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<span>Synopsis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synopsis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capital,_Volume_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital,_Volume_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Capital, Volume I</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital,_Volume_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital,_Volume_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital,_Volume_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Capital, Volume II</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital,_Volume_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital,_Volume_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital,_Volume_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Capital, Volume III</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital,_Volume_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Intellectual influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital,_Volume_IV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital,_Volume_IV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>Capital, Volume IV</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital,_Volume_IV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Das Kapital</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Das Kapital" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8)" title="رأس المال (كتاب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رأس المال (كتاب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Das Kapital" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapital_(kitab)" title="Kapital (kitab) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kapital (kitab)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="ডাস কাপিটাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডাস কাপিটাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu-p%C3%BAn-l%C5%ABn" title="Chu-pún-lūn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chu-pún-lūn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%82" title="Капиталът – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Капиталът" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_capital" title="El capital – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="El capital" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81)" title="Капитал (Маркс) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Капитал (Маркс)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapit%C3%A1l_(kniha)" title="Kapitál (kniha) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kapitál (kniha)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Das Kapital" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalen" title="Kapitalen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kapitalen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Das Kapital" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Το Κεφάλαιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Το Κεφάλαιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_capital" title="El capital – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El capital" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Kapitalo" title="La Kapitalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="La Kapitalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Das Kapital" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87_(%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8)" title="سرمایه (کتاب) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرمایه (کتاب)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Capital" title="Le Capital – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Le Capital" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Capit%C3%A2l" title="Il Capitâl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Il Capitâl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Das Kapital" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Das Kapital" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%B8%EB%A1%A0" title="자본론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자본론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC_(%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%BD)" title="Կապիտալ (Մարքս) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կապիտալ (Մարքս)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="दास कैपिटल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दास कैपिटल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Das Kapital" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapital_(Marx)" title="Kapital (Marx) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kapital (Marx)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Das Kapital" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C3%B0magni%C3%B0" title="Auðmagnið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Auðmagnið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Capitale" title="Il Capitale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Il Capitale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C" title="הקפיטל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקפיטל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap%C3%AEtal" title="Kapîtal – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kapîtal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Das Kapital" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapit%C4%81ls_(gr%C4%81mata)" title="Kapitāls (grāmata) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kapitāls (grāmata)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalas_(knyga)" title="Kapitalas (knyga) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kapitalas (knyga)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_t%C5%91ke" title="A tőke – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A tőke" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%82)" title="മൂലധനം (ഗ്രന്ഥം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൂലധനം (ഗ്രന്ഥം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="दास कॅपिटल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दास कॅपिटल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="كتاب راس المال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كتاب راس المال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Kapitaal" title="Het Kapitaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Het Kapitaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="दास क्यापिटल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दास क्यापिटल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E8%AB%96" title="資本論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="資本論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Das Kapital" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Das Kapital" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Capital" title="Lo Capital – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lo Capital" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapital_(kitob)" title="Kapital (kitob) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kapital (kitob)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%86_(%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC)" title="ਸਰਮਾਇਆ (ਕਿਤਾਬ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਰਮਾਇਆ (ਕਿਤਾਬ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%84" title="داس کیپیٹل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="داس کیپیٹل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%87_(%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8)" title="پانګه (کتاب) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پانګه (کتاب)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapita%C5%82:_krytyka_ekonomii_politycznej" title="Kapitał: krytyka ekonomii politycznej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kapitał: krytyka ekonomii politycznej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Capital" title="O Capital – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="O Capital" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalul" title="Capitalul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Capitalul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81)" title="Капитал (Маркс) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Капитал (Маркс)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Das Kapital" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Das Kapital" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%84" title="داس ڪيپيٽل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="داس ڪيپيٽل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapital_(knjiga)" title="Kapital (knjiga) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kapital (knjiga)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95_(%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%A8)" title="سەرمایە (کتێب) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەرمایە (کتێب)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapital_(knjiga)" title="Kapital (knjiga) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kapital (knjiga)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Das Kapital" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4%C3%A4oma_(Marx)" title="Pääoma (Marx) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pääoma (Marx)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalet" title="Kapitalet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kapitalet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Das Kapital" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="மூலதனம் (நூல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூலதனம் (நூல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81)" title="Капитал (Маркс) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Капитал (Маркс)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD)" title="ทุน (หนังสือ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทุน (หนังสือ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1)" title="Сармоя (китоб) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сармоя (китоб)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapital" title="Kapital – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kapital" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%97" title="Капітал. Критика політичної економії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Капітал. Критика політичної економії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%84" title="داس کیپیٹل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="داس کیپیٹل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0_b%E1%BA%A3n_(t%C3%A1c_ph%E1%BA%A9m)" title="Tư bản (tác phẩm) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tư bản (tác phẩm)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E8%AB%96" title="資本論 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="資本論" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BA" title="资本论 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="资本论" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E8%AB%96" title="資本論 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="資本論" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Das Kapital (disambiguation)">Das Kapital (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Capital (book)" redirects here. For other books, see <a href="/wiki/Capital_(disambiguation)#Books" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Capital (disambiguation)">Capital (disambiguation) § Books</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Das Kapital <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Kapital&rft.author=%5B%5BKarl+Marx%5D%5D&rft.pub=Verlag+von+Otto+Meisner&rft.place=Germany+%28%5B%5BNorth+German+Confederation%5D%5D%29"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg/220px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg/330px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg/440px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="1681" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">First edition title page of <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital,_Volume_I" title="Das Kapital, Volume I">Volume I</a></i> (1867). <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital,_Volume_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Kapital, Volume II">Volume II</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital,_Volume_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Kapital, Volume III">Volume III</a></i> were published in 1885 and 1894, respectively.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Oekonomie</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Moore_(translator)" title="Samuel Moore (translator)">Samuel Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Aveling" title="Edward Aveling">Edward Aveling</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">1867–1894</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">Verlag von Otto Meisner</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">Germany (<a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Published in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1887</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Text</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" class="extiw" title="s:Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Capital: A Critique of Political Economy</b></i> (German: <i lang="de">Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie</i>), also known as <i><b>Capital</b></i> and <i><b>Das Kapital</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[das<span class="wrap"> </span>kapiˈtaːl]</a></span>), is a foundational theoretical text in <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">materialist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">critique of political economy</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, published as three volumes in 1867, 1885, and 1894. The culmination of his life's work, the text contains Marx's analysis of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, to which he sought to apply his theory of <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a> "to lay bare the economic law of motion of modern society", following from <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical political economists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>. The text's second and third volumes were completed from Marx's notes after his death and published by his colleague <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span> is the most cited book in the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a> published before 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marx's theory of historical materialism posits that the <a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">economic structure of society</a> – in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">relations of production</a> – are the crucial factors in shaping its nature. Rather than a simple description of capitalism as an <a href="/wiki/Economic_model" title="Economic model">economic model</a>, <i>Das Kapital</i> instead examines capitalism as a historical epoch and a <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a>, and seeks to trace its origins, development, and decline. Marx argues that capitalism is a form of economic organization which has arisen and developed in a specific historical context, and which contains tendencies and contradictions which will inevitably lead to its decline and collapse. Marx considered <i>Das Kapital</i> a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific</a> work, and in it critiqued both the system and <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> political economists who argue that it is efficient and stable. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Kapital&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span> (1867), Marx proposes that the motivating force of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> is in the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Labour_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (economics)">labor</a>, whose unpaid work is the ultimate source of <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Employer" class="mw-redirect" title="Employer">owner of the means of production</a> is able to claim the right to this surplus value because they are legally protected by the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">ruling regime</a> through <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a> and the legally established distribution of <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> which are by law distributed only to company owners and their board members. The historical section shows how these rights were acquired in the first place chiefly through plunder and conquest and the activity of the merchant and "middle-man". In producing <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>, the workers continually reproduce the economic conditions by which they labour. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span> proposes an explanation of the "laws of motion" of the capitalist economic system from its origins to its future by describing the dynamics of the accumulation of capital, the growth of <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage labour</a>, the transformation of the workplace, the concentration of capital, commercial competition, the <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a> system, the <a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">decline of the profit rate</a>, land-rents, <i>et cetera</i>. The critique of the political economy of capitalism proposes: </p> <ul><li>Wage-labour is the basic "cell-form" (trade unit) of a capitalist society. Moreover, because commerce as a human activity implied no <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">morality</a> beyond that required to buy and sell goods and services, the growth of the market system made discrete entities of the economic, the moral, and the legal spheres of human activity in society; hence, subjective <a href="/wiki/Moral_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral value">moral value</a> is separate from objective economic value. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> (the just <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">distribution of wealth</a>) and "political arithmetic" (about taxes) were reorganized into three discrete fields of human activity, namely <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>—politics and economics were divorced.</li> <li>"The economic formation of society [is] a process of natural history". Thus, it is possible for a <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economist</a> to objectively study the scientific laws of capitalism, given that its expansion of the market system of commerce had <a href="/wiki/Objectification" title="Objectification">objectified</a> human economic relations. The use of <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a> (cash nexus) voided religious and political illusions about its <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_value_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of value (economics)">economic value</a> and replaced them with <a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">commodity fetishism</a>, the belief that an object (commodity) has inherent economic value. Because societal economic formation is a historical process, no one person could control or direct it, thereby creating a global complex of social connections among capitalists. The economic formation (individual commerce) of a society thus precedes the human administration of an economy (organised commerce).