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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life_(1887–1910s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_independence_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_independence_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Indian independence movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_independence_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Hindu-German_conspiracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Hindu-German_conspiracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Hindu-German conspiracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Hindu-German_conspiracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_movement_(1910s–1929)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_movement_(1910s–1929)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Communist movement (1910s–1929)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_movement_(1910s–1929)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_India_(1930–1954)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_India_(1930–1954)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In India (1930–1954)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_India_(1930–1954)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_Radical_Humanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_Radical_Humanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life and Radical Humanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_Radical_Humanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">M. N. Roy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85._%D8%A5%D9%86._%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A" title="إم. إن. روي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إم. إن. روي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="মানবেন্দ্ৰ নাথ ৰয় – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মানবেন্দ্ৰ নাথ ৰয়" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="মানবেন্দ্রনাথ রায় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানবেন্দ্রনাথ রায়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manabendra_Nath_Roy" title="Manabendra Nath Roy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manabendra Nath Roy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manabendra_Nath_Roy" title="Manabendra Nath Roy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manabendra Nath Roy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manabendra_Nath_Roy" title="Manabendra Nath Roy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manabendra Nath Roy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manabendra_Nath_Roy" title="Manabendra Nath Roy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manabendra Nath Roy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AF" title="मानवेंद्रनाथ रॉय – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="मानवेंद्रनाथ रॉय" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%82%98%EB%B2%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC_%EB%82%98%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4" title="마나벤드라 나트 로이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마나벤드라 나트 로이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B5" title="Մանաբենդրա Ռոյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանաբենդրա Ռոյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="मानवेन्द्रनाथ राय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानवेन्द्रनाथ राय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="M. N. Roy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98" title="მანაბენდრა როი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანაბენდრა როი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A5_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D" title="മാനവേന്ദ്രനാഥ റോയ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാനവേന്ദ്രനാഥ റോയ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AF" title="मानवेंद्रनाथ रॉय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मानवेंद्रनाथ रॉय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85._%D8%A7%D9%86._%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%89" title="ام. ان. روى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ام. ان. روى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8F" title="ਐੱਮ ਐੱਨ ਰਾਏ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐੱਮ ਐੱਨ ਰਾਏ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manabendra_Nath_Roy" title="Manabendra Nath Roy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Manabendra Nath Roy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B9,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Рой, Манабендра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рой, Манабендра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="ايم اين رائي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايم اين رائي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manabendra_Nath_Roy" title="Manabendra Nath Roy – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Manabendra Nath Roy" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.N._Roy" title="M.N. Roy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="M.N. Roy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="எம். என். ராய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எம். என். ராய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%82.%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D.%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎం.ఎన్.రాయ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎం.ఎన్.రాయ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manabendra_Nath_Roy" title="Manabendra Nath Roy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manabendra Nath Roy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Манабендранатх Рой – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Манабендранатх Рой" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="نریندر ناتھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نریندر ناتھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">M. N. Roy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mn_roy2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mn_roy2.jpg/220px-Mn_roy2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Mn_roy2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="563" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">M. N. Roy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Narendra Nath Bhattacharya</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1887-03-21</span>)</span>21 March 1887<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Arbelia, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, India)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 January 1954<span style="display:none">(1954-01-25)</span> (aged 66)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jadavpur_University" title="Jadavpur University">Jadavpur University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_University_of_the_Toilers_of_the_East" title="Communist University of the Toilers of the East">Communist University of the Toilers of the East</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Revolutionary, radical activist, political theorist, philosopher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Communist_Party" title="Mexican Communist Party">Mexican Communist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radical_Democratic_Party_(India)" title="Radical Democratic Party (India)">Radical Democratic Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence movement">Indian Independence movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_revolutionary_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian revolutionary movement">Indian revolutionary movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Manabendra Nath Roy</b> (born <b>Narendra Nath Bhattacharya</b>, better known as <b>M. N. Roy</b>; 21 March 1887 – 25 January 1954) was a 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Indian_revolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian revolutionary">Indian revolutionary</a>, philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">radical activist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Political philosopher">political theorist</a>. Roy was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Communist_Party" title="Mexican Communist Party">Mexican Communist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> (Tashkent group). </p><p>He was also a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> congresses and Russia's aide to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">aftermath of World War II</a> Roy moved away from <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxism</a> to espouse the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Radical_humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical humanism">radical humanism</a>, attempting to chart a third course between <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_(1887–1910s)"><span id="Early_life_.281887.E2.80.931910s.29"></span>Early life (1887–1910s)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._N._Roy&action=edit&section=1" 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_India" title="Category:Communism in India">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">Communism in India</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg/250px-South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg/330px-South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya" title="M. P. T. Acharya">M. P. T. Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shripad_Amrit_Dange" title="Shripad Amrit Dange">Shripad Amrit Dange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abani_Mukherji" title="Abani Mukherji">Abani Mukherji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashpal" title="Yashpal">Yashpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Gopalan" title="A. K. Gopalan">A. K. Gopalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nripen_Chakraborty" title="Nripen Chakraborty">Nripen Chakraborty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Krishna_Pillai" title="P. Krishna Pillai">P. Krishna Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puran_Chand_Joshi" title="Puran Chand Joshi">Puran Chand Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_Dharmananda_Kosambi" title="Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi">Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajoy_Ghosh" title="Ajoy Ghosh">Ajoy Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.K._Limaye" title="S.K. Limaye">S.K. Limaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promode_Dasgupta" title="Promode Dasgupta">Promode Dasgupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Subbiah" title="V. Subbiah">V. Subbiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puchalapalli_Sundarayya" title="Puchalapalli Sundarayya">Puchalapalli Sundarayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondapalli_Seetharamaiah" title="Kondapalli Seetharamaiah">Kondapalli Seetharamaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saroj_Dutta" title="Saroj Dutta">Saroj Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupesh_Gupta" title="Bhupesh Gupta">Bhupesh Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Konar" title="Hare Krishna Konar">Hare Krishna Konar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasarath_Deb" title="Dasarath Deb">Dasarath Deb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishan_Singh_Surjeet" title="Harkishan Singh Surjeet">Harkishan Singh Surjeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Nagi_Reddy" title="T. Nagi Reddy">T. Nagi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Lyallpuri" title="Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri">Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu_Majumdar" title="Charu Majumdar">Charu Majumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrajit_Gupta" title="Indrajit Gupta">Indrajit Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._K._Nayanar" title="E. K. Nayanar">E. K. Nayanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibdas_Ghosh" title="Shibdas Ghosh">Shibdas Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._S._Achuthanandan" title="V. S. Achuthanandan">V. S. Achuthanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geeta_Mukherjee" title="Geeta Mukherjee">Geeta Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohit_Sen" title="Mohit Sen">Mohit Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Noorani" title="A. G. Noorani">A. G. Noorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biman_Bose" title="Biman Bose">Biman Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadeb_Bhattacharjee" title="Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee">Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinarayi_Vijayan" title="Pinarayi Vijayan">Pinarayi Vijayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Mishra" title="Vinod Mishra">Vinod Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manik_Sarkar" title="Manik Sarkar">Manik Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">D. Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathy_(Maoist)" title="Ganapathy (Maoist)">Ganapathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobad_Ghandy" title="Kobad Ghandy">Kobad Ghandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikash_Ranjan_Bhattacharya" title="Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya">Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Yechury" title="Sitaram Yechury">Sitaram Yechury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradha_Ghandy" title="Anuradha Ghandy">Anuradha Ghandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Salim_(politician)" title="Mohammed Salim (politician)">Mohammed Salim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Colonial period and partition</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_involvement_in_the_Indian_independence_movement" title="Communist involvement in the Indian independence movement">Communism in the independence movement</a></li> <li>Conspiracy cases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Conspiracy_Cases" title="Peshawar Conspiracy Cases">Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Bolshevik_Conspiracy_Case" title="Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case">Kanpur Bolshevik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerut_Conspiracy_Case" title="Meerut Conspiracy Case">Meerut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_the_Communist_Party_of_India" title="Foundation of the Communist Party of India">Foundation of the CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanka_movement" title="Tanka movement">Tanka movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Rebellion" title="Telangana Rebellion">Telangana Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">1946 Naval Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebhaga_movement" title="Tebhaga movement">Tebhaga movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punnapra-Vayalar_uprising" title="Punnapra-Vayalar uprising">Punnapra-Vayalar uprising</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Post-independence and Cold War</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_India" title="2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India">2nd Congress of the CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_liberation_movement" title="Goa liberation movement">Goa liberation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Indian_general_election_in_Kerala" title="1957 Indian general election in Kerala">1957 general election in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angamaly_police_firing" title="Angamaly police firing">Angamaly police firing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_split_in_the_Communist_Party_of_India" title="1964 split in the Communist Party of India">1964 split in the CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Eight_Documents" title="Historic Eight Documents">Historic Eight Documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naxalbari_uprising" title="Naxalbari uprising">Naxalbari uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Timeline of the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li>Left Front <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Front_(Tripura)" title="Left Front (Tripura)">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Front_(West_Bengal)" title="Left Front (West Bengal)">West Bengal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajan_case" title="Rajan case">Rajan case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barga" title="Operation Barga">Operation Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">Left Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Indravelli_massacre" title="1981 Indravelli massacre">Indravelli massacre</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Contemporary history</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_massacre" title="Bara massacre">Bara massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxmanpur_Bathe_massacre" title="Laxmanpur Bathe massacre">Laxmanpur Bathe massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_involvement_during_Nandigram_protests" title="Maoist involvement during Nandigram protests">Maoism in the Nandigram violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwa_Judum" title="Salwa Judum">Salwa Judum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Naxal_attack_in_Darbha_valley" title="2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley">2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_India" title="Land reform in India">Land reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Kerala" title="Land reform in Kerala">in Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">People's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_spending" title="Welfare spending">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Current organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">AIFB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Coordination_Centre" title="Trade Union Coordination Centre">TUCC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Party_of_India" title="Bolshevik Party of India">BPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Students%27_Federation" title="All India Students' Federation">AISF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Trade_Union_Congress" title="All India Trade Union Congress">AITUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Youth_Federation" title="All India Youth Federation">AIYF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Khet_Mazdoor_Union" title="Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union">BKMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Indian_Women" title="National Federation of Indian Women">NFIW</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Democratic_Women%27s_Association" title="All India Democratic Women's Association">AIDWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha_(36_Canning_Lane)" title="All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)">AIKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Indian_Trade_Unions" title="Centre of Indian Trade Unions">CITU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Youth_Federation_of_India" title="Democratic Youth Federation of India">DYFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students%27_Federation_of_India" title="Students' Federation of India">SFI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Maoist)" title="Communist Party of India (Maoist)">CPI (Maoist)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krantikari_Adivasi_Mahila_Sangathan" title="Krantikari Adivasi Mahila Sangathan">KAMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Guerrilla_Army_(India)" title="People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)">PLGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Youth_League" title="Radical Youth League">RYL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_Liberation" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation">CPI(ML)L</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Mahasabha" title="All India Kisan Mahasabha">AIKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Students_Association" title="All India Students Association">AISA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_New_Democracy" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Democracy">CPIML ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Communist_Party_of_India_(United)" title="Marxist Communist Party of India (United)">MCPI(U)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Centre_of_Trade_Unions" title="All India Centre of Trade Unions">AICTU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Forward_Bloc" title="Marxist Forward Bloc">MFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist_Party_of_India_(Red_Flag)" title="Marxist-Leninist Party of India (Red Flag)">MLPI (Red Flag)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Socialist_Alternative_(India)" title="New Socialist Alternative (India)">NSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_India" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of India">RCPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Marxist_Party_of_India" title="Revolutionary Marxist Party of India">RMPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)">RSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Centre_of_India_(Communist)" title="Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)">SUCI(C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Communist_Party_of_India" title="United Communist Party of India">UCPI</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Defunct organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Communist_Party" title="All India Communist Party">AICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_India,_Ceylon_and_Burma" title="Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma">BLPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Indian_Communists" title="Centre of Indian Communists">CIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Consolidation" title="Communist Consolidation">CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Marxist_Party" title="Communist Marxist Party">Communist Marxist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_French_India" title="Communist Party of French India">Communist Party of French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comrades_Association" title="Comrades Association">Comrades Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)">CPI (ML)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">HSRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquilabi_Communist_Sangathan" title="Inquilabi Communist Sangathan">ICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Communist_Party_Hind_Union" title="Lal Communist Party Hind Union">Lal Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Sena" title="Lal Sena">Lal Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Kisan_Party_of_Hindustan" title="Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan">LKPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Communist_Party_of_India" title="Marxist Communist Party of India">MCPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_and_Peasants_Party_(India)" title="Workers and Peasants Party (India)">WPP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deshabhimani" title="Deshabhimani">Deshabhimani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganashakti" title="Ganashakti">Ganashakti</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeftWord_Books" title="LeftWord Books">LeftWord Books</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nava_Telangana" title="Nava Telangana">Nava Telangana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_(newspaper)" title="People's Democracy (newspaper)">People's Democracy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prajasakti" title="Prajasakti">Prajasakti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaumi_Jang" title="Qaumi Jang">Qaumi Jang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theekkathir" title="Theekkathir">Theekkathir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visalaandhra" title="Visalaandhra">Visalaandhra</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">Anarchism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Communism in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Communism in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_movements_in_India" title="Communist movements in India">Communist movements in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquilab_Zindabad" title="Inquilab Zindabad">Inquilab Zindabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Salam" title="Lal Salam">Lal Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties_in_India" title="List of communist parties in India">List of communist parties in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_corridor" title="Red corridor">Red corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_socialist_orientation" title="State of socialist orientation">State of socialist orientation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/20px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/40px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism_in_India" title="Template:Communism in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism_in_India" title="Template talk:Communism in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background:white"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg/80px-Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg/120px-Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg/160px-Anushilan_samiti_symbol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b>Influence</b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px red solid; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian Nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Militant nationalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">1905 Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram_(publication)" title="Bande Mataram (publication)">Bande Mataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jugantar_Patrika" title="Jugantar Patrika">Jugantar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokshadacharan_Samadhyayi" title="Mokshadacharan Samadhyayi">M. C. Samadhyayi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b>Anushilan Samiti</b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px red solid; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Anushilan_Samiti" title="History of the Anushilan Samiti">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Anushilan_Samiti" title="Dhaka Anushilan Samiti">Dhaka Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subodh_Chandra_Mallik" title="Subodh Chandra Mallik">Raja Subodh Mallik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramathanath_Mitra" title="Pramathanath Mitra">Pramathanath Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarala_Devi_Chaudhurani" title="Sarala Devi Chaudhurani">Sarala Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">C.R. Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Tagore" title="Surendranath Tagore">Surendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanailal_Dutta" title="Kanailal Dutta">Kanailal Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Jatindra Nath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barindra_Kumar_Ghosh" title="Barindra Kumar Ghosh">Barin Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulin_Behari_Das" title="Pulin Behari Das">Pulin Behari Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendranath_Datta" title="Bhupendranath Datta">Bhupendranath Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atulkrishna_Ghosh" title="Atulkrishna Ghosh">Atulkrishna Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadugopal_Mukherjee" title="Jadugopal Mukherjee">Jadugopal Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemchandra_Kanungo" title="Hemchandra Kanungo">Hemchandra Kanungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullaskar_Dutta" title="Ullaskar Dutta">Ullaskar Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinash_Bhattacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhinash Bhattacharya">Abhinash Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guran_Ditt_Kumar" title="Guran Ditt Kumar">Guran Ditt Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manabendra_Nath_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Manabendra Nath Roy">Naren Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Behari_Ganguli" title="Bipin Behari Ganguli">Bipin Behari Ganguli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Nath_Sanyal" title="Sachindra Nath Sanyal">Sachindra Nath Sanyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogesh_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee">Jogesh Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratul_Chandra_Ganguli" title="Pratul Chandra Ganguli">Pratul Chandra Ganguli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Mohan_Sen" title="Narendra Mohan Sen">Narendra Mohan Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niranjan_Sengupta" title="Niranjan Sengupta">Niranjan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatin Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anushilan_Samiti" title="Category:Anushilan Samiti"><i>More</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b>Notable events</b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px red solid; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_v._Aurobindo_Ghosh_and_others" title="Emperor v. Aurobindo Ghosh and others">Alipore Bomb Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah-Sibpur_Conspiracy_case" title="Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case">Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi–Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barisal_Conspiracy_Case" title="Barisal Conspiracy Case">Barisal Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodda_company_arms_heist" title="Rodda company arms heist">Rodda robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Indo-German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annie_Larsen_affair" title="Annie Larsen affair">Annie Larsen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anushilan_Samiti" title="Category:Anushilan Samiti"><i>More</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b>Related topics</b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px red solid; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fraser_(civil_servant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Fraser (civil servant)">Sir Andrew Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Criminal_Intelligence" title="Department of Criminal Intelligence">Department of Criminal Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stuart" title="Harold Stuart">Sir Harold Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stevenson-Moore" title="Charles Stevenson-Moore">Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nathan_(intelligence_officer)" title="Robert Nathan (intelligence officer)">Sir Robert Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wallinger" title="John Wallinger">John Wallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Indian_Society" title="Paris Indian Society">Paris Indian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat_Society" title="Abhinav Bharat Society">Abhinav Bharat Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">V.D. Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Madam Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Anarchism in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Socialism in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence"><i>More</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anushilan_Samiti" title="Template:Anushilan Samiti"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anushilan_Samiti" title="Template talk:Anushilan Samiti"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anushilan_Samiti" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anushilan Samiti"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Narendra Nath "Naren" Bhattacharya was born on 21 March 1887 in Arbelia, <a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta (Kolkata)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BangPedia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BangPedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bhattacharyas were <a href="/wiki/Sakta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakta">Sakta</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> – a family of hereditary priests.<sup id="cite_ref-Quest14_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quest14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roy's paternal grandfather was the head priest of the goddess <i>Kheputeswari</i> in the village of Kheput, <a href="/wiki/Midnapore_district" title="Midnapore district">Midnapore district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quest14_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quest14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father Dinabandhu Bhattacharya also served as a priest before moving to the village of Arbelia with his 12 children.<sup id="cite_ref-Quest14_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quest14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the death of his first wife, Roy's father married Basantakumari Devi, the niece of Dwarkanath Vidyabhushan. He then taught <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> at a nearby school.<sup id="cite_ref-BangPedia_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BangPedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had a total of eight children, including the fourth-born Naren.<sup id="cite_ref-Quest14_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quest14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roy's early schooling took place at Arbelia.<sup id="cite_ref-BangPedia_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BangPedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1898, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Kodalia" title="Kodalia">Kodalia</a><sup id="cite_ref-BangPedia_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BangPedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he continued his studies at the Harinavi Anglo-Sanskrit School, where his father taught, until 1905. He was considered tall, strong and athletic for his age.<sup id="cite_ref-BangPedia_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BangPedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He later enrolled at the National College under the tutelage of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a>, before studying at Bengal Technical Institute (now <a href="/wiki/Jadavpur_University" title="Jadavpur University">Jadavpur University</a>) where he studied engineering and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BangPedia_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BangPedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, much of Roy's knowledge was gained through self-study.<sup id="cite_ref-BangPedia_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BangPedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_independence_movement">Indian independence movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._N._Roy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indian independence movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Towards the end of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">revolutionary nationalism</a> began to spread among the educated middle classes of Bengal, inspired by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quest15_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quest15-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to one biographer, Roy agreed with Bankim that true religion was not being cloistered from the world, but working actively for the public good. Vivekananda reinforced this and advanced the idea that <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and Indian culture were superior to anything the Western world could offer.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He formed a <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist</a> group with his cousin Hari Kumar Chakravarti (1882–1963).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members included Satkori Banerjee (Bandhopadhyay), brothers Saileshvar and Shyamsundar Bose, Roy's cousins Phani and Narendra Chakravarti, and <a href="/wiki/Mokshadacharan_Samadhyayi" title="Mokshadacharan Samadhyayi">Mokshadacharan Samadhyayi</a>, an organiser of the <a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chinsura" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinsura">Chinsura</a>. </p><p>In July 1905, the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">partition of Bengal</a> was announced, scheduled to start in October. A mass movement aimed at annulling the partition emerged, giving radical nationalists like Roy an opportunity to build broader support.<sup id="cite_ref-Quest16_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quest16-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his high school expulsion for organising a meeting and a march against the partition, Roy and Chakravarti moved to Kolkata and joined the Anushilans.<sup id="cite_ref-Quest16_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quest16-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Mokshada's leadership, on 6 December 1907 Roy committed political theft to raise money for the Anushilans. When arrested, he was carrying two seditious books by <a href="/wiki/Barindra_Kumar_Ghosh" title="Barindra Kumar Ghosh">Barin Ghosh</a>. Defended by J. N. Roy (close friend of <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a>) and Promothonath Mukherjee, he was released on bail, thanks to his reputation as a student and social worker.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barin sent <a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a> with Charuchandra Datta to see <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> who was posted there on official duty, and do away with the Lt. Governor. On explaining to Prafulla that it was not the right time, Jatin promised to contact him later. Though Prafulla was impressed by him, Barin cynically commented that it would be too much effort for a government officer to serve a patriotic cause. Phani returned from Darjeeling and, fascinated by Jatin's charisma, he informed his friends about him. On hearing Barin censuring Phani for disloyalty, Roy decided to meet Dada but was caught by Barin.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Howrah-Shibpur Trial</i> (1910–11) brought Bhattacharya closer to Jatindra Mukherjee.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (July 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Hindu-German_conspiracy">The Hindu-German conspiracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._N._Roy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Hindu-German conspiracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Indian nationalists, including Roy, became convinced that only through a revolution would they be able to achieve India's independence from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. So revolutionary nationalists looked to a rival imperial power, that of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Kaiser Wilhelm's</a> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, as a potential source for funds and weapons. </p><p>In August 1914, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> began, affecting both the UK and Germany. Expatriate Indian nationalists organised as the Indian Revolutionary Committee in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> made an informal appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Germany">German government</a> to support a revolution in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of the year, the Germans had agreed to provide funding and material to start an uprising against British rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revolution seemed near.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir3_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The task of attaining said funding and material was entrusted to Roy.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir3_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sent to <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, where over the next two months he was only able to obtain little funding and no armaments.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir3_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1915, Roy set out again, leaving India to search for the German armaments which were believed to be en route somewhere in the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roy would not see his homeland again for 16 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir4_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plan seemed fantastic, as Roy later recounted in his posthumously published memoirs: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The plan was to use German ships interned in a port at the northern tip of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, to storm the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a> and free and arm the prisoners there, and land the army of liberation on the <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Orissa</a> coast. The ships were armoured, as many big German vessels were, ready for wartime use. They also carried several guns each. The crew was composed of naval ratings. They had to escape from the internment camp, seize the ships, and sail.... Several hundred rifles and other small arms with an adequate supply of ammunition could be acquired through Chinese smugglers who would get then on board the ships."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Last minute however, the money failed to materialise and the German Consul General had seemingly vanished the day when he was to issue orders for the plan, Roy recalls.