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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern herbal medicine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_herbal_medicine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern herbal medicine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_herbal_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regulatory_review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulatory_review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Regulatory review</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulatory_review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence_of_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence_of_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Prevalence of use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence_of_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herbal_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herbal_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Herbal preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herbal_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labeling_accuracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labeling_accuracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Labeling accuracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labeling_accuracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practitioners_of_herbalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practitioners_of_herbalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Practitioners of herbalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practitioners_of_herbalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_herbalism_fraud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_herbalism_fraud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>United States herbalism fraud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_herbalism_fraud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Government regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Scientific criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paraherbalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraherbalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Paraherbalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraherbalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Traditional systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_plants_by_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_plants_by_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Use of plants by animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_plants_by_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Herbal medicine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="تداوي بالأعشاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تداوي بالأعشاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Խոտաբուժում – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խոտաբուժում" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbolox%C3%ADa" title="Herboloxía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Herboloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%9C" title="উদ্ভিদজাত ভেষজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উদ্ভিদজাত ভেষজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Билкарство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Билкарство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbologia" title="Herbologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Herbologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llysieuaeth_feddygol" title="Llysieuaeth feddygol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llysieuaeth feddygol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflanzenheilkunde" title="Pflanzenheilkunde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pflanzenheilkunde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbolog%C3%ADa" title="Herbología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Herbología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbokuracado" title="Herbokuracado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Herbokuracado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گیاه‌درمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیاه‌درمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herboristerie" title="Herboristerie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Herboristerie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0" title="હર્બલ ઉપચાર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હર્બલ ઉપચાર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B8%EC%B4%88%ED%95%99" title="본초학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="본초학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="जड़ी-बूटी चिकित्सा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जड़ी-बूटी चिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travarstvo" title="Travarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Travarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalisme" title="Herbalisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Herbalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erboristeria" title="Erboristeria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Erboristeria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%90" title="צמחי מרפא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צמחי מרפא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A8rbalisme" title="Hèrbalisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hèrbalisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%94%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗಿಡಮೂಲಿಕೆಗಳ ಔಷಧಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಿಡಮೂಲಿಕೆಗಳ ಔಷಧಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDolininkyst%C4%97" title="Žolininkystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žolininkystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalisme" title="Herbalisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Herbalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E5%AD%A6" title="本草学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="本草学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantelegemiddel" title="Plantelegemiddel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plantelegemiddel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84" title="يوناني درمل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يوناني درمل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerbal_chriitment" title="Oerbal chriitment – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Oerbal chriitment" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zio%C5%82olecznictwo" title="Ziołolecznictwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ziołolecznictwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalismo" title="Herbalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Herbalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Herbal medicine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bylink%C3%A1rstvo" title="Bylinkárstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bylinkárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeli%C5%A1%C4%8Darstvo" 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title="Herbalist">Herbalist</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study and use of supposed medicinal properties of plants</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Phytomedicine" redirects here. 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medicine" title="Category:Alternative medicine">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline-body-aura.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/60px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/90px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/120px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">General information</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alternative_medicine" title="History of alternative medicine">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_alternative_medicine" title="Terminology of alternative medicine">Terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_veterinary_medicine" title="Alternative veterinary medicine">Alternative veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a> (health fraud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine#19th_century:_rise_of_modern_medicine" title="History of medicine">Rise of modern medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_nihilism" title="Therapeutic nihilism">Therapeutic nihilism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Fringe medicine and science</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupressure" title="Acupressure">Acupressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_diet" title="Alkaline diet">Alkaline diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Research_and_Enlightenment" title="Association for Research and Enlightenment">Association for Research and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auriculotherapy" title="Auriculotherapy">Auriculotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_terrain_assessment" title="Biological terrain assessment">Biological terrain assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_salve" title="Black salve">Black salve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodywork_(alternative_medicine)" title="Bodywork (alternative medicine)">Bodywork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_bone-setting" title="Traditional bone-setting">Bone-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_technique" title="Bowen technique">Bowen technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathwork_(New_Age)" title="Breathwork (New Age)">Breathwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">Fake COVID-19 treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_urine" title="Camel urine">Camel urine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_cancer_treatments" title="Alternative cancer treatments">Cancer treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal_cleanse" title="Activated charcoal cleanse">Charcoal cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic_treatment_techniques" title="Chiropractic treatment techniques">Chiropractic treatment techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloidal silver">Colloidal silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_enema" title="Coffee enema">Coffee enema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorpuncture" title="Colorpuncture">Colorpuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniosacral_therapy" title="Craniosacral therapy">Craniosacral therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_amalgam_controversy" title="Dental amalgam controversy">Dental amalgam controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_foot_baths" title="Detoxification foot baths">Foot detox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_needling" title="Dry needling">Dry needling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">Esoteric energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_touch" title="Therapeutic touch">Therapeutic touch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_dominance" title="Estrogen dominance">Estrogen dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabunan_Antiviral_Injection" title="Fabunan Antiviral Injection">Fabunan Antiviral Injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldenkrais_Method" title="Feldenkrais Method">Feldenkrais Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_medicine" title="Functional medicine">Functional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_analysis_(alternative_medicine)" title="Hair analysis (alternative medicine)">Hair analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_dentistry" title="Holistic dentistry">Holistic dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologram_bracelet" title="Hologram bracelet">Hologram bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bach_flower_remedies" title="Bach flower remedies">Bach flower remedies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrotherapy" title="Hydrotherapy">Hydrotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionized_jewelry" title="Ionized jewelry">Ionized jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilly_Juice" title="Jilly Juice">Jilly Juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lightning_Process" title="The Lightning Process">Lightning Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotherapy" title="Lymphotherapy">Lymphotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_therapy" title="Manual therapy">Manual therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_lymphatic_drainage" title="Manual lymphatic drainage">Manual lymphatic drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_intuitive" title="Medical intuitive">Medical intuitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megavitamin_therapy" title="Megavitamin therapy">Megavitamin therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_magnetism" title="Animal