18-102">[98]</a> Chávez initiated <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian missions</a>, programs aimed at helping the poor.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_en_2016_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_en_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_en_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_en_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_en_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_en_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_en_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="2671" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> in 2016</figcaption></figure> Poverty began to increase into the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-UN-31">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> was picked by Chavez as his successor, appointing him vice president in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> Maduro has been <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">president of Venezuela</a> since 14 April 2013, when he won the <a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">presidential election</a> after Chavez' death, with 51% of the vote, against <a href="/wiki/Henrique_Capriles" title="Henrique Capriles">Henrique Capriles</a> on 49%. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unity_Roundtable" title="Democratic Unity Roundtable">Democratic Unity Roundtable</a> contested Maduro's election as fraud, but an audit of 56% of the vote showed no discrepancies,<a href="#cite_note-BBC12June-106">[102]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Venezuela">Supreme Court of Venezuela</a> ruled Maduro was the legitimate president.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> Opposition leaders and some international media consider Maduro's government a dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-maduro-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw-maduro-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-wpo-maduro-16">[15]</a> Since February 2014, hundreds of thousands have protested over high levels of criminal violence, corruption, hyperinflation, and chronic scarcity of basic goods due to government policies.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> Demonstrations and riots have resulted in over 40 fatalities in the unrest between Chavistas and opposition protesters<a href="#cite_note-2014protests-111">[107]</a> and opposition leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_L%C3%B3pez" title="Leopoldo López">Leopoldo López</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ledezma" title="Antonio Ledezma">Antonio Ledezma</a> were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-2014protests-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> Human rights groups condemned the arrest of López.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a>, the opposition gained a majority.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> Venezuela devalued its currency in February 2013 due to rising shortages,<a href="#cite_note-Businessweek-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-Devalue-Currency-116">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">which included</a> milk and other necessities. This led to an increase in malnutrition, especially among children.<a href="#cite_note-TheGuardian-Food-Shortages-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECONeatCHAVISMO-118">[114]</a> The economy had become dependent on the exportation of oil, with crude accounting for 86% of exports,<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> and a high price per barrel to support social programs. Beginning in 2014 the <a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">price of oil</a> plummeted from over $100 to $40. This placed pressure on the economy, which was no longer able to afford vast social programs. The Government began taking more money from <a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a>, the state oil company, resulting in a lack of reinvestment in fields and employees. Production decreased from its height of nearly 3 to 1 million <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)#Oil_barrel" title="Barrel (unit)">barrels</a> (480 to 160 thousand <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">cubic metres</a>) per day.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> In 2014, Venezuela entered a <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> and in 2015, had the world's highest inflation, surpassing 100%.<a href="#cite_note-FPblackbox-124">[120]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s administration imposed more <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">economic sanctions</a> against PDVSA and Venezuelan officials.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> Economic problems, as well as crime, were the causes of the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_protests_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan protests (2014–present)">2014–present Venezuelan protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> Since 2014, roughly 5.6 million people have <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="Venezuelan refugee crisis">fled Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> In January 2016, Maduro decreed an "economic emergency", revealing the extent of the crisis and expanding his powers.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> In July 2016, Colombian border crossings were temporarily opened to allow Venezuelans to purchase food and basic health items.<a href="#cite_note-Venezuelans_Cross_Into_Colombia_In_Search_Of_Food-132">[128]</a> In September 2016, a study<a href="#cite_note-Hambre_en_Venezuela:_El_15.7%_de_los_venezolanos_se_ha_alimentado_de_residuos-133">[129]</a> indicated 15% of Venezuelans were eating "<a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a> discarded by commercial establishments". 200 prison riots had occurred by October 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Man_claims_son_was_eaten_by_fellow_inmates_during_riot_in_Venezuelan_prison-134">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_TSJ_chamber_at_Maduro_2019_inauguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_TSJ_chamber_at_Maduro_2019_inauguration.jpg/220px-The_TSJ_chamber_at_Maduro_2019_inauguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_TSJ_chamber_at_Maduro_2019_inauguration.jpg/330px-The_TSJ_chamber_at_Maduro_2019_inauguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_TSJ_chamber_at_Maduro_2019_inauguration.jpg/440px-The_TSJ_chamber_at_Maduro_2019_inauguration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="1969" /></a><figcaption>Maduro was <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro">inaugurated</a> for a <a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis">contested</a> and controversial second term on 10 January 2019.</figcaption></figure> The Maduro-aligned <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal</a>, which had been overturning <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> decisions since the opposition took control, took over the functions of the assembly, creating the <a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis" title="2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis">2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-maduro-14">[13]</a> In August 2017, the <a href="/wiki/2017_Constituent_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Constituent National Assembly">2017 Constituent National Assembly</a> was elected and stripped the National Assembly of its powers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The election raised concerns of an emerging dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-NYTjail-135">[131]</a> In December 2017, Maduro declared opposition parties barred from the following year's presidential vote after they boycotted mayoral polls.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> Maduro won the <a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">2018 election</a> with 68% of the vote. The result was challenged by Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, France and the US who deemed it fraudulent and recognized <a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Juan Guaidó</a> as president.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> Other countries continued to recognize Maduro,<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> although China, facing financial pressure over its position, began hedging by decreasing loans, cancelling joint ventures, and signaling willingness to work with all parties.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> In August 2019, Trump imposed an economic embargo against Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> In March 2020, Trump indicted Maduro and Venezuelan officials, on charges of drug trafficking, <a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">narcoterrorism</a>, and corruption.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> In June 2020, a report documented <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">enforced disappearances</a> that occurred in 2018–19. 724 enforced disappearances of <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political detainees</a> were reported. The report stated that security forces subjected victims to <a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Venezuela" title="Torture in Venezuela">torture</a>. The report stated the government used enforced disappearances to silence opponents and other critical voices.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protestas_en_Caracas_contra_la_reelecci%C3%B3n_de_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro,_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Protestas_en_Caracas_contra_la_reelecci%C3%B3n_de_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro%2C_2024.jpg/220px-Protestas_en_Caracas_contra_la_reelecci%C3%B3n_de_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro%2C_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Protestas_en_Caracas_contra_la_reelecci%C3%B3n_de_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro%2C_2024.jpg/330px-Protestas_en_Caracas_contra_la_reelecci%C3%B3n_de_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro%2C_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Protestas_en_Caracas_contra_la_reelecci%C3%B3n_de_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro%2C_2024.jpg/440px-Protestas_en_Caracas_contra_la_reelecci%C3%B3n_de_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro%2C_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Protesters in Caracas fighting against the public forces during the <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_protests" title="2024 Venezuelan protests">2024 Venezuelan protests</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a> ran for a third consecutive term in the <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election">2024 presidential election</a>, while former diplomat <a href="/wiki/Edmundo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Urrutia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmundo González Urrutia">Edmundo González Urrutia</a> represented the <a href="/wiki/Unitary_Platform" title="Unitary Platform">Unitary Platform</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Plataforma Unitaria Democrática; PUD), the main opposition political alliance.<a href="#cite_note-MCM-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> Polls conducted before the election indicated that González would win by a wide margin. After the government-controlled <a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Venezuela)" title="National Electoral Council (Venezuela)">National Electoral Council</a> (CNE) announced partial results showing a narrow Maduro victory on 29 July, <a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2024 Venezuelan presidential election">world leaders predominantly expressed skepticism of the claimed results</a> and did not recognize the CNE claims<a href="#cite_note-HardtoBelieve-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters29jul-151">[147]</a> with only some exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-WorldLeadersCast-152">[148]</a> Both González and Maduro proclaimed themselves winners of the election. The results of the election were not recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> due to the lack of granular results, and disputed by the opposition, which claimed a landslide victory and released access to vote tallies collected by <a href="/wiki/Poll_watchers" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll watchers">poll watchers</a> from a majority of polling centers as proof.<a href="#cite_note-OAS_report_VE_pres_elec_DECO-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-opposition_results_website-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-LaPatilla_how2access_electoral_records-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSJElectionDatabase-156">[152]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election#Aftermath" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election">aftermath</a> of the announcement of results by the election authorities, <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_protests" title="2024 Venezuelan protests">protests broke out across the country</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Venezuela" title="Geography of Venezuela">Geography of Venezuela</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Venezuela_Topography.png/300px-Venezuela_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Venezuela_Topography.png/450px-Venezuela_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Venezuela_Topography.png/600px-Venezuela_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="2101" data-file-height="1809" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Venezuela</figcaption></figure> Venezuela is located in the north of South America; geologically, its mainland rests on the <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American Plate</a>. It has a total area of 916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi) and a land area of 882,050 km2 (340,560 sq mi), making Venezuela the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area">33rd largest country in the world</a>. The territory it controls lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">0°</a> and <a href="/wiki/16th_parallel_north" title="16th parallel north">16°N</a> and longitudes <a href="/wiki/59th_meridian_west" title="59th meridian west">59°</a> and <a href="/wiki/74th_meridian_west" title="74th meridian west">74°W</a>. Shaped roughly like a triangle, the country has a 2,800 km (1,700 mi) coastline in the north, which includes numerous islands in the Caribbean and the northeast borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Most observers describe Venezuela in terms of four fairly well defined <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topographical</a> regions: the <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo_Basin" title="Maracaibo Basin">Maracaibo lowlands</a> in the northwest, the northern mountains extending in a broad east–west arc from the Colombian border along the northern Caribbean coast, the wide plains in central Venezuela, and the <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Guiana Highlands">Guiana Highlands</a> in the southeast. The northern mountains are the extreme northeastern extensions of South America's Andes mountain range. <a href="/wiki/Pico_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Pico Bolívar">Pico Bolívar</a>, the nation's highest point at 4,979 m (16,335 ft), lies in this region. To the south, the dissected <a href="/wiki/Guayana_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Guayana Region">Guiana Highlands</a> contain the northern fringes of the Amazon Basin and <a href="/wiki/Angel_Falls" title="Angel Falls">Angel Falls</a>, the world's highest waterfall, as well as <a href="/wiki/Tepui" title="Tepui">tepuis</a>, large table-like mountains. The country's center is characterized by the llanos, which are extensive plains that stretch from the Colombian border in the far west to the Orinoco River <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a> in the east. The Orinoco, with its rich <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial soils</a>, binds the largest and most important <a href="/wiki/Drainage_system_(geomorphology)" title="Drainage system (geomorphology)">river system</a> of the country; it originates in one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watersheds</a> in Latin America. The <a href="/wiki/Caron%C3%AD_River_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroní River (Venezuela)">Caroní</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apure_River" title="Apure River">Apure</a> are other major rivers. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guanaguanare.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Guanaguanare.JPG/273px-Guanaguanare.JPG" decoding="async" width="273" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Guanaguanare.JPG/410px-Guanaguanare.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Guanaguanare.JPG/546px-Guanaguanare.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cayo_de_Agua" title="Cayo de Agua">Cayo de Agua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Roques_Archipelago" title="Los Roques Archipelago">Los Roques</a> Archipiélago, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></figcaption></figure> Venezuela borders Colombia to the west, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> to the east, and Brazil to the south. Caribbean islands such as <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Antilles" title="Leeward Antilles">Leeward Antilles</a> lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela has territorial disputes with Guyana, formerly United Kingdom, largely concerning the <a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_territorial_dispute" title="Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute">Essequibo area</a> and with Colombia concerning the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a>. In 1895, after years of diplomatic attempts to solve the border dispute, the dispute over the Essequibo River border flared up. It was submitted to a "neutral" commission (composed of British, American, and Russian representatives and without a direct Venezuelan representative), which in 1899 decided mostly against Venezuela's claim.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Venezuela" title="Climate of Venezuela">Climate of Venezuela</a></div>Venezuela is entirely located in the tropics over the Equator to around 12° N. Its climate varies from humid low-elevation plains, where average annual temperatures range as high as 35 °C (95.0 °F), to glaciers and highlands (the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ramo" title="Páramo">páramos</a>) with an average yearly temperature of 8 °C (46.4 °F). Annual rainfall varies from 430 mm (16.9 in) in the semiarid portions of the northwest to over 1,000 mm (39.4 in) in the Orinoco Delta of the far east and the Amazonian Jungle in the south. The precipitation level is lower in the period from August through April. These periods are referred to as hot-humid and cold-dry seasons. Another characteristic of the climate is this variation throughout the country by the existence of a mountain range called "Cordillera de la Costa" which crosses the country from east to west. The majority of the population lives in these mountains.<a href="#cite_note-LOC_2005-157">[153]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_K%C3%B6ppen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Venezuela_K%C3%B6ppen.png/266px-Venezuela_K%C3%B6ppen.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Venezuela_K%C3%B6ppen.png/399px-Venezuela_K%C3%B6ppen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Venezuela_K%C3%B6ppen.png/532px-Venezuela_K%C3%B6ppen.png 2x" data-file-width="4782" data-file-height="3891" /></a><figcaption>Venezuela map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> The country falls into four horizontal temperature zones based primarily on elevation, having tropical, dry, temperate with dry winters, and polar (<a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">alpine tundra</a>) climates, amongst others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarhol200665-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geografía_–_Clima-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> In the tropical zone—below 800 m (2,625 ft)—temperatures are hot, with yearly averages ranging between 26 and 28 °C (78.8 and 82.4 °F). The temperate zone ranges between 800 and 2,000 m (2,625 and 6,562 ft) with averages from 12 to 25 °C (53.6 to 77.0 °F); many of Venezuela's cities, including the capital, lie in this region. Colder conditions with temperatures from 9 to 11 °C (48.2 to 51.8 °F) are found in the cool zone between 2,000 and 3,000 m (6,562 and 9,843 ft), especially in the Venezuelan Andes, where pastureland and permanent snowfield with yearly averages below 8 °C (46 °F) cover land above 3,000 meters (9,843 ft) in the páramos. The highest temperature recorded was 42 °C (108 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Machiques" title="Machiques">Machiques</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> and the lowest temperature recorded was −11 °C (12 °F), reported from an uninhabited high altitude at <a href="/wiki/Pico_Piedras_Blancas" title="Pico Piedras Blancas">Páramo de Piedras Blancas</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Mérida state">Mérida state</a>).<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity_and_conservation">Biodiversity and conservation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Venezuela" title="Natural regions of Venezuela">Natural regions of Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Venezuela" title="Fauna of Venezuela">Fauna of Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Venezuela" title="Flora of Venezuela">Flora of Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Venezuela" title="National symbols of Venezuela">National symbols of Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Venezuela" title="List of birds of Venezuela">List of birds of Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Venezuela" title="Environmental issues in Venezuela">Environmental issues in Venezuela</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Venezuela" title="List of national parks of Venezuela">List of national parks of Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curacao-Icterus-Icterus-2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Curacao-Icterus-Icterus-2013.JPG/220px-Curacao-Icterus-Icterus-2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Curacao-Icterus-Icterus-2013.JPG/330px-Curacao-Icterus-Icterus-2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Curacao-Icterus-Icterus-2013.JPG/440px-Curacao-Icterus-Icterus-2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2649" data-file-height="1995" /></a><figcaption>The national animal of Venezuela is the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_troupial" title="Venezuelan troupial">Venezuelan troupial</a>.</figcaption></figure> Venezuela lies within the <a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical realm</a>; large portions of the country were originally covered by <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">moist broadleaf forests</a>. One of 17 <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse countries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> Venezuela's <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> range from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east. They include <a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">xeric scrublands</a> in the extreme northwest and coastal <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> forests in the northeast.<a href="#cite_note-LOC_2005-157">[153]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">cloud forests</a> and lowland <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a> are particularly rich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDydynskiBeech200442-164">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Venezuela" title="Fauna of Venezuela">Animals</a> of Venezuela are diverse and include <a href="/wiki/Manatee" title="Manatee">manatees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three-toed_sloth" title="Three-toed sloth">three-toed sloth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two-toed_sloth" title="Two-toed sloth">two-toed sloth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_river_dolphin" title="Amazon river dolphin">Amazon river dolphins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_Crocodile" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco Crocodile">Orinoco Crocodiles</a>, which have been reported to reach up to 6.6 m (22 ft) in length. Venezuela hosts a total of 1,417 bird species, 48 of which are endemic.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> Important birds include <a href="/wiki/Ibis" title="Ibis">ibises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">ospreys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfishers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDydynskiBeech200442-164">[160]</a> and the yellow-orange <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_troupial" title="Venezuelan troupial">Venezuelan troupial</a>, the national bird. Notable <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Giant_anteater" title="Giant anteater">giant anteater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Capybara" title="Capybara">capybara</a>, the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodent</a>. More than half of Venezuelan avian and mammalian species are found in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazonian forests</a> south of the Orinoco.<a href="#cite_note-Bevilacqua_2002-166">[162]</a> For the fungi, an account was provided by R.W.G. Dennis<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> which has been digitized and the records made available on-line as part of the Cybertruffle Robigalia database.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> That database includes nearly 3,900 species of fungi recorded from Venezuela, but is far from complete, and the true total number of fungal species already known from Venezuela is likely higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Georgia_Country_Study_Guide_Volume_1_Strategic_Information_and_Developments''201336-169">[165]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shakira_posando.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Shakira_posando.JPG/217px-Shakira_posando.JPG" decoding="async" width="217" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Shakira_posando.JPG/325px-Shakira_posando.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Shakira_posando.JPG/433px-Shakira_posando.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Crocodile in Hato El Cedral in <a href="/wiki/Apure_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Apure State">Apure State</a></figcaption></figure> Among plants of Venezuela, over 25,000 species of <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">orchids</a> are found in the country's cloud forest and lowland rainforest ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDydynskiBeech200442-164">[160]</a> These include the flor de mayo orchid (<a href="/wiki/Cattleya_mossiae" title="Cattleya mossiae">Cattleya mossiae</a>), the national flower. Venezuela's national tree is the <a href="/wiki/Tabebuia_chrysantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabebuia chrysantha">araguaney</a>. The tops of the tepuis are also home to several carnivorous plants including the marsh pitcher plant, <a href="/wiki/Heliamphora" title="Heliamphora">Heliamphora</a>, and the insectivorous bromeliad, <a href="/wiki/Brocchinia_reducta" title="Brocchinia reducta">Brocchinia reducta</a>. Venezuela is among the top 20 countries in terms of <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GFW-170">[166]</a> Among its animals, 23% of <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptilian</a> and 50% of <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibian</a> species, including the <a href="/wiki/Mannophryne_trinitatis" title="Mannophryne trinitatis">Trinidad poison frog</a>, are endemic.<a href="#cite_note-GFW-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> Although the available information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Venezuela: 1334 species of fungi have been tentatively identified as possibly endemic.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> Some 38% of the over 21,000 plant species known from Venezuela are unique to the country.<a href="#cite_note-GFW-170">[166]</a> Venezuela is one of the 10 most biodiverse countries on the planet, yet it is one of the leaders of deforestation due to economic and political factors. Each year, roughly 287,600 hectares of forest are permanently destroyed, and other areas are degraded by mining, oil extraction, and logging. Between 1990 and 2005, Venezuela officially lost 8.3% of its forest cover, which is about 4.3 million ha. In response, federal protections for critical habitat were implemented; for example, 20% to 33% of forested land is protected.<a href="#cite_note-Bevilacqua_2002-166">[162]</a> Venezuela had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 8.78/10, ranking it 19th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> The country's <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere reserve">biosphere reserve</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Network of Biosphere Reserves</a>; five <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> are registered under the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> In 2003, 70% of the nation's land was under conservation management in over 200 protected areas, including 43 national parks.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Venezuela" title="List of national parks of Venezuela">Venezuela's 43 national parks</a> include Canaima National Park, <a href="/wiki/Morrocoy_National_Park" title="Morrocoy National Park">Morrocoy National Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mochima_National_Park" title="Mochima National Park">Mochima National Park</a>. In the far south is a reserve for the country's Yanomami tribes. Covering 32,000 square miles (82,880 square kilometres), the area is off-limits to farmers, miners, and all non-Yanomami settlers. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LakeVal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/LakeVal.jpg/220px-LakeVal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/LakeVal.jpg/330px-LakeVal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/LakeVal.jpg/440px-LakeVal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Valencia_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia Lake">Valencia Lake</a>, formerly praised by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> for its beauty, is massively polluted due to the countless sewage systems pouring residuals.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a></figcaption></figure>Venezuela was one of the few countries that did not enter an <a href="/wiki/Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contributions" class="mw-redirect" title="Intended Nationally Determined Contributions">INDC</a> at <a href="/wiki/COP21" class="mw-redirect" title="COP21">COP21</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> Many terrestrial ecosystems are considered <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Ecosystems#Risk_Categories" title="IUCN Red List of Ecosystems">endangered</a>, specially the <a href="/wiki/Dry_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry forest">dry forest</a> in the northern regions of the country and the <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> coast.<a href="#cite_note-Foundations-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> There are 105 protected areas in Venezuela, which cover around 26% of the country's continental, marine and insular surface.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrography">Hydrography</h3></div> The country is made up of three river basins: the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, the Atlantic Ocean and Lake Valencia, which forms an endorheic basin.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> On the Atlantic side it drains most of Venezuela's river waters. The largest basin in this area is the extensive Orinoco basin<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> whose surface area, close to one million km2, is greater than that of the whole of Venezuela, although it has a presence of 65% in the country. The size of this basin - similar to that of the Danube - makes it the third largest in South America, and it gives rise to a flow of some 33,000 m3/s, making the Orinoco the third largest in the world, and also one of the most valuable from the point of view of renewable natural resources. The Rio or Brazo Casiquiare is unique in the world, as it is a natural derivation of the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco river">Orinoco</a> that, after some 500 km in length, connects it to the Negro River, which in turn is a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LA_LAGUNA_VICTORIA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/LA_LAGUNA_VICTORIA.JPG/229px-LA_LAGUNA_VICTORIA.JPG" decoding="async" width="229" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/LA_LAGUNA_VICTORIA.JPG/344px-LA_LAGUNA_VICTORIA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/LA_LAGUNA_VICTORIA.JPG/458px-LA_LAGUNA_VICTORIA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Victoria Lagoon, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_(state)" title="Mérida (state)">Mérida State</a></figcaption></figure> The Orinoco receives directly or indirectly rivers such as the Ventuari, the Caura, the <a href="/wiki/Caron%C3%AD_River" title="Caroní River">Caroní</a>, the Meta, the <a href="/wiki/Arauca_River" title="Arauca River">Arauca</a>, the Apure and many others. Other Venezuelan rivers that empty into the Atlantic are the waters of the San Juan and Cuyuní basins. Finally, there is the Amazon River, which receives the Guainía, the Negro and others. Other basins are the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Paria" title="Gulf of Paria">Gulf of Paria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Essequibo_River" title="Essequibo River">Esequibo River</a>. The second most important watershed is the Caribbean Sea. The rivers of this region are usually short and of scarce and irregular flow, with some exceptions such as the <a href="/wiki/Catatumbo_River" title="Catatumbo River">Catatumbo</a>, which originates in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and drains into the Maracaibo Lake basin. Among the rivers that reach the Maracaibo lake basin are the Chama, the Escalante, the Catatumbo, and the contributions of the smaller basins of the Tocuyo, Yaracuy, Neverí and Manzanares rivers. A minimum drains to the Lake Valencia basin.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> Of the total extension of the rivers, a total of 5400 km are navigable. Other rivers worth mentioning are the Apure, Arauca, Caura, Meta, Barima, <a href="/wiki/Portuguesa_River" title="Portuguesa River">Portuguesa</a>, Ventuari and Zulia, among others.<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerro_Wichuj(Cara_de_Indio)_(12111191594).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cerro_Wichuj%28Cara_de_Indio%29_%2812111191594%29.jpg/250px-Cerro_Wichuj%28Cara_de_Indio%29_%2812111191594%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cerro_Wichuj%28Cara_de_Indio%29_%2812111191594%29.jpg/375px-Cerro_Wichuj%28Cara_de_Indio%29_%2812111191594%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cerro_Wichuj%28Cara_de_Indio%29_%2812111191594%29.jpg/500px-Cerro_Wichuj%28Cara_de_Indio%29_%2812111191594%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4917" data-file-height="3278" /></a><figcaption>Amazon <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> and Autana River, <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazonas (Venezuela)">Amazonas</a> state</figcaption></figure>The country's main lakes are Lake Maracaibo<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> -the largest in South America- open to the sea through the natural channel, but with fresh water, and Lake Valencia with its endorheic system. Other noteworthy bodies of water are the <a href="/wiki/Guri_Reservoir" title="Guri Reservoir">Guri reservoir</a>, the Altagracia lagoon, the Camatagua reservoir and the Mucubají lagoon in the Andes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relief">Relief</h3></div> The Venezuelan natural <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-186">[182]</a> is the product of the interaction of <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-186">[182]</a> that since the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> have contributed to its current appearance. On the formed structures, seven physical-natural units have been modeled, differentiated in their relief and in their <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flores_para_la_Nieve.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flores_para_la_Nieve.JPG/220px-Flores_para_la_Nieve.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flores_para_la_Nieve.JPG/330px-Flores_para_la_Nieve.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flores_para_la_Nieve.JPG/440px-Flores_para_la_Nieve.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolívar Peak">Bolívar Peak</a>, the highest mountain in Venezuela, in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_National_Park_(Venezuela)" title="Sierra Nevada National Park (Venezuela)">Sierra Nevada de Mérida</a></figcaption></figure> The relief of Venezuela has the following characteristics: <a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">coastline</a> with several peninsulas<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands">islands</a>, adenas of the Andes mountain range (north and northwest), Lake Maracaibo (between the chains, on the coast);<a href="#cite_note-:4-188">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco river">Orinoco river</a> delta,<a href="#cite_note-:5-189">[185]</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Peneplain" title="Peneplain">peneplains</a> and plateaus (tepui, east of the Orinoco) that together form the Guyanas massif (plateaus, southeast of the country). The oldest rock formations in South America are found in the complex basement of the Guyanas highlands<a href="#cite_note-:6-190">[186]</a> and in the crystalline line of the Maritime and Cordillera massifs in Venezuela. The Venezuelan part of the Guyanas <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> consists of a large granite block of <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> and other crystalline <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> rocks, with underlying layers of sandstone and shale clay.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> The core of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cordillera" title="Cordillera">cordillera</a> is, to a large extent, flanked by sedimentary layers from the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>,<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> folded in an <a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">anticline</a> structure. Between these orographic systems there are plains covered with tertiary and quaternary layers of gravel, sands and clayey <a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">marls</a>. The depression contains lagoons and lakes, among which is that of <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a>, and presents, on the surface, <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> deposits from the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Coastal_Range" title="Venezuelan Coastal Range">Coastal Mountain Range</a></li></ul> Also known as the Cordillera de la Costa, stretches along Venezuela's northern coast. This region is known for its lush tropical rainforests, stunning coastal views, and a rich variety of flora and fauna. The intermountain depressions, or valleys, between the mountain ranges are often home to fertile agricultural land and vibrant communities. These valleys offer a stark contrast to the rugged mountains that rise dramatically from the coast. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coro_region" title="Coro region">Lara-Falcón Highlands</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_vegetaci%C3%B3n_m%C3%A1s_abundante_se%C3%B1ala_el_canal_de_los_r%C3%ADos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/La_vegetaci%C3%B3n_m%C3%A1s_abundante_se%C3%B1ala_el_canal_de_los_r%C3%ADos.jpg/220px-La_vegetaci%C3%B3n_m%C3%A1s_abundante_se%C3%B1ala_el_canal_de_los_r%C3%ADos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/La_vegetaci%C3%B3n_m%C3%A1s_abundante_se%C3%B1ala_el_canal_de_los_r%C3%ADos.jpg/330px-La_vegetaci%C3%B3n_m%C3%A1s_abundante_se%C3%B1ala_el_canal_de_los_r%C3%ADos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/La_vegetaci%C3%B3n_m%C3%A1s_abundante_se%C3%B1ala_el_canal_de_los_r%C3%ADos.jpg/440px-La_vegetaci%C3%B3n_m%C3%A1s_abundante_se%C3%B1ala_el_canal_de_los_r%C3%ADos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Los Llanos, <a href="/wiki/Apure_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Apure state">Apure state</a></figcaption></figure> Situated in northwestern Venezuela, the Lara-Falcón Highlands exhibit a terrain defined by plateaus and rolling hills. These highlands provide a significant contrast to the surrounding lowlands and coastal areas. The relief is characterized by gently sloping plateaus that support agriculture, including coffee and cacao cultivation. This region's semi-arid climate and picturesque landscapes make it an important agricultural and tourism center. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maracaibo_Basin" title="Maracaibo Basin">Lake Maracaibo Lowlands</a></li></ul> Encompass the basin of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo" title="Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a> and the plains surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a>. This region offers two distinct plains—the northern one is relatively dry, while the southern one is humid and dotted with swamps. The relief here is primarily characterized by flat terrain, with the exception of some elevated areas near the lake. Lake Maracaibo itself sits in a depression, surrounded by oil-rich lands and productive agricultural areas.<a href="#cite_note-:4-188">[184]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Andes" title="Venezuelan Andes">The Andes</a></li></ul> The Venezuelan Andes, part of the broader <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> mountain range, offer a striking relief with towering peaks, deep valleys, and fertile intermontane basins. Dominated by these corpulent mountain ranges, including Venezuela's highest peak, <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolívar Peak">Bolívar Peak</a>, the region's rugged and picturesque landscapes are defined by its high-altitude terrain. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Playa_Grande_in_Choroni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Playa_Grande_in_Choroni.jpg/247px-Playa_Grande_in_Choroni.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Playa_Grande_in_Choroni.jpg/371px-Playa_Grande_in_Choroni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Playa_Grande_in_Choroni.jpg/494px-Playa_Grande_in_Choroni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>Coastal Mountain Range (Cordillera de la Costa) in Venezuela</figcaption></figure> The unique relief of this area finds its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a>, where the interplay of repeated glacier advances and retreats sculpted the landscape, shaped by the cold, high-altitude climate. This glacial heritage has left a lasting imprint, with glaciers carving deep valleys and polishing rugged peaks, while sheltered intramontane valleys offer fertile soils and temperate microclimates, creating ideal conditions for agriculture and human settlement. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Llanos" title="Venezuelan Llanos">Los Llanos</a></li></ul> Los Llanos, or "the plains", are expansive sedimentary basins characterized by predominantly flat relief.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> However, the eastern Llanos feature low-plateaus and the Unare depression, created through mesa erosion, adding diversity to the terrain. This region is subject to seasonal flooding, transforming the flat plains into a vast wetland during the rainy season. The relief here influences the region's unique ecosystems, including extensive grasslands and abundant wildlife. <ul><li><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vuelo_Santa_Elena-Canaima_(2004)_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vuelo_Santa_Elena-Canaima_%282004%29_23.jpg/261px-Vuelo_Santa_Elena-Canaima_%282004%29_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vuelo_Santa_Elena-Canaima_%282004%29_23.jpg/392px-Vuelo_Santa_Elena-Canaima_%282004%29_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vuelo_Santa_Elena-Canaima_%282004%29_23.jpg/522px-Vuelo_Santa_Elena-Canaima_%282004%29_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Guayana natural region in Venezuela</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Guayana_natural_region" title="Guayana natural region">Guiana Shield</a></li></ul> The Guiana Shield boasts a varied relief shaped by geological processes over millions of years. This region encompasses peneplains, rugged mountain ranges, foothills, and the iconic <a href="/wiki/Tepuis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepuis">tepuis</a>, or table-top mountains. The tepuis stand as isolated, flat-topped plateaus that rise dramatically from the surrounding terrain. This unique relief contributes to the region's remarkable biodiversity and scientific significance.<a href="#cite_note-:6-190">[186]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orinoco_Delta" title="Orinoco Delta">Orinoco Delta</a></li></ul> The Orinoco Delta's relief is characterized by a complex system of lands and waters. It consists of numerous channels, islands, and shifting sedimentary deposits. While the relief may appear relatively uniform, it conceals a dynamic environment influenced by seasonal flooding and sediment deposition. This complex deltaic relief supports diverse aquatic life and the livelihoods of Indigenous communities adapted to its ever-changing landscapes.<a href="#cite_note-:5-189">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valleys">Valleys</h3></div> The valleys are undoubtedly the most important type of <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a> in the Venezuelan territory,<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> not because of their spatial extension, but because they are the environment where most of the country's population and economic activities are concentrated. On the other hand, there are valleys throughout almost all the national space, except in the great sedimentary basins of the Llanos and the depression of the <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Maracaibo Lake">Maracaibo Lake</a>, except also in the Amazonian peneplains.<a href="#cite_note-:1-196">[192]</a> By their modeling, the valleys of the Venezuelan territory belong mainly to two types: valleys of <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluvial</a> type and valleys of <a href="/wiki/Glacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial">glacial</a> type.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> Much more frequent, the former largely dominate the latter, which are restricted to the highest parts of the Andes. Moreover, most glacial valleys are relics of a past geologic epoch, which culminated some 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. The deep and narrow Andean valleys are very different from the wide depressions of <a href="/wiki/Aragua" title="Aragua">Aragua</a> and Carabobo, in the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Coastal_Range" title="Venezuelan Coastal Range">Cordillera de la Costa</a>, or from the valleys nestled in the Mesas de <a href="/wiki/Monagas" title="Monagas">Monagas</a>. These examples indicate that the configuration of the local relief is decisive in identifying regional types of valleys. Likewise, due to their warm climate, the Guayana valleys are distinguished from the temperate or cold <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean valleys</a> by their humid environment. Both are, in turn, different from the semi-arid depressions of the states of Lara and Falcón. The Andean valleys, essentially agricultural, precociously populated but nowadays in loss of speed, do not confront the same problems of space occupation as the strongly urbanized and industrialized valleys of the central section of the Cordillera de la Costa. On the other hand, the unpopulated and practically untouched <a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">Guiana</a> valleys are another category this area is called the Lost World (Mundo Perdido).