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disgusted but still holding out hope, Roy left Indonesia for <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, hoping to win Japanese support for their cause, despite Japan's <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">nominal alliance with Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he met with Chinese nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, who had escaped to Japan following the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Revolution (China)">July 1913 uprising</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir5_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sun Yat-sen refused to assist Roy in his task of organising an anti-British revolution in India, instead informing Roy that Japanese support would prove sufficient. His inability to assist was due to Hong Kong's status as a <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British colony</a>, Sun's own base of operations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts to raise money from the German Ambassador to China were likewise unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roy's activities soon drew the attention of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir7_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he learned he was going to be served formal notice to leave Japan, not wishing to be deported to Shanghai, Roy immediately left the country and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He tried to make his way to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Peking</a> (Beijing), but he was identified by the British authorities, who detained him.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was able to escape jail time due to the British Consul General's ill ease with holding a British subject indefinitely without formal charges.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts to raise funds from the German consulate at Hankow resulted in a tentative agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this plan also failed due to the scale of the commitment, which had to be approved in Berlin according to Admiral <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hintze" title="Paul von Hintze">Paul von Hintze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoirs14_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoirs14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roy decided to search for German funding from the German Ambassador in the United States, before heading to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoirs14_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoirs14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employees of the German embassy were able to assist Roy in stowing away aboard a German-crewed American ship bound for San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoirs14_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoirs14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although they knew he was on the ship, British colonial authorities stopping the vessel in international waters were unable to locate Roy hidden in a secret compartment.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to throw the British off his trail, and in an effort to obtain more suitable accommodations for the long trans-Pacific voyage, Roy disembarked from <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir18_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Kobe, he used a fake French-Indian passport previously obtained for him by the Germans in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir18_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Posing as a seminary student bound for Paris, Roy obtained an American visa, bought a ticket, and sailed for San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoir18_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communist_movement_(1910s–1929)"><span id="Communist_movement_.281910s.E2.80.931929.29"></span>Communist movement (1910s–1929)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._N._Roy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Communist movement (1910s–1929)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border: 4px double #CC0000; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism" title="Category:Communism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/70px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/105px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/140px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability,<br />to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-communism" title="Crypto-communism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Horner_(trade_unionist)" title="Arthur Horner (trade unionist)">Horner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Gallacher_(politician)" title="Willie Gallacher (politician)">Gallacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Phomvihane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._N._Aidit" title="D. N. Aidit">Aidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maclean_(Scottish_socialist)" title="John Maclean (Scottish socialist)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Palme_Dutt" title="R. Palme Dutt">Palme Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Corval%C3%A1n" title="Luis Corvalán">Corvalán</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Griffiths_(politician)" title="Robert Griffiths (politician)">Griffiths</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Brazil" title="Communism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism </div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related  topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/20px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/40px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxism" title="Category:Marxism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Engels_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels"><img alt="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/120px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/250px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_bibliography" title="Marxist bibliography">Theoretical works</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England">The Condition of the Working Class in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Bonaparte" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme" title="Critique of the Gotha Programme">Critique of the Gotha Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectics_of_Nature" title="Dialectics of Nature">Dialectics of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital" title="The Accumulation of Capital">The Accumulation of Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Notebooks" title="Philosophical Notebooks">Philosophical Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essays_on_Marx%27s_Theory_of_Value" title="Essays on Marx's Theory of Value">Essays on Marx's Theory of Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins" title="The Black Jacobins">The Black Jacobins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Revolution" title="The Long Revolution">The Long Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Capital" title="Reading Capital">Reading Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed" title="Pedagogy of the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Ideological_State_Apparatuses" title="Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses">Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing" title="Ways of Seeing">Ways of Seeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa" title="How Europe Underdeveloped Africa">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_and_the_City" title="Social Justice and the City">Social Justice and the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women,_Race_and_Class" title="Women, Race and Class">Women, Race and Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_Oppression_of_Women" title="Marxism and the Oppression of Women">Marxism and the Oppression of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_and_Socialist_Strategy" title="Hegemony and Socialist Strategy">Hegemony and Socialist Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time,_Labor_and_Social_Domination" title="Time, Labor and Social Domination">Time, Labor and Social Domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Extremes" title="The Age of Extremes">The Age of Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Capitalism" title="The Origin of Capitalism">The Origin of Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Hardt_and_Negri_book)" title="Empire (Hardt and Negri book)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Victorian_Holocausts" title="Late Victorian Holocausts">Late Victorian Holocausts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_the_World_Without_Taking_Power" title="Change the World Without Taking Power">Change the World Without Taking Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliban_and_the_Witch" title="Caliban and the Witch">Caliban and the Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Three_Volumes_of_Karl_Marx%27s_Capital" title="An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital">An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Anthropocene" title="Capital in the Anthropocene">Capital in the Anthropocene</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology#Marxist_interpretation" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist philosophy of nature">Philosophy of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Philosophy in the Soviet Union">Philosophy in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Marxist ethics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marxism)" title="Capital (Marxism)">Capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">accumulation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Concrete and abstract labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production#Marxism" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">Falling profit-rate tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">Means of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">State monopoly capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">Surplus product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">Base and superstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie#Marxist_theory" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour#Marxist_theory" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_human_nature" title="Marx's theory of human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immiseration_thesis" title="Immiseration thesis">Immiseration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_imperialism#Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rift" title="Metabolic rift">Metabolic rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">State theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working class</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_historical_trajectory" title="Theory of historical trajectory">Theory of historical trajectory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)">Aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_archaeology" title="Marxist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_cultural_analysis" title="Marxist cultural analysis">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_film_theory" title="Marxist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)">Common variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">Structural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_school" title="Regulation school">Regulation school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism%E2%80%93Third_Worldism" title="Maoism–Third Worldism">Third-worldist</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness#Summary" title="History and Class Consciousness">Hegelian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Humanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Marx-Lekt%C3%BCre" title="Neue Marx-Lektüre">Neue Marx-Lektüre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Marxism" title="Open Marxism">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_School" title="Praxis School">Praxis School</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Both</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_radical_tradition" title="Black radical tradition">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austromarxism" title="Austromarxism">Austromarxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_Marxism" title="Instrumental Marxism">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Marxism" title="Political Marxism">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationist">Situationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_Marxist_theory" title="List of contributors to Marxist theory">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Illich_Rubin" title="Isaak Illich Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Grossman" title="Henryk Grossman">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Palme_Dutt" title="R. Palme Dutt">Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cox" title="Oliver Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. 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plainlist" style="line-height:1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Marxism" title="Outline of Marxism">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/20px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/40px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/17px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/26px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/34px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marxism_sidebar" title="Template:Marxism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marxism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Marxism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During his stay in <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Alto">Palo Alto</a>, a period of about two months, Roy met his future wife, Evelyn Leonora Trent (alias Shanthi Devi). The pair fell in love and journeyed together across the country to New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was in the New York City public library that Roy began to develop his interest in Marxism.