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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ཝིག་ཏོར་སེར་ཇེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཝིག་ཏོར་སེར་ཇེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Victor Serge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Serge" title="Viktor Serge – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Viktor Serge" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Victor Serge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%81_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B6" title="Βικτόρ Σερζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βικτόρ Σερζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Serge" title="Víctor Serge – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Víctor Serge" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Victor Serge" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%98" title="ویکتور سرژ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکتور سرژ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Victor Serge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Victor Serge" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Victor Serge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Victor Serge" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%96%27" title="ויקטור סרז' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקטור סרז'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="വിക്ടർ സെർജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിക്ടർ സെർജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="ڤيكتور سيرج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤيكتور سيرج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Victor Serge" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Victor Serge" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Victor Serge" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Victor Serge" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Victor Serge" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6" title="Виктор Серж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виктор Серж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Victor Serge" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6" title="Виктор Серж – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Виктор Серж" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Victor Serge" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Victor Serge" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Victor Serge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E6%97%A5" title="维克托·塞尔日 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维克托·塞尔日" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q362009#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_serge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Victor_serge.jpg/250px-Victor_serge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Victor_serge.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">December 30, 1890<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1890-12-30</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 17, 1947<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1947-11-18</span>)</span> (aged 56)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Labour_Party" title="Belgian Labour Party">Socialist Young Guards</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1905–1909)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union#Name" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Communist Party</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1919–1928)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POUM" title="POUM">POUM</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1937)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Liuba Russakova</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laurette_S%C3%A9journ%C3%A9" title="Laurette Séjourné">Laurette Séjourné</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Vlady_Kibalchich_Rusakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlady Kibalchich Rusakov">Vlady</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Serge_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Victor_Serge_signature.svg/150px-Victor_Serge_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Victor_Serge_signature.svg/225px-Victor_Serge_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Victor_Serge_signature.svg/300px-Victor_Serge_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="57" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Victor Serge</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[viktɔʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>sɛʁʒ]</a></span>; December 30, 1890 – November 17, 1947), born <b>Victor Lvovich Kibalchich</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Ви́ктор Льво́вич Киба́льчич</span>), was a Russian writer, poet, <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> revolutionary, and historian. Originally an <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a>, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> five months after arriving in <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> in January 1919 and later worked for the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> as a journalist, editor and translator. He was critical of the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> regime and remained a revolutionary Marxist until his death. He was a close supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> and associate of <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/William_Giraldi" title="William Giraldi">William Giraldi</a>, Serge's novels may be "read like an alloy of" <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>: "the uncommon political acuity of Orwell and the absurdist comedy of Kafka, a comedy with the damning squint of satire, except the satire is real."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his studies of Serge, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Greeman" title="Richard Greeman">Richard Greeman</a> described him as a <a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernist</a> writer influenced by <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Andrei Bely</a> and Freud; Greeman also believed that Serge, although writing in French, continued the experiments of such Russian Soviet writers as <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Babel" title="Isaac Babel">Isaac Babel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osip_Mandelstam" title="Osip Mandelstam">Osip Mandelstam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pilnyak" title="Boris Pilnyak">Boris Pilnyak</a>, and poets <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Vladimir Mayakovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Yesenin" title="Sergei Yesenin">Sergei Yesenin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serge is remembered as the author of novels and other prose works, memoirs (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Revolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Memoirs of a Revolutionary">Memoirs of a Revolutionary</a></i>) and poetry. Among his novels chronicling the lives of Soviet people and revolutionaries and of the first half of the 20th century, the best-known is <i>The Case of Comrade Tulayev</i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">L'affaire Toulaev</i>). <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lezard" title="Nicholas Lezard">Nicholas Lezard</a> calls the novel " of the great 20th-century Russian novels" that follows the traditions of "<a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogolian</a> absurdity".