</li> <li>The structural contradictions of a capitalist economy (German: <i>gegensätzliche Bewegung)</i> describe the contradictory movement originating from the two-fold character of labour and so the <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> between <a href="/wiki/Labour_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (economics)">labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capital</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage labourer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">owner</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>. These capitalist economic contradictions operate "behind the backs" of the capitalists and the workers as a result of their activities and yet remain beyond their immediate <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceptions</a> as men and women and as <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The economic crises (<a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (economics)">depression</a>, <i>et cetera</i>) that are rooted in the contradictory character of the economic value of the commodity (cell-unit) of a capitalist society are the conditions that lead to <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>—which <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> (1848) collectively identified as a weapon forged by the capitalists which the working class "turned against the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> itself".</li> <li>In a capitalist economy, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technological</a> improvement and its consequent increased production augment the amount of <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">material wealth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">use value</a>) in society while simultaneously diminishing the <a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">economic value</a> of the same wealth, thereby <a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">diminishing the rate of profit</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">paradox</a> characteristic of economic crisis in a capitalist economy. "Poverty in the midst of plenty" consequent to over-production and under-consumption.</li></ul> <p>After two decades of economic study and preparatory work (especially regarding the theory of <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a>), the first volume appeared in 1867 as <i>The Production Process of Capital</i>. After Marx's death in 1883, Engels introduced Volume II: <i>The Circulation Process of Capital</i> in 1885; and Volume III: <i>The Overall Process of Capitalist Production</i> in 1894 from manuscripts and the first volume. These three volumes are collectively known as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Kapital&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital,_Volume_I"><span id="Capital.2C_Volume_I"></span><i>Capital, Volume I</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Kapital&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Capital, Volume I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxian_critique_of_political_economy" title="Category:Marxian critique of political economy">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B60202;padding-bottom:0;font-size:175%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Marxian_critique_of_political_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxian critique of political economy"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Marxian critique of<br />political economy</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0 1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/110px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/165px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/220px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marxism)" title="Capital (Marxism)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Concrete and abstract labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_production#Marxism_and_Marxist_theory_of_class" title="Means of production">Means of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertabspaltungskritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">Falling profit-rate tendency</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;;font-style:italic;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outlines_of_a_Critique_of_Political_Economy" title="Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy">Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophical_Manuscripts_of_1844" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophical<br />Manuscripts of 1844</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_Labour_and_Capital" title="Wage Labour and Capital">Wage Labour and Capital</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/A_Contribution_to_the_Critique_of_Political_Economy" title="A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy">A Contribution to the<br />Critique of Political Economy</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Das Kapital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_Surplus_Value" title="Theories of Surplus Value">Theories of Surplus Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value,_Price_and_Profit" title="Value, Price and Profit">Value, Price and Profit</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rosdolsky" title="Roman Rosdolsky">Roman Rosdolsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Étienne Balibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurz_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Kurz (philosopher)">Robert Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Mark Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Peter_Ortlieb" title="Claus Peter Ortlieb">Claus Peter Ortlieb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoff_Pilling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoff Pilling (page does not exist)">Geoff Pilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Moishe Postone</a></li></ul> <p>NML: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Backhaus" title="Hans-Georg Backhaus">Hans-Georg Backhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Reichelt" title="Helmut Reichelt">Helmut Reichelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Krahl" title="Hans-Jürgen Krahl">Hans-Jürgen Krahl</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Journals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;;font-style:italic;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_School#Academic_journals" title="The New School">New School Economic Review</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_and_Critique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisis and Critique (page does not exist)">Crisis and Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Materialism">Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_register&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialist register (page does not exist)">Socialist register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_%26_Class" title="Capital & Class">Capital & Class</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist sociology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:1px solid #C00;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #C00;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marxian_critique_of_political_economy_sidebar" title="Template:Marxian critique of political economy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marxian_critique_of_political_economy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Marxian critique of political economy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marxian_critique_of_political_economy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marxian critique of political economy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital,_Volume_I" title="Das Kapital, Volume I">Das Kapital, Volume I</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital,_Volume_I" title="Das Kapital, Volume I">Das Kapital, Volume I</a></i> (1867) is a critical analysis of political economy, meant to reveal the contradictions of the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a>, how it was the precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialist mode of production</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> rooted in the capitalist social relations of production. The first of three volumes of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span> was published on 14 September 1867, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wolff" title="Wilhelm Wolff">Wilhelm Wolff</a> and was the sole volume published in Marx's lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital,_Volume_II"><span id="Capital.2C_Volume_II"></span><i>Capital, Volume II</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Kapital&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Capital, Volume II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Das Kapital, Volume II</i>, subtitled <i>The Process of Circulation of Capital</i>, was prepared by Engels from notes left by Marx and published in 1885. It is divided into three parts: </p> <ol><li>The Metamorphoses of Capital and Their Circuits</li> <li>The Turnover of Capital</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Reproduction_(economics)" title="Reproduction (economics)">Reproduction</a> and Circulation of the Aggregate Social Capital.</li></ol> <p>In <i>Volume II</i>, the main ideas behind the marketplace are to be found, namely how value and surplus-value are realized. Its focuses aren't so much the worker and the industrialist (as in Volume I), but rather the money owner and money lender, the wholesale merchant, the trader and the entrepreneur or functioning capitalist. Moreover, workers appear in Volume II essentially as buyers of consumer goods and therefore as sellers of the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">commodity</a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_power" title="Labour power">labour power</a>, rather than producers of value and <a href="/wiki/Surplus-value" class="mw-redirect" title="Surplus-value">surplus-value</a>, although this latter quality established in Volume I remains the solid foundation on which the whole of the unfolding analysis is based. </p><p>Marx wrote in a letter sent to Engels on 30 April 1868: "In Book 1 [...] we content ourselves with the assumption that if in the self-expansion process £100 becomes £110, the latter will find <i>already in existence in the market</i> the elements into which it will change once more. But now we investigate the conditions under which these elements are found at hand, namely the social intertwining of the different capitals, of the component parts of capital and of revenue (= s)".