<a href="#cite_note-:1-196">[192]</a> The Andean valleys are undoubtedly the most impressive of the Venezuelan territory because of the energy of the encasing reliefs, whose summits often dominate the valley bottoms by 3,000 to 3,500 <a href="/wiki/Meters" class="mw-redirect" title="Meters">meters</a> of relative <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a>. They are also the most picturesque in terms of their style of habitat, forms of land use, <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicraft</a> production and all the traditions linked to these activities.<a href="#cite_note-:1-196">[192]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Valle_de_Mifaf%C3%AD_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Valle de Mifafí, Mérida State"><img alt="Valle de Mifafí, Mérida State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Valle_de_Mifaf%C3%AD_2.jpg/200px-Valle_de_Mifaf%C3%AD_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Valle_de_Mifaf%C3%AD_2.jpg/300px-Valle_de_Mifaf%C3%AD_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Valle_de_Mifaf%C3%AD_2.jpg/400px-Valle_de_Mifaf%C3%AD_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Valle de Mifafí, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Mérida State">Mérida State</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_-_Caracas_-_Mirador_de_Valle_Arriba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Caracas Valley"><img alt="The Caracas Valley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Venezuela_-_Caracas_-_Mirador_de_Valle_Arriba.jpg/200px-Venezuela_-_Caracas_-_Mirador_de_Valle_Arriba.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Venezuela_-_Caracas_-_Mirador_de_Valle_Arriba.jpg/300px-Venezuela_-_Caracas_-_Mirador_de_Valle_Arriba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Venezuela_-_Caracas_-_Mirador_de_Valle_Arriba.jpg/400px-Venezuela_-_Caracas_-_Mirador_de_Valle_Arriba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3734" data-file-height="2655" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> Valley</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deserts">Deserts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medanos_de_Coro_Falcon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Medanos_de_Coro_Falcon.jpg/220px-Medanos_de_Coro_Falcon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Medanos_de_Coro_Falcon.jpg/330px-Medanos_de_Coro_Falcon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Medanos_de_Coro_Falcon.jpg/440px-Medanos_de_Coro_Falcon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9danos_de_Coro_National_Park" title="Médanos de Coro National Park">Médanos de Coro National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguan%C3%A1_Peninsula" title="Paraguaná Peninsula">Paraguaná Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falc%C3%B3n" title="Falcón">Falcón State</a>, Venezuela</figcaption></figure> Venezuela has a great diversity of landscapes and climates,<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> including arid and dry areas. The main <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> in the country is in the state of Falcon near the city of Coro. It is now a protected park, the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9danos_de_Coro_National_Park" title="Médanos de Coro National Park">Médanos de Coro National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> The park is the largest of its kind in Venezuela, covering 91 square kilometres. The landscape is dotted with cacti and other xerophytic plants that can survive in humidity-free conditions near the desert. Desert wildlife includes mostly lizards, <a href="/wiki/Iguanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Iguanas">iguanas</a> and other reptiles. Although less frequent, the desert is home to some foxes, giant anteaters and rabbits. There are also some native bird populations, such as the sparrowhawk, tropical mockingbird, scaly dove and crested quail. Other desert areas in the country include part of the Guajira Desert in the Guajira Municipality in the north of Zulia State<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> and facing the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a>, the Médanos de Capanaparo<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> in the Santos Luzardo National Park in <a href="/wiki/Apure_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Apure State">Apure State</a>, the Medanos de la Isla de Zapara<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> in Zulia State, the so-called Hundición de Yay<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> in the Andrés Eloy Blanco Municipality of Lara State, and the Urumaco Formation also in Falcón State. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Venezuela" title="Government of Venezuela">Government of Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Venezuela" title="Cabinet of Venezuela">Cabinet of Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Politics of Venezuela">Politics of Venezuela</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Venezuela" title="Democracy in Venezuela">Democracy in Venezuela</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election">2024 Venezuelan presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_protests" title="2024 Venezuelan protests">2024 Venezuelan protests</a></div> Two major blocs of <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Venezuela" title="List of political parties in Venezuela">political parties</a> are in Venezuela: the incumbent leftist bloc United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), its major allies <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_for_All" title="Fatherland for All">Fatherland for All</a> (PPT) and the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV), and the opposition bloc grouped into the electoral coalition <a href="/wiki/Mesa_de_la_Unidad_Democr%C3%A1tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesa de la Unidad Democrática">Mesa de la Unidad Democrática</a>. This includes <a href="/wiki/A_New_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="A New Era">A New Era</a> (UNT) together with allied parties <a href="/wiki/Project_Venezuela" title="Project Venezuela">Project Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice_First" title="Justice First">Justice First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Socialism (Venezuela)">Movement for Socialism</a> (MAS) and others. The Venezuelan president is elected by a vote, with direct and <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, and is both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. The term of office is six years, and (as of 15 February 2009) a president may be re-elected an unlimited number of times. The president appoints the vice president and decides the size and composition of the cabinet and makes appointments to it with the involvement of the legislature. The president can ask the legislature to reconsider portions of laws he finds objectionable, but a simple parliamentary majority can override these objections. The president may ask the National Assembly to pass an <a href="/wiki/Enabling_act#In_Venezuela" title="Enabling act">enabling act</a> granting the ability to <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a> in specified policy areas; this requires a two-thirds majority in the Assembly. Since 1959, six Venezuelan presidents have been granted such powers. The <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> Venezuelan parliament is the Asamblea Nacional ("National Assembly"). The number of members is variable – each state and the Capital district elect three representatives plus the result of dividing the state population by 1.1% of the total population of the country.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> Three seats are reserved for representatives of Venezuela's Indigenous peoples. For the 2011–2016 period the number of seats is 165.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> All deputies serve five-year terms. The voting age in Venezuela is 18. Voting is not <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">compulsory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TG-206">[202]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Venezuela" title="Law of Venezuela">legal system of Venezuela</a> belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Continental Law</a> tradition. The highest <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial</a> body is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a> or Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, whose magistrates are elected by parliament for a single twelve-year term. The <a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Venezuela)" title="National Electoral Council (Venezuela)">National Electoral Council</a> (Consejo Nacional Electoral, or CNE) is in charge of electoral processes; it is formed by five main directors elected by the National Assembly. Supreme Court president Luisa Estela Morales said in December 2009 that Venezuela had moved away from "a rigid division of powers" toward a system characterized by "intense coordination" between the branches of government. Morales clarified that each power must be independent.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:LegislativoCentro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Assembly of Venezuela building"><img alt="National Assembly of Venezuela building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/LegislativoCentro.jpg/200px-LegislativoCentro.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/LegislativoCentro.jpg/300px-LegislativoCentro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/LegislativoCentro.jpg/400px-LegislativoCentro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="National Assembly of Venezuela">National Assembly of Venezuela</a> <a href="/wiki/Palacio_Federal_Legislativo" title="Palacio Federal Legislativo">building</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Residencia_presidencial_La_Casona,_Caracas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Casona presidential residence in Caracas, now a museum"><img alt="La Casona presidential residence in Caracas, now a museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Residencia_presidencial_La_Casona%2C_Caracas.jpg/200px-Residencia_presidencial_La_Casona%2C_Caracas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Residencia_presidencial_La_Casona%2C_Caracas.jpg/300px-Residencia_presidencial_La_Casona%2C_Caracas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Residencia_presidencial_La_Casona%2C_Caracas.jpg/400px-Residencia_presidencial_La_Casona%2C_Caracas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2880" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">La Casona presidential residence in Caracas, now a <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">States of Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Venezuela" title="Regions of Venezuela">Regions of Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Localizador_Politico_de_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Localizador_Politico_de_Venezuela.svg/220px-Localizador_Politico_de_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Localizador_Politico_de_Venezuela.svg/330px-Localizador_Politico_de_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Localizador_Politico_de_Venezuela.svg/440px-Localizador_Politico_de_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Venezuelan federation</figcaption></figure> Venezuela is divided into 23 states (estados), a capital district (distrito capital) corresponding to the city of Caracas, and the Federal Dependencies (Dependencias Federales, a special territory). Venezuela is further subdivided into 335 municipalities (municipios); these are subdivided into over one thousand parishes (parroquias). The states are grouped into nine administrative regions (regiones administrativas), which were established in 1969 by presidential decree.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The country can be further divided into ten geographical areas, some corresponding to climatic and biogeographical regions. In the north are the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Andes" title="Venezuelan Andes">Venezuelan Andes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coro_region" title="Coro region">Coro region</a>, a mountainous tract in the northwest, holds several <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">sierras</a> and valleys. East of it are lowlands abutting <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo" title="Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_de_la_Costa_Central" title="Cordillera de la Costa Central">Central Range</a> runs parallel to the coast and includes the hills surrounding <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>; the Eastern Range, separated from the Central Range by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Cariaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Cariaco">Gulf of Cariaco</a>, covers all of <a href="/wiki/Sucre_(state)" title="Sucre (state)">Sucre</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Monagas" title="Monagas">Monagas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Insular_Region_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Region (Venezuela)">Insular Region</a> includes all of Venezuela's island possessions: <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a> and the various <a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Dependencies">Federal Dependencies</a>. The Orinoco Delta, which forms a triangle covering <a href="/wiki/Delta_Amacuro" title="Delta Amacuro">Delta Amacuro</a>, projects northeast into the Atlantic Ocean.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The country maintains a claim on the territory it calls "Guayana Esequiba", the territory administered by Guyana west of the Esequibo River. In 1966 the British and Venezuelan governments signed the Geneva Agreement to resolve the conflict peacefully. The Port of Spain Protocol of 1970 set a deadline to try to resolve the issue, without success to date.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <table style="background:transparent;font-size: 11px;float: left"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4"><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 500px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Venezuela_location_map.svg/500px-Venezuela_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="447" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Venezuela_location_map.svg/750px-Venezuela_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Venezuela_location_map.svg/1000px-Venezuela_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1479" /> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:344px; top:213px"><a href="/wiki/Bolivar_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivar State">Bolívar</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:249px; top:327px"><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Venezuelan_state)" title="Amazonas (Venezuelan state)">Amazonas</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:169px; top:199.5px"><a href="/wiki/Apure" title="Apure">Apure</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:44px; top:93px"><a href="/wiki/Zulia" title="Zulia">Zulia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:44px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Táchira</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:109px; top:158px"><a href="/wiki/Barinas_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Barinas State">Barinas</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:64px; top:143px"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_(state)" title="Mérida (state)">Mérida</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:89px; top:113px"><a href="/wiki/Trujillo_(state)" title="Trujillo (state)">Trujillo</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:123px; top:87px"><a href="/wiki/Lara_(state)" title="Lara (state)">Lara</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:121.5px; top:128px"><a href="/wiki/Portuguesa_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguesa (Venezuela)">Portuguesa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:234px; top:133px"><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A1rico" title="Guárico">Guárico</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:164px; top:114.5px"><a href="/wiki/Cojedes_(state)" title="Cojedes (state)">Cojedes</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:155px; top:79.5px"><a href="/wiki/Yaracuy" title="Yaracuy">Yaracuy</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:119px; top:58px"><a href="/wiki/Falc%C3%B3n" title="Falcón">Falcón</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:184px; top:90.5px"><a href="/wiki/Carabobo" title="Carabobo">Carabobo</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:214px; top:103px"><a href="/wiki/Aragua" title="Aragua">Aragua</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:244px; top:84.5px"><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(state)" title="Miranda (state)">Miranda</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:224px; top:76px"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Capital_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Capital District">D. C.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:234px; top:66px"><a href="/wiki/Vargas_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vargas (state)">Vargas</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:309px; top:133px"><a href="/wiki/Anzo%C3%A1tegui" title="Anzoátegui">Anzoátegui</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:354px; top:77px"><a href="/wiki/Sucre_(state)" title="Sucre (state)">Sucre</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:299px; top:63px"><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:354px; top:114.5px"><a href="/wiki/Monagas" title="Monagas">Monagas</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:401.5px; top:136.5px"><a href="/wiki/Delta_Amacuro" title="Delta Amacuro">Delta Amacuro</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:194px; top:27px"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Federal_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Federal Dependencies">Federal Dependencies</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:411.5px; top:77px"><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:459px; top:223px"><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:19px; top:363.5px"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:401.5px; top:386px"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:194px; top:7px"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:399px; top:17px"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#800020; color:white; text-align:center;"> <th>State </th> <th>Capital </th> <th>State </th> <th>Capital </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Amazonas_Indigenous_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Amazonas_Indigenous_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Amazonas_Indigenous_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Amazonas_Indigenous_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Amazonas_Indigenous_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Amazonas_Indigenous_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Amazonas,_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazonas, Venezuela">Amazonas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ayacucho" title="Puerto Ayacucho">Puerto Ayacucho</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_M%C3%A9rida_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_M%C3%A9rida_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_M%C3%A9rida_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_M%C3%A9rida_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_M%C3%A9rida_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_M%C3%A9rida_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_(state)" title="Mérida (state)">Mérida</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida" title="Mérida, Mérida">Mérida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Anzo%C3%A1tegui_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Anzo%C3%A1tegui_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Anzo%C3%A1tegui_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Anzo%C3%A1tegui_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Anzo%C3%A1tegui_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Anzo%C3%A1tegui_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Anzo%C3%A1tegui" title="Anzoátegui">Anzoátegui</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barcelona,_Anzo%C3%A1tegui" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona, Anzoátegui">Barcelona</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Miranda_state.svg/23px-Flag_of_Miranda_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Miranda_state.svg/35px-Flag_of_Miranda_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Miranda_state.svg/46px-Flag_of_Miranda_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="688" /> <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(state)" title="Miranda (state)">Miranda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Teques" title="Los Teques">Los Teques</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Apure_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Apure_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Apure_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Apure_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Apure_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Apure_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="563" /> <a href="/wiki/Apure" title="Apure">Apure</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_de_Apure" title="San Fernando de Apure">San Fernando de Apure</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Monagas_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Monagas_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Monagas_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Monagas_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Monagas_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Monagas_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Monagas" title="Monagas">Monagas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matur%C3%ADn" title="Maturín">Maturín</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Aragua_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Aragua_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Aragua_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Aragua_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Aragua_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Aragua_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Aragua" title="Aragua">Aragua</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maracay" title="Maracay">Maracay</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Nueva_Esparta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nueva_Esparta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Nueva_Esparta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nueva_Esparta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Nueva_Esparta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Nueva_Esparta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Asunci%C3%B3n" title="La Asunción">La Asunción</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Barinas_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barinas_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Barinas_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barinas_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Barinas_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barinas_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Barinas,_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Barinas, Venezuela">Barinas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barinas,_Barinas" title="Barinas, Barinas">Barinas</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Portuguesa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portuguesa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Portuguesa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portuguesa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Portuguesa.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portuguesa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portuguesa_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguesa (Venezuela)">Portuguesa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guanare" title="Guanare">Guanare</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_State.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4762" data-file-height="3118" /> <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_(state)" title="Bolívar (state)">Bolívar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad Bolívar">Ciudad Bolívar</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Sucre_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sucre_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Sucre_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sucre_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Sucre_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sucre_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sucre,_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucre, Venezuela">Sucre</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuman%C3%A1" title="Cumaná">Cumaná</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Carabobo_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Carabobo_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Carabobo_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Carabobo_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Carabobo_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Carabobo_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Carabobo" title="Carabobo">Carabobo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Venezuela" title="Valencia, Venezuela">Valencia</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_T%C3%A1chira.svg/23px-Flag_of_T%C3%A1chira.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_T%C3%A1chira.svg/35px-Flag_of_T%C3%A1chira.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_T%C3%A1chira.svg/45px-Flag_of_T%C3%A1chira.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Táchira</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal,_T%C3%A1chira" title="San Cristóbal, Táchira">San Cristóbal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Cojedes_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cojedes_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Cojedes_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cojedes_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Cojedes_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cojedes_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1701" /> <a href="/wiki/Cojedes,_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Cojedes, Venezuela">Cojedes</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_Cojedes" title="San Carlos, Cojedes">San Carlos</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Trujillo_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trujillo_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Trujillo_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trujillo_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Trujillo_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Trujillo_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1701" /> <a href="/wiki/Trujillo_(state)" title="Trujillo (state)">Trujillo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Trujillo" title="Trujillo, Trujillo">Trujillo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Delta_Amacuro_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Delta_Amacuro_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Delta_Amacuro_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Delta_Amacuro_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Delta_Amacuro_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Delta_Amacuro_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Delta_Amacuro" title="Delta Amacuro">Delta Amacuro</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tucupita" title="Tucupita">Tucupita</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Yaracuy_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yaracuy_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Yaracuy_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yaracuy_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Yaracuy_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yaracuy_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Yaracuy" title="Yaracuy">Yaracuy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Felipe,_Yaracuy" class="mw-redirect" title="San Felipe, Yaracuy">San Felipe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Caracas_%282022%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Caracas_%282022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Caracas_%282022%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Caracas_%282022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Caracas_%282022%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Caracas_%282022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Zulia_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zulia_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Zulia_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zulia_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Zulia_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zulia_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1701" /> <a href="/wiki/Zulia" title="Zulia">Zulia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Falc%C3%B3n.svg/23px-Flag_of_Falc%C3%B3n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Falc%C3%B3n.svg/35px-Flag_of_Falc%C3%B3n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Falc%C3%B3n.svg/45px-Flag_of_Falc%C3%B3n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1701" /> <a href="/wiki/Falc%C3%B3n" title="Falcón">Falcón</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_de_Coro" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Ana de Coro">Coro</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Vargas_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vargas_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Vargas_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vargas_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Vargas_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vargas_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vargas,_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Vargas, Venezuela">Vargas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Guaira" title="La Guaira">La Guaira</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Gu%C3%A1rico_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gu%C3%A1rico_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Gu%C3%A1rico_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gu%C3%A1rico_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Gu%C3%A1rico_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Gu%C3%A1rico_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A1rico" title="Guárico">Guárico</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_los_Morros" title="San Juan de los Morros">San Juan de los Morros</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Federal_dependencies_of_Venezuela%27s_Flag.svg/23px-Federal_dependencies_of_Venezuela%27s_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Federal_dependencies_of_Venezuela%27s_Flag.svg/35px-Federal_dependencies_of_Venezuela%27s_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Federal_dependencies_of_Venezuela%27s_Flag.svg/45px-Federal_dependencies_of_Venezuela%27s_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Gran_Roque" class="mw-redirect" title="El Gran Roque">El Gran Roque</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Lara_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lara_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Lara_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lara_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Lara_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lara_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lara,_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Lara, Venezuela">Lara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barquisimeto" title="Barquisimeto">Barquisimeto</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">1 The Federal Dependencies are not states. They are just special divisions of the territory. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Venezuela" title="List of metropolitan areas in Venezuela">List of metropolitan areas in Venezuela</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Venezuela <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Venezuela_by_population" title="List of cities in Venezuela by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Venezuela">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Venezuela_by_population" title="List of cities in Venezuela by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Venezuela_by_population" title="List of cities in Venezuela by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Venezuela">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Venezuela_by_population" title="List of cities in Venezuela by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_-_Caracas_-_Mirador_de_Valle_Arriba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caracas"><img alt="Caracas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Venezuela_-_Caracas_-_Mirador_de_Valle_Arriba.jpg/120px-Venezuela_-_Caracas_-_Mirador_de_Valle_Arriba.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Venezuela_-_Caracas_-_Mirador_de_Valle_Arriba.jpg/180px-Venezuela_-_Caracas_-_Mirador_de_Valle_Arriba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Venezuela_-_Caracas_-_Mirador_de_Valle_Arriba.jpg/240px-Venezuela_-_Caracas_-_Mirador_de_Valle_Arriba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3734" data-file-height="2655" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Maracaibo_panoramica_avenida_Cecilio_Acosta_cuted.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maracaibo"><img alt="Maracaibo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Maracaibo_panoramica_avenida_Cecilio_Acosta_cuted.jpg/120px-Maracaibo_panoramica_avenida_Cecilio_Acosta_cuted.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Maracaibo_panoramica_avenida_Cecilio_Acosta_cuted.jpg/180px-Maracaibo_panoramica_avenida_Cecilio_Acosta_cuted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Maracaibo_panoramica_avenida_Cecilio_Acosta_cuted.jpg/240px-Maracaibo_panoramica_avenida_Cecilio_Acosta_cuted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3358" data-file-height="1178" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Capital_District_(Venezuela)" title="Capital District (Venezuela)">Capital District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,904,376</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad Bolívar">Ciudad Bolívar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar,_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolívar, Venezuela">Bolívar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">342,280 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Valencia_(Venezuela)_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Valencia"><img alt="Valencia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Valencia_%28Venezuela%29_Skyline.jpg/120px-Valencia_%28Venezuela%29_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Valencia_%28Venezuela%29_Skyline.jpg/180px-Valencia_%28Venezuela%29_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Valencia_%28Venezuela%29_Skyline.jpg/240px-Valencia_%28Venezuela%29_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Venezuela" title="Valencia, Venezuela">Valencia</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cuadras_del_Oeste._Barquisimeto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barquisimeto"><img alt="Barquisimeto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cuadras_del_Oeste._Barquisimeto.jpg/120px-Cuadras_del_Oeste._Barquisimeto.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cuadras_del_Oeste._Barquisimeto.jpg/180px-Cuadras_del_Oeste._Barquisimeto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cuadras_del_Oeste._Barquisimeto.jpg/240px-Cuadras_del_Oeste._Barquisimeto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Barquisimeto" title="Barquisimeto">Barquisimeto</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zulia" title="Zulia">Zulia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,906,205</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal,_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="San Cristóbal, Venezuela">San Cristóbal</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Táchira</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">263,765 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Venezuela" title="Valencia, Venezuela">Valencia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carabobo" title="Carabobo">Carabobo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,396,322</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cabimas" title="Cabimas">Cabimas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zulia" title="Zulia">Zulia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">263,056 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Barquisimeto" title="Barquisimeto">Barquisimeto</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lara_(state)" title="Lara (state)">Lara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">996,230</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Los_Teques" title="Los Teques">Los Teques</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(state)" title="Miranda (state)">Miranda</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">252,242 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Guayana" title="Ciudad Guayana">Ciudad Guayana</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar,_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolívar, Venezuela">Bolívar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">706,736</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_la_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto la Cruz">Puerto la Cruz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anzo%C3%A1tegui" title="Anzoátegui">Anzoátegui</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">244,728 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Matur%C3%ADn" title="Maturín">Maturín</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Monagas" title="Monagas">Monagas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">542,259</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punto_Fijo" title="Punto Fijo">Punto Fijo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Falc%C3%B3n" title="Falcón">Falcón</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">239,444 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Barcelona,_Venezuela" title="Barcelona, Venezuela">Barcelona</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anzo%C3%A1tegui" title="Anzoátegui">Anzoátegui</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">421,424</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida" title="Mérida, Mérida">Mérida</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_(state)" title="Mérida (state)">Mérida</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">217,547 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maracay" title="Maracay">Maracay</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aragua" title="Aragua">Aragua</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">407,109</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guarenas" title="Guarenas">Guarenas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(state)" title="Miranda (state)">Miranda</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">209,987 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cuman%C3%A1" title="Cumaná">Cumaná</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sucre,_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucre, Venezuela">Sucre</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">358,919</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ojeda" title="Ciudad Ojeda">Ciudad Ojeda</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zulia" title="Zulia">Zulia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">203,435 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Barinas,_Barinas" title="Barinas, Barinas">Barinas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Barinas_(state)" title="Barinas (state)">Barinas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">353.851</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guanare" title="Guanare">Guanare</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguesa,_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguesa, Venezuela">Portuguesa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">192,644 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suspension_of_constitutional_rights">Suspension of constitutional rights</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_protests_against_the_Nicolas_Maduro_government,_Altamira_Square_6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Venezuela_protests_against_the_Nicolas_Maduro_government%2C_Altamira_Square_6.JPG/220px-Venezuela_protests_against_the_Nicolas_Maduro_government%2C_Altamira_Square_6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Venezuela_protests_against_the_Nicolas_Maduro_government%2C_Altamira_Square_6.JPG/330px-Venezuela_protests_against_the_Nicolas_Maduro_government%2C_Altamira_Square_6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Venezuela_protests_against_the_Nicolas_Maduro_government%2C_Altamira_Square_6.JPG/440px-Venezuela_protests_against_the_Nicolas_Maduro_government%2C_Altamira_Square_6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Protests in <a href="/wiki/Altamira_(Caracas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altamira (Caracas)">Altamira</a>, Caracas (2014)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2015 parliamentary elections</a> were held on 6 December 2015 to elect the 164 deputies and three Indigenous representatives of the National Assembly. In 2014, a series of protest and demonstrations began in Venezuela, attributed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] to inflation, violence and shortages in Venezuela. The protests were largely peaceful.<a href="#cite_note-SVCOprotestINFO-209">[205]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The government has accused the protest of being motivated by <a href="/wiki/Fascists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascists">fascists</a>, opposition leaders, capitalism and foreign influence,<a href="#cite_note-Milne-210">[206]</a> President Maduro acknowledged <a href="/wiki/PSUV" class="mw-redirect" title="PSUV">PSUV</a> defeat but attributed the opposition's victory to an intensification of an economic war. Despite this, Maduro said, "I will stop by hook or by crook the opposition coming to power, whatever the costs, in any way".<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> In the following months, Maduro fulfilled his promise of preventing the elected National Assembly from legislating. The first steps taken by PSUV and government were the substitution of the entire <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Venezuela">Supreme Court</a> a day after the parliamentary elections,<a href="#cite_note-prodavinci.com-212">[208]</a> contrary to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Constitution of Venezuela</a>, acclaimed as a fraud by the majority of the Venezuelan and international press.<a href="#cite_note-larazon.net-213">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-el-nacional.com-214">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-215">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-ntn24web.com-216">[212]</a> The Financial Times described the function of the Supreme Court in Venezuela as "rubber stamping executive whims and vetoing legislation".<a href="#cite_note-broken_system-217">[213]</a> The PSUV government used this violation to suspend several elected opponents.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> Maduro said that "the Amnesty law (approved by the Parliament) will not be executed" and asked the Supreme Court to declare it unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> On 16 January 2016, Maduro approved an unconstitutional economic emergency decree,<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> relegating to his own figure the legislative and executive powers, while also holding judiciary power through the fraudulent designation of judges the day after the election on 6 December 2015.<a href="#cite_note-prodavinci.com-212">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-larazon.net-213">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-el-nacional.com-214">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-ntn24web.com-216">[212]</a> From these events, Maduro effectively controls all three branches of government. On 14 May 2016, constitutional guarantees were in fact suspended when Maduro decreed the extension of the economic emergency decree for another 60 days and declared a State of Emergency,<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> which is a clear violation of the Constitution of Venezuela<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> in the Article 338th: "The approval of the extension of States of emergency corresponds to the National Assembly." Thus, constitutional rights in Venezuela are considered suspended in fact by many publications<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> and public figures.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> On 14 May 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> was considering the application of the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Democratic_Charter" title="Inter-American Democratic Charter">Inter-American Democratic Charter</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> sanctions for non-compliance to its own constitution. In March 2017, the Venezuelan Supreme Court took over law making powers from the National Assembly<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> but reversed its decision the following day.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Venezuela" title="Foreign relations of Venezuela">Foreign relations of Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guayana_Esequiba_(zona_completa).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Guayana_Esequiba_%28zona_completa%29.png/220px-Guayana_Esequiba_%28zona_completa%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Guayana_Esequiba_%28zona_completa%29.png/330px-Guayana_Esequiba_%28zona_completa%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Guayana_Esequiba_%28zona_completa%29.png/440px-Guayana_Esequiba_%28zona_completa%29.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_territorial_dispute" title="Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute">disputed "Guayana Esequiba" claim area</a> is a territory administered by <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> and historically claimed by Venezuela.</figcaption></figure> Throughout most of the 20th century, Venezuela maintained friendly relations with most Latin American and Western nations. Relations between Venezuela and the United States government worsened in 2002, after the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt during which the U.S. government recognized the short-lived interim presidency of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Carmona" title="Pedro Carmona">Pedro Carmona</a>. In 2015, Venezuela was declared a national security threat by U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> Correspondingly, ties to various Latin American and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> countries not allied to the U.S. have strengthened.