magnetism">Mesmerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Mind–body interventions">Mind–body interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myofascial_release" title="Myofascial release">Myofascial release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambudripad%27s_Allergy_Elimination_Techniques" title="Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques">NAET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pulling" title="Oil pulling">Oil pulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthomolecular_medicine" title="Orthomolecular medicine">Orthomolecular medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteomyology" title="Osteomyology">Osteomyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathy" title="Osteopathy">Osteopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_therapy" title="Ozone therapy">Ozone therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_Integration" title="Postural Integration">Postural Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodermatology" title="Psychodermatology">Psychodermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_healing" title="Quantum healing">Quantum healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexology" title="Reflexology">Reflexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichian_body-oriented_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichian body-oriented psychotherapy">RBOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolfing" title="Rolfing">Rolfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThetaHealing" title="ThetaHealing">ThetaHealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomsonianism" title="Thomsonianism">Thomsonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_Field_Therapy" title="Thought Field Therapy">Thought Field Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urophagia" title="Urophagia">Urophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_steaming" title="Vaginal steaming">Vaginal steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetotherapy" title="Vegetotherapy">Vegetotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_therapy" title="Vision therapy">Vision therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_balancing" title="Zero balancing">Zero balancing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Controversies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">OPV AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccinationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Vaccine misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">Vaccines and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR vaccine and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">in chiropractic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">Turbo cancer</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine#NCCIH_classification" title="Alternative medicine">Classifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medical_systems" title="Category:Alternative medical systems">Alternative medical systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Category:Mind–body interventions">Mind–body intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biologically_based_therapies" title="Category:Biologically based therapies">Biologically based therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manual_therapy" title="Category:Manual therapy">Manipulative methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_therapies" title="Category:Energy therapies">Energy therapy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muti" title="Muti">Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa" title="Traditional healers of Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dosha" title="Dosha">Dosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Vedic_Approach_to_Health" title="Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health">MVAH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneotherapy" title="Balneotherapy">Balneotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_traditional_medicine" title="Brazilian traditional medicine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">Bush medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Cambodian_medicine" title="Traditional Cambodian medicine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_stasis" title="Blood stasis">Blood stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dit_da" title="Dit da">Dit da</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_sha" title="Gua sha">Gua sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_plate_trade" title="Gill plate trade">Gill plate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gu" title="Long gu">Long gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Meridian (Chinese medicine)">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">Moxibustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_point" title="Pressure point">Pressure point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jiao" title="San Jiao">San Jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tui_na" title="Tui na">Tui na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zang-fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zang-fu">Zang-fu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_traditional_medicine" title="Chumash traditional medicine">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curandero" title="Curandero">Curandero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herbal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">Hilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_traditional_medicine" title="Iranian traditional medicine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamu" title="Jamu">Jamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayakalpa" title="Kayakalpa">Kayakalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambo_cleanse" class="mw-redirect" title="Kambo cleanse">Kambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampo" title="Kampo">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mien_Shiang" title="Mien Shiang">Mien Shiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftalan_oil" title="Naftalan oil">Naftalan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_medicine" title="Prophetic medicine">Prophetic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiatsu" title="Shiatsu">Shiatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_traditional_medicine" title="Sri Lankan traditional medicine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_massage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai massage">Thai massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unani_medicine" title="Unani medicine">Unani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Alternative diagnoses</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerotoxic_syndrome" title="Aerotoxic syndrome">Aerotoxic syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_hypersensitivity" title="Candida hypersensitivity">Candida hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_Lyme_disease" title="Chronic Lyme disease">Chronic Lyme disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_legs" title="Heavy legs">Heavy legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_chemical_sensitivity" title="Multiple chemical sensitivity">Multiple chemical sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PANDAS" title="PANDAS">PANDAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_temperature_syndrome" title="Wilson's temperature syndrome">Wilson's temperature syndrome</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Et_assortert_utvalg_urtemedisiner_fra_apoteket_%C3%98rnen_ved_Glomdalsmuseet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Et_assortert_utvalg_urtemedisiner_fra_apoteket_%C3%98rnen_ved_Glomdalsmuseet.jpg/230px-Et_assortert_utvalg_urtemedisiner_fra_apoteket_%C3%98rnen_ved_Glomdalsmuseet.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Et_assortert_utvalg_urtemedisiner_fra_apoteket_%C3%98rnen_ved_Glomdalsmuseet.jpg/345px-Et_assortert_utvalg_urtemedisiner_fra_apoteket_%C3%98rnen_ved_Glomdalsmuseet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Et_assortert_utvalg_urtemedisiner_fra_apoteket_%C3%98rnen_ved_Glomdalsmuseet.jpg/460px-Et_assortert_utvalg_urtemedisiner_fra_apoteket_%C3%98rnen_ved_Glomdalsmuseet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>An antique selection of herbal medicines</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Herbal medicine</b> (also called <b>herbalism</b>, <b>phytomedicine</b> or <b>phytotherapy</b>) is the study of <a href="/wiki/Pharmacognosy" title="Pharmacognosy">pharmacognosy</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plants" title="Medicinal plants">medicinal plants</a>, which are a basis of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-swallow_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swallow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With worldwide research into <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>, some herbal medicines have been translated into modern remedies, such as the anti-malarial group of drugs called <a href="/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin">artemisinin</a> isolated from <i><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_annua" title="Artemisia annua">Artemisia annua</a></i>, a herb that was known in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Chinese medicine</a> to treat fever.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is limited <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">scientific evidence</a> for the safety and efficacy of many plants used in 21st-century herbalism, which generally does not provide standards for purity or dosage.<sup id="cite_ref-swallow_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swallow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lack2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lack2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scope of herbal medicine sometimes includes <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bee</a> products, as well as <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">shells</a> and certain animal parts.<sup id="cite_ref-cruk-herbs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cruk-herbs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Paraherbalism</b> describes <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> practices of using unrefined plant or animal <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extracts</a> as unproven medicines or health-promoting agents.<sup id="cite_ref-swallow_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swallow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lack2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lack2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tyler_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quackwatch_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quackwatch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paraherbalism relies on the belief that preserving various substances from a given source with less processing is safer or more effective than manufactured products, a concept for which there is no evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-tyler_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_herbalism" title="History of herbalism">History of herbalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Materia_medica" title="Materia medica">Materia medica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>A physician preparing an elixir, from an <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> version of <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a>'s pharmacopoeia, 1224</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological evidence indicates that the use of <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal plant">medicinal plants</a> dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> age, approximately 60,000 years ago. Written evidence of herbal remedies dates back over 5,000 years to the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a>, who compiled lists of plants. Some ancient cultures wrote about plants and their medical uses in books called <i><a href="/wiki/Herbal" title="Herbal">herbals</a></i>. In ancient Egypt, herbs were mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_medical_papyri" title="Egyptian medical papyri">Egyptian medical papyri</a>, depicted in tomb illustrations, or on rare occasions found in medical jars containing trace amounts of herbs.<sup id="cite_ref-aem_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aem-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient Egypt, the <a href="/wiki/Ebers_papyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebers papyrus">Ebers papyrus</a> dates from about 1550 BCE, and covers more than 700 compounds, mainly of plant origin.