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This intertwining, conceived as a movement of commodities and of money, enabled Marx to work out at least the essential elements, if not the definitive form of a coherent theory of the trade cycle, based upon the inevitability of periodic disequilibrium between supply and demand under the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Ernest Mandel</a>, Intro to Volume II of <i>Capital</i>, 1978). Part 3 is the point of departure for the topic of <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a> which was given its Marxist treatment later in detail by <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital,_Volume_III"><span id="Capital.2C_Volume_III"></span><i>Capital, Volume III</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Kapital&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Capital, Volume III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Das Kapital, Volume III</i>, subtitled <i>The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole</i>, was prepared by Engels from notes left by Marx and published in 1894. It is divided into seven parts: </p> <ol><li>The conversion of Surplus Value into <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a> and the rate of Surplus Value into the rate of Profit</li> <li>Conversion of Profit into Average Profit</li> <li>The Law of the <a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall</a></li> <li>Conversion of Commodity Capital and Money Capital into Commercial Capital and Money-Dealing Capital (Merchant's Capital)</li> <li>Division of Profit Into Interest and Profit of Enterprise, Interest Bearing Capital.</li> <li>Transformation of Surplus-Profit into Ground <a href="/wiki/Economic_rent" title="Economic rent">Rent</a>.</li> <li>Revenues and Their Sources</li></ol> <p>The work is best known today<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for Part 3 which in summary says that as the organic fixed capital requirements of production rise as a result of advancements in production generally, the <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_profit" title="Rate of profit">rate of profit</a> <a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">tends to fall</a>. This result which <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxists</a> believe is a principal contradictory characteristic leading to an inevitable collapse of the capitalist order was held by Marx and Engels to—as a result of various contradictions in the capitalist <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a>—result in <a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">crises</a> whose resolution necessitates the emergence of an entirely new mode of production as the culmination of the same historical dialectic that led to the emergence of capitalism from prior forms.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third volume is highly controversial, peculiarly the tenth chapter, as some economists feel like Marx contradicted himself with the <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">Marxian fundamental value theory</a> while trying to tackle the <a href="/wiki/Transformation_problem" title="Transformation problem">transformation problem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volume 3 is subtitled "The process of capitalist production as a whole" and is concerned primarily with the internal differentiation of the capitalist class. The first three parts are concerned with the division of surplus value amongst individual capitals, where it takes the form of profit. The following parts are concerned with merchants' capital, interest-bearing capital and landed capital. The last part draws the whole account together. The aim of the volume as a whole is to locate and describe the concrete forms which grow out of the movements of capital as a whole. Thus, the various forms of capital approach step by step the form which they assume on the surface of society in the action of different capitals on one another in competition and in the ordinary consciousness of the agents of production themselves (25) (Clarke).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In volume 3 (as in his earlier text <i><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></i>), Marx discusses how <a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">primitive accumulation</a> alienates humans from nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Driscoll-2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driscoll-2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p><p>In volume 3, Marx also describes capitalism as producing an "irreparable rift in the interdependent" connection of humans and nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Driscoll-2020_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driscoll-2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intellectual_influences">Intellectual influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Kapital&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Intellectual influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The purpose of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span> (1867) was a scientific foundation for the politics of the modern <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a>. The analyses were meant "to bring a <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">science</a>, by criticism, to the point where it can be <a href="/wiki/Dialectics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectics">dialectically</a> represented" and so "reveal the law of motion of modern society"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to describe how the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a> was the precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialist mode of production</a>. The argument is an analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical economics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, drawing on the <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectical</a> method that <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a> developed in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_of_Logic" title="Science of Logic">Science of Logic</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" title="The Phenomenology of Spirit">The Phenomenology of Spirit</a></i>. Other intellectual influences on <i>Capital</i> were the French socialists <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_L%C3%A9onard_de_Sismondi" title="Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi">Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>. </p><p>At university, Marx wrote a dissertation comparing the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of nature">philosophy of nature</a> in the works of the philosophers <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> (circa 460–370 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a> (341–270 BC). The logical architecture of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span> is derived in part from the <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i> by Aristotle, including the fundamental distinction between <a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">use value</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exchange_value" title="Exchange value">exchange value</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Syllogisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllogisms">syllogisms</a> (<a href="/wiki/C-M-C%27" class="mw-redirect" title="C-M-C'">C-M-C'</a> and <a href="/wiki/M-C-M%27" class="mw-redirect" title="M-C-M'">M-C-M'</a>) for simple commodity circulation and the circulation of <a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">value</a> as <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the description of <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a> under capitalist relations of production as "self-acting <a href="/wiki/Automata" class="mw-redirect" title="Automata">automata</a>" derives from Aristotle's speculations about inanimate instruments capable of obeying commands as the condition for the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. In the 19th century, Marx's research of the available politico-economic literature required twelve years, usually in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capital,_Volume_IV"><span id="Capital.2C_Volume_IV"></span><i>Capital, Volume IV</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Kapital&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Capital, Volume IV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_-_Theorien_%C3%BCber_den_Mehrwert,_1956_-_5708926.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Marx_-_Theorien_%C3%BCber_den_Mehrwert%2C_1956_-_5708926.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Marx_-_Theorien_%C3%BCber_den_Mehrwert%2C_1956_-_5708926.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Marx_-_Theorien_%C3%BCber_den_Mehrwert%2C_1956_-_5708926.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Marx_-_Theorien_%C3%BCber_den_Mehrwert%2C_1956_-_5708926.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Marx_-_Theorien_%C3%BCber_den_Mehrwert%2C_1956_-_5708926.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Marx_-_Theorien_%C3%BCber_den_Mehrwert%2C_1956_-_5708926.