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Serge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serge was born in Belgium to Russian revolutionaries in exile. He had little formal schooling and left home in his teens. He lived in a French mining village, worked as a typesetter, and went to Paris. While in Paris he became an anarchist and editor of one of the movement's newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During that time, Serge was caught up in the trial of the <a href="/wiki/Bonnot_Gang" title="Bonnot Gang">Bonnot Gang</a> with his then-wife <a href="/wiki/Rirette_Ma%C3%AEtrejean" title="Rirette Maîtrejean">Rirette Maîtrejean</a> and others. Some of the accused were executed, the women were acquitted, and Serge was sentenced to five years imprisonment for refusing to testify. He was 22 years old at the time of his sentencing and was released in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonnot_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonnot-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, Serge arrived in revolutionary Russia during the civil war between the Red (revolutionary) and White (counter-revolutionary) armies. While concerned that the Bolsheviks were repressing opposition to their left, he later wrote, "Even if there was only one chance in a hundred for the regeneration of the revolution and its workers' democracy, that chance had to be taken."<sup id="cite_ref-Hochschild_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hochschild-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emigration_and_death">Emigration and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Serge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emigration and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serge was arrested in 1928, shortly after <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, with whom he had sometimes associated, and confined to Leningrad until 1933, a time in which his second wife Liouba Roussakov began to suffer from mental illness.<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_at_Yale:_Victor_Serge_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives_at_Yale:_Victor_Serge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following international pressure on the USSR over its treatment of writers and other cultural figures in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a>, Serge was expelled from the USSR in 1936 and left for Belgium and France, where he returned to Paris. Roussakov came with him, as did their son Vlady, but Roussakov was institutionalized in 1937, following the move to Paris. Serge met the Italian-born archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Laurette_S%C3%A9journ%C3%A9" title="Laurette Séjourné">Laurette Séjourné</a>. Upon the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_France_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of France (1940)">German invasion of France</a> in 1941, Serge decided to leave Europe, seeking passage to the United States, where he could not obtain a visa. He accepted passage for Mexico despite having heard of Trotsky's recent assassination there. He took an oceanliner for Mexico (sharing a passage with <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>), with Séjourné joining him in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Victor_Serge's_Notebooks_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victor_Serge's_Notebooks-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They married that year, but in Mexico Serge was beset with fear of arrest or assassination and struggled to work. He died in 1947 and was buried in Mexico City. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_available_in_English">Works available in English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Serge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works available in English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Serge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Long Dusk</i> (1946) Translator: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Manheim" title="Ralph Manheim">Ralph Manheim</a>; New York : The Dial Press. Translation of <i>Les derniers temps</i>, Montreal 1946.</li> <li><i>The Case of Comrade Tulayev</i> (1967) Translator: Willard R. Trask; New York : New York Review of Books Classics. Translation of <i>L'Affaire Toulaev</i>. Paris 1949.</li> <li><i>Birth of our Power</i> (1967) Translator: Richard Greeman; New York : Doubleday. Translation of <i>Naissance de notre force</i>, Paris 1931.</li> <li><i>Men in Prison</i> (1969) Translator: Richard Greeman; Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Translation of <i>Les hommes dans le prison</i>, Paris 1930.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSerge1932" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Serge, Victor (1932). <i>Conquered City</i> [<i>Ville conquise</i>] (in French). Translated by Greeman, Richard. New York City: <a href="/wiki/NYRB_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="NYRB Classics">NYRB Classics</a> (published 2011). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-366-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-366-4"><bdi>978-1-59017-366-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquered+City&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=NYRB+Classics&rft.date=1932&rft.isbn=978-1-59017-366-4&rft.aulast=Serge&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSerge1939" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Serge, Victor (1939). <i>Midnight in the Century</i> [<i>S'il est minuit dans le siècle</i>] (in French). Translated by Greeman, Richard. New York City: <a href="/wiki/NYRB_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="NYRB Classics">NYRB Classics</a> (published 2014). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590177709" title="Special:BookSources/9781590177709"><bdi>9781590177709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midnight+in+the+Century&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=NYRB+Classics&rft.date=1939&rft.isbn=9781590177709&rft.aulast=Serge&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSerge1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Serge, Victor (1971). <i>Unforgiving Years</i> [<i>Les Années sans pardon</i>] (in French). Translated by Greeman, Richard. New York City: <a href="/wiki/NYRB_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="NYRB Classics">NYRB Classics</a> (published 2008). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-247-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-247-6"><bdi>978-1-59017-247-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unforgiving+Years&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=NYRB+Classics&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-1-59017-247-6&rft.aulast=Serge&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSerge2022" class="citation book cs1">Serge, Victor (2022). Greeman, Richard (ed.). <i>Last Times</i>. Translated by Manheim, Ralph. New York City: <a href="/wiki/NYRB_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="NYRB Classics">NYRB Classics</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781681375144" title="Special:BookSources/9781681375144"><bdi>9781681375144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Times&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=NYRB+Classics&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781681375144&rft.aulast=Serge&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span> (revised edition of <i>The Long Dusk</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poems">Poems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Serge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Poems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Resistance</i> (1989) Translator: James Brooks; San Francisco: City Lights. Translation of <i>Résistance</i>, Paris 1938.</li> <li><i>A Blaze in the Desert: Selected Poems by Victor Serge</i>, translated by James Brook PM Press, Oakland, California, 2017.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction:_books">Non-fiction: books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Serge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Non-fiction: books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/serge/1937/FromLeninToStalin-BW-T144.pdf">From Lenin to Stalin</a></i> (1937) Translator: Ralph Manheim; New York: Pioneer Publishers. Translation of <i>De Lénine à Staline</i>, Paris 1937.</li> <li><i>Russia Twenty Years After</i> (1937) Translator: Max Shachtman; New York: Pioneer Publishers. Translation of <i>Destin d'une révolution</i>, Paris 1937. Also published as <i>Destiny of a Revolution</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Revolutionary,_1901%E2%80%931941" title="Memoirs of a Revolutionary, 1901–1941">Memoirs of a Revolutionary, 1901–1941</a></i> (2012) Translator: Peter Sedgwick with George Paizis; New York: New York Review of Books Classics. Translation of <i>Mémoires d'un révolutionnaire, 1901–1941</i>, Paris 1951.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/serge/1930/year-one/index.htm">Year One of the Russian Revolution</a></i> (1972) Translator: Peter Sedgwick; London: Allen Lane. Translation of <i>L'An 1 de la révolution russe</i>, Paris 1930.</li> <li><i>The Life and Death of Leon Trotsky</i> (1973) (with <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Sedova" title="Natalia Sedova">Natalia Sedova Trotsky</a>) Translator: <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Pomerans" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold J. Pomerans">Arnold J. Pomerans</a>; Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Translation of: <i>Vie et mort de Leon Trotsky</i>, Paris 1951.</li> <li><i>What Everyone Should Know About State Repression</i> (1979) Translator: Judith White; London: New Park Publications. Translation of <i>Les Coulisses d'une Sûreté générale. Ce que tout révolutionnaire devrait savoir sur la répression</i>, Paris 1926.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSerge2008" class="citation book cs1">Serge, Victor (2008). Albertani, Claudio; Rioux, Claude (eds.). <i>Notebooks 1936-1947</i>. Translated by Abidor, Mitchell; Greeman, Richard. New York City: <a href="/wiki/NYRB_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="NYRB Classics">NYRB Classics</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781681372709" title="Special:BookSources/9781681372709"><bdi>9781681372709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notebooks+1936-1947&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=NYRB+Classics&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781681372709&rft.aulast=Serge&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction:_collections_of_essays_and_articles">Non-fiction: collections of essays and articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Serge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non-fiction: collections of essays and articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Century of the Unexpected – Essays on Revolution and Counter-Revolution</i> (1994) Editor: <a href="/wiki/Al_Richardson_(historian)" title="Al Richardson (historian)">Al Richardson</a>; special issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_History" title="Revolutionary History">Revolutionary History</a></i>, Vol.5 No.3.</li> <li><i>The Serge-Trotsky Papers</i> (1994) Editor: D.J. Cotterill; London: Pluto.</li> <li><i>Revolution in Danger – Writings from Russia 1919–1921</i> (1997) Translator: <a href="/wiki/Ian_Birchall" title="Ian Birchall">Ian Birchall</a>; London: Redwords.</li> <li><i>The Ideas of Victor Serge: A Life as a Work of Art</i> (1997), Edited by Susan Weissman, London: Merlin Press.</li> <li><i>Witness to the German Revolution</i> (2000) Translator: Ian Birchall; London: Redwords.</li> <li><i>Collected Writings on Literature and Revolution</i> (2004) Translator and editor: <a href="/wiki/Al_Richardson_(historian)" title="Al Richardson (historian)">Al Richardson</a>; London: Francis Boutle.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction:_pamphlet">Non-fiction: pamphlet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Serge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-fiction: pamphlet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Kronstadt '21</i> (1975) Translator: not named; London: Solidarity.