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His socialist transition owed much to <a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a>'s essays on communism and <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a>'s message of serving the proletariat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Which books and essays are being referred to? (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Due to the presence of British spies, Roy fled to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> in July 1917 with Evelyn. German military authorities, on the spot, gave him large amounts of money.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (July 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mexican president <a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a> and other liberal thinkers appreciated Roy's contributions to the <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pueblo_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Pueblo (newspaper)">El Pueblo</a></i> newspaper. The Socialist Party he founded in December 1917 later became the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Mexico">Communist Party of Mexico</a> in 1919, the first Communist Party outside Russia. The Roys lodged a penniless <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Borodin" title="Mikhail Borodin">Mikhail Borodin</a> under special circumstances. Due to Borodin's grateful reports, Moscow planned to invite Roy to the <a href="/wiki/2nd_World_Congress_of_the_Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd World Congress of the Comintern">2nd World Congress</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>, held in Moscow during the summer of 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few weeks before the Congress, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> warmly received Roy. At Lenin's behest, Roy formulated his own ideas supplemented from Lenin's <i>Preliminary Draft Theses on the National and the Colonial Questions</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roy's writings were published by the <i>International Press Correspondence</i> (<a href="/wiki/Inprecor" title="Inprecor">Inprecor</a>), the weekly bulletin of the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Communist International</a>. Roy served as a member of the Comintern's Presidium for eight years<sup id="cite_ref-HinduObit_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HinduObit-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at one stage was the Political Secretariat, the executive committee, and the World Congress. </p><p>Commissioned by Lenin to prepare the East—especially India—for revolution, Roy founded military and political schools in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>. In October 1920, as he formed the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a>, he contacted his revolutionary colleagues who, at this time, were determining allegiances between Radicalism (<i><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_K._Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas K. Gandhi">Mohandas K. Gandhi</a>'s novel programme. </p><p>Close to the <i>Jugantar</i> in spirit and action, <a href="/wiki/C._R._Das" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Das">C. R. Das</a> inspired Roy's confidence. From Moscow, Roy published his major reflections, <i>India in Transition</i>, which were translated into other languages. In 1922, Roy's own journal, the <i>Vanguard</i>, was published. This was followed by <i>The Future of Indian Politics</i> (1926) and <i>Revolution and Counter-revolution in China</i> (1930), while he was moving between Germany and France. </p><p>Leading a Comintern delegation appointed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> to develop an agrarian revolution in China, Roy reached <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> in February 1927. Despite fulfilling his mission,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a disagreement between the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP</a> leaders and Borodin led to breakdown of communication. Roy returned to Moscow where <a href="/wiki/Trotskyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyists">Trotskyists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinovievists</a> were fighting the <a href="/wiki/Stalinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinists">Stalinists</a>. Here he voted for Trotsky's expulsion from the executive committee of the Comintern. </p><p>Stalin refused to meet Roy and give him a hearing at the plenum in February 1928. Denied treatment for an infected ear, Roy escaped with <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>'s help, sparing himself from Stalin's anger. Shortly after <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky#Defeat_and_exile_(1927–1928)" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky's deportation</a> on 22 May 1928, Roy received permission to go abroad for medical treatment on board a Berlin-bound <a href="/wiki/Deruluft" title="Deruluft">Deruluft</a> plane.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1929, the Inprecor announced Roy's expulsion from the Comintern, almost simultaneously with <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin#Fall_from_power" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin's fall from grace</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_India_(1930–1954)"><span id="In_India_.281930.E2.80.931954.29"></span>In India (1930–1954)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._N._Roy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In India (1930–1954)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roy returned to India for the first time in December 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-SW3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon reaching <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, Roy met with <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhas Bose">Subhas Bose</a>, the former of whom recalled that despite significant political differences, "I was attracted to him by his remarkable intellectual capacity."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roy's political activity in India proved to be brief as on 21 July 1931 he was arrested in Bombay on an <a href="/wiki/Arrest_warrant" title="Arrest warrant">arrest warrant</a> issued in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-SW3_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roy was taken to <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a> to face charges under Section 121-A of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a> which was "conspiring to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty in India."<sup id="cite_ref-SW3_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No trial was held in open court; rather, the proceedings were conducted inside the jail in which Roy was held.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roy was allowed neither <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_jury" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial by jury">trial by jury</a> nor defense witnesses, nor was he allowed to make a defense statement.<sup id="cite_ref-SW4_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proceedings were conducted from 3 November 1931 until 9 January 1932 when Roy was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-SW4_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roy was taken to the <a href="/wiki/Bareilly_Central_Jail" title="Bareilly Central Jail">Bareilly Central Jail</a>, however he was able to smuggle out the defence statement which he was not allowed to present in court.<sup id="cite_ref-SW4_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This disallowed declaration was published in full by Roy's supporters in India as <i>My Defence</i>, and in abridged form in New York as <i>I Accuse</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SW4_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roy was unapologetic for his views against British colonial rule, declaring: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The oppressed people and exploited classes are not obliged to respect the moral philosophy of the ruling power.... <i>A despotic power is always overthrown by force.</i> The force employed in this process is not criminal. On the contrary, precisely the guns carried by the army of the British government in India are instruments of crime. They become instruments of virtue when they are turned against the imperialist state.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Roy filed an appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a>, but this was dismissed on 2 May 1933. Roy's sentence was, however, reduced from 12 to 6 years.<sup id="cite_ref-SW4_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roy ultimately served 5 years and 4 months, sitting in five different jails.<sup id="cite_ref-SW4_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dismal prison conditions took a severe toll on Roy's health, and he suffered lasting damage to his heart, kidneys, lungs, and digestive tract as a result of his time behind bars.<sup id="cite_ref-SW11_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW11-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roy also lost several teeth, was frequently feverish, and suffered constant pain from a chronically infected inner ear.<sup id="cite_ref-SW11_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW11-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his imprisonment, Roy still managed to contribute to the Indian independence movement. A steady stream of letters and articles were smuggled out of jail. He also wrote a 3,000-page draft manuscript provisionally titled <i>The Philosophical Consequence of Modern Science</i>. His followers, including A. A. Alwe, formed the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Provincial_Working_Class_Party" title="Bombay Provincial Working Class Party">Bombay Provincial Working Class Party</a> in 1933 to continue his work while he was imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Released in November 1936 in bad health, Roy went to Allahabad for recovery. Defying the Comintern order to boycott the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, Roy urged Indian communists to join this Party. <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, in his address at the <a href="/wiki/Faizpur" title="Faizpur">Faizpur</a> session in December 1936, described Roy as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...one who, though young, is an old and well-tried soldier in India's fight for freedom. Comrade M.N. Roy has just come to us after a long and most distressing period in prison, but though shaken up in body, he comes with a fresh mind and heart, eager to take part in that old struggle that knows no end till it ends in success.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>From the podium, Roy in his speech recommended the capture of power by <i><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a></i>. Unable to collaborate with Gandhi, however, Roy stuck to his own conviction. In April 1937, his weekly <i>Independent India</i> appeared and was welcomed by <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> leaders like Bose and Nehru, however was criticised by Gandhi and the staunch Communists who accused Roy of deviation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_Radical_Humanism">Personal life and Radical Humanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._N._Roy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life and Radical Humanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In marrying <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gottschalk_Roy" title="Ellen Gottschalk Roy">Ellen Gottschalk</a>, his second wife, "Roy found not only a loving wife but also an intelligent helper and close collaborator."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They settled in <a href="/wiki/Dehra_Dun" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehra Dun">Dehra Dun</a>. Roy proposed an alternative leadership, seizing the crisis following <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Bose#National_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhas Bose">Bose's re-election as the Congress President</a> in 1938. In <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, he formed his <i>League of Radical Congressmen</i>. Disillusioned with both bourgeois democracy and communism, he devoted the last years of his life to the formulation of an alternative philosophy which he called <i>Radical Humanism</i> and of which he wrote a detailed exposition in <i><a href="/wiki/Reason,_Romanticism_and_Revolution" title="Reason, Romanticism and Revolution">Reason, Romanticism and Revolution</a></i>. </p><p> In his biography, <i>In Freedom's Quest</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sibnarayan_Ray" title="Sibnarayan Ray">Sibnarayan Ray</a> writes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If Nehru had his problems, so had Roy. From early life his sharp intellect was matched by a strong will and extra-ordinary self-confidence. It would seem that in his long political career there were only two persons and a half who, in his estimate, qualified to be his mentors. The first was Jatin Mukherji (or <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a>) from his revolutionary nationalist period; the second was Lenin. The half was Joseph Stalin....