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="3337" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <i>Theorien über den Mehrwert</i>, 1956</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Kautsky_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Karl_Kautsky_01.jpg/175px-Karl_Kautsky_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Karl_Kautsky_01.jpg/263px-Karl_Kautsky_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Karl_Kautsky_01.jpg/350px-Karl_Kautsky_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2282" data-file-height="3190" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a>, editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_Surplus_Value" title="Theories of Surplus Value">Theories of Surplus Value</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of his death (1883), Marx had prepared the manuscript for <i>Das Kapital, Volume IV</i>, a critical history of theories of <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a> of his time, the 19th century, based on the earlier manuscript <i><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_Surplus_Value" title="Theories of Surplus Value">Theories of Surplus Value</a></i> (1862–63). The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a> (1854–1938) published a partial edition of Marx's surplus-value critique and later published a full, three-volume edition as <i>Theorien über den Mehrwert</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_Surplus_Value" title="Theories of Surplus Value">Theories of Surplus Value</a></i>, 1905–1910). The first volume was published in English as <i>A History of Economic Theories</i> (1952).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> published its own edition of Volume IV in which it claimed that Kautsky's edition bastardized the original text, with their version containing more of the original, unedited material.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Kapital&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first translated publication of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span> was in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in March 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-figes1996_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figes1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first foreign publication with the French edition beginning publication in August 1872<sup id="cite_ref-pinho2021_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinho2021-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the English edition appearing 15 years later in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-figes1996_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figes1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was even published before the first modern Russian translation of the whole Bible in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Censorship in the Russian Empire">Russian censorship</a> proscribing "the harmful doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>", the Russian censors considered <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span> as a "strictly scientific work" of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>, the content of which did not apply to <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">monarchic</a> Russia, where "capitalist <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a>" had never occurred and was officially dismissed, given "that very few people in <a href="/wiki/Russian_history,_1892%E2%80%931917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian history, 1892–1917">Russia</a> will read it, and even fewer will understand it". Nonetheless, Marx acknowledged that Russia was the country where <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span> "was read and valued more than anywhere". For instance, the Russian edition was the fastest selling as 3,000 copies were sold in one year while the German edition took five years to sell 1,000, therefore the Russian translation sold fifteen times faster than the German original.<sup id="cite_ref-figes1996_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figes1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This edition was in part worked on by <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, but "he quit after completing part of the first chapter" and it was completed by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Danielson" title="Nikolai Danielson">Nikolai Danielson</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Lopatin" title="German Lopatin">German Lopatin</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marx revised, rewrote, and monitored a French translation, published in 44 installments from August 1872 through May 1875, and then as a single work with a printing of ten thousand copies, the largest up until then.<sup id="cite_ref-pinho2021_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinho2021-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, Marx's work was translated into all major languages. The definitive critical edition of Marx's works, known as MEGA II (<i><a href="/wiki/Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe" title="Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe">Marx-Engels Gesamtausgabe</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> includes <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span> in German (only the first volume is in French) and shows all the versions and alterations made to the text as well as a very extensive apparatus of footnotes and cross-references. </p><p>The first unabridged translation of Das Kapital to Bengali was done by professor <a href="/wiki/Piyush_Dasgupta" title="Piyush Dasgupta">Piyush Dasgupta</a>. It was published in six volumes by Baniprakash, Kolkata, India between 1974 and 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Red_Quill_Books" title="Red Quill Books">Red Quill Books</a> released <i>Capital: In Manga!</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a comic book version of Volume I which is an expanded English translation of the successful 2008 Japanese pocket version <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span> known as <i><a href="/wiki/Manga_de_Dokuha" title="Manga de Dokuha">Manga de Dokuha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Kapital&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English translation of volume 1 by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Moore_(translator_of_Das_Kapital)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Moore (translator of Das Kapital)">Samuel Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Marx" title="Eleanor Marx">Eleanor Marx</a>'s partner <a href="/wiki/Edward_Aveling" title="Edward Aveling">Edward Aveling</a>, overseen by Engels, was published in 1887 as <i>Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Swan_Sonnenschein" title="William Swan Sonnenschein">Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey, & Co.</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was reissued in the 1970s by <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a> in Moscow, while a more recent English translation was made by Ben Fowkes and David Fernbach (the Penguin edition). In 2024, Princeton University Press published the first English translation of the second German edition of Capital, Volume 1, edited and translated by Paul North and Paul Reitter. Volumes 2 and 3 are forthcoming.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reviews">Reviews</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Kapital&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 2017, the historian <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Stedman_Jones" title="Gareth Stedman Jones">Gareth Stedman Jones</a> wrote in the Books and Arts section of the scientific journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What is extraordinary about <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span> is that it offers a still-unrivalled picture of the dynamism of capitalism and its transformation of societies on a global scale. It firmly embedded concepts such as commodity and capital in the lexicon. And it highlights some of the vulnerabilities of capitalism, including its unsettling disruption of states and political systems. [...] If <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span> has now emerged as one of the great landmarks of nineteenth-century thought, it is [because it connects] critical analysis of the economy of his time with its historical roots. In doing so, he inaugurated a debate about how best to reform or transform politics and social relations, which has gone on ever since.</p></blockquote><p>Positive reception also cited the soundness of the methodology used in producing the book, which is called immanent critique. This approach, which starts from simple category and gradually unfolds into complex categories, employed "internal" criticism that finds contradiction within and between categories while discovering aspects of reality that the categories cannot explain.<sup id="cite_ref-Wayne-2012_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wayne-2012-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that Marx had to build his arguments on historical narratives and empirical evidence rather than the arbitrary application of his ideas in his evaluation of capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Wayne-2012_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wayne-2012-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span> has also received criticism. There are theorists who claimed that this text was unable to reconcile capitalist exploitation with prices dependent upon subjective wants in exchange relations.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marxists generally reply that only <a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labor_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Socially necessary labor time">socially necessary labor time</a>, that is, labor which is spent on commodities for which there is market-demand, can be considered productive labour and therefore exploited on Marx's account. There are also those who argued that Marx's so-called <a href="/wiki/Immiseration_thesis" title="Immiseration thesis">immiseration thesis</a> is presumed to mean that the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> is absolutely immiserated.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The existing scholarly consensus tends towards the opposite view that Marx believed that only relative immiseration would occur, that is, a fall in labor's share of output.