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> herbals came from <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> of Eresos who, in the 4th century BCE, wrote in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus)" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>, from <a href="/wiki/Diocles_of_Carystus" title="Diocles of Carystus">Diocles of Carystus</a> who wrote during the 3rd century BCE, and from Krateuas who wrote in the 1st century BCE. Only a few fragments of these works have survived intact, but from what remains, scholars have noted overlap with the Egyptian herbals.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeds likely used for herbalism were found in archaeological sites of <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> China dating from the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BCE</span>). Over a hundred of the 224 compounds mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Huangdi_Neijing" title="Huangdi Neijing">Huangdi Neijing</a></i>, an early Chinese medical text, are herbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Unsc_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unsc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herbs were also commonly used in the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a> of ancient India, where the principal treatment for diseases was diet.<sup id="cite_ref-Acker_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acker-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i>, originally written in Greek by <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 40</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 90 CE</span>) of <a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Anazarbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, a physician and botanist, is one example of herbal writing used over centuries until the 1600s.<sup id="cite_ref-ct_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_herbal_medicine">Modern herbal medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern herbal medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) estimates that 80 percent of the population of some Asian and African countries presently uses herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care.<sup id="cite_ref-who_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drugs</a> have a basis as herbal remedies, including <a href="/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin">artemisinin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Digitalis" title="Digitalis">digitalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxane" title="Taxane">taxanes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulatory_review">Regulatory review</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regulatory review"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health (Australia)">Australian Government's Department of Health</a> published the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered by <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a>; herbalism was one of 17 topics evaluated for which no clear evidence of effectiveness was found.<sup id="cite_ref-aus17_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aus17-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Establishing guidelines to assess the safety and efficacy of herbal products, the <a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a> provided criteria in 2017 for evaluating and grading the quality of clinical research in preparing monographs about herbal products.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Integrative_Health" title="National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health">National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> funds clinical trials on herbal compounds, provides fact sheets evaluating the safety, potential effectiveness and side effects of many plant sources,<sup id="cite_ref-nccih_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nccih-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and maintains a registry of clinical research conducted on herbal products.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK" title="Cancer Research UK">Cancer Research UK</a> as of 2015, "there is currently no strong evidence from studies in people that herbal remedies can treat, prevent or cure cancer".<sup id="cite_ref-cruk-herbs_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cruk-herbs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevalence_of_use">Prevalence of use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prevalence of use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of herbal remedies is more prevalent in people with <a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">chronic diseases</a>, such as cancer, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/End-stage_kidney_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="End-stage kidney disease">end-stage kidney disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, education and social class are also shown to have associations with the prevalence of herbal remedy use.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herbal_preparations">Herbal preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Herbal preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eucalyptus_olida_distillation1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Eucalyptus_olida_distillation1.JPG/220px-Eucalyptus_olida_distillation1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Eucalyptus_olida_distillation1.JPG/330px-Eucalyptus_olida_distillation1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Eucalyptus_olida_distillation1.JPG/440px-Eucalyptus_olida_distillation1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2303" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Leaves of <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_olida" title="Eucalyptus olida">Eucalyptus olida</a></i> being packed into a steam <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> unit to gather its <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are many forms in which herbs can be administered, the most common of which is a liquid consumed as a herbal tea or a (possibly diluted) plant extract.<sup id="cite_ref-saad-2011-p80_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saad-2011-p80-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal teas</a>, or tisanes, are the resultant liquid of extracting herbs into water, though they are made in a few different ways. <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">Infusions</a> are hot water extracts of herbs, such as <a href="/wiki/Matricaria_recutita" class="mw-redirect" title="Matricaria recutita">chamomile</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Steeping" title="Steeping">steeping</a>. <a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoctions</a> are the long-term boiled extracts, usually of harder substances like roots or bark. <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a> is the cold infusion of plants with high <a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">mucilage</a>-content, such as <a href="/wiki/Common_sage" class="mw-redirect" title="Common sage">sage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>. To make macerates, plants are chopped and added to cold water. They are then left to stand for 7 to 12 hours (depending on the herb used). For most macerates, 10 hours is used.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">Tinctures</a> are alcoholic extracts of herbs, which are generally stronger than herbal teas.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tinctures are usually obtained by combining pure ethanol (or a mixture of pure ethanol with water) with the herb. A completed tincture has an ethanol percentage of at least 25% (sometimes up to 90%).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-alcoholic tinctures can be made with glycerin but it is believed to be less absorbed by the body than alcohol based tinctures and has a shorter shelf life.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herbal wine and <a href="/wiki/Elixir" title="Elixir">elixirs</a> are alcoholic extracts of herbs, usually with an ethanol percentage of 12–38%.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">Extracts</a> include liquid extracts, dry extracts, and nebulisates. Liquid extracts are liquids with a lower ethanol percentage than tinctures. They are usually made by vacuum <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distilling</a> tinctures. Dry extracts are extracts of plant material that are <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporated</a> into a dry mass. They can then be further refined to a capsule or tablet.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact composition of a herbal product is influenced by the method of extraction. A tea will be rich in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">polar</a> components because water is a <a href="/wiki/Polar_solvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar solvent">polar solvent</a>. Oil on the other hand is a <a href="/wiki/Non-polar" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-polar">non-polar</a> solvent and it will absorb non-polar compounds. Alcohol lies somewhere in between.<sup id="cite_ref-saad-2011-p80_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saad-2011-p80-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marrakech_103.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Marrakech_103.JPG/220px-Marrakech_103.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Marrakech_103.JPG/330px-Marrakech_103.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Marrakech_103.JPG/440px-Marrakech_103.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A herb shop in the <a href="/wiki/Souk" class="mw-redirect" title="Souk">souk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh,_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakesh, Morocco">Marrakesh, Morocco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many herbs are applied topically to the skin in a variety of forms. <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">Essential oil</a> extracts can be applied to the skin, usually diluted in a carrier oil. Many essential oils can burn the skin or are simply too high dose used straight; diluting them in olive oil or another food grade oil such as almond oil can allow these to be used safely as a topical. <a href="/wiki/Salve" title="Salve">Salves</a>, oils, <a href="/wiki/Liniment" title="Liniment">balms</a>, creams, and lotions are other forms of topical delivery mechanisms. Most topical applications are oil extractions of herbs. Taking a food grade oil and soaking herbs in it for anywhere from weeks to months allows certain <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a> to be extracted into the oil. This oil can then be made into salves, creams, lotions, or simply used as an oil for topical application. Many massage oils, antibacterial salves, and wound healing compounds are made this way.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">Inhalation</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">aromatherapy</a>, can be used as a treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For partial list of herbs with known adverse effects, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_herbs_with_known_adverse_effects" title="List of herbs with known adverse effects">List of herbs with known adverse effects</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Datura_stramonium_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-051.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Datura_stramonium_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-051.jpg/220px-Datura_stramonium_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-051.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Datura_stramonium_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-051.jpg/330px-Datura_stramonium_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-051.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Datura_stramonium_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-051.jpg/440px-Datura_stramonium_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-051.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Datura_stramonium" title="Datura stramonium">Datura stramonium</a></i> has been used in Ayurveda for various treatments, but contains <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">scopolamine</a>, which may cause severe toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>It is a popular misconception that herbal medicines are safe and side-effect free.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumption of herbs may cause <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Talalay_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talalay-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, "adulteration, inappropriate formulation, or lack of understanding of plant and drug interactions have led to adverse reactions that are sometimes life threatening or lethal."