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Venezuela seeks alternative <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">hemispheric</a> integration via such proposals as the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Alternative_for_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas">Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas</a> trade proposal and the newly launched Latin American television network <a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">teleSUR</a>. Venezuela is one of five nations in the world—along with Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, and Syria—to have recognized the independence of <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">Abkhazia and South Ossetia</a>. Venezuela was a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a>'s decision to adopt its Anti-Corruption Convention<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> and is actively working in the <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a> trade bloc to push increased trade and energy integration. Globally, it seeks a "<a href="/wiki/Polarity_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarity in international relations">multi-polar</a>" world based on strengthened ties among undeveloped countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XIV_cumbre_del_ALBA-TCP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/XIV_cumbre_del_ALBA-TCP.jpg/220px-XIV_cumbre_del_ALBA-TCP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/XIV_cumbre_del_ALBA-TCP.jpg/330px-XIV_cumbre_del_ALBA-TCP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/XIV_cumbre_del_ALBA-TCP.jpg/440px-XIV_cumbre_del_ALBA-TCP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5939" data-file-height="3989" /></a><figcaption>President Maduro among other Latin American leaders participating in a 2017 <a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">ALBA</a> gathering</figcaption></figure> On 26 April 2017, Venezuela announced its intention to withdraw from the OAS.<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> Venezuelan Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Delcy_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Delcy Rodríguez">Delcy Rodríguez</a> said that President <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> plans to publicly renounce Venezuela's membership on 27 April 2017. It will take two years for the country to formally leave. During this period, the country does not plan on participating in the OAS.<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> Venezuela is involved in a long-standing disagreement about the control of the <a href="/wiki/Guayana_Esequiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Guayana Esequiba">Guayana Esequiba</a> area. Venezuela may suffer a deterioration of its power in international affairs if the global <a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">transition to renewable energy</a> is completed. It is ranked 151 out of 156 countries in the index of Geopolitical Gains and Losses after energy transition (GeGaLo).<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> Venezuela is a charter member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN), <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS), <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a> (UNASUR), <a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America</a> (ALBA), <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association" title="Latin American Integration Association">Latin American Integration Association</a> (LAIA) and <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a> (OEI). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela" title="National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela">National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Padrino_L%C3%B3pez_(2018-04-03)_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vladimir_Padrino_L%C3%B3pez_%282018-04-03%29_1.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Padrino_L%C3%B3pez_%282018-04-03%29_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vladimir_Padrino_L%C3%B3pez_%282018-04-03%29_1.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Padrino_L%C3%B3pez_%282018-04-03%29_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vladimir_Padrino_L%C3%B3pez_%282018-04-03%29_1.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Padrino_L%C3%B3pez_%282018-04-03%29_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>General-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Padrino_L%C3%B3pez" title="Vladimir Padrino López">Vladimir Padrino López</a> in his uniform with visible insignia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuelan_Air_Force_Sukhoi_SU-30MK2_AADPR-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Venezuelan_Air_Force_Sukhoi_SU-30MK2_AADPR-2.jpg/220px-Venezuelan_Air_Force_Sukhoi_SU-30MK2_AADPR-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Venezuelan_Air_Force_Sukhoi_SU-30MK2_AADPR-2.jpg/330px-Venezuelan_Air_Force_Sukhoi_SU-30MK2_AADPR-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Venezuelan_Air_Force_Sukhoi_SU-30MK2_AADPR-2.jpg/440px-Venezuelan_Air_Force_Sukhoi_SU-30MK2_AADPR-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-30" title="Sukhoi Su-30">Sukhoi Su-30</a>MKV of the Venezuelan Air Force</figcaption></figure> The Bolivarian National Armed Forces (Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana, FANB) are the unified military forces of Venezuela. It includes over 320,150 men and women, under Article 328 of the Constitution, in five components of ground, sea and air. The components of the FANB are: the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Army">Venezuelan Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Navy">Venezuelan Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Air Force">Venezuelan Air Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan National Guard">Venezuelan National Guard</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_National_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan National Militia">Venezuelan National Militia</a>. As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit">[update]</a>, a further 600,000 soldiers were incorporated into a new branch, known as the Armed Reserve. The president of Venezuela is the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the FANB. Its main purposes are to defend the sovereign national territory of Venezuela, airspace, and islands, fight against drug trafficking, search and rescue and, in the case of a natural disaster, civil protection. All male citizens of Venezuela have a constitutional duty to register for the military service at 18, which is the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_crime">Law and crime</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Venezuela" title="Law of Venezuela">Law of Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Venezuela" title="Crime in Venezuela">Crime in Venezuela</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:334px;max-width:334px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png/330px-1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png/495px-1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png/660px-1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1529" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Murder rate (murder per 100,000 citizens) from 1998 to 2018. Sources: OVV,<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-FUSIONmr-240">[236]</a> PROVEA,<a href="#cite_note-UNODC2011-241">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNODC2014-242">[238]</a> UN<a href="#cite_note-UNODC2011-241">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNODC2014-242">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP2012-243">[239]</a> * UN line between 2007 and 2012 is simulated missing data.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_of_kidnappings_in_Venezuela_1989_to_present_(Presidents).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Number_of_kidnappings_in_Venezuela_1989_to_present_%28Presidents%29.png/330px-Number_of_kidnappings_in_Venezuela_1989_to_present_%28Presidents%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Number_of_kidnappings_in_Venezuela_1989_to_present_%28Presidents%29.png/495px-Number_of_kidnappings_in_Venezuela_1989_to_present_%28Presidents%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Number_of_kidnappings_in_Venezuela_1989_to_present_%28Presidents%29.png/660px-Number_of_kidnappings_in_Venezuela_1989_to_present_%28Presidents%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Number of kidnappings in Venezuela 1989–2011. Source: <a href="/wiki/Cuerpo_de_Investigaciones_Cient%C3%ADficas,_Penales_y_Criminal%C3%ADsticas" title="Cuerpo de Investigaciones Científicas, Penales y Criminalísticas">CICPC</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-CICPC2009-245">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> * <a href="/wiki/Express_kidnapping" title="Express kidnapping">Express kidnappings</a> may not be included in data.</div></div></div></div></div> In Venezuela, a person is murdered every 21 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> Violent crimes have been so prevalent in Venezuela that the government no longer produces the crime data.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> In 2013, the homicide rate was approximately 79 per 100,000, one of the world's highest, having quadrupled in the past 15 years with over 200,000 people murdered.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> By 2015, it had risen to 90 per 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-BBCVenezuela-250">[246]</a> The capital Caracas has one of the greatest homicide rates of any large city in the world, with 122 homicides per 100,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> In 2008, polls indicated that crime was the number one concern of voters.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> Attempts at fighting crime such as Operation Liberation of the People were implemented to crack down on gang-controlled areas<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> but, of reported criminal acts, less than 2% are prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-Finnegan-254">[250]</a> In 2017, the Financial Times noted that some of the arms procured by the government over the previous two decades had been diverted to paramilitary civilian groups and criminal syndicates.<a href="#cite_note-broken_system-217">[213]</a> Venezuela is especially dangerous for foreign travelers and investors who are visiting. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> have warned foreign visitors that they may be subjected to robbery, kidnapping<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> and murder, and that their own diplomatic travelers are required to travel in <a href="/wiki/Armored_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored vehicles">armored vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> The United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a> has advised against all travel to Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a> Visitors have been murdered during robberies.<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> There are approximately 33 prisons holding about 50,000 inmates.<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> Venezuela's prison system is heavily overcrowded; its facilities have capacity for only 14,000 prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela" title="Human rights in Venezuela">Human rights in Venezuela</a></div> Human rights organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> have increasingly criticized Venezuela's human rights record, with the former organization noting in 2017 that the Chavez and subsequently the Maduro government have increasingly concentrated power in the executive branch, eroded constitutional human rights protections and allowed the government to persecute and repress its critics and opposition.<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> Other persistent concerns as noted by the report included poor prison conditions, the continuous <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Venezuela" title="Mass media in Venezuela">harassment of independent media</a> and human rights defenders by the government. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> rated Venezuela a "hybrid regime" and the third least democratic regime in Latin America on the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> The Democracy index downgraded Venezuela to an authoritarian regime in 2017, citing continued increasingly dictatorial behaviors by the Maduro government.<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Corruption in Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corrupt_Venezuelan_Regime.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Corrupt_Venezuelan_Regime.pdf/page1-220px-Corrupt_Venezuelan_Regime.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Corrupt_Venezuelan_Regime.pdf/page1-330px-Corrupt_Venezuelan_Regime.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Corrupt_Venezuelan_Regime.pdf/page1-440px-Corrupt_Venezuelan_Regime.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Corrupt Venezuelan Regime</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Corruption in Venezuela</a> is high by world standards and was so for much of the 20th century. The discovery of oil worsened political corruption.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a> By the late 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_P%C3%A9rez_Alfonso" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso">Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso</a>'s description of oil as "the Devil's excrement" had become a common expression in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> has ranked Venezuela as one of the most corrupt countries since the survey started in 1995. The 2010 ranking placed Venezuela at number 164, out of 178 ranked countries in government transparency.<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> By 2016, the rank had increased to 166 out of 178.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Justice_Project" title="World Justice Project">World Justice Project</a> ranked Venezuela 99th out of 99 countries surveyed in its 2014 Rule of Law Index.<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> This corruption is shown with Venezuela's significant involvement in <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">drug trafficking</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Colombian_cocaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian cocaine">Colombian cocaine</a> and other drugs transiting Venezuela towards the United States and Europe. In the period 2003–2008 Venezuelan authorities seized the fifth-largest total quantity of cocaine in the world, behind Colombia, the United States, Spain and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> In 2006, the government's agency for combating illegal drug trade in Venezuela, <a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Drug_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anti-Drug Office">ONA</a>, was incorporated into the office of the vice-president. However, many major government and military officials have been known for their involvement with drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Economy of Venezuela</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Almost 82 per cent of Venezuelans live in poverty, with 53 per cent in extreme poverty, unable to buy even basic foodstuffs.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>– A UN special rapporteur said in February 2024 after visiting the country.<a href="#cite_note-u571-273">[269]</a></blockquote> Venezuela was "once among South America's wealthiest countries" before the economic meltdown under Maduro regime.<a href="#cite_note-gbnew2024jul-274">[270]</a> “The formerly rich petro-state has seen GDP fall by 80 percent in less than a decade, driving some seven million of its citizens to flee. Most Venezuelans live on just a few dollars a month, with the health care and education systems in total disrepair and biting shortages of electricity and fuel” as of 2024, according to <a href="/wiki/VOA" class="mw-redirect" title="VOA">VOA</a> (report from <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a>).<a href="#cite_note-h998-275">[271]</a> The country has a market-based <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> dominated by the petroleum sector,<a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> which accounts for roughly a third of GDP, around 80% of exports, and more than half of government revenues. Per capita GDP for 2016 was estimated to be US$15,100, ranking 109th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-ciawfb-20">[18]</a> Venezuela has the <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_usage_and_pricing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline usage and pricing">least expensive petrol</a> in the world because the consumer price of petrol is heavily subsidized. The private sector controls two-thirds of Venezuela's economy.<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> A part of the Venezuelan economy depends on <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittances</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Venezuela" title="Central Bank of Venezuela">Central Bank of Venezuela</a> is responsible for developing <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Venezuelan bolívar</a> which is used as currency. The president of the Central Bank of Venezuela serves as the country's representative in the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. The U.S.-based conservative think tank <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> claims Venezuela has the weakest property rights in the world, scoring only 5.0 on a scale of 100; expropriation without compensation is not uncommon. As of 2011, more than 60% of Venezuela's international reserves was in gold, eight times more than the average for the region. Most of Venezuela's gold held abroad was located in London. On 25 November 2011, the first of US$11 billion of repatriated gold bullion arrived in Caracas; Chávez called the repatriation of gold a "sovereign" step that will help protect the country's foreign reserves from the turmoil in the U.S. and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a> However government policies quickly spent down this returned gold and in 2013 the government was forced to add the dollar reserves of state owned companies to those of the national bank to reassure the international bond market.<a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:350px;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Annual variation of real GDP according to the Central Bank of Venezuela (2016 preliminary)<a href="#cite_note-BCV2016-281">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a></div></div></div> Manufacturing contributed 17% of GDP in 2006. Venezuela manufactures and exports heavy industry products such as steel, aluminium and cement, with production concentrated around <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Guayana" title="Ciudad Guayana">Ciudad Guayana</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Guri_Dam" title="Guri Dam">Guri Dam</a>, one of the largest in the world and the provider of about three-quarters of Venezuela's electricity. Other notable manufacturing includes <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobiles">automobiles</a>, as well as beverages, and <a href="/wiki/Foodstuff" class="mw-redirect" title="Foodstuff">foodstuffs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Venezuela" title="Agriculture in Venezuela">Agriculture in Venezuela</a> accounts for approximately 3% of GDP, 10% of the labor force, and at least a quarter of Venezuela's land area. The country is not self-sufficient in most areas of agriculture.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since the discovery of oil in the early 20th century, Venezuela has been one of the world's leading exporters of oil, and it is a founding member of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities, oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The 1980s oil glut led to an external debt crisis and a long-running economic crisis, which saw inflation peak at 100% in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyPalma2006207-283">[279]</a> The 1990s also saw Venezuela experience a <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_banking_crisis_of_1994" title="Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994">major banking crisis in 1994</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Dos_Caminos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Los_Dos_Caminos.jpg/220px-Los_Dos_Caminos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Los_Dos_Caminos.jpg/330px-Los_Dos_Caminos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Los_Dos_Caminos.jpg/440px-Los_Dos_Caminos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="1474" /></a><figcaption>Millenium Mall, one of the main <a href="/wiki/Shopping_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopping centers">shopping centers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></figcaption></figure> The recovery of oil prices after 2001 boosted the Venezuelan economy and facilitated social spending. With social programs such as the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Missions">Bolivarian Missions</a>, Venezuela initially made progress in social development in the 2000s, particularly in areas such as health, education, and poverty. Many of the social policies pursued by Chávez and his administration were jump-started by the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a>, eight goals that Venezuela and 188 other nations agreed to in September 2000.<a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a> The sustainability of the Bolivarian Missions has been questioned due to the Bolivarian state's overspending on public works and because the Chávez government did not save funds for future economic hardships, with economic issues and poverty rising as a result of their policies in the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-ELPAISfeb2015-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSM25march-285">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPdontblame-286">[282]</a> In 2003 the government of Hugo Chávez implemented currency controls after capital flight led to a devaluation of the currency. This led to the development of a parallel market of dollars in the subsequent years. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> led to a renewed economic downturn. Despite controversial data shared by the Venezuelan government showing that the country had halved malnutrition following one of the UN's Millennium Development Goals,<a href="#cite_note-ECONeatCHAVISMO-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a> shortages of staple goods began to occur in Venezuela and malnutrition began to increase.<a href="#cite_note-ECONeatCHAVISMO-118">[114]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaltoAngel1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SaltoAngel1.jpg/220px-SaltoAngel1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SaltoAngel1.jpg/330px-SaltoAngel1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/SaltoAngel1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Angel_Falls" title="Angel Falls">Ángel Falls</a> is one of Venezuela's top tourist attractions and the world's highest waterfall, located in the <a href="/wiki/Canaima_National_Park" title="Canaima National Park">Canaima National Park</a>.</figcaption></figure> In early 2013, Venezuela devalued its currency due to growing shortages in the country.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-Devalue-Currency-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-288">[284]</a> The shortages included, and still include, necessities such as toilet paper, milk, and flour.<a href="#cite_note-TheGuardian-Food-Shortages-117">[113]</a> Fears rose so high due to the toilet paper shortage that the government occupied a toilet paper factory, and continued plans to nationalize other industrial aspects like food distribution.<a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> Venezuela's bond ratings have also decreased multiple times in 2013 due to decisions by the president Nicolás Maduro.<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> In 2016, consumer prices in Venezuela increased 800% and the economy declined by 18.6%, entering an <a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">economic depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a> Venezuela's outlook was deemed negative by most bond-rating services in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a> For 2018 an inflation rate of 1,000,000 percent was projected, putting Venezuela in a similar situation to that in Germany in 1923 or Zimbabwe in the late 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-296">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Venezuela" title="Tourism in Venezuela">Tourism in Venezuela</a></div> Tourism has been developed considerably in recent decades, particularly because of its favorable geographical position, the variety of landscapes, the richness of plant and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>, the culture and the tropical climate. <a href="/wiki/Margarita_Island" title="Margarita Island">Margarita Island</a> is one of the top tourist destinations. It is an island with a modern infrastructure, bordered by beaches suitable for extreme sports, and features castles, fortresses and churches of great cultural value. <a href="/wiki/Los_Roques_Archipelago" title="Los Roques Archipelago">Los Roques Archipelago</a> is made up of a set of islands and keys that constitute one of the main tourist attractions in the country. With exotic crystalline beaches, Morrocoy is a national park, formed by small keys very close to the mainland, which have grown rapidly as one of the greatest tourist attractions in the Venezuelan Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parque_Nacional_Mochima2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Parque_Nacional_Mochima2.JPG/256px-Parque_Nacional_Mochima2.JPG" decoding="async" width="256" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Parque_Nacional_Mochima2.JPG/384px-Parque_Nacional_Mochima2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Parque_Nacional_Mochima2.JPG/512px-Parque_Nacional_Mochima2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mochima_National_Park" title="Mochima National Park">Mochima National Park</a>, Eastern Venezuela</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Canaima_National_Park" title="Canaima National Park">Canaima National Park</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a> extends over 30,000 km2 to the border with Guyana and Brazil; due to its size it is considered the sixth largest national park in the world. Its steep cliffs and waterfalls (including Angel Falls, which is the highest waterfall in the world, at 1,002 m) form spectacular landscapes. The state of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_(state)" title="Mérida (state)">Mérida</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a> is one of the main tourist centers of Venezuela. It has an extensive network of hotels not only in its capital city, but also throughout the state. Starting from the same city of Mérida is the longest and highest cable car in the world, which reaches the Pico Espejo of 4,765 m. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shortages">Shortages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">Shortages in Venezuela</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Shortages" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortages">Shortages</a> in Venezuela have been prevalent following the enactment of price controls and other policies during the <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez government">economic policy of the Hugo Chávez government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-economist.com-300">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-qz.com-301">[297]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro government">economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro government</a>, greater shortages occurred due to the Venezuelan government's policy of withholding United States dollars from importers with price controls.<a href="#cite_note-WSJseptDOWNGRADE-302">[298]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escasez_en_Venezuela,_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG/220px-Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG/330px-Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG/440px-Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Empty shelves in a store in Venezuela due to shortages in 2014</figcaption></figure>Shortages occur in regulated products, such as milk, various types of meat, coffee, rice, oil, flour, butter, and other goods including basic necessities like toilet paper, personal hygiene products, and even medicine.<a href="#cite_note-economist.com-300">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-ACN-303">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-El_Nuevo_Herald-304">[300]</a> As a result of the shortages, Venezuelans must search for food, wait in lines for hours and sometimes do without certain products.<a href="#cite_note-:7-305">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-REUTjan2015-306">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[305]</a> A drought, combined with a lack of planning and maintenance, has caused a hydroelectricity shortage. To deal with lack of power supply, in April 2016 the Maduro government announced rolling blackouts<a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a> and reduced the government <a href="/wiki/Workweek" class="mw-redirect" title="Workweek">workweek</a> to only Monday and Tuesday.<a href="#cite_note-311">[307]</a> A multi-university study found that, in 2016 alone, about 75% of Venezuelans lost weight due to hunger, with the average losing about 8.6 kg (19 lbs) due to the lack of food.<a href="#cite_note-UPIfeb17-312">[308]</a> In March 2017, Venezuela began having shortages of gasoline in some regions.<a href="#cite_note-EImar17-313">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroleum_and_other_resources">Petroleum and other resources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">History of the Venezuelan oil industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Venezuela" title="Energy policy of Venezuela">Energy policy of Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela%27s_exports_of_crude_oil,_January_2018-December_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Venezuela%27s_exports_of_crude_oil%2C_January_2018-December_2019.png/220px-Venezuela%27s_exports_of_crude_oil%2C_January_2018-December_2019.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Venezuela%27s_exports_of_crude_oil%2C_January_2018-December_2019.png/330px-Venezuela%27s_exports_of_crude_oil%2C_January_2018-December_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Venezuela%27s_exports_of_crude_oil%2C_January_2018-December_2019.png/440px-Venezuela%27s_exports_of_crude_oil%2C_January_2018-December_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Venezuela's exports of crude oil from January 2018 to December 2019<a href="#cite_note-EIA-VEN-314">[310]</a></figcaption></figure> Venezuela has the largest oil reserves, and the eighth largest natural gas reserves in the world.<a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a> Compared to the preceding year another 40.4% in crude oil reserves were proven in 2010, allowing Venezuela to surpass Saudi Arabia as the country with the largest reserves of this type.<a href="#cite_note-316">[312]</a> The country's main petroleum deposits are located around and beneath Lake Maracaibo, the Gulf of Venezuela (both in <a href="/wiki/Zulia_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulia State">Zulia</a>), and in the Orinoco River basin (<a href="/wiki/Orinoco#Eastern_Venezuelan_basin" title="Orinoco">eastern Venezuela</a>), where the country's largest reserve is located. Besides the largest conventional oil reserves and the second-largest natural gas reserves in the Western Hemisphere,<a href="#cite_note-bbc-317">[313]</a> Venezuela has non-conventional oil deposits (<a href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">extra-heavy crude oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tar_sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar sands">tar sands</a>) approximately equal to the world's reserves of conventional oil.<a href="#cite_note-wec-318">[314]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Venezuela" title="Electricity sector in Venezuela">electricity sector in Venezuela</a> is one of the few to rely primarily on <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>, and includes the Guri Dam, one of the largest in the world. In the first half of the 20th century, U.S. oil companies were heavily involved in Venezuela, initially interested only in purchasing concessions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYergin1991233–236,_432-319">[315]</a> In 1943 a new government introduced a 50/50 split in profits between the government and the oil industry. In 1960, with a newly installed democratic government, Hydrocarbons Minister Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso led the creation of OPEC, the consortium of oil-producing countries aiming to support the price of oil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYergin1991510–513-320">[316]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_Reserves_Updated.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Oil_Reserves_Updated.png/300px-Oil_Reserves_Updated.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Oil_Reserves_Updated.png/450px-Oil_Reserves_Updated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Oil_Reserves_Updated.png/600px-Oil_Reserves_Updated.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>A map of world <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> according to OPEC, 2013. Venezuela has the world's largest oil reserves.</figcaption></figure> In 1973, Venezuela voted to nationalize its oil industry outright, effective 1 January 1976, with <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3leos_de_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Petróleos de Venezuela">Petróleos de Venezuela</a> (PDVSA) taking over and presiding over a number of holding companies; in subsequent years, Venezuela built a vast refining and marketing system in the U.S. and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYergin1991767-321">[317]</a> In the 1990s PDVSA became more independent from the government and presided over an apertura (opening) in which it invited in foreign investment. Under Hugo Chávez a 2001 law placed limits on foreign investment. PDVSA played a key role in the December 2002 – February 2003 national strike. As a result of the strike, around 40% of the company's workforce (around 18,000 workers) were dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-322">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Venezuela" title="Transport in Venezuela">Transport in Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Jardines_(Caracas_metro).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Los_Jardines_%28Caracas_metro%29.jpg/220px-Los_Jardines_%28Caracas_metro%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Los_Jardines_%28Caracas_metro%29.jpg/330px-Los_Jardines_%28Caracas_metro%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Los_Jardines_%28Caracas_metro%29.jpg/440px-Los_Jardines_%28Caracas_metro%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caracas_Metro" title="Caracas Metro">Caracas Metro</a> in Los Jardines Station</figcaption></figure> Venezuela is connected to the world primarily via air (<a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Venezuela" title="List of airports in Venezuela">Venezuela's airports</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_International_Airport_(Venezuela)" title="Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)">Simón Bolívar International Airport</a> in Maiquetía, near Caracas and <a href="/wiki/La_Chinita_International_Airport" title="La Chinita International Airport">La Chinita International Airport</a> near <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a>) and sea (with major seaports at La Guaira, Maracaibo and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Cabello" title="Puerto Cabello">Puerto Cabello</a>). In the south and east the Amazon rainforest region has limited cross-border transport; in the west, there is a mountainous border of over 2,213 kilometres (1,375 mi) shared with Colombia. The <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a> River is navigable by oceangoing vessels up to 400 kilometres (250 mi) inland and connects the major industrial city of Ciudad Guayana to the Atlantic Ocean. Venezuela has a limited <a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Ferrocarriles_del_Estado" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto de Ferrocarriles del Estado">national railway system</a>, which has no active rail connections to other countries. The government of Hugo Chávez tried to invest in expanding it, but Venezuela's rail project is on hold due to Venezuela not being able to pay the $7.5 billion[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and owing <a href="/wiki/China_Railway" title="China Railway">China Railway</a> nearly $500 million.<a href="#cite_note-323">[319]</a> Several major cities have metro systems; the Caracas Metro has been operating since 1983. The <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo_Metro" title="Maracaibo Metro">Maracaibo Metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencia_Metro_(Venezuela)" title="Valencia Metro (Venezuela)">Valencia Metro</a> were opened more recently. Venezuela has a road network of nearly 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi), placing the country <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_size" title="List of countries by road network size">around 45th in the world</a>;<a href="#cite_note-324">[320]</a> around a third of roads are paved. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Venezuela" title="Electricity sector in Venezuela">Electricity sector in Venezuela</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AVenezuela&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+27+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Venezuela">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (April 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The electricity sector in Venezuela is heavily dependent on <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>, with this energy source accounting for 64% of the country's electricity generation in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-EIA-VEN-314">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Venezuela" title="Demographics of Venezuela">Demographics of Venezuela</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Venezuela" title="List of metropolitan areas in Venezuela">List of metropolitan areas in Venezuela</a></div> Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America;<a href="#cite_note-encartaSA-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNpopstats-27">[23]</a> the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital Caracas, which is also the largest city. About 93% of the population lives in urban areas in northern Venezuela; 73% live less than 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the coastline.<a href="#cite_note-325">[321]</a> Though almost half of Venezuela's land area lies south of the Orinoco, only 5% of Venezuelans live there. The largest and most important city south of the Orinoco is <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Guayana" title="Ciudad Guayana">Ciudad Guayana</a>, which is the sixth most populous <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[322]</a> Other major cities include <a href="/wiki/Barquisimeto" title="Barquisimeto">Barquisimeto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Carabobo" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Carabobo">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maracay" title="Maracay">Maracay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona-Puerto_La_Cruz" title="Barcelona-Puerto La Cruz">Barcelona-Puerto La Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida" title="Mérida, Mérida">Mérida</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal,_T%C3%A1chira" title="San Cristóbal, Táchira">San Cristóbal</a>. According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-327">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-328">[324]</a> the total population was 28,199,867 in 2021. A 2014 study by sociologists of the <a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_Venezuela" title="Central University of Venezuela">Central University of Venezuela</a> found over 1.5 million Venezuelans, or about 4% to 6% of the country's population, have left Venezuela since 1999.<a href="#cite_note-ENHaug28-329">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elimpulso23AUG-330">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan people">Venezuelan people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaniards_in_Venezuela_by_state.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Spaniards_in_Venezuela_by_state.png/220px-Spaniards_in_Venezuela_by_state.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Spaniards_in_Venezuela_by_state.png/330px-Spaniards_in_Venezuela_by_state.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Spaniards_in_Venezuela_by_state.png/440px-Spaniards_in_Venezuela_by_state.png 2x" data-file-width="4280" data-file-height="4353" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the proportion of the Venezuelan population which has the Spanish nationality or people who are residing in Venezuela which are declared as Spanish or people with declared Iberian Spanish ancestry</figcaption></figure> The people of Venezuela come from a variety of ancestries. It is estimated that the majority of the population is of <a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardo</a>, or mixed, ethnic ancestry. In the 2011 census, which Venezuelans were asked to identify themselves according to their customs and ancestry, the term pardo was excluded from the answers. The majority claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Moreno_Venezuelans" title="Moreno Venezuelans">moreno</a> or <a href="/wiki/White_Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="White Venezuelan">white</a>—51.6% and 43.6%, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Census-ethnics-1">[1]</a> Slightly more than half of the population claimed to be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moreno" class="extiw" title="wikt:moreno">moreno</a>, a term used throughout Ibero-America that in this case means "dark-skinned" or "brown-skinned", as opposed to having a <a href="/wiki/Light_skin" title="Light skin">lighter skin</a>. Ethnic minorities in Venezuela consist of groups that descend mainly from African or Indigenous peoples; 2.8% identified themselves as "black" and 0.7% as afrodescendiente (Afro-descendant), 2.6% claimed to belong to Indigenous peoples, and 1.2% answered "other races".<a href="#cite_note-Census-ethnics-1">[1]</a> Among Indigenous people, 58% were <a href="/wiki/Way%C3%BAu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayúu">Wayúu</a>, 7% <a href="/wiki/Warao_people" title="Warao people">Warao</a>, 5% <a href="/wiki/Kari%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Kariña">Kariña</a>, 4% <a href="/wiki/Pemon" title="Pemon">Pemón</a>, 3% <a href="/wiki/Piaroa" class="mw-redirect" title="Piaroa">Piaroa</a>, 3% <a href="/wiki/Jivi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivi">Jivi</a>, 3% <a href="/wiki/A%C3%B1u" class="mw-redirect" title="Añu">Añu</a>, 3% <a href="/wiki/Cuman%C3%A1goto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumanágoto">Cumanágoto</a>, 2% <a href="/wiki/Yukpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukpa">Yukpa</a>, 2% <a href="/wiki/Chaima" title="Chaima">Chaima</a> and 1% <a href="/wiki/Yanomami" title="Yanomami">Yanomami</a>; the remaining 9% consisted of other Indigenous nations.<a href="#cite_note-331">[327]</a> According to an autosomal DNA study conducted in 2008 by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="University of Brasília">University of Brasília</a>, the composition of Venezuela's population is 60.60% European, 23% Indigenous, and 16.30% African.<a href="#cite_note-332">[328]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_2011_Moreno_(Brown)_population_proportion_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Venezuela_2011_Moreno_%28Brown%29_population_proportion_map.png/192px-Venezuela_2011_Moreno_%28Brown%29_population_proportion_map.png" decoding="async" width="192" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Venezuela_2011_Moreno_%28Brown%29_population_proportion_map.png/288px-Venezuela_2011_Moreno_%28Brown%29_population_proportion_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Venezuela_2011_Moreno_%28Brown%29_population_proportion_map.png/384px-Venezuela_2011_Moreno_%28Brown%29_population_proportion_map.png 2x" data-file-width="4484" data-file-height="3729" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos in Venezuela">Moreno (Mestizo)</a> population of Venezuela in 2011</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_2011_White_population_proportion_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Venezuela_2011_White_population_proportion_map.png/192px-Venezuela_2011_White_population_proportion_map.png" decoding="async" width="192" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Venezuela_2011_White_population_proportion_map.png/288px-Venezuela_2011_White_population_proportion_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Venezuela_2011_White_population_proportion_map.png/384px-Venezuela_2011_White_population_proportion_map.png 2x" data-file-width="4453" data-file-height="3708" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/White_Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="White Venezuelan">White</a> population of Venezuela in 2011</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_2011_Ameridian_population_proportion_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Venezuela_2011_Ameridian_population_proportion_map.png/193px-Venezuela_2011_Ameridian_population_proportion_map.png" decoding="async" width="193" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Venezuela_2011_Ameridian_population_proportion_map.png/290px-Venezuela_2011_Ameridian_population_proportion_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Venezuela_2011_Ameridian_population_proportion_map.png/386px-Venezuela_2011_Ameridian_population_proportion_map.png 2x" data-file-width="4546" data-file-height="3750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Amerindian</a> population of Venezuela in 2011</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:193px;max-width:193px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_2011_Black_and_Afrodescendant_population_proportion_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Venezuela_2011_Black_and_Afrodescendant_population_proportion_map.png/191px-Venezuela_2011_Black_and_Afrodescendant_population_proportion_map.png" decoding="async" width="191" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Venezuela_2011_Black_and_Afrodescendant_population_proportion_map.png/287px-Venezuela_2011_Black_and_Afrodescendant_population_proportion_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Venezuela_2011_Black_and_Afrodescendant_population_proportion_map.png/382px-Venezuela_2011_Black_and_Afrodescendant_population_proportion_map.png 2x" data-file-width="4431" data-file-height="3682" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Black_Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Venezuelan">Black and Afrodescendant</a> population of Venezuela in 2011</div></div></div></div></div> During the colonial period and until after the Second World War, many of the European immigrants to Venezuela came from the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[329]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Venezuela" title="Spaniards in Venezuela">Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[330]</a> with a relevant amount of <a href="/wiki/Galicians" title="Galicians">Galicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asturians" title="Asturians">Asturians</a>. These immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> had a significant cultural impact on the cuisine and customs of Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-335">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[333]</a> These influences on Venezuela have led to the nation being called the 8th island of the Canaries.<a href="#cite_note-338">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[335]</a> With the start of oil exploitation in the early 20th century, companies from the United States began establishing operations in Venezuela, bringing with them U.S. citizens. Later, during and after the war, new waves of immigrants from other parts of Europe, the Middle East, and China began; many were encouraged by government-established <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Venezuela" title="Immigration to Venezuela">immigration programs</a> and lenient immigration policies.<a href="#cite_note-Romero2010-340">[336]</a> During the 20th century, Venezuela, along with the rest of Latin America, received millions of immigrants from Europe.<a href="#cite_note-PadillaPeixoto2007-341">[337]</a> This was especially true post-World War II, as a consequence of war-ridden Europe.<a href="#cite_note-PadillaPeixoto2007-341">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brooke1992-342">[338]</a> During the 1970s, while experiencing an oil-export boom, Venezuela received millions of immigrants from Ecuador, Colombia, and the Dominican Republic.