</li></ul> <p><b>Sources:</b> British Library Catalogue and Catalog of the Library of Congress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Serge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">Anarchism in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_(TV_series)" title="Transatlantic (TV series)">Transatlantic</a></i> (portrayal in 2023 TV series)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Serge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeissman2014" class="citation book cs1">Weissman, Susan (April 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cm3nDwAAQBAJ&q=victor+serge+left+opposition"><i>Victor Serge: A Political Biography</i></a>. Verso Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-957-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-957-8"><bdi>978-1-78168-957-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victor+Serge%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2014-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-957-8&rft.aulast=Weissman&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCm3nDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dvictor%2Bserge%2Bleft%2Bopposition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiraldi2015" class="citation web cs1">Giraldi, William (May 25, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebaffler.com/latest/victor-serge-unconquered">"Victor Serge, the Unconquered"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baffler" title="The Baffler">The Baffler</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Baffler&rft.atitle=Victor+Serge%2C+the+Unconquered&rft.date=2015-05-25&rft.aulast=Giraldi&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebaffler.com%2Flatest%2Fvictor-serge-unconquered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreeman1980" class="citation journal cs1">Greeman, Richard (1980). "Victor Serge's The Case of Comrade Tulayev". <i>Minnesota Review</i>. <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>79. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/427121">427121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Review&rft.atitle=Victor+Serge%27s+The+Case+of+Comrade+Tulayev&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Greeman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLezard2004" class="citation news cs1">Lezard, Nicholas (September 18, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/sep/18/featuresreviews.guardianreview25">"Run over by history"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Run+over+by+history&rft.date=2004-09-18&rft.aulast=Lezard&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2004%2Fsep%2F18%2Ffeaturesreviews.guardianreview25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hochschild-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hochschild_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hochschild_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hochschild_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHochschild1997" class="citation book cs1">Hochschild, Adam (1997). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Two Russians,"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Finding the Trapdoor: Essays, Portraits, Travels</i>. Syracuse University Press. p. 65-87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Two+Russians%2C%22&rft.btitle=Finding+the+Trapdoor%3A+Essays%2C+Portraits%2C+Travels&rft.pages=65-87&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span> Excerpted in NYRB edition of Memoirs of a Revolutionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonnot-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bonnot_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParry1987" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Richard (1987). <i>The Bonnot Gang</i>. Rebel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946061-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-946061-04-4"><bdi>978-0-946061-04-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bonnot+Gang&rft.pub=Rebel+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-946061-04-4&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archives_at_Yale:_Victor_Serge-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archives_at_Yale:_Victor_Serge_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.yale.edu/agents/people/83904">"Serge, Victor, 1890-1947"</a>. <i>Archives at Yale</i>. Yale University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+at+Yale&rft.atitle=Serge%2C+Victor%2C+1890-1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.yale.edu%2Fagents%2Fpeople%2F83904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victor_Serge's_Notebooks-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Victor_Serge's_Notebooks_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSerge" class="citation web cs1">Serge, Victor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2019/02/victor-serge-notebooks-love-world-war-two">"Victor Serge's Heartache"</a>. <i>Jacobin</i>. Jacobin Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=Victor+Serge%27s+Heartache&rft.aulast=Serge&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2019%2F02%2Fvictor-serge-notebooks-love-world-war-two&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Serge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeissman2001" class="citation book cs1">Weissman, Susan (2001). <i>Victor Serge: The Course is Set on Hope</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victor+Serge%3A+The+Course+is+Set+on+Hope&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Weissman&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Adam Hochschild <i>Finding the Trapdoor: Essays, Portraits, Travels</i> (Syracuse University Press, 1997), "Two Russians," pp. 65–87.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Serge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2012" class="citation news cs1">Fitzpatrick, Sheila (August 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/aug/17/memoirs-revolutionary-victor-serge-review">"Memoirs of a Revolutionary by Victor Serge – review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Memoirs+of+a+Revolutionary+by+Victor+Serge+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2012-08-17&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2012%2Faug%2F17%2Fmemoirs-revolutionary-victor-serge-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGorkin1994" class="citation journal cs1">Gorkin, Julián (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol5/no3/gorkin.html">"The Last Years of Victor Serge, 1941–1947"</a>. <i>Revolutionary History</i>. <b>5</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revolutionary+History&rft.atitle=The+Last+Years+of+Victor+Serge%2C+1941%E2%80%931947&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Gorkin&rft.aufirst=Juli%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fetol%2Frevhist%2Fbackiss%2Fvol5%2Fno3%2Fgorkin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreeman1993" class="citation journal cs1">Greeman, Richard (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/isj2/1993/isj2-058/greeman.html">"The return of Comrade Tulayev: Victor Serge and the tragic vision of Stalinism"</a>. <i>International Socialism</i> (58).