<sup id="cite_ref-LewisME_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LewisME-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proper double-blind clinical trials are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of each plant before medical use.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17761132_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17761132-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many consumers believe that herbal medicines are safe because they are natural, herbal medicines and synthetic drugs may interact, causing toxicity to the consumer. Herbal remedies can also be dangerously contaminated, and herbal medicines without established efficacy, may unknowingly be used to replace prescription medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17913230_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17913230-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standardization of purity and dosage is not mandated in the United States, but even products made to the same specification may differ as a result of biochemical variations within a species of plant.<sup id="cite_ref-bmc2013_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmc2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants have chemical defense mechanisms against predators that can have adverse or lethal effects on humans. Examples of highly toxic herbs include poison hemlock and nightshade.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are not marketed to the public as herbs, because the risks are well known, partly due to a long and colorful history in Europe, associated with "sorcery", "magic" and intrigue.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not frequent, adverse reactions have been reported for herbs in widespread use.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On occasion serious untoward outcomes have been linked to herb consumption. A case of major potassium depletion has been attributed to chronic licorice ingestion,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consequently professional herbalists avoid the use of licorice where they recognize that this may be a risk. Black cohosh has been implicated in a case of liver failure.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few studies are available on the safety of herbs for pregnant women,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one study found that use of complementary and alternative medicines is associated with a 30% lower ongoing pregnancy and live birth rate during fertility treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of herbal treatments with likely cause-effect relationships with adverse events include <a href="/wiki/Consolida" title="Consolida">aconite</a> (which is often a legally restricted herb), <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurvedic remedies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genisteae" title="Genisteae">broom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral">chaparral</a>, Chinese herb mixtures, <a href="/wiki/Comfrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Comfrey">comfrey</a>, herbs containing certain flavonoids, <a href="/wiki/Germander" class="mw-redirect" title="Germander">germander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guar_gum" title="Guar gum">guar gum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquorice_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquorice root">liquorice root</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mentha_pulegium" title="Mentha pulegium">pennyroyal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ErnstE_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ErnstE-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of herbs that may have long-term adverse effects include <a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">ginseng</a>, the endangered herb <a href="/wiki/Goldenseal" title="Goldenseal">goldenseal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk_thistle" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk thistle">milk thistle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senna_(plant)" title="Senna (plant)">senna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aloe_vera" title="Aloe vera">aloe vera juice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhamnus_(plant)" title="Rhamnus (plant)">buckthorn bark and berry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frangula_purshiana" title="Frangula purshiana">cascara sagrada bark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">saw palmetto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">valerian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">kava</a> (which is banned in the European Union), <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_wort" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's wort">St. John's wort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">khat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">betel nut</a>, the restricted herb <a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">ephedra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guarana" title="Guarana">guarana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LewisME_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LewisME-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also concern with respect to the numerous well-established interactions of herbs and drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-LewisME_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LewisME-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Izzo_2012_pp._404–428_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izzo_2012_pp._404–428-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In consultation with a physician, usage of herbal remedies should be clarified, as some herbal remedies have the potential to cause adverse drug interactions when used in combination with various prescription and <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter</a> pharmaceuticals, just as a customer should inform a herbalist of their consumption of actual prescription and other medication.<sup id="cite_ref-NCCIH_2015_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCCIH_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuhn_2002_pp._22–32_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhn_2002_pp._22–32-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, dangerously low blood pressure may result from the combination of a herbal remedy that lowers blood pressure together with prescription medicine that has the same effect. Some herbs may amplify the effects of anticoagulants.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain herbs as well as common fruit interfere with cytochrome P450, an enzyme critical to much drug metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2018 study, the FDA identified active <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">pharmaceutical additives</a> in over 700 analyzed dietary supplements sold as "herbal", "natural" or "traditional".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The undisclosed additives included "unapproved antidepressants and designer steroids", as well as <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drugs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sildenafil" title="Sildenafil">sildenafil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">sibutramine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labeling_accuracy">Labeling accuracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Labeling accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a> found in 2014 that almost 20 percent of herbal remedies surveyed were not registered with the <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration" title="Therapeutic Goods Administration">Therapeutic Goods Administration</a>, despite this being a condition for their sale.<sup id="cite_ref-carroll_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carroll-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also found that nearly 60 percent of products surveyed had ingredients that did not match what was on the label. Out of 121 products, only 15 had ingredients that matched their TGA listing and packaging.<sup id="cite_ref-carroll_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carroll-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Attorney General">New York Attorney General</a> issued <a href="/wiki/Cease_and_desist" title="Cease and desist">cease and desist</a> letters to four major U.S. retailers (<a href="/wiki/GNC_(store)" class="mw-redirect" title="GNC (store)">GNC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Target</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walgreens" title="Walgreens">Walgreens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a>) who were accused of selling herbal supplements that were mislabeled and potentially dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-four products were tested by <a href="/wiki/DNA_barcoding" title="DNA barcoding">DNA barcoding</a> as part of the investigation, with all but five containing DNA that did not match the product labels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practitioners_of_herbalism">Practitioners of herbalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Practitioners of herbalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picking_of_heads_of_Arnica_montana.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Picking_of_heads_of_Arnica_montana.JPG/220px-Picking_of_heads_of_Arnica_montana.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Picking_of_heads_of_Arnica_montana.JPG/330px-Picking_of_heads_of_Arnica_montana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Picking_of_heads_of_Arnica_montana.JPG/440px-Picking_of_heads_of_Arnica_montana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A herbalist gathers the flower heads of <i><a href="/wiki/Arnica_montana" title="Arnica montana">Arnica montana</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In some countries, formalized training and minimum education standards exist for herbalists, although these are not necessarily uniform within or between countries. In Australia, for example, the self-regulated status of the profession (as of 2009) resulted in variable standards of training, and numerous loosely formed associations setting different educational standards.<sup id="cite_ref-lin_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lin-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One 2009 review concluded that regulation of herbalists in Australia was needed to reduce the risk of interaction of herbal medicines with <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drugs</a>, to implement clinical guidelines and prescription of herbal products, and to assure self-regulation for protection of public health and safety.<sup id="cite_ref-lin_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lin-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, the training of herbalists is done by state-funded universities offering Bachelor of Science degrees in herbal medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-The_National_Institute_of_Medical_Herbalists_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_National_Institute_of_Medical_Herbalists-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, according to the American Herbalist Guild, "there is currently no licensing or certification for herbalists in any state that precludes the rights of anyone to use, dispense, or recommend herbs."<sup id="cite_ref-American_Herbalist_Guild_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Herbalist_Guild-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are U.S. federal restrictions for marketing herbs as cures for medical conditions, or essentially practicing as an unlicensed physician. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_herbalism_fraud">United States herbalism fraud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States herbalism fraud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the years 2017–2021, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) issued <a href="/wiki/FDA_warning_letter" title="FDA warning letter">warning letters</a> to numerous herbalism companies for illegally marketing products under "conditions that cause them to be drugs under section 201(g)(1) of the Act [21 U.S.C. § 321(g)(1)], because they are intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease and/or intended to affect the structure or any function of the body" when no such evidence existed.