<a href="#cite_note-Brooke1992-342">[338]</a> Due to the belief that this immigration influx depressed wages, some Venezuelans opposed European immigration.<a href="#cite_note-Brooke1992-342">[338]</a> The Venezuelan government, however, were actively recruiting immigrants from Eastern Europe to fill a need for engineers. Millions of Colombians, as well as Middle Eastern and Haitian populations would continue immigrating to Venezuela into the early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-Romero2010-340">[336]</a> According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Venezuela hosted a population of <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a> and asylum seekers from Colombia numbering 252,200 in 2007, and 10,600 new asylum seekers entered Venezuela in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-World_Refugee_Survey_2008-343">[339]</a> Between 500,000 and one million <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant">illegal immigrants</a> are estimated to be living in the country.<a href="#cite_note-344">[340]</a> The total Indigenous population of the country is estimated at 500 thousand people (2.8% of the total), distributed among 40 Indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-345">[341]</a> There are three <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">uncontacted tribes</a> living in Venezuela. The Constitution recognizes the multi-ethnic, pluri-cultural, and multilingual character of the country and includes a chapter devoted to Indigenous peoples' rights, which opened up spaces for their political inclusion at national and local level in 1999. Most Indigenous peoples are concentrated in eight states along Venezuela's borders with Brazil, Guyana, and Colombia, and the majority groups are the <a href="/wiki/Wayuu_people" title="Wayuu people">Wayuu</a> in the west, the <a href="/wiki/Warao_people" title="Warao people">Warao</a> in the east, the <a href="/wiki/Yanomami" title="Yanomami">Yanomami</a> installed in the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Pemon" title="Pemon">Pemon</a> which are mostly in the southeast of Venezuela. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Languages of Venezuela</a></div> Although most residents are monolingual Spanish speakers, many languages are spoken in Venezuela. In addition to Spanish, the Constitution recognizes more than thirty Indigenous languages, including <a href="/wiki/Wayuu_language" title="Wayuu language">Wayuu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pemon_language" title="Pemon language">Pemón</a>, and many others for the official use of the Indigenous peoples, mostly with few speakers – less than 1% of the total population. Wayuu is the most spoken Indigenous language, with 170,000 speakers.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-346">[342]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_las_Academias.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Palacio_de_las_Academias.JPG/250px-Palacio_de_las_Academias.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Palacio_de_las_Academias.JPG/375px-Palacio_de_las_Academias.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Palacio_de_las_Academias.JPG/500px-Palacio_de_las_Academias.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Academia_Venezolana_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Venezolana de la Lengua">Venezuelan Academy of Language</a> studies the development of the Spanish in the country.</figcaption></figure> Immigrants, in addition to Spanish, speak their own languages. Chinese (400,000), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (254,000),<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-346">[342]</a> and Italian (200,000)<a href="#cite_note-347">[343]</a> are the most-spoken languages in Venezuela after the official language of Spanish. Arabic is spoken by Lebanese and Syrian colonies on <a href="/wiki/Margarita_Island" title="Margarita Island">Isla de Margarita</a>, Maracaibo, <a href="/wiki/Punto_Fijo" title="Punto Fijo">Punto Fijo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_la_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto la Cruz">Puerto la Cruz</a>, El Tigre, <a href="/wiki/Maracay" title="Maracay">Maracay</a>, and Caracas. Portuguese is spoken not only by the Portuguese community in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Elena_de_Uair%C3%A9n" title="Santa Elena de Uairén">Santa Elena de Uairén</a> but also by much of the population due to its proximity to Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-348">[344]</a> The German community speaks their native language, while the people of <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar" title="Colonia Tovar">Colonia Tovar</a> speak mostly an <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> dialect of German called <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">alemán coloniero</a>. English is the most widely used foreign language in demand and is spoken by many professionals, academics, and members of the upper and middle classes as a result of the oil exploration by foreign companies, in addition to its acceptance as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>. Culturally, English is common in southern towns like <a href="/wiki/El_Callao_Municipality" title="El Callao Municipality">El Callao</a>, and the native English-speaking (English-creole speaking) influence is evident in folk and calypso songs from the region. Various dialects of Eastern-Caribbean English-based creoles were brought to Venezuela by <a href="/wiki/Trinidadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidadian">Trinidadian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a> immigrants,<a href="#cite_note-349">[345]</a> they are collectively referred to as <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_English_Creole" title="Venezuelan English Creole">Venezuelan English Creole</a>. A variety of <a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a> is spoken by a small community in El Callao and <a href="/wiki/Paria_Peninsula" title="Paria Peninsula">Paria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[346]</a> Italian language teaching is delivered by private Venezuelan schools and institutions. Other languages spoken by large communities in the country are <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, among others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Religion in Venezuela</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:white"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:white"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:white"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 791.58150883059px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 307.76835371753px; border-left-color:LightGray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:LightGray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:LightGray"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 106.48918403248px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:96.858316112863px 24.868988716485px 0 0; border-top-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Venezuela (2011)<a href="#cite_note-grumilla-351">[347]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a> (71%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (17%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> (7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other religion (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No answer (1%)</div> </div> </div></div> According to a 2011 poll, 88% of the population is Christian, primarily <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (71%), and the remaining 17% <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Evangelicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelicals">Evangelicals</a> (in Latin America Protestants are usually called "evangélicos"). 8% of Venezuelans are irreligious. Almost 3% of the population follow another religion (1% of these people practice <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a>).<a href="#cite_note-grumilla-351">[347]</a> There are small but influential Muslim, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Khalifa_2013_loc=6-7-352">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[349]</a> Buddhist, and Jewish communities. The Muslim community of more than 100,000 is concentrated among persons of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Syrian</a> descent living in <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a> state, <a href="/wiki/Punto_Fijo" title="Punto Fijo">Punto Fijo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> area. Venezuela is home of the largest Druze communities outside the Middle East,<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-354">[350]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> community are estimated around 60,000,<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-354">[350]</a> and concentrated among persons of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Syrian</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-355">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khalifa_2013_loc=6-7-352">[348]</a> Buddhism is practiced by over 52,000 people. The Buddhist community is made up mainly of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean people. The Jewish community has shrunk in recent years due to rising economic pressures and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">antisemitism in Venezuela</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hurricane-356">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-SRI-357">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[355]</a> with the population declining from 22,000 in 1999<a href="#cite_note-TOERaid-360">[356]</a> to less than 7,000 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-AJjan2015-361">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Venezuela">Health care in Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro" title="Mission Barrio Adentro">Mission Barrio Adentro</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camineria_hacia_el_Hospital_Universitario_de_Caracas,_UCV,_Venezuela_septiembre_2023_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Camineria_hacia_el_Hospital_Universitario_de_Caracas%2C_UCV%2C_Venezuela_septiembre_2023_%282%29.jpg/234px-Camineria_hacia_el_Hospital_Universitario_de_Caracas%2C_UCV%2C_Venezuela_septiembre_2023_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Camineria_hacia_el_Hospital_Universitario_de_Caracas%2C_UCV%2C_Venezuela_septiembre_2023_%282%29.jpg/351px-Camineria_hacia_el_Hospital_Universitario_de_Caracas%2C_UCV%2C_Venezuela_septiembre_2023_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Camineria_hacia_el_Hospital_Universitario_de_Caracas%2C_UCV%2C_Venezuela_septiembre_2023_%282%29.jpg/468px-Camineria_hacia_el_Hospital_Universitario_de_Caracas%2C_UCV%2C_Venezuela_septiembre_2023_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="4080" /></a><figcaption>University Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_Venezuela" title="Central University of Venezuela">Central University of Venezuela</a></figcaption></figure> Venezuela has a national <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> system. The current government has created a program to expand access to health care known as <a href="/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro" title="Mission Barrio Adentro">Misión Barrio Adentro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Venezuela_Information_Office-362">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[359]</a> although its efficiency and work conditions have been criticized.<a href="#cite_note-MBAeu-364">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABCnov2014-366">[362]</a> As of December 2014 an estimated 80% of Barrio Adentro establishments in Venezuela are abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-367">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-LPdec2014-368">[364]</a> <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a> in Venezuela was 19 deaths per 1,000 births for 2014 which was lower than the South American average (To compare: The U.S. figure was 6 deaths per 1,000 births in 2013).<a href="#cite_note-ciawfb-20">[18]</a> Child <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> was 17%. <a href="/wiki/Delta_Amacuro" title="Delta Amacuro">Delta Amacuro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Venezuelan_state)" title="Amazonas (Venezuelan state)">Amazonas</a> had the nation's highest rates.<a href="#cite_note-369">[365]</a> According to the United Nations, 32% of Venezuelans lacked adequate sanitation, primarily those living in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-370">[366]</a> Diseases ranging from <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Finnegan-254">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a> fever, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">hepatitis A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">hepatitis D</a> were present in the country.<a href="#cite_note-guardian1-371">[367]</a> <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a> was prevalent in approximately 30% of the adult population.<a href="#cite_note-ciawfb-20">[18]</a> Venezuela had a total of 150 <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Venezuela" title="Water supply and sanitation in Venezuela">sewage treatment plants</a>; 13% of the population lacked access to drinking water, but this number had been dropping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChávez2004-372">[368]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] During the economic crisis observed under President Maduro's presidency, medical professionals were forced to perform outdated treatments on patients.<a href="#cite_note-373">[369]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Venezuela" title="Education in Venezuela">Education in Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illiteracy_in_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Illiteracy_in_Venezuela.svg/220px-Illiteracy_in_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Illiteracy_in_Venezuela.svg/330px-Illiteracy_in_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Illiteracy_in_Venezuela.svg/440px-Illiteracy_in_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Illiteracy rate in Venezuela based on data from UNESCO<a href="#cite_note-unesco1988-374">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-unesco-uis-375">[371]</a> and the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) of Venezuela<a href="#cite_note-ortega-376">[372]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2008, 95.2% of the adult population was literate.<a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-377">[373]</a> The net primary school enrollment rate was at 91% and the net secondary school enrollment rate was at 63% in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-377">[373]</a> Venezuela has a number of universities, of which the most prestigious are the <a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_Venezuela" title="Central University of Venezuela">Central University of Venezuela</a> founded in 1721, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zulia" title="University of Zulia">University of Zulia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Andes_(Venezuela)" title="University of the Andes (Venezuela)">University of the Andes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_University_(Venezuela)" title="Simón Bolívar University (Venezuela)">Simón Bolívar University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Oriente" title="Universidad de Oriente">University of the East</a>. Currently, many Venezuelan graduates seek a future abroad because of the country's troubled economy and heavy crime rate. Over 1.35 million Venezuelan college graduates have left the country since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ENHaug28-329">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elimpulso23AUG-330">[326]</a> It is believed that nearly 12% of Venezuelans live abroad, with Ireland becoming a popular destination for students.<a href="#cite_note-378">[374]</a> According to Claudio Bifano, president of the Venezuelan Academy of Physical, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, more than half of all medical graduates had left Venezuela in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-379">[375]</a> By 2018, over half of all Venezuelan children had <a href="/wiki/Dropped_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropped out">dropped out</a> of school, with 58% of students quitting nationwide while areas near bordering countries saw more than 80% of their students leave.<a href="#cite_note-380">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-381">[377]</a> Nationwide, about 93% of schools do not meet the minimum requirements to operate and 77% do not have utilities such as food, water or electricity.<a href="#cite_note-:2-381">[377]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Venezuela" title="Culture of Venezuela">Culture of Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joropo_foto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Joropo_foto.jpg/220px-Joropo_foto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Joropo_foto.jpg/330px-Joropo_foto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Joropo_foto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joropo" title="Joropo">Música Llanera</a> is the most popular folk genre, and the cowboy music, of Venezuela. Depiction of a Llanera band in 1912.</figcaption></figure> The culture of Venezuela is a melting pot made up of three main groups: The Indigenous Venezuelans, the Africans, and the Spanish. The Africans brought in many musical influences, especially introduction of the drum. The Spanish influence predominantes due to the colonization process and the socioeconomic structure it created. Spanish influences can be seen in the country's architecture, music, religion, and language. Venezuela was also enriched by immigration streams of Indian and European origin in the 19th century, especially from France. Most recently, immigration from the United States, Spain, Italy, and Portugal has enriched the already complex cultural mosaic.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ra%C3%BAl_Villanueva" title="Carlos Raúl Villanueva">Carlos Raúl Villanueva</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[378]</a> was the most important Venezuelan architect of the modern era; he designed the Central University of Venezuela, (a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>) and its Aula Magna. Other notable architectural works include the Capitolio, the <a href="/wiki/Baralt_Theatre" title="Baralt Theatre">Baralt Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Carre%C3%B1o_Cultural_Complex" title="Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex">Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/General_Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge" title="General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge">General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge</a>. In Venezuela, <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> man began to build useful architecture from approximately 1000 BC to the 15th century AD, in the period known as the "Neo-Indian". Neo-Indian architecture consisted of incipient constructions, such as <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">agricultural terraces</a> and vaults lined by stones, called mintoyes, which were used as tombs and silos for the storage of agricultural products. The Indo-Hispanic architecture is the one that begins to develop from the year 1498 AD.<a href="#cite_note-383">[379]</a> Venezuelan colonial architecture is built from the 16th century, when Venezuela began to be a dependent colony of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-384">[380]</a> until 1810, when the process of Venezuelan independence began. The architecture of this period is characterized by its discreet modesty, with the exception of some cities. The explanation lies in the socioeconomic conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a>. Venezuela did not offer then to the colonizers the immense riches kept by nature for later times. The simplification of technical problems, the renunciation of most of the decorative elements and variegated ostentations of fanciful baroque, the impossibility of using <a href="/wiki/Cost" title="Cost">expensive</a> materials and the consequent lack of craftsmen, contributed to establish a modest but well-defined physiognomy of the colonial architecture of Venezuela. During the <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> period, there were eventually confrontations between the Spanish conquerors and the barbarians and pirates that sailed along the Venezuelan coasts, in order to take over the provinces located on the coasts of the country. <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> temples from the colonial era were constituted by an almost invariable, arrangement consisting of a rectangular plan, three naves separated by arches of alfarje roofing composed of religious architecture in colonial times. The Venezuelan society dedicated a great amount of resources to erect religious monuments comparable to those of other countries of the continent. The XVII century was of reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic churches</a> that had been destroyed by the earthquake of 1641. In the 18th century, specifically between 1728 and 1785, the prosperity that Venezuela enjoyed due to the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Compañía Guipuzcoana de Caracas</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[381]</a> was also reflected in the construction of new architecture, especially of a religious nature. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Casco_Central_Santa_Ana_de_Coro,_estado_Falcon,_Venezuela.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The historic center of Coro, a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[382] is an example of Spanish colonial architecture in Venezuela."><img alt="The historic center of Coro, a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[382] is an example of Spanish colonial architecture in Venezuela." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Casco_Central_Santa_Ana_de_Coro%2C_estado_Falcon%2C_Venezuela.jpg/200px-Casco_Central_Santa_Ana_de_Coro%2C_estado_Falcon%2C_Venezuela.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Casco_Central_Santa_Ana_de_Coro%2C_estado_Falcon%2C_Venezuela.jpg/300px-Casco_Central_Santa_Ana_de_Coro%2C_estado_Falcon%2C_Venezuela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Casco_Central_Santa_Ana_de_Coro%2C_estado_Falcon%2C_Venezuela.jpg/400px-Casco_Central_Santa_Ana_de_Coro%2C_estado_Falcon%2C_Venezuela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The historic center of <a href="/wiki/Coro,_Venezuela" title="Coro, Venezuela">Coro</a>, a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">World Heritage Site</a>,<a href="#cite_note-386">[382]</a> is an example of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish colonial architecture</a> in Venezuela.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Chiquinquira.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Chiquinquirá, built between 1686 and completed in 1858, where is kept the colonial image of the Virgin of Chiquinquirá, in Maracaibo"><img alt="Basilica of Our Lady of Chiquinquirá, built between 1686 and completed in 1858, where is kept the colonial image of the Virgin of Chiquinquirá, in Maracaibo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Chiquinquira.jpg/200px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Chiquinquira.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Chiquinquira.jpg/300px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Chiquinquira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Chiquinquira.jpg/400px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Chiquinquira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4468" data-file-height="2947" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Chiquinquir%C3%A1,_Maracaibo" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Chiquinquirá, Maracaibo">Basilica of Our Lady of Chiquinquirá</a>, built between 1686 and completed in 1858, where is kept the colonial image of the <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_of_Chiquinquir%C3%A1" title="Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá">Virgin of Chiquinquirá</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_San_Martin_de_Tours_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Martin of Tours Catholic Church in Colonia Tovar, a German-style town built in the 1840s to 1850s by German immigrants[383] in Venezuela"><img alt="St. Martin of Tours Catholic Church in Colonia Tovar, a German-style town built in the 1840s to 1850s by German immigrants[383] in Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Iglesia_San_Martin_de_Tours_II.jpg/200px-Iglesia_San_Martin_de_Tours_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Iglesia_San_Martin_de_Tours_II.jpg/300px-Iglesia_San_Martin_de_Tours_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Iglesia_San_Martin_de_Tours_II.jpg/400px-Iglesia_San_Martin_de_Tours_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4327" data-file-height="2912" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Martin of Tours Catholic Church in <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar" title="Colonia Tovar">Colonia Tovar</a>, a German-style town built in the 1840s to 1850s by German immigrants<a href="#cite_note-387">[383]</a> in Venezuela</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_art" title="Venezuelan art">Venezuelan art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Herrera_Toro_Autoretrato_1880.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Antonio_Herrera_Toro_Autoretrato_1880.JPG/170px-Antonio_Herrera_Toro_Autoretrato_1880.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Antonio_Herrera_Toro_Autoretrato_1880.JPG/255px-Antonio_Herrera_Toro_Autoretrato_1880.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Antonio_Herrera_Toro_Autoretrato_1880.JPG/340px-Antonio_Herrera_Toro_Autoretrato_1880.JPG 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Herrera_Toro" title="Antonio Herrera Toro">Antonio Herrera Toro</a>, self portrait 1880</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_art" title="Venezuelan art">Venezuelan art</a> was initially dominated by religious motifs. However, in the late 19th century, artists began emphasizing historical and heroic representations of the country's struggle for independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENg200431-388">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAponte200845-389">[385]</a> This move was led by <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar" title="Martín Tovar y Tovar">Martín Tovar y Tovar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAponte200845-389">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarverFrederick200610-390">[386]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> took over in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarverFrederick200610-390">[386]</a> Notable <a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuelan_artists" title="List of Venezuelan artists">Venezuelan artists</a> include <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Michelena" title="Arturo Michelena">Arturo Michelena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Rojas_(artist)" title="Cristóbal Rojas (artist)">Cristóbal Rojas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armando_Rever%C3%B3n" title="Armando Reverón">Armando Reverón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cabr%C3%A9" title="Manuel Cabré">Manuel Cabré</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">kinetic artists</a> <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs-Rafael_Soto" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesús-Rafael Soto">Jesús Soto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gego" title="Gego">Gego</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Cruz-Diez" title="Carlos Cruz-Diez">Carlos Cruz-Diez</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarverFrederick200610-390">[386]</a> and contemporary artists such as <a href="/wiki/Marisol_Escobar" title="Marisol Escobar">Marisol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yucef_Merhi" title="Yucef Merhi">Yucef Merhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFichner-Ratus2012519-391">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_literature" title="Venezuelan literature">Venezuelan literature</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_literature" title="Venezuelan literature">Venezuelan literature</a> originated soon after the Spanish conquest of the mostly pre-literate Indigenous societies.<a href="#cite_note-393">[389]</a> It was originally dominated by <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Spanish influences</a>. Following the rise of political literature during the Venezuelan War of Independence, Venezuelan <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, notably expounded by Juan Vicente González, emerged as the first important genre in the region. Although mainly focused on narrative writing, Venezuelan literature was advanced by poets such as <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Eloy_Blanco" title="Andrés Eloy Blanco">Andrés Eloy Blanco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_Toro" title="Fermín Toro">Fermín Toro</a>. Major writers and novelists include <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos" title="Rómulo Gallegos">Rómulo Gallegos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teresa_de_la_Parra" title="Teresa de la Parra">Teresa de la Parra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Uslar_Pietri" title="Arturo Uslar Pietri">Arturo Uslar Pietri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adriano_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Le%C3%B3n" title="Adriano González León">Adriano González León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Otero_Silva" title="Miguel Otero Silva">Miguel Otero Silva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Pic%C3%B3n_Salas" title="Mariano Picón Salas">Mariano Picón Salas</a>. The great poet and humanist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Andrés Bello</a> was also an educator and intellectual (He was also a childhood tutor and mentor of <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>). Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Laureano_Vallenilla_Lanz" title="Laureano Vallenilla Lanz">Laureano Vallenilla Lanz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gil_Fortoul" title="José Gil Fortoul">José Gil Fortoul</a>, contributed to Venezuelan <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Music of Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2952-Danzas_Guanaguanare_de_Venezuela_no_Festival_folclorico_da_Coru%C3%B1a._(8200095256).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/2952-Danzas_Guanaguanare_de_Venezuela_no_Festival_folclorico_da_Coru%C3%B1a._%288200095256%29.jpg/220px-2952-Danzas_Guanaguanare_de_Venezuela_no_Festival_folclorico_da_Coru%C3%B1a._%288200095256%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/2952-Danzas_Guanaguanare_de_Venezuela_no_Festival_folclorico_da_Coru%C3%B1a._%288200095256%29.jpg/330px-2952-Danzas_Guanaguanare_de_Venezuela_no_Festival_folclorico_da_Coru%C3%B1a._%288200095256%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/2952-Danzas_Guanaguanare_de_Venezuela_no_Festival_folclorico_da_Coru%C3%B1a._%288200095256%29.jpg/440px-2952-Danzas_Guanaguanare_de_Venezuela_no_Festival_folclorico_da_Coru%C3%B1a._%288200095256%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>The Guanaguanare dance, a popular dance in <a href="/wiki/Portuguesa_(state)" title="Portuguesa (state)">Portuguesa State</a></figcaption></figure> The Indigenous musical styles of Venezuela are exemplified by groups like Un Solo Pueblo and <a href="/wiki/Serenata_Guayanesa" title="Serenata Guayanesa">Serenata Guayanesa</a>. The national musical instrument is the <a href="/wiki/Cuatro_(Venezuela)" title="Cuatro (Venezuela)">cuatro</a>. Traditional musical styles and songs mainly emerged in and around the llanos region, including "Alma llanera" (by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_El%C3%ADas_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Pedro Elías Gutiérrez">Pedro Elías Gutiérrez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Bol%C3%ADvar_Coronado" title="Rafael Bolívar Coronado">Rafael Bolívar Coronado</a>), "Florentino y el diablo" (by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Arvelo_Torrealba" title="Alberto Arvelo Torrealba">Alberto Arvelo Torrealba</a>), "Concierto en la llanura" by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_Torrealba" title="Juan Vicente Torrealba">Juan Vicente Torrealba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caballo_Viejo" title="Caballo Viejo">"Caballo viejo"</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_D%C3%ADaz" title="Simón Díaz">Simón Díaz</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Gaita_zuliana" title="Gaita zuliana">Zulian gaita</a> is also a very popular genre, generally performed during Christmas. The national dance is the <a href="/wiki/Joropo" title="Joropo">joropo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortés20132134-394">[390]</a> Venezuela has always been a melting pot of cultures and this can be seen in the richness and variety of its musical styles and dances: <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calipso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bambuco" title="Bambuco">bambuco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ful%C3%ADa" title="Fulía">fulía</a>, cantos de pilado de maíz, cantos de lavanderas, sebucán, and maremare.<a href="#cite_note-395">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Carre%C3%B1o" title="Teresa Carreño">Teresa Carreño</a> was a world-famous 19th century piano virtuoso. Recently, great classical music performances have come out of Venezuela. The <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Youth_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra">Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra</a> has hosted a number of excellent concerts in many European concert halls, most notably at the 2007 London <a href="/wiki/The_Proms" class="mw-redirect" title="The Proms">Proms</a>, and has received several honors. The orchestra is the pinnacle of <a href="/wiki/El_Sistema" title="El Sistema">El Sistema</a>, a publicly financed, voluntary music education program now being emulated in other countries. In the early 21st century, a movement known as "Movida Acústica Urbana" featured musicians trying to save some national traditions, creating their own original songs but using traditional instruments.<a href="#cite_note-396">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[393]</a> Some groups following this movement are Tambor Urbano,<a href="#cite_note-398">[394]</a> Los Sinverguenzas, C4Trío, and Orozco Jam.<a href="#cite_note-399">[395]</a> Afro-Venezuelan musical traditions are most intimately related to the festivals of the "black folk saints" San Juan and <a href="/wiki/Benedict_the_Moor" title="Benedict the Moor">St. Benedict the Moor</a>. Specific songs are related to the different stages of their festivals and processions, when the saints start their yearly "paseo" – stroll – through the community. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Venezuela" title="Sport in Venezuela">Sport in Venezuela</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Venezuela" title="Baseball in Venezuela">Baseball in Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Venezuela" title="Football in Venezuela">Football in Venezuela</a></div> The origins of baseball in Venezuela are unclear, although it is known that the sport was being played in the country by the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholsMorse2010306-400">[396]</a> In the early 20th century, North American immigrants who came to Venezuela to work in the nation's oil industry helped to popularize the sport in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrope200337-401">[397]</a> During the 1930s, baseball's popularity continued to rise in the country, leading to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Venezuelan Professional Baseball League">Venezuelan Professional Baseball League</a> (LVBP) in 1945, and the sport would soon become the nation's most popular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJozsa201312-402">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson200618-403">[399]</a> The popularity of baseball in the country makes Venezuela a rarity among its South American neighbors—association football is the dominant sport in the continent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrope200337-401">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson200618-403">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholsMorse2010307-404">[400]</a> However, football, as well as <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, are among the more popular sports played in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAalgaard200454-405">[401]</a> Venezuela hosted the <a href="/wiki/2012_FIBA_World_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament_for_Men" title="2012 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament for Men">2012 Basketball World Olympic Qualifying Tournament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Americas_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA Americas Championship">2013 FIBA Basketball Americas Championship</a>, which took place in the <a href="/wiki/Poliedro_de_Caracas" title="Poliedro de Caracas">Poliedro de Caracas</a>. Although not as popular in Venezuela as the rest of South America, football, spearheaded by the <a href="/wiki/Venezuela_national_football_team" title="Venezuela national football team">Venezuela national football team</a> is gaining popularity as well. The sport is also noted for having an increased focus during the World Cup.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAalgaard200454-405">[401]</a> Venezuela is scheduled to host the <a href="/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Copa América">Copa América</a> every 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-406">[402]</a> Venezuela is also home to former <a href="/wiki/Formula_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula 1">Formula 1</a> driver, <a href="/wiki/Pastor_Maldonado" title="Pastor Maldonado">Pastor Maldonado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Strickland2015-407">[403]</a> Maldonado has increased the reception of Formula 1 in Venezuela, helping to popularize the sport in the country.<a href="#cite_note-408">[404]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Limardo" title="Rubén Limardo">Rubén Limardo</a> won a gold medal in <a href="/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics">fencing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[405]</a> In the Winter Sports, <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Baena" title="Cesar Baena">Cesar Baena</a> had represented the country since 2008 in Nordic Skiing, the first South American skier to compete in a FIS Cross Country Ski World Cup on Düsseldorf 2009. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Estadio_Monumental_de_Caracas_Simon_Bolivar_Feb_2023_Venezuela_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monumental Stadium of Caracas Simón Bolívar is used by the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League and has a capacity of approximately 40,000 spectators."><img alt="Monumental Stadium of Caracas Simón Bolívar is used by the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League and has a capacity of approximately 40,000 spectators." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Estadio_Monumental_de_Caracas_Simon_Bolivar_Feb_2023_Venezuela_%285%29.jpg/200px-Estadio_Monumental_de_Caracas_Simon_Bolivar_Feb_2023_Venezuela_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Estadio_Monumental_de_Caracas_Simon_Bolivar_Feb_2023_Venezuela_%285%29.jpg/300px-Estadio_Monumental_de_Caracas_Simon_Bolivar_Feb_2023_Venezuela_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Estadio_Monumental_de_Caracas_Simon_Bolivar_Feb_2023_Venezuela_%285%29.jpg/400px-Estadio_Monumental_de_Caracas_Simon_Bolivar_Feb_2023_Venezuela_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Monumental_Stadium_of_Caracas_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Monumental Stadium of Caracas Simón Bolívar">Monumental Stadium of Caracas Simón Bolívar</a> is used by the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Venezuelan Professional Baseball League">Venezuelan Professional Baseball League</a> and has a capacity of approximately 40,000 spectators.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela-guinea_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venezuela national football team, popularly known as the "Vinotinto""><img alt="Venezuela national football team, popularly known as the "Vinotinto"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Venezuela-guinea_cropped.jpg/200px-Venezuela-guinea_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Venezuela-guinea_cropped.jpg/300px-Venezuela-guinea_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Venezuela-guinea_cropped.jpg/400px-Venezuela-guinea_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="429" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_national_football_team" title="Venezuela national football team">Venezuela national football team</a>, popularly known as the "Vinotinto"</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/32px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/48px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/64px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Venezuela" title="Portal:Venezuela">Venezuela portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_protests" title="2024 Venezuelan protests">2024 Venezuelan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Venezuela-related_articles" title="Index of Venezuela-related articles">Index of Venezuela-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Venezuela" title="Outline of Venezuela">Outline of Venezuela</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Venezuela has been described as authoritarian by multiple sources.<a href="#cite_note-Isidoro_LosadaBitar_Deeb2022-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corrales_2020_pp._39–53-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Path_Toward_Authoritarianism_in_Venezuela_2019_p.-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corrales_2022_p.-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_Rockefeller_Center_for_Latin_American_Studies_2022-7">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dictatorship-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Dictatorship_17-0">^</a> Venezuela has been described as a dictatorship by multiple sources.<a href="#cite_note-Turkewitz-2024a-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corrales-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters-maduro-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw-maduro-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-wpo-maduro-16">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">VEN-ə-ZWAY-lə</a>, Latin American Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[beneˈswela]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/37\/Venezuela.ogg\/Venezuela.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Venezuela.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Venezuela.ogg/Venezuela.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela.ogg" title="File:Venezuela.ogg">ⓘ</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Census-ethnics-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census-ethnics_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census-ethnics_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census-ethnics_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805193838/http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf">"Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011 (Mayo 2014)"</a> (PDF). ine.gov.ve. p. 29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ine.gov.ve&rft.atitle=Resultado+B%C3%A1sico+del+XIV+Censo+Nacional+de+Poblaci%C3%B3n+y+Vivienda+2011+%28Mayo+2014%29&rft.pages=29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.gob.ve%2Fdocumentos%2FDemografia%2FCensodePoblacionyVivienda%2Fpdf%2Fnacional.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=238c">"National Profiles"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013134940/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=238c">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles%3Fu%3D238c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isidoro_LosadaBitar_Deeb2022-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isidoro_LosadaBitar_Deeb2022_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isidoro_LosadaBitar_Deeb2022_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsidoro_LosadaBitar_Deeb2022" class="citation journal cs1">Isidoro Losada, Ana María; Bitar Deeb, Rita (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/33969">"Introduction: Authoritarianism and Violence in Venezuela"</a>. Bulletin of Latin American Research. 41 (1): 102–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fblar.13316">10.1111/blar.13316</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-9856">1470-9856</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3050">0261-3050</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246773739">246773739</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230618004417/https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/33969">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Latin+American+Research&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Authoritarianism+and+Violence+in+Venezuela&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=102-104&rft.date=2022-01&rft.issn=0261-3050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246773739%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1470-9856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fblar.13316&rft.aulast=Isidoro+Losada&rft.aufirst=Ana+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Bitar+Deeb%2C+Rita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefubium.fu-berlin.de%2Fhandle%2Ffub188%2F33969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corrales_2020_pp._39–53-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Corrales_2020_pp._39–53_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrales2020" class="citation journal cs1">Corrales, Javier (2020). "Authoritarian Survival: Why Maduro Hasn't Fallen". Journal of Democracy. 31 (3). Project Muse: 39–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2020.0044">10.1353/jod.2020.0044</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3214">1086-3214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226738491">226738491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Authoritarian+Survival%3A+Why+Maduro+Hasn%27t+Fallen&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=39-53&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226738491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1086-3214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2020.0044&rft.aulast=Corrales&rft.aufirst=Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Path_Toward_Authoritarianism_in_Venezuela_2019_p.-5"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Path_Toward_Authoritarianism_in_Venezuela_2019_p._5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"The Path Toward Authoritarianism in Venezuela", Political Science, Oxford University Press, 30 October 2019, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199756223-0286">10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0286</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975622-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975622-3"><bdi>978-0-19-975622-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Path+Toward+Authoritarianism+in+Venezuela&rft.btitle=Political+Science&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199756223-0286&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975622-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corrales_2022_p.-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Corrales_2022_p._6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrales2022" class="citation book cs1">Corrales, J. (2022). Autocracy Rising: How Venezuela Transitioned to Authoritarianism. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Brookings Institution Press. p. intro. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-3807-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-3807-7"><bdi>978-0-8157-3807-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autocracy+Rising%3A+How+Venezuela+Transitioned+to+Authoritarianism&rft.series=G+-+Reference%2C+Information+and+Interdisciplinary+Subjects+Series&rft.pages=intro&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-3807-7&rft.aulast=Corrales&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Rockefeller_Center_for_Latin_American_Studies_2022-7"><a href="#cite_ref-David_Rockefeller_Center_for_Latin_American_Studies_2022_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drclas.harvard.edu/event/battling-authoritarian-regimes-venezuela-and-beyond-conversation-venezuelan-opposition">"Battling Authoritarian Regimes in Venezuela and Beyond: A Conversation with Venezuelan Opposition Leader Leopoldo López"</a>. David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. 25 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113141715/https://drclas.harvard.edu/event/battling-authoritarian-regimes-venezuela-and-beyond-conversation-venezuelan-opposition">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=David+Rockefeller+Center+for+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Battling+Authoritarian+Regimes+in+Venezuela+and+Beyond%3A+A+Conversation+with+Venezuelan+Opposition+Leader+Leopoldo+L%C3%B3pez&rft.date=2022-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrclas.harvard.edu%2Fevent%2Fbattling-authoritarian-regimes-venezuela-and-beyond-conversation-venezuelan-opposition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turkewitz-2024a-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Turkewitz-2024a_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkewitz2024" class="citation news cs1">Turkewitz, Julie (30 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240730091400/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/30/world/americas/venezuela-election-maduro-chavez.html">"What Happened to Venezuela's Democracy?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/30/world/americas/venezuela-election-maduro-chavez.html">the original</a> on 30 July 2024. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu/live/news/1696-the-legacy-of-hugo-chavez-and-a-failing-venezuela">the original</a> on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+Hugo+Chavez+and+a+Failing+Venezuela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu%2Flive%2Fnews%2F1696-the-legacy-of-hugo-chavez-and-a-failing-venezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmilde2017" class="citation journal cs1">Smilde, David (14 September 2017). "Crime and Revolution in Venezuela". <a href="/wiki/NACLA_Report_on_the_Americas" title="NACLA Report on the Americas">NACLA Report on the Americas</a>. 49 (3): 303–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10714839.2017.1373956">10.1080/10714839.2017.1373956</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1071-4839">1071-4839</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158528940">158528940</a>. <q>Finally, it is important to realize that the reductions in poverty and inequality during the Chávez years were real, but somewhat superficial. 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Retrieved 5 April 2014.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;">Beeton, Dan; Joe Sammut (6 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/the-americas-blog/venezuela-leads-region-in-poverty-reduction-in-2012-eclac-says">Venezuela Leads Region in Poverty Reduction in 2012, ECLAC Says</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150420124325/http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/the-americas-blog/venezuela-leads-region-in-poverty-reduction-in-2012-eclac-says">Archived</a> 20 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research" title="Center for Economic and Policy Research">Center for Economic and Policy Research</a>. 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Likewise, inequality has decreased, reducing the Gini Index from 0.49 in 1998 to 0.39 in 2012, which is among the lowest in the region."</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_31-1">b</a> Charlie Devereux & Raymond Colitt. 7 March 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107050220/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-07/venezuelans-quality-of-life-improved-in-un-index-under-chavez.html">"Venezuelans' Quality of Life Improved in UN Index Under Chavez"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg.com">Bloomberg.com</a>. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. 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Retrieved 23 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Latin+American+Research&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+fall+and+rise+of+populism+in+Venezuela&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-238&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1470-9856.2000.tb00101.x&rft.issn=0261-3050&rft.aulast=Davilaa&rft.aufirst=Luis+Ricardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1470-9856.2000.tb00101.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuyler_2001_10-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Schuyler_2001_10_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuyler2001" class="citation journal cs1">Schuyler, George W. (2001). "Health and Neoliberalism: Venezuela and Cuba". 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Retrieved 8 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuestiones+Pol%C3%ADticas&rft.atitle=Venezuela+1984%E2%80%931999%3A+15+a%C3%B1os+de+historia+%28La+Comisi%C3%B3n+Presidencial+para+la+Reforma+del+Estado+%28COPRE%29+como+mecanismo+de+innovaci%C3%B3n+pol%C3%ADtica%29&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=33&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0798-1406&rft.aulast=Conde&rft.aufirst=Edith+Mabel+Cu%C3%B1arro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproduccioncientificaluz.org%2Findex.php%2Fcuestiones%2Farticle%2Fview%2F14388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivero2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mirtha_Rivero" title="Mirtha Rivero">Rivero, Mirtha</a> (2010). "10". La Rebelión de los Náufragos. 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BBC News. 5 December 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518212055/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1925236.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2007. <q>Mr Chavez first came to prominence in February 1992 when he led an attempt to overthrow the government of President Carlos Andres Perez amid growing anger at economic austerity measures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Hugo+Chavez&rft.date=2002-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F1925236.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> The coup installed chamber of commerce leader <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Carmona" title="Pedro Carmona">Pedro Carmona</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1927678.stm">"Profile: Pedro Carmona"</a>. BBC News. 27 May 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130923162952/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1927678.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Pedro+Carmona&rft.date=2002-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F1927678.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon2004295-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon2004295_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCannon2004">Cannon 2004</a>, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Maya200516-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez_Maya200516_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLópez_Maya2005">López Maya 2005</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/oilandgas/Minister:_2002-2003_strike_cost_PDVSA_US*12,8bn">"Minister: 2002–2003 strike cost PDVSA US$12.8bn – BNamericas"</a>. 27 July 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004084930/https://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/oilandgas/Minister:_2002-2003_strike_cost_PDVSA_US*12,8bn">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minister%3A+2002%E2%80%932003+strike+cost+PDVSA+US%2412.8bn+%E2%80%93+BNamericas&rft.date=2005-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnamericas.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Foilandgas%2FMinister%3A_2002-2003_strike_cost_PDVSA_US%2A12%2C8bn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/02/2013296490217208.html">"Venezuela devalues currency against US dollar"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014041330/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/02/2013296490217208.html">Archived</a> 14 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Aljazeera.com (9 February 2013). 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Retrieved 8 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=How+Venezuela+Got+No+Dollars+From+%2465+Billion+Bond+Sales&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2014-10-07%2Fhow-venezuela-came-away-with-no-dollars-from-sales-andes-credit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Neuman, William (5 March 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/06/world/americas/as-chavez-worsens-venezuela-expels-two-us-diplomats.html?hp&_r=0">"Chávez Dies, Leaving Sharp Divisions in Venezuela"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129031900/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/06/world/americas/hugo-chavez-of-venezuela-dies.html">Archived</a> 29 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York Times. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venezuelablog.tumblr.com/">Venezuelan Politics and Human Rights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407045343/http://venezuelablog.tumblr.com/">Archived</a> 7 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Venezuelablog.tumblr.com. 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Retrieved 2 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+riches+to+rags%3A+Venezuela%27s+economic+crisis%3A+The+Big+Picture&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2018-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DmL8d91vdR9g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPfeb18-100"><a href="#cite_ref-WPfeb18_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoard2018" class="citation news cs1">Board, Editorial (23 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224013027/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/the-collapse-in-venezuela-is-creating-a-refugee-crisis/2018/02/23/68b85c7e-1807-11e8-8b08-027a6ccb38eb_story.html">"Opinion | Latin-America's worst-ever refugee crisis: Venezuelans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/the-collapse-in-venezuela-is-creating-a-refugee-crisis/2018/02/23/68b85c7e-1807-11e8-8b08-027a6ccb38eb_story.html">the original</a> on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018. <q>This human outflow, ... is the largest displacement of people in Latin American history</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+Latin-America%27s+worst-ever+refugee+crisis%3A+Venezuelans&rft.date=2018-02-23&rft.aulast=Board&rft.aufirst=Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fglobal-opinions%2Fthe-collapse-in-venezuela-is-creating-a-refugee-crisis%2F2018%2F02%2F23%2F68b85c7e-1807-11e8-8b08-027a6ccb38eb_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LPgracias-101"><a href="#cite_ref-LPgracias_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2018/01/19/gracias-a-las-malas-politicas-del-gobierno-bolivariano-mas-de-4-millones-de-venezolanos-se-han-ido-del-pais-encuesta/">"Gracias a las malas políticas del Gobierno bolivariano, más de 4 millones de venezolanos se han ido del país (encuesta)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Patilla" title="La Patilla">La Patilla</a> (in European Spanish). 19 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141723/https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2018/01/19/gracias-a-las-malas-politicas-del-gobierno-bolivariano-mas-de-4-millones-de-venezolanos-se-han-ido-del-pais-encuesta/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. 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Retrieved 12 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Protesters+in+Venezuela+Press+Government&rft.date=2014-02-23&rft.aulast=Minaya&rft.aufirst=Ezequiel&rft.au=Vyas%2C+Kejal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702304834704579401612202743396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/02/24/venezuelans-protest-en-masse-in-rival-rallies/">"Venezuelans protest en masse in rival rallies"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Venezuela+Inflation+Hits+16-Year+High+as+Shortages+Rise&rft.date=2013-11-07&rft.aulast=Kurmanaev&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2013-11-07%2Fvenezuela-inflation-hits-16-year-high-as-shortages-rise.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014protests-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2014protests_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2014protests_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallisChinea2014" class="citation news cs1">Wallis, Daniel; Chinea, Eyanir (16 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-protests-idUSBREA1F0SQ20140217">"Venezuela's Lopez says ready for arrest at Tuesday march"</a>. reuters.com. Thomson Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140217042736/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/17/us-venezuela-protests-idUSBREA1F0SQ20140217">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=reuters.com&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Lopez+says+ready+for+arrest+at+Tuesday+march&rft.date=2014-02-16&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Chinea%2C+Eyanir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-venezuela-protests-idUSBREA1F0SQ20140217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanrightsfoundation.org/news/venezuela-hrf-declares-leopoldo-López-a-prisoner-of-conscience-and-calls-for-his-immediate-release-00355">"Venezuela HRF Declares Leopoldo Lopez a Prisoner of Conscience and Calls for his Immediate Release"</a>. Human Rights Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Foundation&rft.atitle=Venezuela+HRF+Declares+Leopoldo+Lopez+a+Prisoner+of+Conscience+and+Calls+for+his+Immediate+Release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanrightsfoundation.org%2Fnews%2Fvenezuela-hrf-declares-leopoldo-L%C3%B3pez-a-prisoner-of-conscience-and-calls-for-his-immediate-release-00355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2015/02/19/sebin-se-lleva-detenido-al-alcalde-antonio-ledezma/">"Sebin se lleva detenido al alcalde Antonio Ledezma"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Patilla&rft.atitle=Sebin+se+lleva+detenido+al+alcalde+Antonio+Ledezma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapatilla.com%2Fsite%2F2015%2F02%2F19%2Fsebin-se-lleva-detenido-al-alcalde-antonio-ledezma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/venezuela-human-rights-groups-reject-condemnation-jailed-leopoldo-lopez-baseless-1519333">"Venezuela: Human rights groups reject condemnation of jailed Leopoldo Lopez as 'baseless'"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=EU+countries+recognise+Juan+Guaid%C3%B3+as+interim+Venezuelan+leader&rft.date=2019-02-04&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Wintour%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Ffeb%2F04%2Fjuan-guaido-interim-venezuela-leader-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapalo2019" class="citation news cs1">Rapalo, Manuel (26 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/mexico-stays-neutral-venezuela-political-crisis-190126152842450.html">"Mexico stays neutral in Venezuela political crisis"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Mexico+stays+neutral+in+Venezuela+political+crisis&rft.date=2019-01-26&rft.aulast=Rapalo&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F01%2Fmexico-stays-neutral-venezuela-political-crisis-190126152842450.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothKuoAgrenAugustin2019" class="citation news cs1">Roth, Andrew; Kuo, Lily; Agren, David; Augustin, Ed; Walker, Peter (24 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/24/juan-guaido-venezuelas-opposition-leader-declares-himself-interim-president">"Russia and key allies vow to stand by Maduro in Venezuela crisis"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russia+and+key+allies+vow+to+stand+by+Maduro+in+Venezuela+crisis&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Kuo%2C+Lily&rft.au=Agren%2C+David&rft.au=Augustin%2C+Ed&rft.au=Walker%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fjan%2F24%2Fjuan-guaido-venezuelas-opposition-leader-declares-himself-interim-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/world-powers-denounce-interference-venezuela-190124102403407.html">"Russia, Turkey, China denounce US interference in Venezuela"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+Turkey%2C+China+denounce+US+interference+in+Venezuela&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F01%2Fworld-powers-denounce-interference-venezuela-190124102403407.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLau2019" class="citation news cs1">Lau, Stuart (2 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2184773/exclusive-self-declared-leader-venezuela-juan-guaido-extends">"Self-declared leader of Venezuela Juan Guaido extends olive branch to China, wants 'productive and mutually beneficial relationship'"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=China+Counts+the+Costs+of+Its+Big+Bet+on+Venezuela&rft.date=2019-02-01&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fchina-counts-the-costs-of-its-big-bet-on-venezuela-11549038825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerArkhipov2019" class="citation news cs1">Meyer, Henry; Arkhipov, Ilya (6 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themoscowtimes.com/news/russia-starts-to-worry-maduros-grip-is-slipping-in-venezuela-64416">"Russia Starts to Worry Maduro's Grip Is Slipping in Venezuela"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+Starts+to+Worry+Maduro%27s+Grip+Is+Slipping+in+Venezuela&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Arkhipov%2C+Ilya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemoscowtimes.com%2Fnews%2Frussia-starts-to-worry-maduros-grip-is-slipping-in-venezuela-64416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGedan2018" class="citation news cs1">Gedan, Benjamin (27 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/change-coming-chinas-venezuela-policy">"China's Venezuela Policy Is Losing Popularity – in China"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=America%27s+Quarterly&rft.atitle=China%27s+Venezuela+Policy+Is+Losing+Popularity+%E2%80%93+in+China&rft.date=2018-11-27&rft.aulast=Gedan&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americasquarterly.org%2Fcontent%2Fchange-coming-chinas-venezuela-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo2019" class="citation news cs1">Lo, Kinling (9 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2185467/oil-infrastructure-why-china-has-plenty-lose-political-turmoil">"From oil to infrastructure, why China has plenty to lose from political turmoil in Venezuela"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=From+oil+to+infrastructure%2C+why+China+has+plenty+to+lose+from+political+turmoil+in+Venezuela&rft.date=2019-02-09&rft.aulast=Lo&rft.aufirst=Kinling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fdiplomacy%2Farticle%2F2185467%2Foil-infrastructure-why-china-has-plenty-lose-political-turmoil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-001/19">"OAS Permanent Council Agrees "to not recognize the legitimacy of Nicolas Maduro's new term""</a>. www.oas.org (Press release). 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Retrieved 26 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.justice.gov&rft.atitle=Nicol%C3%A1s+Maduro+Moros+and+14+Current+and+Former+Venezuelan+Officials+Charged+with+Narco-Terrorism%2C+Corruption%2C+Drug+Trafficking+and+Other+Criminal+Charges&rft.date=2020-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fopa%2Fpr%2Fnicol-s-maduro-moros-and-14-current-and-former-venezuelan-officials-charged-narco-terrorism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkewitzKurmanaev2020" class="citation news cs1">Turkewitz, Julie; Kurmanaev, Anatoly (19 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/19/world/americas/venezuela-forced-disappearances-Maduro.html">"A Knock, Then Gone: Venezuela Secretly Detains Hundreds to Silence Critics"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enforced+Disappearance+Tool+Political+Repression+Venezuela&rft.pub=Robert+F.+Kennedy+Human+Rights&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frfkhumanrights.org%2Fwork%2Fprotecting-human-rights%2Flatin-america%2Fvenezuela%2Fenforced-disappearance-tool-political-repression-venezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCM-148"><a href="#cite_ref-MCM_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/06/lider-da-oposicao-nas-pesquisas-maria-corina-machado-e-inabilitada-por-15-anos-na-venezuela.ghtml">"Líder da oposição nas pesquisas, María Corina Machado é inabilitada por 15 anos na Venezuela"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=O+Globo&rft.atitle=L%C3%ADder+da+oposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+nas+pesquisas%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Corina+Machado+%C3%A9+inabilitada+por+15+anos+na+Venezuela&rft.date=2023-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foglobo.globo.com%2Fmundo%2Fnoticia%2F2023%2F06%2Flider-da-oposicao-nas-pesquisas-maria-corina-machado-e-inabilitada-por-15-anos-na-venezuela.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/01/27/venezuela-s-supreme-court-disqualifies-opposition-leader-from-running-for-president_6469941_4.html">"Venezuela's Supreme Court disqualifies opposition leader from running for president"</a>. 27 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240823215931/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/01/27/venezuela-s-supreme-court-disqualifies-opposition-leader-from-running-for-president_6469941_4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Supreme+Court+disqualifies+opposition+leader+from+running+for+president&rft.date=2024-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2024%2F01%2F27%2Fvenezuela-s-supreme-court-disqualifies-opposition-leader-from-running-for-president_6469941_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HardtoBelieve-150"><a href="#cite_ref-HardtoBelieve_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2024" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Sam (29 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/29/venezuela-election-result-suspicion-abroad-nicolas-maduro">"'Hard to believe': Venezuela election result met with suspicion abroad"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Hard+to+believe%27%3A+Venezuela+election+result+met+with+suspicion+abroad&rft.date=2024-07-29&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fjul%2F29%2Fvenezuela-election-result-suspicion-abroad-nicolas-maduro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters29jul-151"><a href="#cite_ref-reuters29jul_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-american-leaders-react-venezuela-election-results-2024-07-29/">"Leaders across Americas react to Venezuela election results"</a>. Reuters. 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Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=World+leaders+cast+doubt+on+Maduro%27s+claim+of+victory+in+Venezuelan+election&rft.date=2024-07-29&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft.au=Sands%2C+Leo&rft.au=Herrero%2C+Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2F07%2F29%2Fvenezuela-presidential-election-result-maduro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OAS_report_VE_pres_elec_DECO-153"><a href="#cite_ref-OAS_report_VE_pres_elec_DECO_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730170718/https://www.oas.org/fpdb/press/Informe-al-SG-sobre-Elecciones-Venezuela-2024-30-de-julio-para-distribuir-(1).pdf">"Informe del Departamento para la Cooperación y Observación Electoral (DECO) de la Secretaría para el Fortalecimiento de la Democracia de la OEA sobre la elección presidencial de Venezuela para el Secretario General Luis Almagro"</a> [Report of the Department for Electoral Cooperation and Observation (DECO) of the Secretariat for the Strengthening of Democracy of the OAS on the presidential election of Venezuela for the Secretary General Luis Almagro] (PDF) (in Spanish). Organization of American States. 30 July 2024. Wikidata <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128129159" class="extiw" title="d:Q128129159">d:Q128129159</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oas.org/fpdb/press/Informe-al-SG-sobre-Elecciones-Venezuela-2024-30-de-julio-para-distribuir-(1).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 July 2024. 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Retrieved 11 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=resultadospresidencialesvenezuela2024.com&rft.atitle=Informacion+de+Centros+y+mesas+de+votacion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresultadospresidencialesvenezuela2024.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaPatilla_how2access_electoral_records-155"><a href="#cite_ref-LaPatilla_how2access_electoral_records_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lapatilla.com/2024/07/30/como-acceder-a-la-pagina-web-para-verificar-las-actas-electorales-que-maduro-bloqueo-en-venezuela/">"Cómo acceder a la página web para verificar las actas electorales que Maduro bloqueó en Venezuela"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Patilla" title="La Patilla">La Patilla</a> (in Spanish). 30 July 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240816211936/https://www.lapatilla.com/2024/07/30/como-acceder-a-la-pagina-web-para-verificar-las-actas-electorales-que-maduro-bloqueo-en-venezuela/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Patilla&rft.atitle=C%C3%B3mo+acceder+a+la+p%C3%A1gina+web+para+verificar+las+actas+electorales+que+Maduro+bloque%C3%B3+en+Venezuela&rft.date=2024-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapatilla.com%2F2024%2F07%2F30%2Fcomo-acceder-a-la-pagina-web-para-verificar-las-actas-electorales-que-maduro-bloqueo-en-venezuela%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJElectionDatabase-156"><a href="#cite_ref-WSJElectionDatabase_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVyasDubé2024" class="citation news cs1">Vyas, Kejal; Dubé, Ryan (30 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/world/americas/venezuelas-opposition-releases-election-database-claims-big-victory-over-strongman-maduro-fee5bc0c">"Venezuela's Opposition Releases Election Database; Claims Big Victory Over Strongman Maduro"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730205829/https://www.wsj.com/world/americas/venezuelas-opposition-releases-election-database-claims-big-victory-over-strongman-maduro-fee5bc0c">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024. <q>The Venezuelan opposition has moved to show concrete evidence that the election was stolen. ... The opposition said it had collected data from 73% of the country's voting stations on its own and compiled it in a publicly accessible database on Tuesday. Using their national identification, Venezuelans can sign in and review a scanned tally sheet from their voting station showing how many votes went to each candidate. ... 'I found mine, the proof is there,' said Celina Ramirez, an opposition supporter who said she was able to log into the website to locate the tally sheet from her east Caracas voting center, which she said showed González receiving the lion's share of votes. 'There's no way the regime can fool everyone with their tricks,' she added ... The Carter Center, one of the few international organizations invited to monitor the elections, has urged Venezuela's government to release comprehensive polling data at the local level, which is needed to assess the electoral process. ...The opposition hopes the release of the database will increase pressure on Maduro's autocratic regime to make public the detailed results of the election.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Opposition+Releases+Election+Database%3B+Claims+Big+Victory+Over+Strongman+Maduro&rft.date=2024-07-30&rft.aulast=Vyas&rft.aufirst=Kejal&rft.au=Dub%C3%A9%2C+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fvenezuelas-opposition-releases-election-database-claims-big-victory-over-strongman-maduro-fee5bc0c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> Also available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/venezuela-s-maduro-moves-to-silence-opposition-after-disputed-election/ar-BB1qTSWi">MSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240823220053/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/venezuela-s-maduro-moves-to-silence-opposition-after-disputed-election/ar-BB1qTSWi">Archived</a> 23 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC_2005-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_2005_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_2005_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Venezuela.pdf">"Country Profile: Venezuela"</a> (PDF). Library of Congress (Federal Research Division). 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225154220/https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018. 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Retrieved 27 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gobierno+en+L%C3%ADnea%3A+Geograf%C3%ADa%2C+Clima&rft.pub=gobiernoenlinea.ve&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gobiernoenlinea.ve%2Fvenezuela%2Fperfil_geografia4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/alpine.htm">"The Alpine Biome"</a>. marietta.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100119015720/http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/alpine.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marietta.edu&rft.atitle=The+Alpine+Biome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marietta.edu%2F~biol%2Fbiomes%2Falpine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140920031041/http://www.wunderground.com/climate/local_extremes.asp?extremesstation.db=burtworld&extremesstation.station_id=421">"Extreme High Temperature in Venezuela"</a>. wunderground. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wunderground.com/climate/local_extremes.asp?extremesstation.db=burtworld&extremesstation.station_id=421">the original</a> on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extreme+High+Temperature+in+Venezuela&rft.pub=wunderground&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wunderground.com%2Fclimate%2Flocal_extremes.asp%3Fextremesstation.db%3Dburtworld%26extremesstation.station_id%3D421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130706064537/http://www.wunderground.com/climate/local_extremes.asp?extremesstation.db=burtworld&extremesstation.station_id=438">"Extreme Low Temp in Venezuela"</a>. Wunderground. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wunderground.com/climate/local_extremes.asp?extremesstation.db=burtworld&extremesstation.station_id=438">the original</a> on 6 July 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2012. <q>NOTE: Pass the cursor over the subrayed record to see the source of this. "This location is probably uninhabited, but is close to the town of San Isidro de Apartaderos. −11 °C (12 °F) has been reported from an uninhabited high altitude at Páramo de Piedras Blancas, Mérida state."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extreme+Low+Temp+in+Venezuela&rft.pub=Wunderground&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wunderground.com%2Fclimate%2Flocal_extremes.asp%3Fextremesstation.db%3Dburtworld%26extremesstation.station_id%3D438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031004032107/http://www.conservation.org/xp/news/press_releases/2003/091603_andean_eng.xml">"South America Banks on Regional Strategy to Safeguard Quarter of Earth's Biodiversity"</a>. 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Environmental Conservation. 35 (4): 311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0376892908005237">10.1017/S0376892908005237</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0376-8929">0376-8929</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85838371">85838371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Conservation&rft.atitle=Tropical+dry+forests+in+Venezuela%3A+assessing+status%2C+threats+and+future+prospects&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=311&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85838371%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0376-8929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0376892908005237&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.au=Nassar%2C+J.M.&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Clark%2C+K.M.&rft.au=Zager%2C+I.&rft.au=Portillo-Quintero%2C+C.A.&rft.au=Carrasquel%2C+F.&rft.au=Zambrano%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9aEAAAAIAAJ&q=hidrografia+venezuela">Anuario estadístico de Venezuela</a> (in Spanish). OCEI. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129031900/https://books.google.com/books?id=k9aEAAAAIAAJ&q=hidrografia+venezuela">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anuario+estad%C3%ADstico+de+Venezuela&rft.pub=OCEI&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk9aEAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dhidrografia%2Bvenezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1975" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Joanna Overing (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=unNsAAAAMAAJ&q=Orinoco+basin">The Piaroa, a People of the Orinoco Basin: A Study in Kinship and Marriage</a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-01-923189-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-01-923189-3"><bdi>978-0-01-923189-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129032020/https://books.google.com/books?id=unNsAAAAMAAJ&q=Orinoco+basin">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Piaroa%2C+a+People+of+the+Orinoco+Basin%3A+A+Study+in+Kinship+and+Marriage&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-01-923189-3&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Joanna+Overing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DunNsAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DOrinoco%2Bbasin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAffairs_(U.S.)Peterson1946" class="citation book cs1">Affairs (U.S.), Institute of Inter-American; Peterson, Lyall E. (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQI9AAAAYAAJ&q=Lake+Valencia+basin&pg=PA3">The Lake Valencia Region in Venezuela: A Special Report</a>. Institute of Inter-American Affairs, Food Supply Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129032007/https://books.google.com/books?id=yQI9AAAAYAAJ&q=Lake+Valencia+basin&pg=PA3#v=snippet&q=Lake%20Valencia%20basin&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lake+Valencia+Region+in+Venezuela%3A+A+Special+Report&rft.pub=Institute+of+Inter-American+Affairs%2C+Food+Supply+Division&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Affairs+%28U.S.%29&rft.aufirst=Institute+of+Inter-American&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Lyall+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyQI9AAAAYAAJ%26q%3DLake%2BValencia%2Bbasin%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYegres1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yegres, Ramón Santaella (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZNEAAAAYAAJ&q=maracaibo+lake">La dinámica del espacio en la cuenca del Lago de Maracaibo, 1873-1940: y su proyeccion hasta el presente, 1980</a> (in Spanish). FACES-UCV, División de Publicaciones. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-00-0312-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-00-0312-1"><bdi>978-980-00-0312-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129031902/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZNEAAAAYAAJ&q=maracaibo+lake">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+din%C3%A1mica+del+espacio+en+la+cuenca+del+Lago+de+Maracaibo%2C+1873-1940%3A+y+su+proyeccion+hasta+el+presente%2C+1980&rft.pub=FACES-UCV%2C+Divisi%C3%B3n+de+Publicaciones&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-980-00-0312-1&rft.aulast=Yegres&rft.aufirst=Ram%C3%B3n+Santaella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ZNEAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dmaracaibo%2Blake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_186-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCárdenasCastillo2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cárdenas, Antonio Luis; Castillo, Rubén Carpio (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nOgRAQAAIAAJ&q=relieve+de+venezuela+placas+tectonicas">Geografía de Venezuela</a> (in Spanish). Fondo Editorial de la Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129032404/https://books.google.com/books?id=nOgRAQAAIAAJ&q=relieve+de+venezuela+placas+tectonicas">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geograf%C3%ADa+de+Venezuela&rft.pub=Fondo+Editorial+de+la+Universidad+Pedag%C3%B3gica+Experimental+Libertador&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=C%C3%A1rdenas&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Luis&rft.au=Castillo%2C+Rub%C3%A9n+Carpio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnOgRAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Drelieve%2Bde%2Bvenezuela%2Bplacas%2Btectonicas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigueroa1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Figueroa, Rosa (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xo3eGMm-JdQC&pg=PA24">Agenda Geografica Venezuela</a> (in Spanish). Editorial Alfa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-354-005-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-354-005-0"><bdi>978-980-354-005-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221106044531/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xo3eGMm-JdQC&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agenda+Geografica+Venezuela&rft.pub=Editorial+Alfa&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-980-354-005-0&rft.aulast=Figueroa&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXo3eGMm-JdQC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_188-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1946" class="citation web cs1">Carter, Douglas Broadmore (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0p5AAQAAIAAJ">"The Water Balance of the Lake Maracaibo Basin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221106044326/https://books.google.com/books?id=0p5AAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Water+Balance+of+the+Lake+Maracaibo+Basin&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Broadmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0p5AAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_189-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNwachukwu1981" class="citation web cs1">Nwachukwu, Joseph Iheanacho (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YPrkAAAAMAAJ">"Organic Geochemistry of the Orinoco Delta, Venezuela"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221106044324/https://books.google.com/books?id=YPrkAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organic+Geochemistry+of+the+Orinoco+Delta%2C+Venezuela&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Nwachukwu&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Iheanacho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYPrkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_190-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2005" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, D. S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mE88S0O6RbsC&q=Guiana+Shield+venezuela&pg=PA46">Tropical Forests of the Guiana Shield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-092-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-092-9"><bdi>978-1-84593-092-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129032523/https://books.google.com/books?id=mE88S0O6RbsC&q=Guiana+Shield+venezuela&pg=PA46#v=snippet&q=Guiana%20Shield%20venezuela&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tropical+Forests+of+the+Guiana+Shield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84593-092-9&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmE88S0O6RbsC%26q%3DGuiana%2BShield%2Bvenezuela%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSojoCastillo2009" class="citation book cs1">Sojo, Raúl; Castillo, Horacio Biord (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWcsAQAAIAAJ">Venezuela al natural</a>. Editorial Arte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-6476-26-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-6476-26-4"><bdi>978-980-6476-26-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221106044321/https://books.google.com/books?id=rWcsAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela+al+natural&rft.pub=Editorial+Arte&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-980-6476-26-4&rft.aulast=Sojo&rft.aufirst=Ra%C3%BAl&rft.au=Castillo%2C+Horacio+Biord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWcsAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BM4UAAAAIAAJ">Las Microfacies Del Cretaceo de Venezuela Occidental</a> (in Spanish). Brill Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221106044320/https://books.google.com/books?id=BM4UAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+Microfacies+Del+Cretaceo+de+Venezuela+Occidental&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBM4UAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSocorro2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Socorro, Orangel Antonio Aguilera (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIBdAAAAMAAJ">Tesoros paleontológicos de Venezuela: el cuaternario del Estado Falcón</a> (in Spanish). Ministerio de la Cultura. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-12-1379-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-12-1379-6"><bdi>978-980-12-1379-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221106044325/https://books.google.com/books?id=kIBdAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tesoros+paleontol%C3%B3gicos+de+Venezuela%3A+el+cuaternario+del+Estado+Falc%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Ministerio+de+la+Cultura&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-980-12-1379-6&rft.aulast=Socorro&rft.aufirst=Orangel+Antonio+Aguilera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkIBdAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPáez1863" class="citation web cs1">Páez, Ramón (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnAvAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA310">"Wild Scenes in South America"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221106044322/https://books.google.com/books?id=hnAvAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA310">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wild+Scenes+in+South+America&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=P%C3%A1ez&rft.aufirst=Ram%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhnAvAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRojas1897" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rojas, Arístides (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=abMvAQAAMAAJ&q=valles+de+venezuela">Primer libro de geografía de Venezuela según Codazzi</a> (in Spanish). Santana y cia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129032524/https://books.google.com/books?id=abMvAQAAMAAJ&q=valles+de+venezuela#v=snippet&q=valles%20de%20venezuela&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primer+libro+de+geograf%C3%ADa+de+Venezuela+seg%C3%BAn+Codazzi&rft.pub=Santana+y+cia&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Rojas&rft.aufirst=Ar%C3%ADstides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabMvAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dvalles%2Bde%2Bvenezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_196-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_196-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinck" class="citation web cs1">Zinck, Alfred. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607184129/https://library.wur.nl/isric/fulltext/isricu_i00006627_001.pdf">"Valles de Venezuela"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.wur.nl/isric/fulltext/isricu_i00006627_001.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valles+de+Venezuela&rft.aulast=Zinck&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.wur.nl%2Fisric%2Ffulltext%2Fisricu_i00006627_001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">A, América Bracho (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9o7AAAAYAAJ&q=valles+de+venezuela">Geografía de Venezuela: III año</a> (in Spanish). Ediciones CO-BO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129032406/https://books.google.com/books?id=N9o7AAAAYAAJ&q=valles+de+venezuela">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geograf%C3%ADa+de+Venezuela%3A+III+a%C3%B1o&rft.pub=Ediciones+CO-BO&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=A&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9rica+Bracho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN9o7AAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dvalles%2Bde%2Bvenezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wBe4AAAAIAAJ&q=Venezuela+has+a+great+diversity+of+landscapes+and+climates">The Latin America & Caribbean Review</a>. World of Information. 1986. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780904439557" title="Special:BookSources/9780904439557"><bdi>9780904439557</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129032522/https://books.google.com/books?id=wBe4AAAAIAAJ&q=Venezuela+has+a+great+diversity+of+landscapes+and+climates">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+America+%26+Caribbean+Review&rft.pub=World+of+Information&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780904439557&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwBe4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DVenezuela%2Bhas%2Ba%2Bgreat%2Bdiversity%2Bof%2Blandscapes%2Band%2Bclimates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaño1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baño, Adrián Hernández (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BolrAAAAMAAJ&q=Venezuela+medanos+de+coro">Secretos de los Médanos de Coro</a> (in Spanish). Instituto de Cultura del Estado Falcón. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-6081-09-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-6081-09-3"><bdi>978-980-6081-09-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129032406/https://books.google.com/books?id=BolrAAAAMAAJ&q=Venezuela+medanos+de+coro">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secretos+de+los+M%C3%A9danos+de+Coro&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Cultura+del+Estado+Falc%C3%B3n&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-980-6081-09-3&rft.aulast=Ba%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Adri%C3%A1n+Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBolrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DVenezuela%2Bmedanos%2Bde%2Bcoro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalazar-Quijada1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Salazar-Quijada, Adolfo (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FuIKAQAAIAAJ&q=Venezuela+guajira+venezolana">Toponimia de la Guajira venezolana</a> (in Spanish). Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129032407/https://books.google.com/books?id=FuIKAQAAIAAJ&q=Venezuela+guajira+venezolana">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toponimia+de+la+Guajira+venezolana&rft.pub=Universidad+Cat%C3%B3lica+Andr%C3%A9s+Bello%2C+Instituto+de+Investigaciones+Hist%C3%B3ricas%2C+Seminario+de+Lenguas+Ind%C3%ADgenas&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Salazar-Quijada&rft.aufirst=Adolfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFuIKAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DVenezuela%2Bguajira%2Bvenezolana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColombo-Venezolanos1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Colombo-Venezolanos, Venezuela Comisión Presidencial para Asuntos Fronterizos (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MVOzAAAAIAAJ&q=M%C3%A9danos+de+Capanaparo">Apure: diagnostico y estrategias de desarrollo fronterizo</a> (in Spanish). La Comisión. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-03-0130-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-03-0130-2"><bdi>978-980-03-0130-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129032523/https://books.google.com/books?id=MVOzAAAAIAAJ&q=M%C3%A9danos+de+Capanaparo">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apure%3A+diagnostico+y+estrategias+de+desarrollo+fronterizo&rft.pub=La+Comisi%C3%B3n&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-980-03-0130-2&rft.aulast=Colombo-Venezolanos&rft.aufirst=Venezuela+Comisi%C3%B3n+Presidencial+para+Asuntos+Fronterizos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMVOzAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DM%25C3%25A9danos%2Bde%2BCapanaparo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHidrocarburos1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hidrocarburos, Venezuela Ministerio de Minas e (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4IalPfsEpFsC&q=M%C3%A9danos+de+zapara">Memoria - Ministerio de Minas e Hidrocarburos</a> (in Spanish). El Ministerio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129032905/https://books.google.com/books?id=4IalPfsEpFsC&q=M%C3%A9danos+de+zapara">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoria+-+Ministerio+de+Minas+e+Hidrocarburos&rft.pub=El+Ministerio.