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marx himself frequently polemicized against the view "that the amount of real wages ... is a fixed amount."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Kapital&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession" title="Accumulation by dispossession">Accumulation by dispossession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Étienne Balibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._A._Cohen" title="G. A. Cohen">G. A. Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_capital" title="Cost of capital">Cost of capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Culture of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_theory_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of theory of capitalism">History of theory of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immiseration_thesis" title="Immiseration thesis">Immiseration thesis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krisis_Groupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Krisis Groupe">Krisis Groupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">Labor theory of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_accumulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of accumulation">Law of accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_value" title="Law of value">Law of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation of capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_on_capital" title="Return on capital">Return on capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_labour" title="Surplus labour">Surplus labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valorisation" title="Valorisation">Valorisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_added" title="Value added">Value added</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Kapital&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreen2016" class="citation web cs1">Green, Elliott (12 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2016/05/12/what-are-the-most-cited-publications-in-the-social-sciences-according-to-google-scholar/">"What are the most-cited publications in the social sciences (according to Google Scholar)?"</a>. <i>LSE Impact Blog</i>. <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111653/http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2016/05/12/what-are-the-most-cited-publications-in-the-social-sciences-according-to-google-scholar/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LSE+Impact+Blog&rft.atitle=What+are+the+most-cited+publications+in+the+social+sciences+%28according+to+Google+Scholar%29%3F&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Fimpactofsocialsciences%2F2016%2F05%2F12%2Fwhat-are-the-most-cited-publications-in-the-social-sciences-according-to-google-scholar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx, Karl. <i>Capital: The Process of Capitalist Production</i>. 3d German edition (tr.). p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1867" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Marx, Karl (1867). <i>Das Kapital: Kritik der politischen Oekonomie</i>. Vol. 1: Der Produktionsprozess des Kapitals (1 ed.). Hamburg: Verlag von Otto Meissner. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3931%2Fe-rara-25773">10.3931/e-rara-25773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Kapital%3A+Kritik+der+politischen+Oekonomie&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Verlag+von+Otto+Meissner&rft.date=1867&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3931%2Fe-rara-25773&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1885" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Marx, Karl (1885). <i>Das Kapital: Kritik der politischen Oekonomie; herausgegeben von Friedrich Engels</i>. Vol. 2: Der Zirkulationsprozess des Kapitals (1 ed.). Hamburg: Verlag von Otto Meissner. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3931%2Fe-rara-25620">10.3931/e-rara-25620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Kapital%3A+Kritik+der+politischen+Oekonomie%3B+herausgegeben+von+Friedrich+Engels&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Verlag+von+Otto+Meissner&rft.date=1885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3931%2Fe-rara-25620&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1894" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Marx, Karl (1894). <i>Das Kapital: Kritik der politischen Oekonomie; herausgegeben von Friedrich Engels</i>. Vol. 3: Der Gesamtprozess der kapitalistischen Produktion (1 ed.). Hamburg: Verlag von Otto Meissner. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3931%2Fe-rara-25739">10.3931/e-rara-25739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Kapital%3A+Kritik+der+politischen+Oekonomie%3B+herausgegeben+von+Friedrich+Engels&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Verlag+von+Otto+Meissner&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3931%2Fe-rara-25739&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhm-Bawerk1896" class="citation book cs1">Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen (1896). <i>Karl Marx and the Close of his System</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466347687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466347687"><bdi>978-1466347687</bdi></a>. <q>The value [of labour] was declared to be 'the common factor which appears in the exchange relation of commodities' (i. 13). We were told, in the form and with the emphasis of a stringent syllogistic conclusion, allowing of no exception, that to set down two commodities as equivalents in exchange implied that 'a common factor of the same magnitude' existed in both, to which each of the two 'must be reducible' (i. 11). (...) And now in the third volume (...) that individual commodities do and must exchange with each other in a proportion different from that of the labour incorporated in them, and this not accidentally and temporarily, but of necessity and permanently. I cannot help myself; I see here no explanation and reconciliation of a contradiction, but the bare contradiction itself. Marx's third volume contradicts the first. The theory of the average rate of profit and of the prices of production cannot be reconciled with the theory of value. This is the impression which must, I believe, be received by every logical thinker. And it seems to have been very generally accepted. Loria, in his lively and picturesque style, states that he feels himself forced to the 'harsh but just judgment' that Marx 'instead of a solution has presented a mystification.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx+and+the+Close+of+his+System&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=1896&rft.isbn=978-1466347687&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Driscoll-2020-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Driscoll-2020_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Driscoll-2020_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll2020" class="citation book cs1">Driscoll, Mark W. (2020). <i>The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection</i>. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-1121-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-1121-7"><bdi>978-1-4780-1121-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whites+are+Enemies+of+Heaven%3A+Climate+Caucasianism+and+Asian+Ecological+Protection&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4780-1121-7&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx, Karl; Fowkes, Ben, trans. (1977). <i>Capital</i>. Vol. 1. New York: Knopf Doubleday. p. 68, 253. f. 6. Marx credits Aristotle for being the "first to analyze [...] the form of value". In addition, he identifies the categories of use and exchange value with the Aristotlean distinction between the <i>Oeconomic</i> and the <i>Chrematisitic</i>. In the <i>Politics</i>, the former is defined as value in use while the latter is defined as a practice in which exchange value becomes an end unto itself.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meikle, Scott (1997). <i>Aristotle's Economic Thought</i>. London: Clarendon Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCarthy, George (1992). <i>Marx and Aristotle: Nineteenth Century German Social Theory and Classical Antiquity</i>. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx, Karl; Fowkes, Ben, trans. (1977). <i>Capital</i>. Vol. 1. New York: Knopf Doubleday. pp. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Columbia Encyclopedia</i> (1994). 5th Edition. p. 1707.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1863/theories-surplus-value/preface.htm">"Economic Manuscripts: Theories of Surplus-Value, Preface by Institute of Marxism-Leninism"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Economic+Manuscripts%3A+Theories+of+Surplus-Value%2C+Preface+by+Institute+of+Marxism-Leninism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1863%2Ftheories-surplus-value%2Fpreface.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-figes1996-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-figes1996_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-figes1996_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-figes1996_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges1998" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (1998). "1.4.ii: Marx Comes to Russia". <i>A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924</i>. New York, N.Y: Penguin Books. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140243642" title="Special:BookSources/9780140243642"><bdi>9780140243642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.4.ii%3A+Marx+Comes+to+Russia&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+Tragedy%3A+The+Russian+Revolution%2C+1891%E2%80%931924&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780140243642&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pinho2021-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pinho2021_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pinho2021_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebello_Pinho2021" class="citation web cs1">Rebello Pinho, Rodrigo Maiolini (3 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imhojournal.org/articles/the-originality-of-marxs-french-edition-of-capital-an-historical-analysis/">"The Originality of Marx's French Edition of <i>Capital</i>: An Historical Analysis"</a>. <i>The International Marxist-Humanist</i>. Translated by Naomi J. Sutcliffe de Moraes. IMHO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+International+Marxist-Humanist&rft.atitle=The+Originality+of+Marx%27s+French+Edition+of+Capital%3A+An+Historical+Analysis&rft.date=2021-09-03&rft.aulast=Rebello+Pinho&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo+Maiolini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimhojournal.org%2Farticles%2Fthe-originality-of-marxs-french-edition-of-capital-an-historical-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosking1997" class="citation book cs1">Hosking, Geoffrey (1997). <i>Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917</i>. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-78118-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-78118-X"><bdi>0-674-78118-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+People+and+Empire%2C+1552%E2%80%931917&rft.place=Cambridge+%28Mass.%29&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-674-78118-X&rft.aulast=Hosking&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResis1970" class="citation journal cs1">Resis, Albert (June 1970). "<i>Das Kapital</i> Comes to Russia". <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 219–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2493377">10.2307/2493377</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2493377">2493377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Das+Kapital+Comes+to+Russia&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-237&rft.date=1970-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2493377&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2493377%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Resis&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bearbeitung des Bandes: <a href="/wiki/Waltraud_Falk" title="Waltraud Falk">Waltraud Falk</a> (Leiter)<i><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. Capital a critical analysis of capitalist production. London 1887</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12517/page/n23/mode/2up">'ডাস ক্যাপিটাল'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabortyChakrabartyDasguptaSen2019" class="citation book cs1">Chakraborty, Achin; Chakrabarty, Anjan; Dasgupta, Byasdeb; Sen, Samita, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8sO4DwAAQBAJ&dq=capital+in+the+east+piyush+dasgupta&pg=PA33"><i><span></span>'Capital' in the East: Reflections on Marx</i></a>. Singapore: Springer. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789813294677" title="Special:BookSources/9789813294677"><bdi>9789813294677</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Capital%27+in+the+East%3A+Reflections+on+Marx&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789813294677&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8sO4DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcapital%2Bin%2Bthe%2Beast%2Bpiyush%2Bdasgupta%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasko2012" class="citation book cs1">Yasko, Guy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redquillbooks.com/portfolio-posts/capital-manga/"><i>Capital: In Manga!</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Red_Quill_Books" title="Red Quill Books">Red Quill Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926958-19-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-926958-19-4"><bdi>978-1-926958-19-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225150827/http://redquillbooks.com/portfolio-posts/capital-manga/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital%3A+In+Manga%21&rft.pub=Red+Quill+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-926958-19-4&rft.aulast=Yasko&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fredquillbooks.com%2Fportfolio-posts%2Fcapital-manga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantoday.com/category/arts-culture/view/marxs-das-kapital-comic-finds-new-fans-in-japan">"Marx's 'Das Kapital' comic finds new fans in Japan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006191051/http://www.japantoday.com/category/arts-culture/view/marxs-das-kapital-comic-finds-new-fans-in-japan">Archived</a> 6 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Japan Today</i>. 23 December 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/marx-karl-1818-1883-capital-a-critical-analysis-5809013-details.aspx">"Marx, Karl (1818–1883). <i>Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production</i>. London: Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey, & Co., 1887"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180624040046/https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/marx-karl-1818-1883-capital-a-critical-analysis-5809013-details.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marx%2C+Karl+%281818%E2%80%931883%29.+Capital%3A+A+Critical+Analysis+of+Capitalist+Production.+London%3A+Swan+Sonnenschein%2C+Lowrey%2C+%26+Co.%2C+1887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2FLot%2Fmarx-karl-1818-1883-capital-a-critical-analysis-5809013-details.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Interview with Paul North and Paul Reitter by Zac Endter and Jonas Knatz, Journal of the History of Ideas Blog, 2024; Link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jhiblog.org/2024/09/10/the-regime-of-capital-an-interview-with-paul-north-and-paul-reitter-on-their-new-edition-of-karl-marxs-capital-vol-1/">https://www.jhiblog.org/2024/09/10/the-regime-of-capital-an-interview-with-paul-north-and-paul-reitter-on-their-new-edition-of-karl-marxs-capital-vol-1/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2017" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Gareth Stedman (2017). "In retrospect: Das Kapital". <i>Nature</i>. <b>547</b> (7664). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 401–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F547401a">10.1038/547401a</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=In+retrospect%3A+Das+Kapital&rft.volume=547&rft.issue=7664&rft.pages=401-402&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F547401a&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gareth+Stedman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wayne-2012-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wayne-2012_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wayne-2012_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayne2012" class="citation book cs1">Wayne, Michael (2012). <i>Marx's 'Das Kapital' For Beginners</i>. Danbury, Connecticut: Red Wheel/Weiser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781934389638" title="Special:BookSources/9781934389638"><bdi>9781934389638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx%27s+%27Das+Kapital%27+For+Beginners&rft.place=Danbury%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Red+Wheel%2FWeiser&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781934389638&rft.aulast=Wayne&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2017" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Morgan (2017). <i>A Rationalist Critique of Deconstruction: Demystifying Poststructuralism and Derrida's Science of the "Non"</i>. The Culture & Anarchy Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781365481901" title="Special:BookSources/9781365481901"><bdi>9781365481901</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Rationalist+Critique+of+Deconstruction%3A+Demystifying+Poststructuralism+and+Derrida%27s+Science+of+the+%22Non%22&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=The+Culture+%26+Anarchy+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781365481901&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxill1992" class="citation book cs1">Boxill, Bernard (1992). <i>Blacks and Social Justice</i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0847677573" title="Special:BookSources/978-0847677573"><bdi>978-0847677573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blacks+and+Social+Justice&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0847677573&rft.aulast=Boxill&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell1960" class="citation journal cs1">Sowell, Thomas (March 1960). "Marx's "Increasing Misery" Doctrine". <i>The American Economic Review</i>. <b>50</b>: 111–120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Marx%27s+%22Increasing+Misery%22+Doctrine&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=111-120&rft.date=1960-03&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapides2007" class="citation book cs1">Lapides, Kenneth (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nxd8EyQlJQ0C&pg=PA257"><i>Marx's Wage Theory in Historical Perspective</i></a>. Author. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587369742" title="Special:BookSources/9781587369742"><bdi>9781587369742</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731173422/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nxd8EyQlJQ0C&pg=PA257">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx%27s+Wage+Theory+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Author&rft.date=2007-12&rft.isbn=9781587369742&rft.aulast=Lapides&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNxd8EyQlJQ0C%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1865" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1865/value-price-profit"><i>Value, Price, and Profit</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134248/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1865/value-price-profit/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Value%2C+Price%2C+and+Profit&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1865%2Fvalue-price-profit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Kapital&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Althusser,_Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Althusser, Louis">Althusser, Louis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Balibar,_%C3%89tienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Balibar, Étienne">Balibar, Étienne</a> (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/Reading_Capital" title="Reading Capital">Reading Capital</a></i>. London: Verso.