<sup id="cite_ref-fda-fraud_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fda-fraud-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FDA2017_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fda-covid_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fda-covid-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the FDA and U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> issued <a href="/wiki/FDA_warning_letter" title="FDA warning letter">warnings</a> to several hundred American companies for promoting false claims that herbal products could prevent or treat <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">COVID-19 disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fda-covid_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fda-covid-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bellamy_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellamy-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_regulations">Government regulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), the specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health, published <i>Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials</i> in 1998 to support WHO Member States in establishing quality standards and specifications for herbal materials, within the overall context of quality assurance and control of herbal medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the European Union (EU), herbal medicines are regulated under the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Herbal_Medicinal_Products" title="Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products">Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, herbal remedies are regulated <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplements" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary supplements">dietary supplements</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) under <a href="/wiki/Good_manufacturing_practice" title="Good manufacturing practice">current good manufacturing practice</a> (cGMP) policy for dietary supplements.<sup id="cite_ref-ods2011_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ods2011-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manufacturers of products falling into this category are not required to prove the safety or efficacy of their product so long as they do not make 'medical' claims or imply uses other than as a 'dietary supplement', though the FDA may withdraw a product from sale should it prove harmful.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian regulations are described by the Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate which requires an eight-digit Natural Product Number or Homeopathic Medicine Number on the label of licensed herbal medicines or dietary supplements.<sup id="cite_ref-hc_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hc-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some herbs, such as <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a>, are outright banned in most countries though coca is legal in most of the South American countries where it is grown. The <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis"><i>Cannabis</i> plant</a> is used as a herbal <a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">medicine</a>, and as such is <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cannabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal status of cannabis">legal</a> in some parts of the world. Since 2004, the sales of <a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">ephedra</a> as a dietary supplement is prohibited in the United States by the FDA,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subject to Schedule III restrictions in the United Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_criticism">Scientific criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scientific criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herbalism has been criticized as a potential "<a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">minefield</a>" of unreliable product quality, safety hazards, and the potential for misleading health advice.<sup id="cite_ref-swallow_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swallow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quackwatch_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quackwatch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globally, there are no standards across various herbal products to authenticate their contents, safety or efficacy,<sup id="cite_ref-bmc2013_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmc2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is generally an absence of high-quality scientific research on product composition or effectiveness for anti-disease activity.<sup id="cite_ref-quackwatch_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quackwatch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presumed claims of therapeutic benefit from herbal products, without rigorous evidence of efficacy and safety, receive skeptical views by scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-swallow_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swallow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unethical practices by some herbalists and manufacturers, which may include false advertising about health benefits on product labels or literature,<sup id="cite_ref-quackwatch_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quackwatch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contamination or use of fillers during product preparation,<sup id="cite_ref-bmc2013_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmc2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may erode <a href="/wiki/Consumer_confidence" title="Consumer confidence">consumer confidence</a> about services and products.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paraherbalism">Paraherbalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Paraherbalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cinchona_officinalis_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cinchona_officinalis_001.JPG/220px-Cinchona_officinalis_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cinchona_officinalis_001.JPG/330px-Cinchona_officinalis_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cinchona_officinalis_001.JPG/440px-Cinchona_officinalis_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1755" /></a><figcaption>An example of a herbal medicine resource: the bark of the <a href="/wiki/Cinchona" title="Cinchona">cinchona</a> tree contains <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a>, which today is a widely prescribed treatment for <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. The unpurified bark is still used by some who cannot afford to purchase more expensive antimalarial drugs.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Paraherbalism</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> use of <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extracts</a> of plant or animal origin as supposed medicines or health-promoting agents.<sup id="cite_ref-swallow_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swallow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tyler_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quackwatch_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quackwatch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phytotherapy differs from plant-derived medicines in standard <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a> because it does not isolate and <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardize</a> the compounds from a given plant believed to be biologically active. It relies on the false belief that preserving the complexity of substances from a given plant with less processing is safer and potentially more effective, for which there is no evidence either condition applies.<sup id="cite_ref-tyler_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phytochemical researcher <a href="/wiki/Varro_Eugene_Tyler" title="Varro Eugene Tyler">Varro Eugene Tyler</a> described paraherbalism as "faulty or inferior herbalism based on pseudoscience", using scientific terminology but lacking scientific evidence for safety and efficacy. Tyler listed ten <a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">fallacies</a> that distinguished herbalism from paraherbalism, including claims that there is a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy</a> to suppress safe and effective herbs, herbs cannot cause harm, whole herbs are more effective than molecules isolated from the plants, herbs are superior to drugs, the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">doctrine of signatures</a> (the belief that the shape of the plant indicates its function) is valid, dilution of substances increases their potency (a doctrine of the pseudoscience of <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a>), astrological alignments are significant, animal testing is not appropriate to indicate human effects, <a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">anecdotal evidence</a> is an effective means of proving a substance works and herbs were created by God to cure disease. Tyler suggests that none of these beliefs have any basis in fact.<sup id="cite_ref-tyler_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tyler_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyler-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_systems">Traditional systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Traditional systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xi%27an_traditionnal_medecine_market_(18).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Xi%27an_traditionnal_medecine_market_%2818%29.JPG/220px-Xi%27an_traditionnal_medecine_market_%2818%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Xi%27an_traditionnal_medecine_market_%2818%29.JPG/330px-Xi%27an_traditionnal_medecine_market_%2818%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Xi%27an_traditionnal_medecine_market_%2818%29.JPG/440px-Xi%27an_traditionnal_medecine_market_%2818%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Ready to drink <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">macerated</a> medicinal liquor with <a href="/wiki/Goji_berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Goji berry">goji berry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokay_gecko" title="Tokay gecko">tokay gecko</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">ginseng</a>, for sale at a traditional medicine market in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">Traditional African medicine</a></div> <p>Up to 80% of the population in Africa uses traditional medicine as primary health care.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Native Americans used about 2,500 of the approximately 20,000 plant species that are native to North America.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> healing practices, the use of <a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">entheogens</a>, in particular the San Pedro cactus (<i><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">Echinopsis pachanoi</a></i>) is still a vital component, and has been around for millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some researchers trained in both Western and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a> have attempted to deconstruct ancient medical texts in the light of modern science. In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a>, a pharmaceutical chemist and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize winner</a>, extracted the anti-malarial drug <a href="/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin">artemisinin</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sweet_wormwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet wormwood">sweet wormwood</a>, a traditional Chinese treatment for intermittent fevers.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbal_medicine_platter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Herbal_medicine_platter.jpg/220px-Herbal_medicine_platter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Herbal_medicine_platter.jpg/330px-Herbal_medicine_platter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Herbal_medicine_platter.jpg/440px-Herbal_medicine_platter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="2364" /></a><figcaption>A platter of herbal medicines at Goa, India</figcaption></figure> <p>In India, <a href="/wiki/Ayurvedic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayurvedic medicine">Ayurvedic medicine</a> has quite complex formulas with 30 or more ingredients, including a sizable number of ingredients that have undergone "<a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemical processing</a>", chosen to balance <a href="/wiki/Dosha" title="Dosha">dosha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ladakh, Lahul-Spiti, and Tibet, the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Medicine">Tibetan Medical System</a> is prevalent, also called the "Amichi Medical System". Over 337 species of <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal plant">medicinal plants</a> have been documented by <a href="/wiki/C.P._Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="C.P. Kala">C.P. Kala</a>. Those are used by Amchis, the practitioners of this medical system.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian book, Vedas, mentions treatment of diseases with plants.