&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Hidrocarburos&rft.aufirst=Venezuela+Ministerio+de+Minas+e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4IalPfsEpFsC%26q%3DM%25C3%25A9danos%2Bde%2Bzapara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLéidenz2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Léidenz, Misael Salazar (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=spASAQAAIAAJ&q=Hundici%C3%B3n+de+Yay">Venezuela en la magia, el mito y la leyenda</a> (in Spanish). Editorial Guaraira Repano. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-07-8548-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-07-8548-5"><bdi>978-980-07-8548-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129032915/https://books.google.com/books?id=spASAQAAIAAJ&q=Hundici%C3%B3n+de+Yay">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela+en+la+magia%2C+el+mito+y+la+leyenda&rft.pub=Editorial+Guaraira+Repano&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-980-07-8548-5&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9idenz&rft.aufirst=Misael+Salazar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DspASAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DHundici%25C3%25B3n%2Bde%2BYay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100929053531/http://www.cne.gov.ve/web/normativa_electoral/ley_organica_procesos_electorales/titulo2.php">"Ley Orgánica de Procesos Electorales"</a> (in Spanish). Consejo Nacional Electoral. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cne.gov.ve/web/normativa_electoral/ley_organica_procesos_electorales/titulo2.php">the original</a> on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ley+Org%C3%A1nica+de+Procesos+Electorales&rft.pub=Consejo+Nacional+Electoral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cne.gov.ve%2Fweb%2Fnormativa_electoral%2Fley_organica_procesos_electorales%2Ftitulo2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510075036/http://www.vtv.gov.ve/noticias-nacionales/37227">"Dos mil 719 candidatos se disputarán los curules de la Asamblea Nacional"</a> (in Spanish). Venezolana de Televisión. 10 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vtv.gov.ve/noticias-nacionales/37227">the original</a> on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dos+mil+719+candidatos+se+disputar%C3%A1n+los+curules+de+la+Asamblea+Nacional&rft.pub=Venezolana+de+Televisi%C3%B3n&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vtv.gov.ve%2Fnoticias-nacionales%2F37227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TG-206"><a href="#cite_ref-TG_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankal2005" class="citation news cs1">Frankal, Elliot (4 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politics.guardian.co.uk/apathy/story/0,,1521096,00.html">"Compulsory voting around the world"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010234313/http://politics.guardian.co.uk/apathy/story/0,,1521096,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Compulsory+voting+around+the+world&rft.date=2005-07-04&rft.aulast=Frankal&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitics.guardian.co.uk%2Fapathy%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1521096%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100325094828/http://www.elinformador.com.ve/noticias/venezuela/poder-judicial/luisa-estela-morales-afirma-division-poderes-debilita-estado/8397">"Luisa Estela Morales afirma que la división de poderes debilita al Estado"</a> (in Spanish). El Informador. 5 December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elinformador.com.ve/noticias/venezuela/poder-judicial/luisa-estela-morales-afirma-division-poderes-debilita-estado/8397">the original</a> on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luisa+Estela+Morales+afirma+que+la+divisi%C3%B3n+de+poderes+debilita+al+Estado&rft.pub=El+Informador&rft.date=2009-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elinformador.com.ve%2Fnoticias%2Fvenezuela%2Fpoder-judicial%2Fluisa-estela-morales-afirma-division-poderes-debilita-estado%2F8397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Based on the result of the 2011 Census according to the Instituto Nacional de Estadisca </li> <li id="cite_note-SVCOprotestINFO-209"><a href="#cite_ref-SVCOprotestINFO_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2014/07/17/protestas-aumentan-278-en-primer-semestre-2014/">"Protestas aumentan 278% en primer semestre 2014"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LaPatilla.com&rft.atitle=Protestas+aumentan+278%25+en+primer+semestre+2014&rft.date=2014-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapatilla.com%2Fsite%2F2014%2F07%2F17%2Fprotestas-aumentan-278-en-primer-semestre-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milne-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Milne_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne" class="citation news cs1">Milne, Seumas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/08/venezuela-protests-sign-us-wants-oil-says-nicolas-maduro">"Venezuela protests are sign that US wants our oil, says Nicolás Maduro"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/e619b1f6-2805-11e7-bc4b-5528796fe35c">the original</a> on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+broken+system&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2017-04-02&rft.aulast=Lansberg-Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fe619b1f6-2805-11e7-bc4b-5528796fe35c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2015/12/31/5685209422601d9c788b4641.html">"El Supremo suspende la proclamación de tres diputados opositores y uno chavista"</a>. elmundo.es (in Spanish). 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Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elmundo.es&rft.atitle=El+Supremo+suspende+la+proclamaci%C3%B3n+de+tres+diputados+opositores+y+uno+chavista&rft.date=2015-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Finternacional%2F2015%2F12%2F31%2F5685209422601d9c788b4641.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409201537/http://elestimulo.com/blog/maduro-sobre-amnistia-tenemos-que-garantizar-que-esta-ley-sea-detenida/">"Maduro pide al TSJ declarar 'inconstitucional' la Ley de Amnistía"</a>. El Estímulo (in Spanish). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enpaiszeta.com/marquina-prorroga-del-decreto-emergencia-economica-es-inconstitucional/">the original</a> on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Nuevo+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Prorroga+del+Decreto+Emergencia+Econ%C3%B3mica+es+inconstitucional&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenpaiszeta.com%2Fmarquina-prorroga-del-decreto-emergencia-economica-es-inconstitucional%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runrun.es/opinion/261798/la-ruptura-democratica-de-venezuela-por-asdrubal-aguiar.html">"La ruptura democrática de Venezuela"</a>. RunRunes.es (in Spanish). 14 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515102351/http://runrun.es/opinion/261798/la-ruptura-democratica-de-venezuela-por-asdrubal-aguiar.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RunRunes.es&rft.atitle=La+ruptura+democr%C3%A1tica+de+Venezuela&rft.date=2016-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frunrun.es%2Fopinion%2F261798%2Fla-ruptura-democratica-de-venezuela-por-asdrubal-aguiar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://okdiario.com/espana/la-dictadura-venezolana-invito-al-podemita-que-ira-a-la-carcel-por-pegar-a-un-socialista-98237">"La dictadura venezolana invitó al podemita que irá a la cárcel por pegar a un socialista"</a>. OK Diario (in Spanish). 30 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504115310/http://okdiario.com/espana/la-dictadura-venezolana-invito-al-podemita-que-ira-a-la-carcel-por-pegar-a-un-socialista-98237">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OK+Diario&rft.atitle=La+dictadura+venezolana+invit%C3%B3+al+podemita+que+ir%C3%A1+a+la+c%C3%A1rcel+por+pegar+a+un+socialista&rft.date=2016-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fokdiario.com%2Fespana%2Fla-dictadura-venezolana-invito-al-podemita-que-ira-a-la-carcel-por-pegar-a-un-socialista-98237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eju.tv/2016/04/la-dictadura-venezolana-reafirma-naturaleza/">"La dictadura venezolana reafirma su naturaleza"</a>. Eju.tv (in Spanish). 18 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501233503/http://eju.tv/2016/04/la-dictadura-venezolana-reafirma-naturaleza/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eju.tv&rft.atitle=La+dictadura+venezolana+reafirma+su+naturaleza&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feju.tv%2F2016%2F04%2Fla-dictadura-venezolana-reafirma-naturaleza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514115819/http://www.venezuelaaldia.com/2016/05/expresidentes-denuncian-ruptura-del-orden-constitucional-y-democratico-en-venezuela/">"Expresidentes denuncian ruptura del orden constitucional y democrático en Venezuela"</a>. Venezuela al día (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.venezuelaaldia.com/2016/05/expresidentes-denuncian-ruptura-del-orden-constitucional-y-democratico-en-venezuela/">the original</a> on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Venezuela+al+d%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=Expresidentes+denuncian+ruptura+del+orden+constitucional+y+democr%C3%A1tico+en+Venezuela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.venezuelaaldia.com%2F2016%2F05%2Fexpresidentes-denuncian-ruptura-del-orden-constitucional-y-democratico-en-venezuela%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpais.cr/2016/05/10/opositores-denuncian-ruptura-del-orden-constitucional-en-venezuela/">"Opositores denuncian 'ruptura del orden constitucional' en Venezuela"</a>. El País (in Spanish). 11 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512104327/http://www.elpais.cr/2016/05/10/opositores-denuncian-ruptura-del-orden-constitucional-en-venezuela/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Opositores+denuncian+%27ruptura+del+orden+constitucional%27+en+Venezuela&rft.date=2016-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpais.cr%2F2016%2F05%2F10%2Fopositores-denuncian-ruptura-del-orden-constitucional-en-venezuela%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153407/http://www.elsalvador.com/articulo/internacional/venezuela-una-dictadura-que-respeta-division-poderes-110967">"Venezuela es una dictadura que no representa la división de poderes"</a>. El Salvador (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsalvador.com/articulo/internacional/venezuela-una-dictadura-que-respeta-division-poderes-110967">the original</a> on 30 May 2016. 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Retrieved 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Prensa&rft.atitle=Jefe+de+la+OEA+estudia+invocar+Carta+Democr%C3%A1tica+por+Venezuela&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laprensa.com.ni%2F2016%2F04%2F28%2Finternacionales%2F2026877-jefe-de-la-oea-estudia-invocar-carta-democratica-por-venezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-39449494">"Venezuela 'coup': Alarm grows as court takes power"</a>. 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BBC.co.uk. 1 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401134427/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-39468045">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC.co.uk&rft.atitle=Venezuela%3A+Supreme+court+backtracks+on+powers+bid&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-39468045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-venezuela-idUSKBN0M51NS20150309">"U.S. declares Venezuela a national security threat, sanctions top officials"</a>. Reuters. 9 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415154549/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/09/us-usa-venezuela-idUSKBN0M51NS20150309">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+declares+Venezuela+a+national+security+threat%2C+sanctions+top+officials&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-venezuela-idUSKBN0M51NS20150309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325144202/http://laht.com/article.asp?CategoryId=10717&ArticleId=2377482">"Latin American Herald Tribune – US Announces New Executive Order Sanctions on Venezuela – Declares "National Emergency""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=2377482&CategoryId=10717">the original</a> on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+American+Herald+Tribune+%E2%80%93+US+Announces+New+Executive+Order+Sanctions+on+Venezuela+%E2%80%93+Declares+%22National+Emergency%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laht.com%2Farticle.asp%3FArticleId%3D2377482%26CategoryId%3D10717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/article13087994.html">"Amid deteriorating relations, Washington turns screws on Venezuela"</a>. miamiherald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150406211611/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/article13087994.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=miamiherald&rft.atitle=Amid+deteriorating+relations%2C+Washington+turns+screws+on+Venezuela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Farticle13087994.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ascdAQAAMAAJ&q=%22championed%20the%20OAS%20decision%22">Political Risk Yearbook: South America</a>. Frost & Sullivan. 1999. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931077-59-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931077-59-0"><bdi>978-1-931077-59-0</bdi></a>. <q>Venezuela worked closely with its neighbors following the 1997 Summit of the Americas in many areas—particularly energy integration—and championed the OAS decision to adopt an Anti-Corruption Convention.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Risk+Yearbook%3A+South+America&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Frost+%26+Sullivan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-931077-59-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DascdAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522championed%2520the%2520OAS%2520decision%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-39726605">"Venezuela to withdraw from OAS as deadly protests continue"</a>. 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Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427010200/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/venezuela-protesters-hit-by-tear-gas-vow-to-keep-pressure-on-government/2017/04/26/c6fbdcaa-29ee-11e7-9081-f5405f56d3e4_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2017. 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Retrieved 13 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=FCO+travel+advice+mapped%3A+the+world+according+to+Britain%27s+diplomats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fdatablog%2F2011%2Fmar%2F23%2Ffco-travel-advice-map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/venezuelan-soap-star-monica-spear-slain-ex-husband-n5231">"Venezuelan Soap Star Monica Spear Slain with Ex-Husband"</a>. NBC News. 8 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010132245/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/venezuelan-soap-star-monica-spear-slain-ex-husband-n5231">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Venezuelan+Soap+Star+Monica+Spear+Slain+with+Ex-Husband&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fvenezuelan-soap-star-monica-spear-slain-ex-husband-n5231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawthorne2014" class="citation news cs1">Cawthorne, Andrew (7 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-shooting-tourist-idUSBREA1621020140207">"German tourist, 76, shot dead on Venezuelan island"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140214044010/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/07/us-venezuela-shooting-tourist-idUSBREA1621020140207">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=German+tourist%2C+76%2C+shot+dead+on+Venezuelan+island&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft.aulast=Cawthorne&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-venezuela-shooting-tourist-idUSBREA1621020140207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/20/world/americas/venezuela-prison-violence/index.html">"20 killed in Venezuelan prison violence"</a>. CNN.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928044229/https://www.cnn.com/2012/08/20/world/americas/venezuela-prison-violence/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=20+killed+in+Venezuelan+prison+violence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F08%2F20%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela-prison-violence%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverstein2012" class="citation news cs1">Silverstein, Amy (20 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/venezuela/120820/venezuela-prison-riot-kills-20">"Venezuela prison riot kills 20"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Post">Global Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101201851/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/venezuela/120820/venezuela-prison-riot-kills-20">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. 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GB News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240823215935/https://www.gbnews.com/news/world/venezuela-brink-civil-war-nicolas-maduro-putin-ally-warns-bloodbath-election">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GB+News&rft.atitle=Venezuela+%27on+brink+of+civil+war%27+as+Putin-ally+warns+of+%27BLOODBATH%27+if+he+loses+crunch+vote&rft.date=2024-07-27&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fvenezuela-brink-civil-war-nicolas-maduro-putin-ally-warns-bloodbath-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-h998-275"><a href="#cite_ref-h998_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance-Presse2024" class="citation web cs1">France-Presse, Agence (27 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/amp/concern-grows-as-venezuela-blocks-election-observers/7715124.html">"Concern grows as Venezuela blocks election observers"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Concern+grows+as+Venezuela+blocks+election+observers&rft.date=2024-07-27&rft.aulast=France-Presse&rft.aufirst=Agence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Famp%2Fconcern-grows-as-venezuela-blocks-election-observers%2F7715124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/important-facts-related-to-the-economy-of-venezuela.html">"The Economy Of Venezuela"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=The+Economy+Of+Venezuela&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fimportant-facts-related-to-the-economy-of-venezuela.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/socialism-blame-venezuelas-crisis-180530095418091.html">"Is socialism to blame for Venezuela's never-ending crisis?"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Is+socialism+to+blame+for+Venezuela%27s+never-ending+crisis%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2Fsocialism-blame-venezuelas-crisis-180530095418091.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/what-socialism-private-sector-still-dominates-venezuelan-economy-despite-chavez-crusade">"What socialism? Private sector still dominates Venezuelan economy despite Chavez crusade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. 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Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=What+socialism%3F+Private+sector+still+dominates+Venezuelan+economy+despite+Chavez+crusade&rft.date=2010-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fwhat-socialism-private-sector-still-dominates-venezuelan-economy-despite-chavez-crusade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021010511/http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/10960388-venezuela-gold-returns-to-the-country-the-euphoria-in-the-streets">"Venezuela: Gold Returns to the Country, The Euphoria in the Streets"</a>. 26 November 2011. 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Retrieved 19 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Venezuela+Ogles+Chavez%27s+Hidden+Billions+as+Reserves+Sink&rft.date=2013-08-09&rft.aulast=Pons&rft.aufirst=Corina&rft.au=Corina%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2013-08-09%2Fvenezuela-ogles-chavez-s-hidden-billions-as-reserves-sink.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BCV2016-281"><a href="#cite_ref-BCV2016_281-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213134315/http://www.bcv.org.ve/Upload/Comunicados/aviso180216.pdf">"Resultados del Índice Nacional de Precios Al Consumidor, Producto Interno Bruto y Balanza de Pagos Cuarto Trimestre De 2015"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). 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Retrieved 14 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UPDATE+1-Venezuela+2016+inflation+hits+800+pct%2C+GDP+contracts+nearly+19+pct&rft.pub=REUTERS&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft.au=Corina+Pons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fvenezuela-economy-idUSL1N1FA1JL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyPalma2006207-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyPalma2006207_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellyPalma2006">Kelly & Palma 2006</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/11_MDG%20Report_EN.pdf">"The Millennium Development Goals Report 2011".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309160853/http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/11_MDG%20Report_EN.pdf">Archived</a> 9 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> United Nations. 2011. 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Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuela%3A+Does+an+increase+in+poverty+signal+threat+to+government%3F&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FAmericas%2F2015%2F0325%2FVenezuela-Does-an-increase-in-poverty-signal-threat-to-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FPdontblame-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FPdontblame_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrales2015" class="citation news cs1">Corrales, Javier (7 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/07/dont-blame-it-on-the-oil-venezuela-caracas-maduro/">"Don't Blame It On the Oil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127152755/http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/07/dont-blame-it-on-the-oil-venezuela-caracas-maduro/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Blame+It+On+the+Oil&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft.aulast=Corrales&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2015%2F05%2F07%2Fdont-blame-it-on-the-oil-venezuela-caracas-maduro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/congratulates-venezuela-reducing-hunger-widespread-food-shortages/story?id=19421963">"UN Congratulates Venezuela on Hunger"</a>. ABC News. 18 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721211252/http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/congratulates-venezuela-reducing-hunger-widespread-food-shortages/story?id=19421963">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2015. 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Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702124615/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/24/us-venezuela-economy-idUSKCN0ID00A20141024">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Venezuela+seizes+warehouses+packed+with+medical+goods%2C+food&rft.date=2014-10-24&rft.aulast=Cawthorne&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-venezuela-economy-idUSKCN0ID00A20141024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/venezuela-nationalize-food-distribution-191734377.html">"Venezuela to nationalize food distribution"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504030533/http://news.yahoo.com/venezuela-nationalize-food-distribution-191734377.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezuela+to+nationalize+food+distribution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fvenezuela-nationalize-food-distribution-191734377.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/21/world/americas/venezuela-toilet-paper/">"Facing shortages, Venezuela takes over toilet paper factory"</a>. CNN. 21 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203054145/http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/21/world/americas/venezuela-toilet-paper/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Facing+shortages%2C+Venezuela+takes+over+toilet+paper+factory&rft.date=2013-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F09%2F21%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela-toilet-paper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBases2013" class="citation news cs1">Bases, Daniel (14 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/venezuela-downgrade-standardandpoors-idUSL2N0ET0Z120130617">"Update – S&P cuts Venezuela debt rating to B-minus"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031258/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/17/venezuela-downgrade-standardandpoors-idUSL2N0ET0Z120130617">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Update+%E2%80%93+S%26P+cuts+Venezuela+debt+rating+to+B-minus&rft.date=2013-12-14&rft.aulast=Bases&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fvenezuela-downgrade-standardandpoors-idUSL2N0ET0Z120130617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/20/venezuela-2016-inflation-hits-800-percent-gdp-shrinks-19-percent-document.html">"Venezuela 2016 inflation hits 800 percent, GDP shrinks 19 percent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. 20 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170429183703/http://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/20/venezuela-2016-inflation-hits-800-percent-gdp-shrinks-19-percent-document.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Venezuela+2016+inflation+hits+800+percent%2C+GDP+shrinks+19+percent&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2017%2F01%2F20%2Fvenezuela-2016-inflation-hits-800-percent-gdp-shrinks-19-percent-document.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosati,_Andrew2017" class="citation web cs1">Rosati, Andrew (11 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-11/goodbye-recession-hello-depression-venezuela-gdp-takes-10-hit">"Venezuela's Awful Economy Got Even Worse in 2016"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117070211/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-11/goodbye-recession-hello-depression-venezuela-gdp-takes-10-hit">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Awful+Economy+Got+Even+Worse+in+2016&rft.date=2017-01-11&rft.au=Rosati%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-01-11%2Fgoodbye-recession-hello-depression-venezuela-gdp-takes-10-hit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartenstein2017" class="citation news cs1">Bartenstein, Ben; et al. (1 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-14/venezuela-s-bondholder-meeting-is-a-bust-as-s-p-declares-default">"Venezuela's Bondholder Meeting Is a Bust as S&P Declares Default"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg.com">Bloomberg.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114061329/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-14/venezuela-s-bondholder-meeting-is-a-bust-as-s-p-declares-default">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Bondholder+Meeting+Is+a+Bust+as+S%26P+Declares+Default&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft.aulast=Bartenstein&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-11-14%2Fvenezuela-s-bondholder-meeting-is-a-bust-as-s-p-declares-default&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countryeconomy.com/ratings/venezuela">"Rating: Venezuela Credit Rating"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214033951/http://countryeconomy.com/ratings/venezuela">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rating%3A+Venezuela+Credit+Rating&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountryeconomy.com%2Fratings%2Fvenezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy/imf-projects-venezuela-inflation-will-hit-1000000-percent-in-2018-idUSKBN1KD2L9">"IMF projects Venezuela inflation will hit 1,000,000 percent in 2018"</a>. Reuters. 2 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823140805/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy/imf-projects-venezuela-inflation-will-hit-1000000-percent-in-2018-idUSKBN1KD2L9">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=IMF+projects+Venezuela+inflation+will+hit+1%2C000%2C000+percent+in+2018&rft.date=2018-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-venezuela-economy%2Fimf-projects-venezuela-inflation-will-hit-1000000-percent-in-2018-idUSKBN1KD2L9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrushaberGreenberg1997" class="citation book cs1">Brushaber, Susan; Greenberg, Arnold (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F7iKEMRJKxcC&q=los+roques+tourism&pg=PT73">Venezuela Alive</a>. Hunter Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55650-800-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55650-800-4"><bdi>978-1-55650-800-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129032909/https://books.google.com/books?id=F7iKEMRJKxcC&q=los+roques+tourism&pg=PT73#v=snippet&q=los%20roques%20tourism&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela+Alive&rft.pub=Hunter+Publishing%2C+Inc&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55650-800-4&rft.aulast=Brushaber&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF7iKEMRJKxcC%26q%3Dlos%2Broques%2Btourism%26pg%3DPT73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2014" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Mark (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTIiAwAAQBAJ&q=canaima+tourism&pg=PA162">The Community Tourism Guide: Exciting Holidays for Responsible Travellers</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-85466-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-85466-1"><bdi>978-1-317-85466-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129032905/https://books.google.com/books?id=lTIiAwAAQBAJ&q=canaima+tourism&pg=PA162#v=snippet&q=canaima%20tourism&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Community+Tourism+Guide%3A+Exciting+Holidays+for+Responsible+Travellers&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-85466-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlTIiAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcanaima%2Btourism%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDagert1993" class="citation book cs1">Dagert, Domingo Alberto Medina (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZw3xycJZUYC&q=merida+state+tourism">Community Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Tourism: "Los Aleros" Merida, Venezuela</a>. Michigan State University. Department of Park and Recreation Resources. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129033027/https://books.google.com/books?id=KZw3xycJZUYC&q=merida+state+tourism">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Perceptions+and+Attitudes+Toward+Tourism%3A+%22Los+Aleros%22+Merida%2C+Venezuela&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University.+Department+of+Park+and+Recreation+Resources&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Dagert&rft.aufirst=Domingo+Alberto+Medina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZw3xycJZUYC%26q%3Dmerida%2Bstate%2Btourism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist.com-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economist.com_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist.com_300-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2013/02/venezuela%E2%80%99s-currency">"Venezuela's currency: The not-so-strong bolívar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 11 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503020626/https://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2013/02/venezuela%E2%80%99s-currency">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+currency%3A+The+not-so-strong+bol%C3%ADvar&rft.date=2013-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Famericasview%2F2013%2F02%2Fvenezuela%25E2%2580%2599s-currency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qz.com-301"><a href="#cite_ref-qz.com_301-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qz.com/192395/venezuelas-black-market-rate-for-us-dollars-just-jumped-by-almost-40/#/h/56869,3/">"Venezuela's black market rate for US dollars just jumped by almost 40%"</a>. Quartz. 26 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413072804/https://qz.com/192395/venezuelas-black-market-rate-for-us-dollars-just-jumped-by-almost-40/#/h/56869,3/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+black+market+rate+for+US+dollars+just+jumped+by+almost+40%25&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F192395%2Fvenezuelas-black-market-rate-for-us-dollars-just-jumped-by-almost-40%2F%23%2Fh%2F56869%2C3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJseptDOWNGRADE-302"><a href="#cite_ref-WSJseptDOWNGRADE_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulaneyVyas2014" class="citation news cs1">Dulaney, Chelsey; Vyas, Kejal (16 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.wsj.com/articles/s-p-downgrades-venezuela-on-worsening-economy-1410907125">"S&P Downgrades Venezuela on Worsening Economy Rising Inflation, Economic Pressures Prompt Rating Cut"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140918020446/http://online.wsj.com/articles/s-p-downgrades-venezuela-on-worsening-economy-1410907125">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=S%26P+Downgrades+Venezuela+on+Worsening+Economy+Rising+Inflation%2C+Economic+Pressures+Prompt+Rating+Cut&rft.date=2014-09-16&rft.aulast=Dulaney&rft.aufirst=Chelsey&rft.au=Vyas%2C+Kejal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fs-p-downgrades-venezuela-on-worsening-economy-1410907125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACN-303"><a href="#cite_ref-ACN_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826135417/http://acn.com.ve/la-escasez-tambien-frena-tratamientos-contra-cancer/">"La escasez también frena tratamientos contra cáncer"</a> (in Spanish). Venezuela. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acn.com.ve/la-escasez-tambien-frena-tratamientos-contra-cancer/">the original</a> on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+escasez+tambi%C3%A9n+frena+tratamientos+contra+c%C3%A1ncer&rft.place=Venezuela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facn.com.ve%2Fla-escasez-tambien-frena-tratamientos-contra-cancer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-El_Nuevo_Herald-304"><a href="#cite_ref-El_Nuevo_Herald_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113732/http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/03/19/1705888/venezuela-sufre-escasez-de-protesis.html">"Venezuela sufre escasez de prótesis mamarias"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/El_Nuevo_Herald" title="El Nuevo Herald">El Nuevo Herald</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/03/19/1705888/venezuela-sufre-escasez-de-protesis.html">the original</a> on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuela+sufre+escasez+de+pr%C3%B3tesis+mamarias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnuevoherald.com%2F2014%2F03%2F19%2F1705888%2Fvenezuela-sufre-escasez-de-protesis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-305"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-30710014">"Why are Venezuelans posting pictures of empty shelves?"</a>. BBC. 8 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429221805/http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-30710014">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+are+Venezuelans+posting+pictures+of+empty+shelves%3F&rft.date=2015-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs-trending-30710014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-REUTjan2015-306"><a href="#cite_ref-REUTjan2015_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawthorne2015" class="citation news cs1">Cawthorne, Andrew (21 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-shortages-idUSKBN0KU1BX20150121">"In shortages-hit Venezuela, lining up becomes a profession"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151115012641/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/21/us-venezuela-shortages-idUSKBN0KU1BX20150121">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=In+shortages-hit+Venezuela%2C+lining+up+becomes+a+profession&rft.date=2015-01-21&rft.aulast=Cawthorne&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-venezuela-shortages-idUSKBN0KU1BX20150121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2016" class="citation news cs1">MacDonald, Elizabeth (26 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160707182016/http://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/2016/05/26/exclusive-harrowing-video-shows-starving-venezuelans-eating-garbage-looting.html">"Exclusive: Harrowing Video Shows Starving Venezuelans Eating Garbage, Looting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/2016/05/26/exclusive-harrowing-video-shows-starving-venezuelans-eating-garbage-looting.html">the original</a> on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Harrowing+Video+Shows+Starving+Venezuelans+Eating+Garbage%2C+Looting&rft.date=2016-05-26&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxbusiness.com%2Fpolitics%2F2016%2F05%2F26%2Fexclusive-harrowing-video-shows-starving-venezuelans-eating-garbage-looting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez2016" class="citation news cs1">Sanchez, Fabiola (8 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331095757/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/5ee6b03daee141c3b89d419ecadcc7fa/venezuelans-pick-through-trash-food-eat-or-sell">"As hunger mounts, Venezuelans turn to trash for food"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 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Retrieved 12 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=As+hunger+mounts%2C+Venezuelans+turn+to+trash+for+food&rft.date=2016-06-08&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Fabiola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2F5ee6b03daee141c3b89d419ecadcc7fa%2Fvenezuelans-pick-through-trash-food-eat-or-sell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/multimedia/mangoes-fill-the-gaps-in-venezuela-s-food-crisis-1.3620964">"Mangoes fill the gaps in Venezuela's food crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 7 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102004401/https://www.cbc.ca/news/multimedia/mangoes-fill-the-gaps-in-venezuela-s-food-crisis-1.3620964">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mangoes+fill+the+gaps+in+Venezuela%27s+food+crisis&rft.date=2016-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fmultimedia%2Fmangoes-fill-the-gaps-in-venezuela-s-food-crisis-1.3620964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/22/475250605/venezuela-announces-daily-4-hour-power-cuts-amid-drought">Venezuela Announces Daily 4-Hour Power Cuts Amid Drought : The Two-Way</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728191142/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/22/475250605/venezuela-announces-daily-4-hour-power-cuts-amid-drought">Archived</a> 28 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved 15 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezuela+Energy+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feia.gov%2Fcountry%2Fcountry_energy_data.cfm%3Ffips%3DVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988">, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a>. 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Retrieved 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuadro+Magnitud+y+Estructura+Demogr%C3%A1fica&rft.pub=Ine.gob.ve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.gob.ve%2Fdemografica%2Fsalidadistribucion.asp%3FTt%3DCuadro229%26cuadro%3Dcuadro229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-327"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. 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Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENHaug28-329">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ENHaug28_329-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENHaug28_329-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Delgado2014" class="citation news cs1">Maria Delgado, Antonio (28 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140827193549/http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html">"Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros"</a>. El Nuevo Herald. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html">the original</a> on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuela+agobiada+por+la+fuga+masiva+de+cerebros&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft.aulast=Maria+Delgado&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnuevoherald.com%2F2014%2F08%2F26%2F1828337%2Fvenezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elimpulso23AUG-330">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elimpulso23AUG_330-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elimpulso23AUG_330-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elimpulso.com/articulo/el-90-de-los-venezolanos-que-se-van-tienen-formacion-universitaria">"El 90% de los venezolanos que se van tienen formación universitaria"</a>. El Impulso. 23 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017034551/http://elimpulso.com/articulo/el-90-de-los-venezolanos-que-se-van-tienen-formacion-universitaria">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=El+90%25+de+los+venezolanos+que+se+van+tienen+formaci%C3%B3n+universitaria&rft.date=2014-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felimpulso.com%2Farticulo%2Fel-90-de-los-venezolanos-que-se-van-tienen-formacion-universitaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenítez,_Deivis2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benítez, Deivis (2011) [Updated 13 August 2012]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234901/http://www.minpi.gob.ve/minpi/es/noticias/1548-np1428">"Poblaciones Indígenas en aumento según censo poblacional 2011"</a> (in Spanish). PRENSA MINPPPI. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minpi.gob.ve/minpi/es/noticias/1548-np1428">the original</a> on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Poblaciones+Ind%C3%ADgenas+en+aumento+seg%C3%BAn+censo+poblacional+2011&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Ben%C3%ADtez%2C+Deivis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minpi.gob.ve%2Fminpi%2Fes%2Fnoticias%2F1548-np1428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Los resultados arrojados por el censo poblacional realizado por el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas en el 2011 demuestra que las poblaciones indígenas ha aumentado progresivamente con respecto al censo del año 2001. Según los datos estadísticos publicados por el INE, el total de población que se declaró indígena por sexo, arrojó un resultado de 50,46% hombre y 49,54% mujeres representando 365.920 hombres y 359.208 mujeres para un total de 725.148 personas que se declararon indígenas de Venezuela. Así mismo, se tomó el porcentaje de población por entidad donde el estado Zulia es la entidad con más indígenas con un 61%, seguido del estado Amazonas con 10%, Bolívar con un 8%, Delta Amacuro con 6%, Anzoátegui 5%, Sucre 3%, Apure y Monagas 2% mientras que en otras entidades existe un 3% de población indígena. Entre tanto, los pueblos indígenas con mayor población se encuentran los Wayuu 58%, Warao 7%, Kariña 5%, Pemón 4%, Piaroa, Jivi, Añu, Cumanágoto 3%, Yukpa, Chaima 2%, el pueblo Yanomami 1% y otros pueblos con un 9%. </div></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodinho2008" class="citation web cs1">Godinho, Neide Maria de Oliveira (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162307/http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_arquivos/36/TDE-2008-08-21T100337Z-3085/Publico/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf">"O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas"</a> (PDF). Universidade de Brasília. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873">the original</a> on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+impacto+das+migra%C3%A7%C3%B5es+na+constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o+gen%C3%A9tica+de+popula%C3%A7%C3%B5es+latino-americanas&rft.pub=Universidade+de+Bras%C3%ADlia&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Godinho&rft.aufirst=Neide+Maria+de+Oliveira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdtd.bce.unb.br%2Ftedesimplificado%2Ftde_busca%2Farquivo.php%3FcodArquivo%3D3873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jml34/Canary.htm">"The Spanish of the Canary Islands"</a>. personal.psu.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320082713/http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jml34/Canary.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=personal.psu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+of+the+Canary+Islands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.personal.psu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fj%2Fm%2Fjml34%2FCanary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mites.gob.es/es/mundo/consejerias/venezuela/emigracion/contenidos/datosSocio.htm">"Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social"</a>. www.mites.gob.es. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429194556/https://www.mites.gob.es/es/mundo/consejerias/venezuela/emigracion/contenidos/datosSocio.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mites.gob.es&rft.atitle=Ministerio+de+Trabajo+y+Econom%C3%ADa+Social&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mites.gob.es%2Fes%2Fmundo%2Fconsejerias%2Fvenezuela%2Femigracion%2Fcontenidos%2FdatosSocio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErichsen" class="citation web cs1">Erichsen, Gerald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906183124/http://spanish.about.com/od/Country-Highlights/tp/Facts-About-Venezuela-for-Spanish-Students.htm">"Facts About Venezuela for Spanish Students"</a>. About. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spanish.about.com/od/Country-Highlights/tp/Facts-About-Venezuela-for-Spanish-Students.htm">the original</a> on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+About+Venezuela+for+Spanish+Students&rft.pub=About&rft.aulast=Erichsen&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspanish.about.com%2Fod%2FCountry-Highlights%2Ftp%2FFacts-About-Venezuela-for-Spanish-Students.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grancanariainfo.co.uk/culture.asp">"Gran Canaria Culture"</a>. GranCanariaInfo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624141850/http://www.grancanariainfo.co.uk/culture.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gran+Canaria+Culture&rft.pub=GranCanariaInfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grancanariainfo.co.uk%2Fculture.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sazonlatinorestaurant.com/history">"History"</a>. Sazon Latino Restaurant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529215505/http://sazonlatinorestaurant.com/history">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Sazon+Latino+Restaurant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsazonlatinorestaurant.com%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalder2014" class="citation news cs1">Calder, Simon (31 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/secret-canaries-explore-these-warm-volcanic-islands-all-year-round-9831652.html">"Secret Canaries: Explore these warm volcanic islands all year round"</a>. The Independent. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220811/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/secret-canaries-explore-these-warm-volcanic-islands-all-year-round-9831652.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Secret+Canaries%3A+Explore+these+warm+volcanic+islands+all+year+round&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fafrica%2Fsecret-canaries-explore-these-warm-volcanic-islands-all-year-round-9831652.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossCalder2009" class="citation news cs1">Ross, Ben; Calder, Simon (5 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925234956/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/tale-of-two-travellers-the-two-sides-of-the-canaries-1834321.html">"Tale of Two Travellers: The two sides of the Canaries"</a>. The Independent. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/tale-of-two-travellers-the-two-sides-of-the-canaries-1834321.html">the original</a> on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Tale+of+Two+Travellers%3A+The+two+sides+of+the+Canaries&rft.date=2009-12-05&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Calder%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Feurope%2Ftale-of-two-travellers-the-two-sides-of-the-canaries-1834321.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romero2010-340">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Romero2010_340-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romero2010_340-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2010" class="citation news cs1">Romero, Simon (7 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/world/americas/07venez.html?_r=0">"In Venezuela, a New Wave of Foreigners"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203032543/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/world/americas/07venez.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Venezuela%2C+a+New+Wave+of+Foreigners&rft.date=2010-11-07&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F11%2F07%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F07venez.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PadillaPeixoto2007-341">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PadillaPeixoto2007_341-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PadillaPeixoto2007_341-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadillaPeixoto2007" class="citation web cs1">Padilla, Beatriz; Peixoto, Joāo (28 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/latin-american-immigration-southern-europe">"Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe"</a>. Migration Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150622101652/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/latin-american-immigration-southern-europe">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+American+Immigration+to+Southern+Europe&rft.pub=Migration+Policy&rft.date=2007-06-28&rft.aulast=Padilla&rft.aufirst=Beatriz&rft.au=Peixoto%2C+Jo%C4%81o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Farticle%2Flatin-american-immigration-southern-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooke1992-342">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooke1992_342-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooke1992_342-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooke1992_342-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke1992" class="citation news cs1">Brooke, James (17 February 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/17/world/latin-america-offers-new-world-to-east-europe-emigrants.html">"Latin America Offers 'New World' to East Europe Emigrants"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526054830/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/17/world/latin-america-offers-new-world-to-east-europe-emigrants.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Latin+America+Offers+%27New+World%27+to+East+Europe+Emigrants&rft.date=1992-02-17&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F02%2F17%2Fworld%2Flatin-america-offers-new-world-to-east-europe-emigrants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Refugee_Survey_2008-343"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Refugee_Survey_2008_343-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429171446/http://www.refugees.org/article.aspx?id=2114&subm=179&area=Investigate">"World Refugee Survey 2008"</a>. U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refugees.org/article.aspx?id=2114&subm=179&area=Investigate">the original</a> on 29 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Refugee+Survey+2008&rft.date=2008-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refugees.org%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D2114%26subm%3D179%26area%3DInvestigate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/venezuela/12.htm">Venezuela – Population</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012080622/http://countrystudies.us/venezuela/12.htm">Archived</a> 12 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. U.S. Library of Congress. </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=95&Itemid=9#">> Censos de población y vivienda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719020310/http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=95&Itemid=9">Archived</a> 19 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. INE (23 February 2012). Retrieved on 16 April 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue-346">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_346-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_346-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/VE">"Venezuela"</a>. Ethnologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220404014153/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/VE">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Venezuela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernasconi2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bernasconi, Giulia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202192545/https://www.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doajarticles::e2c6e2d8ae5915079007d321c21defb0">"L'Italiano in Venezuela"</a>. Italiano LinguaDue (in Italian). 3 (2): 20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13130%2F2037-3597%2F1921">10.13130/2037-3597/1921</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doajarticles::e2c6e2d8ae5915079007d321c21defb0">the original</a> on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017. <q>L'italiano come lingua acquisita o riacquisita è largamente diffuso in Venezuela: recenti studi stimano circa 200.000 studenti di italiano nel Paese</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italiano+LinguaDue&rft.atitle=L%27Italiano+in+Venezuela&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13130%2F2037-3597%2F1921&rft.aulast=Bernasconi&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openaire.eu%2Fsearch%2Fpublication%3FarticleId%3Ddoajarticles%3A%3Ae2c6e2d8ae5915079007d321c21defb0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-venezuela.html">"What Languages Are Spoken in Venezuela?"</a>. WorldAtlas. Retrieved 17 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=What+Languages+Are+Spoken+in+Venezuela%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-languages-are-spoken-in-venezuela.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddicks2012" class="citation book cs1">Maddicks, Russell (1 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3cU-AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT61">Venezuela – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture</a>. Kuperard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85733-661-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85733-661-0"><bdi>978-1-85733-661-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela+%E2%80%93+Culture+Smart%21%3A+The+Essential+Guide+to+Customs+%26+Culture&rft.pub=Kuperard&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85733-661-0&rft.aulast=Maddicks&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3cU-AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerreira" class="citation web cs1">Ferreira, Jo-Anne S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7134415">"Patuá in Paria: The Status of French-lexicon Creole in Venezuela (pre-published version)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patu%C3%A1+in+Paria%3A+The+Status+of+French-lexicon+Creole+in+Venezuela+%28pre-published+version%29&rft.aulast=Ferreira&rft.aufirst=Jo-Anne+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7134415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-grumilla-351">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grumilla_351-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grumilla_351-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguire2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aguire, Jesus Maria (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024236/http://www.gumilla.org/biblioteca/bases/biblo/texto/SIC2012745_211-222.pdf">"Informe Sociográfico sobre la religión en Venezuela"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). El Centro Gumilla. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gumilla.org/biblioteca/bases/biblo/texto/SIC2012745_211-222.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Informe+Sociogr%C3%A1fico+sobre+la+religi%C3%B3n+en+Venezuela&rft.date=2012-06&rft.aulast=Aguire&rft.aufirst=Jesus+Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gumilla.org%2Fbiblioteca%2Fbases%2Fbiblo%2Ftexto%2FSIC2012745_211-222.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khalifa_2013_loc=6-7-352">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khalifa_2013_loc=6-7_352-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khalifa_2013_loc=6-7_352-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhalifa2013">Khalifa 2013</a>, 6-7 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKhalifa2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/more-venezuelans-immigrate-lebanon-crisis-escalates-n783106">"As crisis deepens, more Venezuelans are emigrating to Lebanon"</a>. NBC News. 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=As+crisis+deepens%2C+more+Venezuelans+are+emigrating+to+Lebanon&rft.date=2017-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Flatino%2Fmore-venezuelans-immigrate-lebanon-crisis-escalates-n783106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-354">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_354-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_354-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juf.org/news/jerusalem.aspx?id=451177">"Sending relief--and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 6 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Sending+relief--and+a+message+of+inclusion+and+love%E2%80%94to+our+Druze+sisters+and+brothers&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.juf.org%2Fnews%2Fjerusalem.aspx%3Fid%3D451177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-amama.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1110">"Tariq Alaiseme [reportedly to be] vice-president of Venezuela"</a> (in Arabic). Aamama. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tariq+Alaiseme+%5Breportedly+to+be%5D+vice-president+of+Venezuela&rft.pub=Aamama&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-amama.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988">: Referring governor <a href="/wiki/Tareck_El_Aissami" title="Tareck El Aissami">Tareck El Aissami</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurricane-356"><a href="#cite_ref-Hurricane_356-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThor_Halvorssen_Mendoza2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thor_Halvorssen_Mendoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Thor Halvorssen Mendoza">Thor Halvorssen Mendoza</a> (8 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520091903/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/903jhsjt.asp?pg=1">"Hurricane Hugo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a>. 10 (44). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/903jhsjt.asp?pg=1">the original</a> on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekly+Standard&rft.atitle=Hurricane+Hugo&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=44&rft.date=2005-08-08&rft.au=Thor+Halvorssen+Mendoza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklystandard.com%2FContent%2FPublic%2FArticles%2F000%2F000%2F005%2F903jhsjt.asp%3Fpg%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SRI-357"><a href="#cite_ref-SRI_357-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2004/venezuela.htm">Annual Report 2004: Venezuela.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061023195546/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2004/venezuela.htm">Archived</a> 23 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a>. Accessed 11 August 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> Berrios, Jerry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/news/display.php?NewsID=11060">S. Fla. Venezuelans: Chavez incites anti-Semitism.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306053937/http://pewforum.org/news/display.php?NewsID=11060">Archived</a> 6 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Miami Herald, 10 August 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.org/main_International_Affairs/venezuela_anti_semitism_report.htm">The Chavez Regime: Fostering Anti-Semitism and Supporting Radical Islam.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604042755/http://www.adl.org/main_International_Affairs/venezuela_anti_semitism_report.htm">Archived</a> 4 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>, 6 November 2006. Accessed 3 April 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-TOERaid-360"><a href="#cite_ref-TOERaid_360-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRueda2007" class="citation news cs1">Rueda, Jorge (4 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408072903/http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/world/20071204-1410-venezuela-raid.html">"Jewish leaders condemn police raid on community center in Venezuela"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U-T_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="U-T San Diego">U-T San Diego</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/world/20071204-1410-venezuela-raid.html">the original</a> on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jewish+leaders+condemn+police+raid+on+community+center+in+Venezuela&rft.date=2007-12-04&rft.aulast=Rueda&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.utsandiego.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F20071204-1410-venezuela-raid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJjan2015-361"><a href="#cite_ref-AJjan2015_361-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/02/adl-denounces-anti-semitic-graffiti-sprayed-on-synagogue-in-venezuela/">"ADL Denounces Anti-Semitic Graffiti Sprayed on Synagogue in Venezuela"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Algemeiner_Journal" title="Algemeiner Journal">Algemeiner Journal</a>. 2 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ADL+Denounces+Anti-Semitic+Graffiti+Sprayed+on+Synagogue+in+Venezuela&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.algemeiner.com%2F2015%2F01%2F02%2Fadl-denounces-anti-semitic-graffiti-sprayed-on-synagogue-in-venezuela%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venezuela_Information_Office-362"><a href="#cite_ref-Venezuela_Information_Office_362-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614053914/http://www.rethinkvenezuela.com/downloads/Healthcare%20for%20All.htm">"Health Care for All: Venezuela's Health Missions at Work"</a>. Venezuela Information Office. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rethinkvenezuela.com/downloads/Healthcare%20for%20All.htm">the original</a> on 14 June 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+Care+for+All%3A+Venezuela%27s+Health+Missions+at+Work&rft.pub=Venezuela+Information+Office&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rethinkvenezuela.com%2Fdownloads%2FHealthcare%2520for%2520All.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro2008" class="citation web cs1">Castro, Arachu (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090512013213/http://www.drclas.harvard.edu/revista/articles/view/1114">"Barrio adentro a look at the origins of a social mission"</a>. David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University. 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Editorial Alfa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-16687-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-16687-13-8"><bdi>978-84-16687-13-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela%3A+1498-1728%3A+Conquista+y+urbanizaci%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Editorial+Alfa&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft.isbn=978-84-16687-13-8&rft.aulast=Lucca&rft.aufirst=Rafael+Arr%C3%A1iz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0hJ5DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Despa%25C3%25B1oles%2Bvenezuela%2B1498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasparini1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gasparini, Graziano (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eMQYAAAAYAAJ&q=arquitectura+colonial+venezuela">La arquitectura colonial en Venezuela</a> (in Spanish). Ediciones Armitano.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+arquitectura+colonial+en+Venezuela&rft.pub=Ediciones+Armitano&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Gasparini&rft.aufirst=Graziano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeMQYAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Darquitectura%2Bcolonial%2Bvenezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOjanguren1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ojanguren, Montserrat Gárate (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_NUAAAACAAJ">La Real Compañía Guipuzcoana de Caracas</a> (in Spanish). Sociedad Guipuzcoana de Ediciones y Publicaciones. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7173-156-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7173-156-2"><bdi>978-84-7173-156-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Real+Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa+Guipuzcoana+de+Caracas&rft.pub=Sociedad+Guipuzcoana+de+Ediciones+y+Publicaciones&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-84-7173-156-2&rft.aulast=Ojanguren&rft.aufirst=Montserrat+G%C3%A1rate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_NUAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasparini1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gasparini, Graziano (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lV0wAQAAIAAJ&q=coro+patrimonio+mundial">Coro: patrimonio mundial</a> (in Spanish). Armitano. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-216-125-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-216-125-6"><bdi>978-980-216-125-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coro%3A+patrimonio+mundial&rft.pub=Armitano&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-980-216-125-6&rft.aulast=Gasparini&rft.aufirst=Graziano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlV0wAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dcoro%2Bpatrimonio%2Bmundial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontauban1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montauban, Leopoldo Jahn (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7eAYAAAAYAAJ&q=iglesia+colonia+tovar">La Colonia Tovar y su gente</a> (in Spanish). Banco Provincial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-07-0220-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-07-0220-8"><bdi>978-980-07-0220-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Colonia+Tovar+y+su+gente&rft.pub=Banco+Provincial&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-980-07-0220-8&rft.aulast=Montauban&rft.aufirst=Leopoldo+Jahn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7eAYAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Diglesia%2Bcolonia%2Btovar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENg200431-388"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENg200431_388-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNg2004">Ng 2004</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAponte200845-389">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAponte200845_389-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAponte200845_389-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAponte2008">Aponte 2008</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarverFrederick200610-390">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarverFrederick200610_390-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarverFrederick200610_390-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarverFrederick200610_390-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarverFrederick2006">Tarver & Frederick 2006</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFichner-Ratus2012519-391"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFichner-Ratus2012519_391-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFichner-Ratus2012">Fichner-Ratus 2012</a>, p. 519. </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvera2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Silvera, Yohana (10 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724162507/http://www.talcualdigital.com/Nota/41697/Poesia-En-Objetos">"Poesía en objetos"</a> (in Spanish). TalCualDigital. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.talcualdigital.com/Nota/41697/Poesia-En-Objetos">the original</a> on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poes%C3%ADa+en+objetos&rft.pub=TalCualDigital&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.aulast=Silvera&rft.aufirst=Yohana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talcualdigital.com%2FNota%2F41697%2FPoesia-En-Objetos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702042820/http://www.latintrails.com/venezuela-info">"Information"</a>. Latin Trails. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latintrails.com/venezuela-info">the original</a> on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information&rft.pub=Latin+Trails&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latintrails.com%2Fvenezuela-info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECortés20132134-394"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECortés20132134_394-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCortés2013">Cortés 2013</a>, p. 2134. </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016050959/http://www.turpialtravel.com/countries/key-facts-venezuela.html">"Key Facts Venezuela"</a>. Turpial Travel & Adventure. 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Retrieved 13 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Universal&rft.atitle=Rock+and+MAU+sonar%C3%A1+bajo+las+nubes+de+Calder&rft.date=2014-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversal.com%2Farte-y-entretenimiento%2F141208%2Frock-and-mau-sonara-bajo-las-nubes-de-calder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández_B.2015" class="citation news cs1">Fernández B., María Gabriela (14 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com/arte-y-entretenimiento/150314/el-jazz-es-el-lenguaje-universal-de-la-musica-popular">"El jazz es el lenguaje universal de la música popular"</a>. El Universal. Retrieved 13 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Universal&rft.atitle=El+jazz+es+el+lenguaje+universal+de+la+m%C3%BAsica+popular&rft.date=2015-03-14&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+B.&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Gabriela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversal.com%2Farte-y-entretenimiento%2F150314%2Fel-jazz-es-el-lenguaje-universal-de-la-musica-popular&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsenSheehy2007" class="citation book cs1">Olsen, Dale; Sheehy, Daniel (2007). The Garland Handbook of Latin American Music. Routledge. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-90008-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-90008-3"><bdi>978-1-135-90008-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Handbook+of+Latin+American+Music&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-90008-3&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft.au=Sheehy%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie2014" class="citation book cs1">Christie, Jan Fairley (2014). Living politics, making music : the writings of Jan Fairley. Ashgate Publishing. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-1266-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-1266-9"><bdi>978-1-4724-1266-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+politics%2C+making+music+%3A+the+writings+of+Jan+Fairley&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-1266-9&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Jan+Fairley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholsMorse2010306-400"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholsMorse2010306_400-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholsMorse2010">Nichols & Morse 2010</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrope200337-401">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrope200337_401-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrope200337_401-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWardrope2003">Wardrope 2003</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJozsa201312-402"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJozsa201312_402-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJozsa2013">Jozsa 2013</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson200618-403">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson200618_403-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson200618_403-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibson2006">Gibson 2006</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholsMorse2010307-404"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholsMorse2010307_404-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicholsMorse2010">Nichols & Morse 2010</a>, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAalgaard200454-405">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAalgaard200454_405-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAalgaard200454_405-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAalgaard2004">Aalgaard 2004</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205191359/http://www.conmebol.com/articulos_ver.jsp?id=61730&slangab=E">"Copa America: a new cycle begins and the revolving calendar remains"</a>. CONMEBOL. 21 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conmebol.com/articulos_ver.jsp?id=61730&slangab=E">the original</a> on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copa+America%3A+a+new+cycle+begins+and+the+revolving+calendar+remains&rft.pub=CONMEBOL&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conmebol.com%2Farticulos_ver.jsp%3Fid%3D61730%26slangab%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strickland2015-407"><a href="#cite_ref-Strickland2015_407-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrickland2015" class="citation web cs1">Strickland, Jamie (12 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/formula1/32275593">"Pastor Maldonado: Does 'Crashtor' deserve his bad reputation?"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pastor+Maldonado%3A+Does+%27Crashtor%27+deserve+his+bad+reputation%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2015-04-12&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2F0%2Fformula1%2F32275593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontiel" class="citation web cs1">Montiel, Santiago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706181313/http://spartannewsroom.com/changeup/article/blog/formula-1-needs-more-attention-united-states">"Formula 1 needs more attention in the United States"</a>. Spartan Newsroon. 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Retrieved 6 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Formula+1+needs+more+attention+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Spartan+Newsroon&rft.aulast=Montiel&rft.aufirst=Santiago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspartannewsroom.com%2Fchangeup%2Farticle%2Fblog%2Fformula-1-needs-more-attention-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120807221821/http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/fencing/fencer-ruben-limardo-returns-to-heros-welcome-in-venezuela.html">"Fencer Ruben Limardo returns to hero's welcome in Venezuela"</a>. NBC Olympics. 7 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/fencing/fencer-ruben-limardo-returns-to-heros-welcome-in-venezuela.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fencer+Ruben+Limardo+returns+to+hero%27s+welcome+in+Venezuela&rft.pub=NBC+Olympics&rft.date=2012-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcolympics.com%2Fnews-blogs%2Ffencing%2Ffencer-ruben-limardo-returns-to-heros-welcome-in-venezuela.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon2004" class="citation journal cs1">Cannon, Barry (21 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0261-3050.2004.00109.x">"Venezuela, April 2002: Coup or Popular Rebellion? The Myth of a United Venezuela"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_Latin_American_Research" title="Bulletin of Latin American Research">Bulletin of Latin American Research</a>. 23 (3): 285–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0261-3050.2004.00109.x">10.1111/j.0261-3050.2004.00109.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56445250">56445250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Latin+American+Research&rft.atitle=Venezuela%2C+April+2002%3A+Coup+or+Popular+Rebellion%3F+The+Myth+of+a+United+Venezuela&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-302&rft.date=2004-06-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0261-3050.2004.00109.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56445250%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.0261-3050.2004.00109.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAalgaard2004" class="citation book cs1">Aalgaard, Wendy (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSlsKvev-QkC">Venezuela in Pictures</a>. Lerner Pub Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-1172-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-1172-4"><bdi>978-0-8225-1172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela+in+Pictures&rft.pub=Lerner+Pub+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-1172-4&rft.aulast=Aalgaard&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSlsKvev-QkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAponte2008" class="citation book cs1">Aponte, Pedro Rafael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106184644/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk8N_C1Gk48C">The Invention of the National in Venezuelan Art Music, 1920–1960</a>. University of Pittsburgh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-109-05320-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-109-05320-3"><bdi>978-1-109-05320-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk8N_C1Gk48C">the original</a> on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+the+National+in+Venezuelan+Art+Music%2C+1920%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-109-05320-3&rft.aulast=Aponte&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGk8N_C1Gk48C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Carroll, Rory. Comandante: Hugo Chávez's Venezuela (Penguin Books, 2014).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChasteen2001" class="citation book cs1">Chasteen, John Charles (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borninbloodfirec00chas">Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America</a>. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05048-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05048-6"><bdi>978-0-393-05048-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+in+Blood+and+Fire%3A+A+Concise+History+of+Latin+America&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05048-6&rft.aulast=Chasteen&rft.aufirst=John+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fborninbloodfirec00chas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChávez2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez, Hugo</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511182837/http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/misc-view/sharedfiles/Metas_Milenio.pdf">Cumpliendo las metas del milenio</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). CDBpublicaciones. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-6456-12-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-6456-12-9"><bdi>978-980-6456-12-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/misc-view/sharedfiles/Metas_Milenio.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cumpliendo+las+metas+del+milenio&rft.pub=CDBpublicaciones&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-980-6456-12-9&rft.aulast=Ch%C3%A1vez&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gobiernoenlinea.ve%2Fmisc-view%2Fsharedfiles%2FMetas_Milenio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoronil1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Coronil" title="Fernando Coronil">Coronil, Fernando</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecTWdRNSJCcC">The magical state: nature, money, and modernity in Venezuela</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-11602-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-11602-0"><bdi>978-0-226-11602-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+magical+state%3A+nature%2C+money%2C+and+modernity+in+Venezuela&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-226-11602-0&rft.aulast=Coronil&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DecTWdRNSJCcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortés2013" class="citation book cs1">Cortés, Carlos E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ1zAwAAQBAJ">Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia</a>. SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-1683-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-1683-6"><bdi>978-1-4522-1683-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+America%3A+A+Multimedia+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-1683-6&rft.aulast=Cort%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Carlos+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQ1zAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrow1980" class="citation book cs1">Crow, JA (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow">Epic of Latin America</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04107-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04107-3"><bdi>978-0-520-04107-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+of+Latin+America&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04107-3&rft.aulast=Crow&rft.aufirst=JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepicoflatinameri00crow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickey1892" class="citation book cs1">Dickey, John Marcus (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christophercolum00dick">Christopher Columbus and his monument Columbia: being a concordance of choice tributes to the great Genoese, his grand discovery, and his greatness of mind and purpose</a>. Rand, McNally & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4460-2044-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4460-2044-9"><bdi>978-1-4460-2044-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christopher+Columbus+and+his+monument+Columbia%3A+being+a+concordance+of+choice+tributes+to+the+great+Genoese%2C+his+grand+discovery%2C+and+his+greatness+of+mind+and+purpose&rft.pub=Rand%2C+McNally+%26+Co.&rft.date=1892&rft.isbn=978-1-4460-2044-9&rft.aulast=Dickey&rft.aufirst=John+Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristophercolum00dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDydynskiBeech2004" class="citation book cs1">Dydynski, Krzysztof; Beech, Charlotte (2004). Venezuela. Lonely Planet Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-197-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-197-2"><bdi>978-1-74104-197-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-197-2&rft.aulast=Dydynski&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft.au=Beech%2C+Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwell1984" class="citation book cs1">Ewell, Judith (1984). Venezuela: A Century of Change. C. Hurst & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905838-36-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905838-36-6"><bdi>978-0-905838-36-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela%3A+A+Century+of+Change&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-905838-36-6&rft.aulast=Ewell&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFichner-Ratus2012" class="citation book cs1">Fichner-Ratus, Lois (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oVAKAAAAQBAJ">Understanding Art</a> (10th ed.). Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83695-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83695-5"><bdi>978-1-111-83695-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Art&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-111-83695-5&rft.aulast=Fichner-Ratus&rft.aufirst=Lois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoVAKAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgia_Country_Study_Guide_Volume_1_Strategic_Information_and_Developments2013" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hQWWBQAAQBAJ">Georgia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments</a>. Int'l Business Publications, USA. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4387-7443-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4387-7443-5"><bdi>978-1-4387-7443-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia+Country+Study+Guide+Volume+1+Strategic+Information+and+Developments&rft.pub=Int%27l+Business+Publications%2C+USA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4387-7443-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhQWWBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2006" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Karen Bush (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKl7nfQPb3wC">Venezuela: A Question and Answer Book</a>. Capstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7368-6413-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7368-6413-8"><bdi>978-0-7368-6413-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela%3A+A+Question+and+Answer+Book&rft.pub=Capstone&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7368-6413-8&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Karen+Bush&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKl7nfQPb3wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGott2005" class="citation book cs1">Gott, Richard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ft6AyMxG4JEC">Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution</a>. Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-533-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-533-3"><bdi>978-1-84467-533-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez+and+the+Bolivarian+Revolution&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-533-3&rft.aulast=Gott&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dft6AyMxG4JEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1992" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Desmond (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V2hBAHD9BOUC">Brute New World: The Rediscovery of Latin America in the Early 19th Century</a>. British American Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-567-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-567-9"><bdi>978-1-85043-567-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brute+New+World%3A+The+Rediscovery+of+Latin+America+in+the+Early+19th+Century&rft.pub=British+American+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-567-9&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV2hBAHD9BOUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeritage2002" class="citation book cs1">Heritage, Andrew (December 2002). Financial Times World Desk Reference. <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-8805-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-8805-3"><bdi>978-0-7894-8805-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financial+Times+World+Desk+Reference&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2002-12&rft.isbn=978-0-7894-8805-3&rft.aulast=Heritage&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJozsa2013" class="citation book cs1">Jozsa, Frank P. 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Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9245-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9245-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-9245-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baseball+beyond+Borders%3A+From+Distant+Lands+to+the+Major+Leagues&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-9245-3&rft.aulast=Jozsa&rft.aufirst=Frank+P.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwULyAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellyPalma2006" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Janet; Palma, Perdo A. 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The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8428-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8428-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-8428-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10%3A+The+Syndrome+of+Economic+Decline+and+the+Quest+for+Change&rft.btitle=The+Unraveling+of+Representative+Democracy+in+Venezuela&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8428-3&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Palma%2C+Perdo+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrtJVhJZF6WgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKipfer2000" class="citation book cs1">Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46158-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46158-3"><bdi>978-0-306-46158-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46158-3&rft.aulast=Kipfer&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_Maya2005" class="citation book cs1">López Maya, Margarita (2005). "Venezuela 2002–2003: Polarisation, Confrontation, and Violence". In Goumbri, Olivia Burlingame (ed.). The Venezuela Reader: The Building of a People's Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Epica Task Force. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918346-35-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918346-35-3"><bdi>978-0-918346-35-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Venezuela+2002%E2%80%932003%3A+Polarisation%2C+Confrontation%2C+and+Violence&rft.btitle=The+Venezuela+Reader%3A+The+Building+of+a+People%27s+Democracy&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Epica+Task+Force&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-918346-35-3&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+Maya&rft.aufirst=Margarita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMárquezEduardo2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laureano_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Laureano Márquez">Márquez, Laureano</a>; Eduardo, Sanabria (2018). "La democracia pierde energía". Historieta de Venezuela: De Macuro a Maduro (1st ed.). Gráficas Pedrazas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7328777-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7328777-1-9"><bdi>978-1-7328777-1-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+democracia+pierde+energ%C3%ADa&rft.btitle=Historieta+de+Venezuela%3A+De+Macuro+a+Maduro&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Gr%C3%A1ficas+Pedrazas&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-7328777-1-9&rft.aulast=M%C3%A1rquez&rft.aufirst=Laureano&rft.au=Eduardo%2C+Sanabria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassabié2008" class="citation book cs1">Massabié, Germán (2008). Venezuela: A Petro-State Using Renewable Energies. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-531-15994-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-531-15994-2"><bdi>978-3-531-15994-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela%3A+A+Petro-State+Using+Renewable+Energies&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-531-15994-2&rft.aulast=Massabi%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Germ%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBeth2002" class="citation book cs1">McBeth, B. S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU71u8ZKvnEC">Juan Vicente Gómez and the Oil Companies in Venezuela, 1908–1935</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89218-6"><bdi>978-0-521-89218-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juan+Vicente+G%C3%B3mez+and+the+Oil+Companies+in+Venezuela%2C+1908%E2%80%931935&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89218-6&rft.aulast=McBeth&rft.aufirst=B.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZU71u8ZKvnEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg2004" class="citation book cs1">Ng, Yumi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/welcometovenezue00ngyu">Welcome to Venezuela</a>. Gareth Stevens Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8368-3123-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8368-3123-8"><bdi>978-0-8368-3123-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Venezuela&rft.pub=Gareth+Stevens+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8368-3123-8&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Yumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwelcometovenezue00ngyu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholsMorse2010" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, Elizabeth Gackstetter; Morse, Kimberley J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cq-5QRDNVDEC">Venezuela</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-569-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-569-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-569-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-569-3&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Gackstetter&rft.au=Morse%2C+Kimberley+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCq-5QRDNVDEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalas2004" class="citation book cs1">Salas, Miguel Tinker (2 August 2004). "Culture, Power, and Oil: The Experience of Venezuelan Oil Camps and the Construction of Citizenship". In Gilbert G. Gonzalez; Raul A. Fernandez; Vivian Price; David Smith; Linda Trinh Võ (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6-1QnKS6xG4C">Labor Versus Empire: Race, Gender, Migration</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93528-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93528-3"><bdi>978-1-135-93528-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Culture%2C+Power%2C+and+Oil%3A+The+Experience+of+Venezuelan+Oil+Camps+and+the+Construction+of+Citizenship&rft.btitle=Labor+Versus+Empire%3A+Race%2C+Gender%2C+Migration&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-08-02&rft.isbn=978-1-135-93528-3&rft.aulast=Salas&rft.aufirst=Miguel+Tinker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6-1QnKS6xG4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalas2015" class="citation book cs1">Salas, Miguel Tinker (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTFmBgAAQBAJ">Venezuela: What Everyone Needs to KnowRG</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978328-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978328-1"><bdi>978-0-19-978328-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela%3A+What+Everyone+Needs+to+KnowRG&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-978328-1&rft.aulast=Salas&rft.aufirst=Miguel+Tinker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTFmBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Schincariol, Vitor Eduardo. Society and Economy in Venezuela: An Overview of the Bolivarian Period (1998-2018). (2020).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoan1974" class="citation book cs1">Stoan, Stephen K. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pablomorilloand00stoagoog">Pablo Morillo and Venezuela, 1815–1820</a>. Ohio State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0219-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0219-7"><bdi>978-0-8142-0219-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pablo+Morillo+and+Venezuela%2C+1815%E2%80%931820&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8142-0219-7&rft.aulast=Stoan&rft.aufirst=Stephen+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpablomorilloand00stoagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Straka, Tomás, Guillermo Guzmán Mirabal, and Alejandro E. Cáceres. Historical Dictionary of Venezuela (Rowman & Littlefield, 2017).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarverFrederick2006" class="citation book cs1">Tarver, H. Michael; Frederick, Julia C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofvenezue0000tarv">The History of Venezuela</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6260-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6260-7"><bdi>978-1-4039-6260-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Venezuela&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6260-7&rft.aulast=Tarver&rft.aufirst=H.