<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>With the declaration of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Roy (in a similar position as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a>) condemned the rising totalitarian regimes in Germany and Italy, instead supporting England and France in the fight against fascism. He severed connections with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a> and created the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Democratic_Party_(India)" title="Radical Democratic Party (India)">Radical Democratic Party</a> in 1940. Gandhi proceeded to lead the <i><a href="/wiki/Quit_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Quit India">Quit India</a></i> movement in August 1942. In response, the British colonial government imprisoned without trial nearly the entire Indian National Congress leadership. Roy's views clearly differed from the mainstream of the independence movement. According to Roy, a victory for Germany and the Axis powers would have resulted in the end of democracy worldwide and that India would never be independent. In his view, India could only win her independence in a free world. </p><p>Sensing India's independence to be a post-war reality following the defeat of the Axis powers and the weakening of the British Empire, Roy wrote a series of articles in <i>Independent India</i> on the economic and political structures of the new India, presenting a ten-year plan, and drafting a <i>Constitution of Free India</i> (1944). </p><p>Roy in his philosophy devised means to ensure <a href="/wiki/Human_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Human freedom">human freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a>. Remembering Bagha Jatin who "personified the best of mankind", Roy worked "for the ideal of establishing a social order in which the best in man could be manifest." In 1947, he elaborated his theses into a manifesto, <i>New Humanism</i>, expected to be as important as the <i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Manifesto">Communist Manifesto</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> a century earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._N._Roy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MN_Roy_1987_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MN_Roy_1987_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-MN_Roy_1987_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MN_Roy_1987_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-MN_Roy_1987_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/MN_Roy_1987_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>1987 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> <p>A planned lecture tour to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was canceled on 25 January 1954 due to Roy's death from a heart attack.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1987, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> began the publication of the <i>Selected Works of M. N. Roy</i>. A total of 4 volumes were published through to 1997, gathering Roy's writings through his prison years. Project editor <a href="/wiki/Sibnarayan_Ray" title="Sibnarayan Ray">Sibnarayan Ray</a> died in 2008, however,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the project was prematurely terminated. Noted personalities like T. M. Tarkunde, Govardhandas Parekh, V. B. Karnik, Sunil Bhattacharya, B. R. Sunthankar, <a href="/wiki/Saleel_Wagh" title="Saleel Wagh">Saleel Wagh</a>, V. R. Jawahire and Dr. Nalini Taralekar were influenced by M. N. Roy and his philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._N._Roy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_involvement_in_the_Indian_independence_movement" title="Communist involvement in the Indian independence movement">Communist involvement in the Indian independence movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._N._Roy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Memoir4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Memoir4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memoir4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memoir4_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, <i>M. N. Roy's Memoirs</i>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BangPedia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BangPedia_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BangPedia_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BangPedia_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BangPedia_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BangPedia_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BangPedia_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BangPedia_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Roy,_Manabendra_Nath">"Manabendra Nath Roy,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701122119/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Roy,_Manabendra_Nath">Archived</a> 1 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Banglapedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This date found in the <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i> and accepted by Sibnarayan Ray, <i>In Freedom's Quest: Life of M.N. Roy (Vol. 1: 1887–1922).</i> Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1998; p. 14. This is based on the diary of Dinabandhu. Samaren Roy in <i>The Restless Brahmin</i> claims that Bhattacharya was born on 22 February 1887 in Arbelia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quest14-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quest14_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quest14_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quest14_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quest14_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray, <i>In Freedom's Quest,</i> vol. 1, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quest15-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quest15_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray, <i>In Freedom's Quest</i>, vol. 1, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray, <i>In Freedom's Quest</i>, vol. 1, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sealy's Report in <i>Terrorism in Bengal</i>, Vol. V, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quest16-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quest16_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quest16_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray, <i>In Freedom's Quest</i>, vol. 1, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. B. Karnik, <i>M. N. Roy: Political Biography</i>. Bombay: Nav Jagriti Samaj, 1978; pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. N. Roy, <a href="/wiki/Jatindranath_Mukherjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatindranath Mukherjee">Jatindranath Mukherjee</a> in <i>Men I Met</i>, reprinted from <i>Independent India</i>, 27 February 1949. Sibnarayan in vol. I, p. 19 quotes Bhattacharya farther: "all the Dadas practised magnetism: only Jatin Mukherjee possessed it."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memoir3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Memoir3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memoir3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memoir3_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memoir3_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memoir3_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. N. Roy, <i>M. N. Roy's Memoirs</i>. Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1984; p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, <i>M. N. Roy's Memoirs</i>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memoir5-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Memoir5_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memoir5_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memoir5_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, <i>M. N. Roy's Memoirs</i>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, <i>M. N. Roy's Memoirs</i>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memoir7-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Memoir7_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memoir7_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, <i>M. N. Roy's Memoirs</i>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, <i>M. N. Roy's Memoirs</i>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, <i>M. N. Roy's Memoirs</i>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, <i>M.N. Roy's Memoirs</i>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, <i>M.N. Roy's Memoirs,</i> pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memoirs14-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Memoirs14_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memoirs14_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memoirs14_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, <i>M.N. Roy's Memoirs,</i> p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, <i>M. N. Roy's Memoirs</i>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memoir18-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Memoir18_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memoir18_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memoir18_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, <i>M. N. Roy's Memoirs</i>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Satyabrata_Rai_Chowdhuri" title="Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri">Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri</a>, <i>Leftism in India, 1917–1941</i>. Basingstoke, England: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, 2007; p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070330124819/http://www.lehman.cuny.edu/deanhum/philosophy/BRSQ/04may.ebersole.htm"><i>Diary of Lala Lajpat Rai, 1914–1917</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_India" title="National Archives of India">National Archives</a>, New Delhi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goebel, "Geopolitics," pp. 488–490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sibnarayan, vol. 1, pp. 93–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HinduObit-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HinduObit_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/29/stories/2004012900690900.htm">"M.N. Roy Dead,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613024352/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/29/stories/2004012900690900.htm">Archived</a> 13 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>, 29 January 1954.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sibnarayan, III/pp57-58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW3-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SW3_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW3_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW3_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sibnarayan Ray, "Introduction to Volume IV," <i>Selected Works of M.N. Roy: Volume IV, 1932–1936</i>. Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1997; p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jawaharlal Nehru, <i>An Autobiography (Nehru)</i> The Bodley Head, London, 1936; pp, 154, 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray, "Introduction to Volume IV," pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW4-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SW4_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW4_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW4_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW4_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW4_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW4_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray, "Introduction to Volume IV," p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. N. Roy, <i>"I Accuse!" From the Suppressed Statement of Marabendra Nath Roy on Trial for Treason Before Sessions Court, Cawnpore, India</i>. New York: Roy Defense Committee of India, January 1932; pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW11-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SW11_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW11_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray, "Introduction to Volume IV," p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, Subodh, Communism in India – Unpublished Documents 1925–1934. <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tribune</i>, Lahore, 24 and 27 December 1936, quoted by <a href="/wiki/Sibnarayan_Ray" title="Sibnarayan Ray">Sibnarayan</a>, III/p323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnik, <i>M.N. Roy,</i> p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>op. cit</i>, Vol. III-Part I, 2005, p. 320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. B. Karnik, <i>M. N. Roy</i>, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/roy_mn/">"Roy, Manbendra Nath | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roy%2C+Manbendra+Nath+%7C+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Froy_mn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+N.+Roy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712222232/http://janus.uoregon.edu/record=b1578909"><i>Selected Works of M. N. Roy, Edited by Sibnarayan Ray,</i></a> UO Libraries, University of Oregon, janus.uoregon.edu/</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thump.vice.com/es_mx/article/el-roy-y-su-musica">"El Roy y su música"</a>. <i>vice.com</i>. 11 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923035031/https://thump.vice.com/es_mx/article/el-roy-y-su-musica">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vice.com&rft.atitle=El+Roy+y+su+m%C3%BAsica&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthump.vice.com%2Fes_mx%2Farticle%2Fel-roy-y-su-musica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+N.+Roy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._N._Roy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><small><b>Note:</b> Adapted from "A Checklist of the Writings of M.N. Roy" in <i>M.N. Roy's Memoirs.