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jamu.jpg/220px-Jamu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jamu.jpg/330px-Jamu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jamu.jpg/440px-Jamu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Different types of Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Jamu" title="Jamu">jamu</a> herbal medicines held in bottles</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, especially among the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jamu" title="Jamu">jamu</a> traditional herbal medicine may have originated in the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram Kingdom</a> era, some 1300 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-reliefs</a> on <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> depict the image of people grinding herbs with stone <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar and pestle</a>, a drink seller, a herbalist, and <a href="/wiki/Masseuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Masseuse">masseuse</a> treating people.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribun1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribun1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Madhawapura inscription from <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> period mentioned a specific profession of herb mixer and combiner (herbalist), called <i>Acaraki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribun1_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribun1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book from <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram</a> dated from circa 1700 contains 3,000 entries of jamu herbal recipes, while Javanese classical literature <a href="/wiki/Serat_Centhini" title="Serat Centhini">Serat Centhini</a> (1814) describes some jamu herbal concoction recipes.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribun1_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribun1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though possibly influenced by Indian <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> systems, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Indonesia archipelago</a> holds numerous indigenous plants not found in India, including plants similar to those in Australia beyond the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line">Wallace Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jamu practices may vary from region to region, and are often not recorded, especially in remote areas of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although primarily herbal, some Jamu materials are acquired from animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">royal jelly</a>, milk, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ayam_Kampung" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayam Kampung">Ayam Kampung</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Chicken_eggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken eggs">eggs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herbalists tend to use extracts from parts of plants, such as the roots or leaves,<sup id="cite_ref-vickers_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vickers-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believing that plants are subject to environmental pressures and therefore develop resistance to threats such as radiation, <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> and microbial attack to survive, providing defensive <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a> of use in herbalism.<sup id="cite_ref-vickers_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vickers-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_plants_by_animals">Use of plants by animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Use of plants by animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zoopharmacognosy" title="Zoopharmacognosy">Zoopharmacognosy</a></div> <p>Indigenous healers often claim to have learned by observing that sick animals change their food preferences to nibble at bitter herbs they would normally reject.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Field biologists have provided corroborating evidence based on observation of diverse species, such as chickens, sheep, <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>. The habit of changing diet has been shown to be a physical means of purging intestinal parasites. Sick animals tend to forage plants rich in <a href="/wiki/Secondary_metabolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary metabolites">secondary metabolites</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannins">tannins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkaloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaloids">alkaloids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal" title="Herbal">Herbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal fungi">Medicinal fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">List of plants used in herbalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomsonianism" title="Thomsonianism">Thomsonianism</a>, a popular 19th century movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Knowledge_Digital_Library" title="Traditional Knowledge Digital Library">Traditional Knowledge Digital Library</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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.id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F448106a">"Hard to swallow"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>448</b> (7150): 105–6. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470289532" title="Special:BookSources/9780470289532"><bdi>9780470289532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Engines+of+Hippocrates%3A+From+the+Dawn+of+Medicine+to+Medical+and+Pharmaceutical+Informatics&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780470289532&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Baek%2C+OK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDVA0QouwC4YC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbal+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hong F (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131201231218/http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/MJM/issues/v08n01/crossroads/hong.pdf">"History of Medicine in China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>McGill Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 7984. 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University of California Press. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92849-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92849-7"><bdi>978-0-520-92849-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Huang+Di+Nei+Jing%3A+Nature%2C+Knowledge%2C+Imagery+in+an+Ancient+Chinese+Medical+Text&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92849-7&rft.aulast=Unschuld&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN2ZdrPCbpNIC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbal+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acker-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Acker_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerknecht1982" class="citation book cs1">Ackerknecht E (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofme00acke"><i>A Short History of Medicine</i></a></span>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Proceedings+of+the+Nutrition+Society&rft.atitle=Can+animals+use+foraging+behaviour+to+combat+parasites%3F&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=361-70&rft.date=2003-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1079%2Fpns2003243&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14506883&rft.aulast=Hutchings&rft.aufirst=MR&rft.au=Athanasiadou%2C+S&rft.au=Kyriazakis%2C+I&rft.au=Gordon%2C+IJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1079%252Fpns2003243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbal+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbal_medicine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Herbalism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Herbalism">Herbalism</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronson2008" class="citation book cs1">Aronson JK (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_hkSTiEsKvkC"><i>Meyler's Side Effects of Herbal Medicines</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080932903" title="Special:BookSources/9780080932903"><bdi>9780080932903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meyler%27s+Side+Effects+of+Herbal+Medicines&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780080932903&rft.aulast=Aronson&rft.aufirst=JK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_hkSTiEsKvkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbal+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunCohen2007" class="citation book cs1">Braun L, Cohen M (2007). <i>Herbs and Natural Supplements: An Evidence-Based Guide</i>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780729537964" title="Special:BookSources/9780729537964"><bdi>9780729537964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbs+and+Natural+Supplements%3A+An+Evidence-Based+Guide&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780729537964&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Cohen%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbal+medicine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_botany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_botany" title="Template:History of botany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_botany" title="Template talk:History of botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_botany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History of botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields and<br /> disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">Comparative anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytology">Cytology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_botany" title="Economic botany">Economic botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floristics" title="Floristics">Floristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenology" title="Lichenology">Lichenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_taxonomy" title="Numerical taxonomy">Numerical taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palynology" title="Palynology">Palynology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetics" title="Plant genetics">Plant genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridology">Pteridology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theophrastus"><img alt="Theophrastus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg/60px-Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg/90px-Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg/120px-Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jardin_des_Plantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jardin des Plantes">Jardin des Plantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Padova" title="Orto botanico di Padova">Orto botanico di Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Pisa" title="Orto botanico di Pisa">Orto botanico di Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothamsted_Research" title="Rothamsted Research">Rothamsted Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus)" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)"><i>Historia Plantarum</i></a> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Causes_of_Plants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Causes of Plants (page does not exist)">Causes of Plants</a></i> of Theophrastus c. 300 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Plants" title="On Plants"><i>De Plantis</i></a> of Nicolaus of Damascus c. 1st century BC</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i> of Dioscorides c. 60 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)"><i>Naturalis Historia</i></a> 77–79 AD</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Vegetabilibus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Vegetabilibus (page does not exist)">De Vegetabilibus</a></i> of Albertus Magnus c. 1256</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbarum_Vivae_Icones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbarum Vivae Icones (page does not exist)">Herbarum Vivae Icones</a></i> 1530</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libellus_De_Re_Herbaria_Novus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libellus De Re Herbaria Novus (page does not exist)">Libellus De Re Herbaria Novus</a></i> 1538</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kre%C3%BCtterbuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreütterbuch">Kreütterbuch</a></i> of Hieronymus Bock 1539</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_plantis_libri_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="De plantis libri XVI">De plantis libri XVI</a></i> of Caesalpino 1583</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stirpium_Historiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stirpium Historiae (page does not exist)">Stirpium Historiae</a></i> 