+Michael&rft.au=Frederick%2C+Julia+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofvenezue0000tarv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2005" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Hugh (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riversofgoldrise00thom">Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50204-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50204-0"><bdi>978-0-375-50204-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rivers+of+Gold%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Spanish+Empire%2C+from+Columbus+to+Magellan&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-375-50204-0&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friversofgoldrise00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardrope2003" class="citation book cs1">Wardrope, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlckFMNHGTUC">Venezuela</a>. Gareth Stevens Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8368-2369-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8368-2369-1"><bdi>978-0-8368-2369-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela&rft.pub=Gareth+Stevens+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8368-2369-1&rft.aulast=Wardrope&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzlckFMNHGTUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wilpert, Gregory. Changing Venezuela by taking power: the history and policies of the Chavez government (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingvenezuel00wilp">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarhol2006" class="citation book cs1">Warhol, Tom (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oYUc7o43cuAC">Tundra</a>. Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2193-1"><bdi>978-0-7614-2193-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tundra&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2193-1&rft.aulast=Warhol&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoYUc7o43cuAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWunder2003" class="citation book cs1">Wunder, Sven (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n2nQ0A8BmCYC">Oil wealth and the fate of the forest: a comparative study of eight tropical countries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-98667-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-98667-7"><bdi>978-0-203-98667-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil+wealth+and+the+fate+of+the+forest%3A+a+comparative+study+of+eight+tropical+countries&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-203-98667-7&rft.aulast=Wunder&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn2nQ0A8BmCYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYergin1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Yergin" title="Daniel Yergin">Yergin, Daniel</a> (1991). <a href="/wiki/The_Prize:_The_Epic_Quest_for_Oil,_Money,_and_Power" title="The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power">The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-1012-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-1012-6"><bdi>978-1-4391-1012-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prize%3A+The+Epic+Quest+for+Oil%2C+Money%2C+and+Power&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-1012-6&rft.aulast=Yergin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakaria1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria" title="Fareed Zakaria">Zakaria, Fareed</a> (1999). From Wealth to Power. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01035-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01035-9"><bdi>978-0-691-01035-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Wealth+to+Power&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01035-9&rft.aulast=Zakaria&rft.aufirst=Fareed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamora1993" class="citation book cs1">Zamora, Margarita (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511090548/http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft009nb0cv&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e2655&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol">Reading Columbus</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08297-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08297-7"><bdi>978-0-520-08297-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft009nb0cv&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e2655&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol">the original</a> on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Columbus&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08297-7&rft.aulast=Zamora&rft.aufirst=Margarita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft009nb0cv%26doc.view%3Dcontent%26chunk.id%3Dd0e2655%26toc.depth%3D1%26anchor.id%3D0%26brand%3Deschol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talks_and_interviews">Talks and interviews</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLander,_Edgardo2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edgardo_Lander" title="Edgardo Lander">Lander, Edgardo</a> (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010114526/http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=832&Itemid=74&jumival=1168">"The Modern History of Venezuela (9 parts)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=832&Itemid=74&jumival=1168">the original</a> on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Modern+History+of+Venezuela+%289+parts%29&rft.date=2014-04&rft.au=Lander%2C+Edgardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftherealnews.com%2Ft2%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D832%26Itemid%3D74%26jumival%3D1168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuela" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Venezuela at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venezuela" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Venezuela">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Venezuela" class="extiw" title="c:Venezuela">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Venezuela" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Venezuela">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Venezuela" class="extiw" title="q:Venezuela">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venezuela" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Venezuela">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venezuela" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Venezuela">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venezuela" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Venezuela">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Venezuela" class="extiw" title="voy:Venezuela">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gobiernoenlinea.gob.ve/">Official Government Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604135809/http://gobiernoenlinea.gob.ve/">Archived</a> 4 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055048/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-v/venezuela.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela/">Venezuela</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607090601/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/venezuela.htm">Venezuela</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/vetoc.html">Venezuela</a> from the Library of Congress Country Studies (1990)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1229345.stm">Venezuela profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/272644">Venezuela</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a> (in Swedish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234858/http://www.cartografareilpresente.org/rubrique109.html?lang=en">Maps on Venezuela – Cartographic features</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VE">Key Development Forecasts for Venezuela</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131218043924/http://www.immigrationtovenezuela.com.ve/index.php/2013-10-02-22-52-18/2013-10-02-22-58-18">Venezuela and Tourism</a> from immigrationtovenezuela.com.ve (in Arabic)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Venezuela" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Venezuela">Wikimedia Atlas of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521025030/https://www.unhcr.org/emergencies/venezuela-situation">Venezuela situation - emergency appeal</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Venezuela_topics" title="Template:Venezuela topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venezuela_topics" title="Template talk:Venezuela topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venezuela_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venezuela topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Venezuela_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venezuela</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Venezuela-related_articles" title="Index of Venezuela-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela" title="History of Venezuela">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Captaincy General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">reunification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_the_Reforms" title="Revolution of the Reforms">Revolution of the Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_War" title="Federal War">Federal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revindicating_Revolution" title="Revindicating Revolution">Revindicating Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1895" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1895">1895 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_Liberal_Revolution" title="Restorative Liberal Revolution">Restorative Liberal Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">1902–03 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II" title="Venezuela during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Trienio_Adeco" title="El Trienio Adeco">El Trienio Adeco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1958 Venezuelan coup d'état">1958 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntofijo_Pact" title="Puntofijo Pact">Puntofijo Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Carupanazo" title="El Carupanazo">El Carupanazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracazo" title="Caracazo">Caracazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts">1992 coup d'état attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_tragedy" title="Vargas tragedy">Vargas tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">2002 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">2002–03 general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis" title="2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis">2017 constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">2019 presidential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_civil_wars" title="Venezuelan civil wars">Civil wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Venezuelan coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Venezuela" title="Geography of Venezuela">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Venezuela" title="Borders of Venezuela">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Venezuela" title="List of cities and towns in Venezuela">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Venezuela" title="List of metropolitan areas in Venezuela">metropolitan areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Venezuela" title="Climate of Venezuela">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Venezuela" title="List of earthquakes in Venezuela">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Venezuela" title="Environmental issues in Venezuela">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Venezuela" title="Fauna of Venezuela">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Venezuela" title="Flora of Venezuela">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Venezuela" title="List of national parks of Venezuela">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Venezuela" title="Natural regions of Venezuela">Natural Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Venezuela" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Venezuela">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Politics of Venezuela">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Corruption in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Venezuela" title="Torture in Venezuela">Torture in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela" title="Human rights in Venezuela">Human rights in Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Venezuela">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Crisis in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Venezuela" title="Administrative divisions of Venezuela">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Venezuela" title="Regions of Venezuela">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Venezuela" title="Foreign relations of Venezuela">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Venezuela" title="Law enforcement in Venezuela">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela" title="National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="President of the National Assembly of Venezuela">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela" title="Vice President of Venezuela">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Venezuela" title="Cabinet of Venezuela">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_of_Venezuela_in_exile" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile">In exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_territorial_dispute" title="Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute">Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Parties" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Venezuela" title="List of political parties in Venezuela">Parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_Pole" title="Great Patriotic Pole">Great Patriotic Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_We_Are_Venezuela" title="Movement We Are Venezuela">Movement We Are Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="Communist Party of Venezuela">Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Social_Democracy" title="For Social Democracy">For Social Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupamaro_(Venezuela)" title="Tupamaro (Venezuela)">Tupamaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Electoral_Movement_(Venezuela)" title="People's Electoral Movement (Venezuela)">People's Electoral Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unity_Roundtable" title="Democratic Unity Roundtable">Democratic Unity Roundtable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_First" title="Justice First">Justice First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Will" title="Popular Will">Popular Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_New_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="A New Era">A New Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_(Venezuela)" title="Democratic Action (Venezuela)">Democratic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Come_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Come Venezuela">Come Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agreement_for_Change" title="Agreement for Change">Agreement for Change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Advance" title="Progressive Advance">Progressive Advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Socialism (Venezuela)">Movement for Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copei" title="Copei">COPEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Movement_of_Venezuela" title="Ecological Movement of Venezuela">Ecological Movement of Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Venezuela" title="Agriculture in Venezuela">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Venezuela" title="List of companies of Venezuela">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporaci%C3%B3n_Venezolana_de_Guayana" title="Corporación Venezolana de Guayana">CVG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuelan_cooperatives" title="List of Venezuelan cooperatives">Cooperatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Venezuela" title="Energy policy of Venezuela">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">Oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Venezuela" title="Science and technology in Venezuela">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracas_Stock_Exchange" title="Caracas Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Venezuela" title="Telecommunications in Venezuela">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Venezuela" title="Tourism in Venezuela">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Venezuela" title="Transport in Venezuela">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Venezuela" title="Category:Society of Venezuela">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Venezuela" title="Crime in Venezuela">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Venezuela" title="Demographics of Venezuela">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_diaspora" title="Venezuelan diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Venezuela" title="Education in Venezuela">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Venezuela">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Venezuela" title="Immigration to Venezuela">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuelans" title="List of Venezuelans">List of Venezuelans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Venezuela" title="Public holidays in Venezuela">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="Venezuelan refugee crisis">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Venezuela" title="Squatting in Venezuela">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Venezuela" title="Women in Venezuela">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Venezuela" title="Culture of Venezuela">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Venezuela" title="Cinema of Venezuela">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_literature" title="Venezuelan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Venezuela" title="Mass media in Venezuela">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Venezuela" title="Miss Venezuela">Miss Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Venezuela" title="Sport in Venezuela">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Venezuela" title="National symbols of Venezuela">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_al_Bravo_Pueblo" title="Gloria al Bravo Pueblo">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela" title="Coat of arms of Venezuela">coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Venezuela" title="Flag of Venezuela">flag</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Venezuela" title="Outline of Venezuela">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Venezuela-related_articles" title="Index of Venezuela-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Venezuela" title="Category:Venezuela">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Venezuela" title="Portal:Venezuela">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_of_Venezuela" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Venezuela" title="Template:Administrative divisions of Venezuela"><abbr title="View this 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Venezuela_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag of Venezuela"><img alt="State flag of Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/70px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Venezuelan_state)" title="Amazonas (Venezuelan state)">Amazonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzo%C3%A1tegui" title="Anzoátegui">Anzoátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apure" title="Apure">Apure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragua" title="Aragua">Aragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barinas_(state)" title="Barinas (state)">Barinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_(state)" title="Bolívar (state)">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabobo" title="Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cojedes_(state)" title="Cojedes (state)">Cojedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Amacuro" title="Delta Amacuro">Delta Amacuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falc%C3%B3n" title="Falcón">Falcón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A1rico" title="Guárico">Guárico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vargas (state)">La Guaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara_(state)" title="Lara (state)">Lara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_(state)" title="Mérida (state)">Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(state)" title="Miranda (state)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monagas" title="Monagas">Monagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguesa_(state)" title="Portuguesa (state)">Portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucre_(state)" title="Sucre (state)">Sucre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Táchira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trujillo_(state)" title="Trujillo (state)">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaracuy" title="Yaracuy">Yaracuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulia" title="Zulia">Zulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Monjes_Archipelago" title="Los Monjes Archipelago">Los Monjes Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Aves_Archipelago" title="Las Aves Archipelago">Las Aves Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Aves" title="Isla de Aves">Aves Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Hermanos_Archipelago" title="Los Hermanos Archipelago">Los Hermanos Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Frailes_Archipelago" title="Los Frailes Archipelago">Los Frailes Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Roques_Archipelago" title="Los Roques Archipelago">Los Roques Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Sola_Island" title="La Sola Island">La Sola Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Tortuga_Island" title="La Tortuga Island">La Tortuga Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Orchila_Island" title="La Orchila Island">La Orchila Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Blanquilla_Island" title="La Blanquilla Island">La Blanquilla Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Testigos_Islands" title="Los Testigos Islands">Los Testigos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patos_Island_(Venezuela)" title="Patos Island (Venezuela)">Patos Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Miranda_Insular_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco de Miranda Insular Territory (page does not exist)">Francisco de Miranda Insular Territory</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorio_Insular_Francisco_de_Miranda" class="extiw" title="es:Territorio Insular Francisco de Miranda">es</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Venezuela" title="Regions of Venezuela">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Region,_Venezuela" title="Andean Region, Venezuela">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Region,_Venezuela" title="Capital Region, Venezuela">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Region,_Venezuela" title="Central Region, Venezuela">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Western_Region,_Venezuela" title="Central-Western Region, Venezuela">Central-Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Venezuela" title="Eastern Region, Venezuela">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayana_Region,_Venezuela" title="Guayana Region, Venezuela">Guayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Region,_Venezuela" title="Insular Region, Venezuela">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanos_Region,_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Llanos Region, Venezuela">Llanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulian_Region,_Venezuela" title="Zulian Region, Venezuela">Zulian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Disputed state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_territorial_dispute" title="Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute">Guayana Esequiba</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Territories of Venezuela">Federal Territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_Federal_Territory" title="Amazonas Federal Territory">Amazonas Federal Territory</a> (1864–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Amacuro_Federal_Territory" title="Delta Amacuro Federal Territory">Delta Amacuro Federal Territory</a> (1884–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>1 Claimed by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venezuela</a> but administered by <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Venezuela&#124;link=Venezuela_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Venezuela" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Venezuela" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Venezuela"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Venezuela" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Venezuela"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Venezuela" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Venezuela"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Venezuela&#124;link=Venezuela_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Venezuela" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venezuela</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaima_National_Park" title="Canaima National Park">Canaima National Park</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sabana" title="Gran Sabana">Gran Sabana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angel_Falls" title="Angel Falls">Angel Falls</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_City_of_Caracas" title="University City of Caracas">University City of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_de_Coro" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Ana de Coro">Coro and its Port</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_South_America" title="Template:Countries of South America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_South_America" title="Template talk:Countries of South America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_South_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of South America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America">Countries and dependencies of South America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">UK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Andean_Community_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andean_Community_of_Nations" title="Template:Andean Community of Nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andean_Community_of_Nations" title="Template talk:Andean Community of Nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andean_Community_of_Nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andean Community of Nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Andean_Community_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Peoples_of_Our_America_-_Peoples’_Trade_Treaty_(ALBA-TCP)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Template:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Template talk:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Peoples_of_Our_America_-_Peoples’_Trade_Treaty_(ALBA-TCP)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America - Peoples’ Trade Treaty (ALBA-TCP)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_ALBA" title="Member states of ALBA">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of ALBA"><img alt="Emblem of ALBA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/50px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/75px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/100px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mercosur_·_Mercosul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mercosur" title="Template:Mercosur"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mercosur" title="Template talk:Mercosur"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mercosur" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mercosur"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mercosur_·_Mercosul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur · Mercosul</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>(Southern Common Market)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Treaty of Asunción">Treaty of Asunción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_of_Ouro_Preto" title="Protocol of Ouro Preto">Protocol of Ouro Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Mercosur" title="Visa policy of the Mercosur">Visa policies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_Mercosur" title="Member states of Mercosur">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Full_members" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venezuela</a> (suspended)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_Mercosur" title="President pro tempore of Mercosur">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur_Parliament" title="Mercosur Parliament">Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso" title="Argentine peso">Argentine peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_guaran%C3%AD" title="Paraguayan guaraní">Paraguayan guaraní</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_peso" title="Uruguayan peso">Uruguayan peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Venezuelan bolívar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_Mercosur" title="Citizenship of the Mercosur">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Mercosur" title="Vehicle registration plates of the Mercosur">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Mercosur_relations" title="European Union–Mercosur relations">European Union</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G-15_nations" title="Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G-15_nations" title="Template talk:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G-15_nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_G-15_summit" title="9th G-15 summit">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_G-15_summit" title="12th G-15 summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_G-15_summit" title="13th G-15 summit">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_G-15_summit" title="14th G-15 summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_G-15_summit" title="15th G-15 summit">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_of_American_States_(OAS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_American_States" title="Template:Organization of American States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_American_States" title="Template talk:Organization of American States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_American_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of American States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_of_American_States_(OAS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Member states of the Organization of American States">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="General Assembly of the Organization of American States">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Political_Affairs" title="Organization of American States Secretariat for Political Affairs">Secretariat for Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretary_for_Integral_Development" title="Executive Secretary for Integral Development">Secretariat for Integral Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Multidimensional_Security" title="Organization of American States Secretariat for Multidimensional Security">Secretariat for Multidimensional Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_of_Women" title="Inter-American Commission of Women">Inter-American Commission of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Telecommunication_Commission" title="Inter-American Telecommunication Commission">Inter-American Telecommunication Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Union_Building" title="Pan American Union Building">Pan American Union Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Charter of the Organization of American States">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_the_Rights_and_Duties_of_Man" title="American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man">American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Conference" title="Pan-American Conference">Pan-American Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_of_the_Americas" title="Summit of the Americas">Summit of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Union_of_South_American_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Template:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Template talk:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Union_of_South_American_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_Mercosur" title="Member states of Mercosur">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_South_American_Summit" title="2004 South American Summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Ecuador_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 Ecuador South American Summit (page does not exist)">2009 Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Argentina_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 Argentina South American Summit (page does not exist)">2009 Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_American_Summit" title="2010 South American Summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2014</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_Declaration" title="Cusco Declaration">Cusco Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNASUR_Constitutive_Treaty" title="UNASUR Constitutive Treaty">Constitutive Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations">President Pro Tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Parliament" title="South American Parliament">South American Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_the_Integration_of_the_Regional_Infrastructure_of_South_America" title="Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America">Initiative for Infrastructure Integration of South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_South_American_Defense" title="Council of South American Defense">Council of South American Defense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q717#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q717#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q717#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/235482277">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/639146997394918892526">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204166/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmDpj4Bm8XF33tDc3kxDq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4062512-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78095508">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119457375">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152384403">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119457375">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152384403">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560590">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35579285">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131275&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/2ac90d6b-04fa-3006-8a91-89da01032365">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1484418X?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/2040041c-bee6-45dd-8518-0478b20c7041">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1002349">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/Dv3ILTp8">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026405296">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003401">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035746">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=33439">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venezuela&params=7_N_65_W_type:country_region:VE">7°N 65°W / 7°N 65°W / 7; -65</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&oldid=1259788383">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&oldid=1259788383</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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[\"CITEREFBrushaberGreenberg1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuitrago2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCachero\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalder2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCannon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrollLopez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaseyHerrero2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastillo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastro2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCawthorne2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCawthorne2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCawthorneUlmer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharnerNewtonGallón2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChasteen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristie2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChávez2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColombo-Venezolanos1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConde2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorina_Pons2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoronil1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrales\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrales2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrales2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrales2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCortés2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCristóbal_Nagel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrow1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCárdenasCastillo2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDURAND_JMASSEY_DS2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDa_Silva_P2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDagert1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanielRodríguez2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavilaa2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDembo2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickey1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreier2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDulaneyVyas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDydynskiBeech2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErichsen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwell1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández_B.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerreira\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFichner-Ratus2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFigueroa1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinnegan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForeroProtti2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrance-Presse2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancisco_Toro2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankal2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallegos2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarreau2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGasparini1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGasparini1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGedan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgia_Country_Study_Guide_Volume_1_Strategic_Information_and_Developments2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillespie2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGillespie2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodinho2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGott2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHan_Shih2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeritage2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerreroMalkin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHidrocarburos1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreys,_R._A.1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsidoro_LosadaBitar_Deeb2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnPozzbonAlbertiHansler2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesWintour2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosé_Miguel_Vivanco2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJozsa2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeithRodríguezRodríguez-ClarkAapala2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellyPalma2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKipfer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurmanaev2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLander,_Edgardo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLansberg-Rodriguez2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLau2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeft2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLepage\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucca2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLéidenz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLópez_Maya,_Margarita2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLópez_Maya2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddicks2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaria_Delgado2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassabié2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcBeth2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFarlane2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyerArkhipov2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinayaVyas2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinayaVyas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinster\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontauban1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontiel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMárquezEduardo2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaranjo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeumanKrauss2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNg2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholsMorse2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNwachukwu1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOjanguren1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsenSheehy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverlandBazilianIlimbek_UuluVakulchuk2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadillaPeixoto2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPage2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_LeBlanc2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeck2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPestano2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPonsCawthorne2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPonsCorina2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPáez1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRapalo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivero2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodríguezNassarRodríguez-ClarkZager2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRojas1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosati,_Andrew2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosati2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosati2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosatiSoto2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossCalder2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothKuoAgrenAugustin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyCheatham2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRueda\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRueda2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRueda2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalas2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalazar-Quijada1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanchez2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScharfenberg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidtSandsHerrero2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuyler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilvera2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverstein2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmilde2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSocorro2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSojoCastillo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaufferCroft1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoan1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrickland2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuarez2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarverFrederick2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThor_Halvorssen_Mendoza2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurkewitz2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurkewitzKurmanaev2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUlrich_Zwack2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinogradoff2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVyasDubé2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallisChinea2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardrope2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarhol2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWroughtonEllsworth2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWunder2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYegres1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYergin1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYergin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZakaria1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZamora1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZinck\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFe.V.2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF남민우2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 17,\n [\"*\"] = 7,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Administrative divisions of Venezuela\"] = 1,\n [\"Andean Community of Nations\"] = 1,\n [\"Arab League\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)\"] = 1,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"CURRENTMONTHNAME\"] = 1,\n [\"CURRENTYEAR\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 71,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 130,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 147,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 27,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries of South America\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"G15 nations\"] = 1,\n [\"Graph:Chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvsp\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Image frame\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 30,\n [\"Mercosur\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Note label\"] = 5,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Organization of American States\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Poem quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Political subdivisions of Venezuela\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary source inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref label\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 49,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Smaller\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"UN_Population\"] = 3,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Union of South American Nations topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vague\"] = 1,\n [\"Venezuela topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 29,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"World Heritage Sites in Venezuela\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","680","14.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","500","10.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","440","9.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","420","8.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","240","5.0"],["type","160","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","140","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","2.9"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","140","2.9"],["[others]","1660","34.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-4kjfv","timestamp":"20241127013237","ttl":340066,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Venezuela","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venezuela","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q717","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q717","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-03-24T00:38:41Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T01:32:18Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/06\/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg","headline":"sovereign state in northern South America"}</script> </body> </html>