</i> Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1984; pp. 607–617.</small></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><i>La voz de la India</i> (The Voice of India). Mexico City: n.p., n.d. [c. 1917].</li> <li><i>La India: Su Pasado, Su Presente y Su Porvenir</i> (India: Its Past, Its Present, and Its Future). Mexico City: n.p., 1918.</li> <li><i>Indien</i> (India). Hamburg: Verlag der Kommunistischen Internationale, 1922.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiaintransitio00roymrich"><i>India in Transition</i></a>. With Abani Mukherji. Geneva: J.B. Target, 1922.</li> <li><i>What Do We Want?</i> Geneva: J. B. Target, 1922.</li> <li><i>One Year of Non-Cooperation from Ahmedabad to Gaya</i>. With Evelyn Roy. Calcutta: Communist Party of India, 1923. <small>—Imprint probably fictitious.</small></li> <li><i>India's Problem and Its Solution</i>. n.c.: n.p., n.d. [c. 1923].</li> <li><i>Political Letters</i>. Zurich: Vanguard Bookshop, 1924. <small>—Alternate title: <i>Letters to Indian Nationalists</i>.</small></li> <li><i>Cawnpore Conspiracy Case: An Open Letter to the Rt. Hon. J. R. MacDonald</i>. London: Indian Defence Committee, 1924.</li> <li><i>The Aftermath of Non-Cooperation: Indian Nationalism and Labour Politics</i>. London: Communist Party of Great Britain, 1926.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofindianpo00roymrich"><i>The Future of Indian Politics</i></a>. London: R. Bishop [Communist Party of Great Britain], 1926.</li> <li><i>Our Task in India</i>. n.c.: Bengal Committee of the Revolutionary Party of the Indian Working Class, n.d. [c. 1932].</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iAccuseFromTheSuppressedStatementOfManabendraNathRoyOnTrialFor"><i>"I Accuse!" : From the Suppressed Statement of Manabendra Nath Roy on Trial for Treason before Sessions Court, Cawnpore, India</i></a>. New York: Roy Defense Committee of India, 1932. <small>—Title of unexpurgated Indian edition: <i>My Defence.</i></small></li> <li><i>Congress at Crossroads, by a Congressman (M. N. Roy)</i>. Bombay: Independence of India League, [c. 1934].</li> <li><i>On Stepping Out of Jail</i>. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, n.d. [c. 1936].</li> <li><i>Letters by M. N. Roy to the Congress Socialist Party, Written in 1934</i>. Bombay: Renaissance Publishing Co., 1937.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalroleof032545mbp"><i>The Historical Role of Islam: An Essay on Islamic Culture</i></a>. Bombay: Vora, 1937.</li> <li><i>Presidential Address of M. N. Roy, United Provinces Youths' Conference, 29 and 30 May 1937, Sitapur</i>. Bombay: R. D. Nadkarni, n.d. [1937].</li> <li><i>Materialism and Spiritualism: Presidential Address of M. N. Roy at the 3rd Session of the Madras Presidency Radical Youths' Conference, Held at Madras on 25 July 1937</i>. Bombay: R. D. Nadkarni, n.d. [1937].</li> <li><i>My Crime</i>. Bombay: Ramesh D. Nadkarni, n.d. [c. 1937].</li> <li><i>The Russian Revolution: A Review and the Perspective</i>. Calcutta: D. M. Library, n.d. [c. 1937].</li> <li><i>Presidential Address of Com. M.N. Roy, First Rajputana-Central India Students' Conference, Benwar, 1 and 2 January 1938</i>. Bombay: n.p., n.d. [1938].</li> <li><i>All-India Sugar Mill Workers' Conference, Gorakhpur, Held on 30 April and 1 May 1938: Presidential Address by Manabendra Nath Roy</i>. Gorakhpur: n.p., n.d. [1938].</li> <li><i>Fascism: Its Philosophy, Professions and Practice</i>. Calcutta: D.M. Library, 1938.</li> <li><i>On the Congress Constitution</i>. Calcutta: "Independent India" Office, 1938.</li> <li><i>Our Differences</i>. With V. B. Karnik. Calcuta: Saraswaty Library, 1938.</li> <li><i>Our Problems</i>. With V. B. Karnik. Calcutta; Barendra Library, 1938.</li> <li><i>Gandhi vs. Roy: Containing Com. Roy's Letter to Gandhiji, the Latter's Reply and the Former's Rejoinder</i>. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, 1939.</li> <li><i>Heresies of the Twentieth Century: Philosophical Essays</i>. Bombay: Renaissance Publishers, 1939.</li> <li><i>Presidential Address by M. N. Roy at the First All-India Conference of the League of Radical Congressmen, Poona, 27 and 28 June 1939</i>. Bombay: n.p., n.d. [1939].</li> <li><i>Tripuri and After</i>. Nasik: Radical Congressmen's League, n.d. [1930s].</li> <li><i>Which Way, Lucknow? By a Radical Congressman (M. N. Roy)</i>. Bombay: M. R. Shetty, n.d. [1930s].</li> <li><i>The Memoirs of a Cat</i>. n.c. [Dehra Dun]: Renaissance Publishers, 1940.</li> <li><i>Whither Europe?</i> Bombay: Vora, 1940.</li> <li><i>The Alternative</i>. Bombay: Vora, 1940.</li> <li><i>From Savagery to Civilisation</i>. Calcutta: Digest Book House, 1940.</li> <li><i>Gandhism, Nationalism, Socialism</i>. Calcutta: Bengal Radical Club, 1940.</li> <li><i>Science and Superstition</i>. Dera Dun: Indian Renaissance Association, 1940.</li> <li><i>Materialism: An Outline of the History of Scientific Thought</i>. Dera Dun: Renaissance Publishers, 1940.</li> <li><i>World Crisis (International Situation)</i>. (contributor) Ahmedabad: Gujarat Radical Democratic People's Party, 1940.</li> <li><i>The Relation of Classes in the Struggle for Indian Freedom</i>. Patna: Bihar Radical Democratic People's Party, n.d. [c. 1940].</li> <li><i>Science, Philosophy and Politics</i>. Moradabad: J. S. Agarwal, n.d. [c. 1940].</li> <li><i>A New Path: Manifesto and Constitution of the Radical Democratic Party</i>. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, n.d. [c. 1940].</li> <li><i>Twentieth Century Jacobinism: Role of Marxism in Democratic Revolution</i>. Patna: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [c. 1940].</li> <li><i>Some Fundamental Problems of Mass Mobilization</i>. Calcutta: D. Goonawardhana, n.d. [c. 1940].</li> <li><i>My Differences with the Congress: Speech at Allahbad University, 27 November 1940</i>. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, League of Radical Congressmen, n.d. [c. 1940].</li> <li><i>On Communal Question</i>. With V. B. Karnik. Lucknow: A.P. Singh, n.d. [c. 1940].</li> <li><i>Culture at the Crossroads: Cultural Requisites of Freedom</i>. Calcutta: Leftist Book Club, n.d. [1940s].</li> <li><i>Radical Democratic Party's Message to the USSR</i>. Calcutta: D. Goonawardhan, n.d. [1940s].</li> <li><i>Presidential Address by Com. M. N. Roy at the Maharashtra Provincial Conference of the Radical Democratic Party held at Poona on 22 and 23 March 1941</i>, Bombay: V. B. Karnik, n.d. [1941].</li> <li><i>The Ideal of Indian Womanhood</i>. n.c. [Dehra Dun?]: Renaissance Publishers, 1941.</li> <li><i>Problem of the Indian Revolution</i>. Bombay: Rajaram Panday, 1941.</li> <li><i>All-India Anti-Fascist Trade Union Conference: Presidential Address by M. N. Roy: Lahore, 29–30 November 1941</i>. Lahore: M. A. Kahn, n.d. [1941].</li> <li><i>Scientific Politics: Lectures in the All India Political Study Camp, Dehradun, May and June 1940: Held under Auspices of All-India League of Radical Congressmen</i>. Dehra Dun: Indian Renaissance Association, 1942.</li> <li><i>Freedom or Fascism?</i> n.c. [Bombay?]: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.</li> <li><i>India and the War</i>. (contributor) Lucknow: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.</li> <li><i>This War and Our Defence</i>. Karachi: Sind Provincial Radical Democratic Party, 1942.</li> <li><i>War and Revolution: International Civil War</i>. Madras: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.</li> <li><i>Origin of Radicalism in the Congress</i>. Lucknow: S.S. Suri, 1942.</li> <li><i>Library of a Revolutionary: Being a List of Books for Serious Political Study</i>. Lucknow: New Life Union, for the Indian Renaissance Association, 1942.</li> <li><i>This Way to Freedom: Report of the All-India Conference of the Radical Democratic Party held in December 1942</i>. (contributor) Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.</li> <li><i>Nationalism: An Antiquated Cult</i>. Bombay: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [c. 1942].</li> <li><i>Nationalism, Democracy, and Freedom</i>. Bombay: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [c. 1942].</li> <li><i>Letters from Jail</i>. n.c. [Dehra Dun?]: Renaissance Publishing, 1943.</li> <li><i>The Communist International</i>. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1943.</li> <li><i>What is Marxism?</i> Bombay: n.p., 1943.</li> <li><i>The Future of Socialism: Talk to the Calcutta Students' Club, November 1943</i>. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. [1943].</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/povertyorplenty032934mbp"><i>Poverty or Plenty?</i></a> Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1943.</li> <li><i>Indian Labour and Post-war Reconstruction</i>. Lucknow: A. P. Singh, 1943.</li> <li><i>Indian Renaissance Movement: Three Lectures</i>. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1944.</li> <li><i>The Future of the Middle Class: Lecture Delivered in Poona on 29 May 1944, in the Annual Spring Lecture Series</i>. Patna: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [1944].</li> <li><i>Constitution of India, A Draft: Endorsed and Released for Public Discussion by the Central Secretariat of the Radical Democratic Party</i>. Delhi: V. B. Karnik, 1944.</li> <li><i>Your Future: An Appeal to the Educated Middle Class. Issued by the Radical Democratic Party</i>. Lucknow: Radical Democratic Party, 1944.</li> <li><i>Planning a New India</i>. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. [c. 1944].</li> <li><i>National Government or People's Government?</i> Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. [c. 1944].</li> <li><i>Constitution of Free India, A Draft by M. N. Roy: Endorsed and Released for Public Discussion by the Radical Democratic Party</i>. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1945.</li> <li><i>The Last Battles of Freedom: Being the Report of the Calcutta Conference of the Radical Democratic Party, 27 to 30 December 1944</i>. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [1945].</li> <li><i>Post-War Perspective: A Peep into the Future</i>. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1945.</li> <li><i>Future of Democracy in India: Being the Full Text of a Speech Delivered at a Public Meeting Held at the Town Hall, Lucknow, on 6 October 1945</i>. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [1945].</li> <li><i>The Problem of Freedom</i>. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1945.</li> <li><i>My Experiences in China</i>. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1945.</li> <li><i>Sino-Soviet Treaty</i>. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.</li> <li><i>Jawaharial Nehru</i>, Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [c. 1945].</li> <li><i>INA and the August Revolution</i>. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946.</li> <li><i>Revolution and Counter-Revolution in China</i>. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946. <small>—Published in German in 1931.</small></li> <li><i>A New Orientation: Statement on the International Situation</i>. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1946.</li> <li><i>A New Orientation: Review and Perspective of the International Struggle for a New World Order of Democratic Freedom, Economic Prosperity, and Cultural Progress</i>. Dehra Dun: Radical Democratic Party, Bengal, 1946.</li> <li><i>New Orientation: Lectures Delivered at the Political Study Camp Held at Dehra Dun, from 8 to 18 May 1946</i>. With Phillip Spratt. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946.</li> <li><i>Radical Democratic Party Conference Inaugural Address: Bombay, 20th, 21st, 22 December 1946: Presidential Address and Resolutions</i>. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, n.d. [1947].</li> <li><i>Principles of Radical Democracy: Adopted by the Third All-India Conference by the Radical Democratic Party of India held in Bombay, 26 to 29 December 1946</i>. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1947. <small>—Attributed to Roy.</small></li> <li><i>Leviathan and Octopus</i>. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [1947].</li> <li><i>Asia and the World: A Manifesto</i>. Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1947.</li> <li><i>Science and Philosophy</i>. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.</li> <li><i>New Humanism: A Manifesto</i>. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.</li> <li><i>Beyond Communism</i>. With Philip Spratt. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.</li> <li><i>A New Approach to the Communal Program: Lecture Delivered at the International Fellowship, Madras, 22 February 1941</i>. Bombay: V. B. Karnik, n.d. [c. 1947].</li> <li><i>The Russian Revolution</i>. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1949.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiasmessage031443mbp"><i>India's Message</i></a>. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1950.</li> <li><i>The Rhythm of Cosmos: Inaugural Address of the Second All-India Rationalist Conference at Tenali held on 9 and 10 February 1952</i>. Tenali: n.p., n.d. [1952].</li> <li><i>Radical Humanism</i>. New Delhi: n.p., 1952.</li> <li><i>Reason, Romanticism and Revolution</i>. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1952.</li> <li><i>The Way Ahead in Asia</i>. n.c.: British Information Service in Southeast Asia, n.d. [c. 1950s].</li> <li><i>Crime and Karma, Cats and Women</i>. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1957.</li> <li><i>Memoirs</i>. Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1964. <small>—Reissued 1984.</small></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._N._Roy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>R. K. Awasthi, <i>Scientific Humanism: Socio-Political Ideas of M.N . Roy: A Critique</i>. Delhi: Research Publications in Social Sciences, 1973.</li> <li>Shiri Ram Bakshi, <i>M. N. Roy</i>. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1994.</li> <li>N. R. Basannavar, 'The Indian in the Comintern'. University of Bristol Dissertation 2007</li> <li>G. P. Bhattacharjee, <i>Evolution of Political Philosophy of M. N. Roy</i>. Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1971. <ul><li><i>M.N. Roy and Radical Humanism.</i> Bombay: A. J. B. H. Wadia Publication, 1961.</li></ul></li> <li>Phanibhusan Chakravartti, <i>M. N. Roy</i>. Calcutta: M. N. Roy Death Anniversary Observance Committee, 1961.</li> <li>Prakash Chandra, <i>Political Philosophy of M. N. Roy</i>. Meerut: Sarup & Sons, 1985.</li> <li>Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri, <i>Leftism in India, 1917–1947</i>. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2007.</li> <li>Ramyansu Sekhar Das, <i>M. N. Roy the Humanist Philosopher</i>. Calcutta: W. Newman, 1956.</li> <li>B. N. Dasgupta, <i>M. N. Roy: Quest for Freedom</i>. Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1970.</li> <li>Niranjan Dhar, <i>The Political Thought of M. N. Roy, 1936–1954</i>. Calcutta: Eureka Publishers, 1966.</li> <li>S. M. Ganguly, <i>Leftism in India: M. N. Roy and Indian Politics, 1920–1948</i>. Columbia, MO: South Asia Books, 1984.</li> <li>Dharmadasa Goonawardhana and Debassaran Das Gupta (eds.), <i>Royism Explained</i>. Calcutta: Saraswaty Library, 1938.</li> <li>Michael Goebel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13507486.2014.933181#.VBgJeyjSNqs">"Geopolitics, Transnational Solidarity, or Diaspora Nationalism? The Global Career of M. N. Roy, 1915–1930,"</a> <i>European Review of History</i> 21, no. 4 (2014), pp. 485–499.</li> <li>D. C. Grover, <i>M. N. Roy: a Study of Revolution and Reason in Indian Politics</i>. Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1973.</li> <li>John Patrick Haithcox, <i>Communism and Nationalism in India; M. N. Roy and Comintern Policy, 1920–1939</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971.</li> <li>V. B. Karnik, <i>M. N. Roy: Political Biography</i>. Bombay: Nav Jagriti Samaj, 1978.</li> <li>Usha Krishna, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406230204/http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/handle/2009/4225"><i>M. N. Roy and the Radical Humanist Movement in India: A Sociological Study</i></a>. Meerut: Chaudhary Charan Singh University, 2005.</li> <li>B. K. Mahakul, "Radical Humanism of M. N. Roy," <i>Indian Journal of Political Science</i>, vol. 66, no. 3 (July 2005), pp. 607–618. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856152">In JSTOR</a></li> <li>Kris Manjapra, <i>M. N. Roy: Marxism and Colonial Cosmopolitanism</i>. Delhi: Routledge India, 2010.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Milton" title="Giles Milton">Giles Milton</a> <i>Russian Roulette: How British Spies Thwarted Lenin's Global Plot</i>, Sceptre, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B444%2B73702%2B8" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+444+73702+8">978 1 444 73702 8</a></li> <li>Innaiah Narisetti (ed.), <i>M. N. Roy: Radical Humanist: Selected Writings</i>, New York: Prometheus Books, 2004.</li> <li>R. L. Nigram, <i>Radical Humanism of M. N. Roy An Exposition of his 22 Theses</i>. n.c.: Indus Publishing Co., n.d.</li> <li>Robert C. North and Xenia J. Eudin, <i>M. N. Roy's Mission to China: The Communist-Kuomintang Split of 1927</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963.</li> <li>Vishnudeo Narain Ojha, <i>M. N. Roy and His Philosophical Ideas</i>, n.c. [Muzaffarpur]: Shankhnad Prakashan, 1969.</li> <li>Alok Pant, <i>Indian Radicalism and M. N. Roy</i>. Delhi: Adhyayan, 2005.</li> <li>Govardhan Dhanaraj Parikh (ed.), <i>Essence of Royism: Anthology of M. N. Roy's Writings</i>. Bombay: Nav Jagriti Samaj, 1987.</li> <li>Ramendra, <i>M. N. Roy's New Humanism and Materialism</i>. Patna: Buddhiwadi Foundation, 2001.</li> <li>Sibnarayan Ray, <i>In Freedom's Quest: Life of M. N. Roy (Vol. 1: 1887–1922)</i>. Calcutta: Minerva, 1998. <small>—No other volumes issued.</small> <ul><li><i>M. N. Roy: Philosopher-Revolutionary: A Symposium</i>. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1959.</li></ul></li> <li>Dipti Kumar Roy, <i>Leftist Politics in India: M. N. Roy and the Radical Democratic Party</i>. Calcutta: Minerva, 1989. <ul><li><i>Trade Union Movement in India: Role of M. N. Roy</i>. Calcutta: Minerva, 1990.</li></ul></li> <li>Samaren Roy, <i>The Restless Brahmin: Early Life of M. N. Roy</i>. Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1970. <ul><li><i>The Twice-Born Heretic: M. N. Roy and the Comintern</i>. Calcutta: KLM Private, 1986.</li></ul></li> <li>B. S. Sharma, <i>The Political Philosophy of M. N. Roy</i>. Delhi, National Publishing House, 1965.</li> <li>Sita Ram Sharma, <i>Life and Works of M. N. Roy</i>. Jaipur: Sublime Publications, 2010.</li> <li>M. Shiviah, <i>New Humanism and Democratic Politics: A Study of M. N. Roy's Theory of the State</i>. Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1977.</li> <li>Reeta Sinha, <i>Political Ideas of M. N. Roy</i>. New Delh: National Book Organisation, 1991.</li> <li>Sada Nand Talwar, <i>Political Ideas of M. N. Roy</i>. Delhi: Khosla Publishing House, 1978.</li> <li>J. B. H. Wadia, <i>M. N. Roy, The Man: An Incomplete Royana</i>. Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1983.</li> <li>Syamales Das, <i>M. N. Roy, Biplabi, Rajnitik O Darshonik</i>. Calcutta: Sribhumi Publishing Co., 1999.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._N._Roy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:M._N._Roy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:M. 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title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">militant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alipore_Bomb_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore Bomb Case">Alipore Bomb Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:India_House" title="Category:India House"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg/120px-Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg/250px-Ghadar_di_gunj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="539" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghadar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Hardayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Singh_Bhakna" title="Sohan Singh Bhakna">Sohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Sadashiv_Khankhoje" title="Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje">Pandurang Khankhoje</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Ghadar" title="Hindustan Ghadar">Hindustan Ghadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_di_gunj" title="Ghadar di gunj">Ghadar di gunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guran_Ditt_Kumar" title="Guran Ditt Kumar">Guran Ditt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Gurdit_Singh" title="Baba Gurdit Singh">Baba Gurdit Singh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komagata_Maru_incident" title="Komagata Maru incident">Komagata Maru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Singh_Gyanee" title="Bhagwan Singh Gyanee">Bhagwan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Parmanand" title="Bhai Parmanand">Bhai Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Bharadwaj" title="Ram Chandra Bharadwaj">Ram Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartar_Singh_Sarabha" title="Kartar Singh Sarabha">Kartar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Ganesh_Pingle" title="Vishnu Ganesh Pingle">Vishnu Pingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Kanshi_Ram" title="Pandit Kanshi Ram">Kanshi Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Smedley" title="Agnes Smedley">Agnes Smedley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ghadar_Party" title="Category:Ghadar Party"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Chatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chempakaraman_Pillai" title="Chempakaraman Pillai">Champak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._R._Pillai" title="A. R. Pillai">A. R. Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._T._Acharya" title="M. P. T. Acharya">M. P. T. Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafiz_Mohamed_Barakatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah">Barkatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendranath_Datta" title="Bhupendranath Datta">Bhupendranath Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinash_Bhattacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhinash Bhattacharya">Abhinash Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Pratap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendra Pratap">Mahendra Pratap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herambalal_Gupta" title="Herambalal Gupta">Herambalal Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Nath_Sanyal" title="Sachindra Nath Sanyal">Sachin Sanyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Pritam_Singh_Dhillon" title="Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon">Pritam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarendranath_Chatterjee" title="Amarendranath Chatterjee">Amarendranath Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atulkrishna_Ghosh" title="Atulkrishna Ghosh">Atulkrishna Ghosh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud al-Hasan">Mahmud al-Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_Amba_Prasad" title="Sufi Amba Prasad">Sufi Amba Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Zimmermann" title="Arthur Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_for_the_East" title="Intelligence Bureau for the East">Intelligence Bureau for the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Oppenheim" title="Max von Oppenheim">Max von Oppenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Bernstorff" title="Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff">von Bernstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodiek" title="George Rodiek">George Rodiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Otto_von_Hentig" title="Werner Otto von Hentig">Hentig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_von_Niedermayer" title="Oskar von Niedermayer">Niedermayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conspiracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Larsen_affair" title="Annie Larsen affair">Annie Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Maverick" title="SS Maverick">SS <i>Maverick</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Mutiny" title="Ghadar Mutiny">February plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Conspiracy_Case_trial" title="Lahore Conspiracy Case trial">Lahore Conspiracy Case trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Letter_Movement" title="Silk Letter Movement">Silk Letter Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niedermayer%E2%80%93Hentig_Expedition" title="Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition">Kabul Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy_Trial" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial">Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy"><i>More</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_counter-intelligence_against_the_Indian_revolutionary_movement_during_World_War_I" title="British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I">Counter-intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._C._Hopkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="W. C. Hopkinson">W. C. Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wallinger" title="John Wallinger">John Wallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Political_Intelligence_Office" title="Indian Political Intelligence Office">Indian Political Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Thomson" title="Basil Thomson">Basil Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5(g)" title="MI5(g)">MI5(g)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Kell" title="Vernon Kell">Vernon Kell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nathan_(intelligence_officer)" title="Robert Nathan (intelligence officer)">Robert Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirpal_Singh_(spy)" title="Kirpal Singh (spy)">Kirpal Singh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oren_(spy)" title="Oren (spy)">Oren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Kraft" title="Vincent Kraft">Vincent Kraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Wiseman,_10th_Baronet" title="Sir William Wiseman, 10th Baronet">William Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tegart" title="Charles Tegart">Charles Tegart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gaunt" title="Guy Gaunt">Guy Gaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seistan_Force" title="Seistan Force">East Persia Cordon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">Lawrence of Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_Act_1915" title="Defence of India Act 1915">Defence of India Act 1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingress_into_India_Ordinance,_1914" title="Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914">Ingress into India Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rowlatt" title="Sidney Rowlatt">Sidney Rowlatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dyama_Mitsuru" title="Tōyama Mitsuru">Tōyama Mitsuru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313313#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313313#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313313#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/12125058X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50025968">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12175380k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12175380k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00550423">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07109976X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0633061X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1242071">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/12125058X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/12125058X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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