1583</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herball,_or_Generall_Historie_of_Plantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes">Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes</a></i> 1597</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prodromus_Theatrici_Botanici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prodromus Theatrici Botanici (page does not exist)">Prodromus Theatrici Botanici</a></i> 1620</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinax_theatri_botanici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinax theatri botanici (page does not exist)">Pinax theatri botanici</a></i> 1623</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatome_Plantarum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatome Plantarum (page does not exist)">Anatome Plantarum</a></i> 1675</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomy of Plants">Anatomy of Plants</a></i> 1682</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Ray)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Plantarum (Ray)"><i>Historia Plantarum</i></a> of John Ray 1686–1704</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Sexu_Plantarum_Epistola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Sexu Plantarum Epistola (page does not exist)">De Sexu Plantarum Epistola</a></i> 1694</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89l%C3%A9ments_de_botanique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Éléments de botanique (page does not exist)">Éléments de botanique</a></i> 1694</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Staticks" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable Staticks">Vegetable Staticks</a></i> 1727</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> 1735</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></i> 1737</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a></i> 1751</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i> 1753</li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae"><i>Systema Naturae, 10th ed.</i></a> 1758–59</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Familles_des_Plantes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Familles des Plantes (page does not exist)">Familles des Plantes</a></i> 1763–64</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experiments_Upon_Vegetables&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experiments Upon Vegetables (page does not exist)">Experiments Upon Vegetables</a></i> 1779</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Metamorphose_der_Pflantzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Metamorphose der Pflantzen (page does not exist)">Die Metamorphose der Pflantzen</a></i> 1790</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trait%C3%A9_d%27Anatomie_et_de_Physiologie_V%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale (page does not exist)">Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale</a></i> 1802</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recherches_Chimiques_sur_la_V%C3%A9g%C3%A9tation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation (page does not exist)">Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation</a></i> 1804</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beytr%C3%A4ge_zur_Anatomie_der_Pflanzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen (page does not exist)">Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen</a></i> 1812</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prodromus_Systematis_Naturalis_Regni_Vegetabilis" title="Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis">Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis</a></i> 1824–1873 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepenthaceae_(1873_monograph)" title="Nepenthaceae (1873 monograph)">Nepenthaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Vegetabilische_Zelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Vegetabilische Zelle (page does not exist)">Die Vegetabilische Zelle</a></i> 1851</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vergleichende_Untersuchungen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vergleichende Untersuchungen (page does not exist)">Vergleichende Untersuchungen</a></i> 1851</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> 1859</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Experiments_on_Plant_Hybridization" title="Experiments on Plant Hybridization">Experiments on Plant Hybridization</a></i> 1865</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Vegetation_der_Erde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Vegetation der Erde (page does not exist)">Die Vegetation der Erde</a></i> 1872</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plantesamfund" title="Plantesamfund">Plantesamfund</a></i> 1895</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pflanzengeographie_auf_Physiologischer_Grundlage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage (page does not exist)">Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage</a></i> 1898</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Variation_and_Evolution_in_Plants" title="Variation and Evolution in Plants">Variation and Evolution in Plants</a></i> 1950</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontogeny_and_Phylogeny_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontogeny and Phylogeny (book)"><i>Ontogeny and Phylogeny</i></a> 1977</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Integrated_System_of_Classification_of_Flowering_Plants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (page does not exist)">An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants</a></i> 1981</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories and<br /> concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">Cell theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of diversity">Center of diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature" title="Phylogenetic nomenclature">Phylogenetic nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">Spontaneous generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrastructure" title="Ultrastructure">Ultrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential<br /> figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> c. 371–287 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> 23–79 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> c. 40–90 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Brunfels" title="Otto Brunfels">Otto Brunfels</a> 1464–1534</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bock" title="Hieronymus Bock">Hieronymus Bock</a> 1498–1554</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Cordus" title="Valerius Cordus">Valerius Cordus</a> 1515–1544</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> 1515–1568</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembert_Dodoens" title="Rembert Dodoens">Rembert Dodoens</a> 1517–1585</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cesalpino" title="Andrea Cesalpino">Andrea Cesalpino</a> 1519–1603</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Acosta" title="Cristóbal Acosta">Cristóbal Acosta</a> 1525–1594</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> 1560–1624</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Jungius" title="Joachim Jungius">Joachim Jungius</a> 1587–1657</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> 1623–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Grew" title="Nehemiah Grew">Nehemiah Grew</a> 1628–1711</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a> 1628–1694</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Joseph Pitton de Tournefort</a> 1656–1708</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jakob_Camerarius" title="Rudolf Jakob Camerarius">Rudolf Jakob Camerarius</a> 1665–1721</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hales" title="Stephen Hales">Stephen Hales</a> 1677–1761</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Jussieu" title="Bernard de Jussieu">Bernard de Jussieu</a> 1699–1777</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carolus Linnaeus</a> 1707–1778</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Adanson" title="Michel Adanson">Michel Adanson</a> 1727–1806</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Ingenhousz" title="Jan Ingenhousz">Jan Ingenhousz</a> 1730–1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Celestino_Mutis" title="José Celestino Mutis">José Celestino Mutis</a> 1732–1808</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_de_Azara" title="Félix de Azara">Félix de Azara</a> 1742–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a> 1743–1820</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> 1749–1832</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Willdenow" title="Carl Ludwig Willdenow">Carl Ludwig Willdenow</a> 1765–1812</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Th%C3%A9odore_de_Saussure" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure">Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure</a> 1767–1845</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> 1769–1859</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Bonpland" title="Aimé Bonpland">Aimé Bonpland</a> 1773–1858</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nuttall" title="Thomas Nuttall">Thomas Nuttall</a> 1786–1859</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joakim_Frederik_Schouw" title="Joakim Frederik Schouw">Joakim Frederik Schouw</a> 1789–1852</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Jakob_Schleiden" title="Matthias Jakob Schleiden">Matthias Jakob Schleiden</a> 1804–1881</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Braun" title="Alexander Braun">Alexander Braun</a> 1805–1877</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Engelmann" title="George Engelmann">George Engelmann</a> 1809–1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a> 1810–1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Grisebach" title="August Grisebach">August Grisebach</a> 1814–1879</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a> 1817–1911</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> 1822–1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Pringsheim" title="Nathanael Pringsheim">Nathanael Pringsheim</a> 1823–1894</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hofmeister" title="Wilhelm Hofmeister">Wilhelm Hofmeister</a> 1824–1877</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Sachs" title="Julius von Sachs">Julius von Sachs</a> 1832–1897</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius_Warming" title="Eugenius Warming">Eugenius Warming</a> 1841–1924</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gilson_Farlow" title="William Gilson Farlow">William Gilson Farlow</a> 1844–1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Franz_Wilhelm_Schimper" title="Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper">Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper</a> 1856–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vavilov" title="Nikolai Vavilov">Nikolai Vavilov</a> 1887–1943</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> 1902–1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">G. Ledyard Stebbins</a> 1906–2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Odum" title="Eugene Odum">Eugene Odum</a> 1913–2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cronquist" title="Arthur Cronquist">Arthur Cronquist</a> 1919–1992</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal" title="Herbal">Herbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Systems of plant taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">Herbalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">History of agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">History of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ecology" title="History of ecology">History of ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History of evolutionary thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">History of genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">History of geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology" title="History of molecular biology">History of molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">History of molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_phycology" title="History of phycology">History of phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Philosophy of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline of biology and organic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_botany" title="Category:History of botany">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" title="Template:Medicinal herbs and fungi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" title="Template talk:Medicinal herbs and fungi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicinal herbs and fungi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Medicinal herbs and