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Socialism&rft.atitle=The+return+of+Comrade+Tulayev%3A+Victor+Serge+and+the+tragic+vision+of+Stalinism&rft.issue=58&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Greeman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fetol%2Fnewspape%2Fisj2%2F1993%2Fisj2-058%2Fgreeman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSedgwick1978" class="citation book cs1">Sedgwick, Peter (1978) [1963]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/sedgwick/1963/xx/memoirs.htm">"Introduction"</a>. In Serge, Victor (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Revolutionary,_1901%E2%80%931941" title="Memoirs of a Revolutionary, 1901–1941"><i>Memoirs of a Revolutionary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">ix–</span>xxiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-281037-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-281037-5"><bdi>0-19-281037-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+a+Revolutionary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Eix-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxiv&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-19-281037-5&rft.aulast=Sedgwick&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fsedgwick%2F1963%2Fxx%2Fmemoirs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSedgwick1984" class="citation journal cs1">Sedgwick, Peter (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/sedgwick/1984/xx/serge.htm">"The Unhappy Elitist: Victor Serge's Early Bolshevism"</a>. <i>History Workshop Journal</i>. <b>17</b> (17): <span class="nowrap">150–</span>156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2F17.1.150">10.1093/hwj/17.1.150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Workshop+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Unhappy+Elitist%3A+Victor+Serge%27s+Early+Bolshevism&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhwj%2F17.1.150&rft.aulast=Sedgwick&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fsedgwick%2F1984%2Fxx%2Fserge.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeissman" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Weissman, Susan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050212230912/http://www.critiquejournal.net/c28.htm">"Introduction"</a>. <i>Critique</i>. 28/29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.critiquejournal.net/c28.htm">the original</a> on February 12, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critique&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.volume=28%2F29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.critiquejournal.net%2Fc28.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeissman2013" class="citation book cs1">Weissman, Susan (2013). <i>Victor Serge. A Political Biography</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844678877" title="Special:BookSources/9781844678877"><bdi>9781844678877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victor+Serge.+A+Political+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781844678877&rft.aulast=Weissman&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon2013" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Paul (May 31, 2013). <i>Vagabond Witness: Victor Serge and the politics of hope</i>. UK: Zero Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-327-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-327-0"><bdi>978-1-78099-327-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vagabond+Witness%3A+Victor+Serge+and+the+politics+of+hope&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Zero+Books&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft.isbn=978-1-78099-327-0&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Serge" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Serge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Victor_Serge" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Victor Serge">Victor Serge</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/serge/index.htm">Victor Serge Internet Archive</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Bulletin of the Russian Opposition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/fi/serge.htm">"Victor Serge and the IVth International"</a>. Statement criticising Serge by the editors of the Bulletin of the Russian Opposition, writing in <i>Quatrième Internationale</i>, April 1939. Source: Victor Serge & Leon Trotsky, <i>La Lutte Contre le Stalinisme</i>. Maspero, Paris, 1977. Translated for Marxist Internet Archive by Mitch Abidor in 2005. Retrieved April 28, 2005.</li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.serge" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.serge">Victor Serge Papers</a>. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2023/01/19/the-faces-of-victor-serge-ben-lerner/">An essay</a> on Serge by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Lerner" title="Ben Lerner">Ben Lerner</a> in <i>The New York Review of Books</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362009#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4037" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362009#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4037" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362009#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Victor Serge"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108584264">ISNI</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Serž, Viktor"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368542757">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kibal'chich, Viktor L'vovich"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368542722">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71397710">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/5307/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgd33MJqKtjkTwk43HV4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118613359">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50016856">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11924462w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11924462w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00456123">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Serge, Victor"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV004495">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35490221">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20020925127&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX848416">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/101514">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068831560">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90069446">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000120287&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000772404&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=280519">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201103261">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjf1vn3rsmgz3">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810632662805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007267978105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517579106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14830611">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0206473X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/971766">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118613359.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118613359">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027132684">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6j67tf8">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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