fungi</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Herbs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">Alfalfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloe_vera" title="Aloe vera">Aloe vera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borututu" title="Borututu">Borututu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_hirta" title="Euphorbia hirta">Asthma-plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astragalus_propinquus" class="mw-redirect" title="Astragalus propinquus">Astragalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">medical use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamomile" title="Chamomile">Chamomile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larrea_tridentata" title="Larrea tridentata">Chaparral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">Fenugreek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanacetum_parthenium" title="Tanacetum parthenium">Feverfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flaxseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldenseal" title="Goldenseal">Goldenseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">Lemon balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">Liquorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendula_officinalis" title="Calendula officinalis">Marigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althaea_officinalis" title="Althaea officinalis">Marsh-mallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">Neem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">Opium poppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppermint" title="Peppermint">Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinacea_purpurea" title="Echinacea purpurea">Purple coneflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicium_verum" title="Illicium verum">Star anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_savory" title="Summer savory">Summer savory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea tree oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelargonium_sidoides" title="Pelargonium sidoides">Umckaloabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbena" title="Verbena">Verbena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salix_alba" title="Salix alba">White willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achillea_millefolium" title="Achillea millefolium">Yarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fungi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_subrufescens" title="Agaricus subrufescens">Almond mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inonotus_obliquus" title="Inonotus obliquus">Chaga mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echigoshirayukidake_(Basidiomycetes-X)" title="Echigoshirayukidake (Basidiomycetes-X)">Echigoshirayukidake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_mushroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingzhi mushroom">Lingzhi mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grifola_frondosa" title="Grifola frondosa">Maitake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshimakobu" title="Meshimakobu">Meshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella_esculenta" title="Morchella esculenta">Morel mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiitake" title="Shiitake">Shiitake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Indian herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Islamic herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kampo_herbs" title="List of kampo herbs">Japanese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine#Herbal_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Korean herbology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Herb garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal" title="Herbal">Herbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">Herbalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plants" title="Medicinal plants">Medicinal plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">List of plants used in herbalism</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traditional_medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Traditional_medicine" title="Template:Traditional medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Traditional_medicine" title="Template talk:Traditional medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traditional_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Ancient Egyptian medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernanthe_iboga" title="Tabernanthe iboga">Tabernanthe iboga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muti" title="Muti">Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganga" title="Nganga">Nganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">Traditional African medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Hausa_medicine" title="Traditional Hausa medicine">Traditional Hausa medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa" title="Traditional healers of Southern Africa">Traditional healers of Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1_medicine" title="Yorùbá medicine">Yorùbá medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg/100px-Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg/150px-Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg/200px-Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="2291" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_medicine" title="Aztec medicine">Aztec medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_traditional_medicine" title="Brazilian traditional medicine">Brazilian traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_traditional_medicine" title="Chumash traditional medicine">Chumash traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curandero" title="Curandero">Curandero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallawaya" title="Kallawaya">Kallawaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_medicine" title="Mapuche medicine">Mapuche medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Maya medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_medicine" title="Navajo medicine">Navajo medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Alaska_Native_medicine" title="Traditional Alaska Native medicine">Traditional Alaska Native medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhivehi_beys" title="Dhivehi beys">Dhivehi beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_folk_medicine" title="Georgian folk medicine">Georgian folk medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">Hilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_traditional_medicine" title="Iranian traditional medicine">Iranian traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_medicine" title="Ancient Iranian medicine">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamu" title="Jamu">Jamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampo" title="Kampo">Kampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramuan" title="Ramuan">Ramuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_traditional_medicine" title="Sri Lankan traditional medicine">Sri Lankan traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_medicine" title="Traditional Thai medicine">Traditional Thai medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Traditional Korean medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Traditional Mongolian medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Traditional Tibetan medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">Traditional Vietnamese medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unani_medicine" title="Unani medicine">Unani medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Ancient Greek medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Byzantine medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_ancient_Rome" title="Medicine in ancient Rome">Medicine in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medieval medicine of Western Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">Bush medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">Apothecary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine in the medieval Islamic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electuary" title="Electuary">Electuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herbal medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" title="Template:Medicinal herbs and fungi">herbs and fungi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alternative_medicine" title="History of alternative medicine">History of alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatism" title="Mithridatism">Mithridatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriac" title="Theriac">Theriac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Traditional_medicine" title="Category:Traditional medicine">Category:Traditional medicine</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dietary_supplements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dietary_supplement" title="Template:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dietary_supplement" title="Template talk:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dietary_supplement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dietary_supplements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Dietary supplements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_bar" title="Energy bar">Energy bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Fatty acids</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herbal supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">Prebiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">Probiotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium">Bifidobacterium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_supplement" title="Protein supplement">Protein supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">chemical elements<br /> ("minerals")</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Retinol (Vitamin A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<sub>1</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<sub>2</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<sub>3</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<sub>5</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Pyridoxine (B<sub>6</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin (B<sub>7</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid (B<sub>9</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">Cyanocobalamin (B<sub>12</sub>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Tocopherol (Vitamin E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_supplement" title="Calcium supplement">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other common <br />ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_alpha-ketoglutarate" title="Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate">AAKG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Hydroxy_beta-methylbutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid">β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">Carnitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">Chondroitin sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_gluconate" title="Copper gluconate">Copper gluconate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinacea#Medicinal_effects" title="Echinacea">Echinacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucosamine" title="Glucosamine">Glucosamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_extract" title="Grape seed extract">Grape seed extract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarana" title="Guarana">Guarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_supplement" title="Iron supplement">Iron supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonicera_japonica" title="Lonicera japonica">Japanese honeysuckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoic_acid" title="Lipoic acid">Lipoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silybum_marianum#Health_benefits" title="Silybum marianum">Milk thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_(supplement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melatonin (supplement)">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_yeast_rice" title="Red yeast rice">Red yeast rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto_extract" title="Saw palmetto extract">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)" title="Spirulina (dietary supplement)">Spirulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum#Medicinal_uses" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatgrass" title="Wheatgrass">Wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji" title="Goji">Wolfberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_gluconate" title="Zinc gluconate">Zinc gluconate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyte" title="Enzyte">Enzyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadacol" title="Hadacol">Hadacol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> 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