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althusser,_Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Althusser, Louis">Althusser, Louis</a> (October 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpalthusser11.htm">"How to Read Marx's Capital"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326081810/http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpalthusser11.htm">Archived</a> 26 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Marxism_Today" title="Marxism Today">Marxism Today</a></i>. pp. 302–305. Originally appeared in French in <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i> on 21 April 1969.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_J._Arthur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher J. Arthur (page does not exist)">Christopher J. Arthur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geert_Reuten" title="Geert Reuten">Geert Reuten</a> (1998) eds <i>The Circulation of Capital: Essays on Volume Two of Marx's Capital, London & New York, Macmillan & St. Martin's Press</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_B%C3%B6hm_von_Bawerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugen Böhm von Bawerk">Eugen Böhm von Bawerk</a> (1896), <i><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx_and_the_Close_of_His_System" title="Karl Marx and the Close of His System">Karl Marx and the Close of His System</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottomore,_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottomore, Thomas">Bottomore, Thomas</a>, ed. (1998). <i>A Dictionary of Marxist Thought</i>. Oxford: Blackwell.</li> <li>Euchner, Walter; <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schmidt_(philosopher)" title="Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)">Schmidt, Alfred</a>, eds. (1968). <i>Kritik der politischen Ökonomie heute. 100 Jahre "Kapital"</i> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span>. Frankfurt: Europäische Verlagsanstalt; Wien: Europa-Verlag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/457299002">DNB 457299002</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fine" title="Ben Fine">Fine, Ben</a> (2010). <i>Marx's Capital.</i> 5th ed. London: Pluto.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey,_David" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey, David">Harvey, David</a> (2010). <i>A Companion to Marx's Capital</i>. London: Verso.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey,_David" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey, David">Harvey, David</a> (2006). <i>The Limits of Capital</i>. London: Verso.</li> <li>Lapides, Kenneth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nxd8EyQlJQ0C&q=marx+immiseration+myth.&pg=PA257">"Marx's Wage Theory in Historical Perspective"</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel, Ernest</a>. <i>Marxist Economic Theory</i>. Vols. 1 and 2. New York: Monthly Review Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx,_Karl" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx, Karl">Marx, Karl</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_McLellan_(political_scientist)" title="David McLellan (political scientist)">McLellan, David</a>, ed. (2008). <i>Capital: An Abridged Edition</i>. Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks. Abridged edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953570-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953570-5">978-0-19-953570-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heinrich" title="Michael Heinrich">Heinrich, Michael</a> (2004, translation 2012) "<a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Three_Volumes_of_Karl_Marx%27s_Capital" title="An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital">An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital</a>" translated by Alexander Locasio. Monthly Review Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1583672885" title="Special:BookSources/1583672885">1583672885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Postone, Moishe</a> (1993). <i>Time, Labor, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michio_Morishima" title="Michio Morishima">Morishima, Michio</a> (1973). <i>Marx's Economics, a dual theory of worth and growth</i>. Cambridge university Press.</li> <li>Variety Artworks (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redquillbooks.com/Capital_Manga.html"><i>Capital: In Manga!</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027224809/http://www.redquillbooks.com/Capital_Manga.html">Archived</a> 27 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ottawa: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120823013029/http://redquillbooks.com/Home_Page.html">Red Quill Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926958-19-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-926958-19-4">978-1-926958-19-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cleaver" title="Harry Cleaver">Cleaver, Harry</a> (1979) <i>Reading Capital Politically</i>. University of Texas Press 1st ed., <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a> 2nd edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1902593294" title="Special:BookSources/1902593294">1902593294</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wheen" title="Francis Wheen">Wheen, Francis</a> (2006). <i>Marx's Das Kapital—A Biography</i>. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4394-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4394-5">978-0-8021-4394-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clare_Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="William Clare Roberts">Roberts, William Clare</a> (2016). <i>Marx's Inferno: The Political theory of Capital</i>. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691172903" title="Special:BookSources/9780691172903">9780691172903</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Kapital&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Das_Kapital" class="extiw" title="commons:Das Kapital"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Das Kapital</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Althusser,_Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Althusser, Louis">Althusser, Louis</a> (21 April 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpalthusser11.htm">"How to Read Marx's Capital"</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCafiero" class="citation web cs1">Cafiero, Carlo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240901180714/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Carlo_Cafiero_-_Karl_Marx%E2%80%99s_Capital_Briefly_Summarized_-_1879_%28ENG%29.pdf">"Karl Marx's Capital Briefly Summarized - 1879"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Carlo_Cafiero_-_Karl_Marx%E2%80%99s_Capital_Briefly_Summarized_-_1879_%28ENG%29.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%27s+Capital+Briefly+Summarized+-+1879&rft.aulast=Cafiero&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fd%2Fdf%2FCarlo_Cafiero_-_Karl_Marx%25E2%2580%2599s_Capital_Briefly_Summarized_-_1879_%2528ENG%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Choonara, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/article.php?article_id=11076">"Capital"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020028/http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/article.php?article_id=11076">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Worker" title="Socialist Worker">Socialist Worker</a></i>. First in a series of accessible columns on <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span>.</li> <li>Ehrbar, Hans G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.csbs.utah.edu/~ehrbar/akmc.htm">"Annotations, Explanations and Clarifications to Capital"</a>. It helps with understanding the early concepts.</li> <li>Engels, Friedrich (1867) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/Engels_Synopsis_of_Capital.pdf">"Synopsis of Capital"</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey,_David" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey, David">Harvey, David</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidharvey.org">"Reading Marx's Capital"</a>. University open courses.</li> <li>Harvey, David (12 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2018/07/karl-marx-capital-david-harvey">"Why Marx's Capital Still Matters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></i>. Retrieved 24 April 2019.</li> <li>Liberation School. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberationschool.org/reading-capital-with-comrades-podcast/">"Reading Capital with Comrades"</a> podcast class series</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polyluxmarx.de/home/en/home">"PolyluxMarx—A <i>Capital</i> Workbook in Slides"</a> (covers Volume I of <i>Das Capital</i> in <a href="/wiki/PowerPoint" class="mw-redirect" title="PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a> slides) <span class="languageicon">(in German, English, Spanish, Slovak, Portuguese, and Arabic)</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Segrillo" title="Angelo Segrillo">Segrillo, Angelo</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lea.vitis.uspnet.usp.br/arquivos/angelosegrillobookcapitalabridged.pdf">Karl Marx's Capital (Vols. 1, 2, 3) Abridged</a></i>. São Paulo: FFLCH/USP, 2020.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/index.htm">"Wage Labour and Capital"</a>. An earlier work by Marx that deals with many of the ideas later expanded in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Kapital</i></span>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Online editions</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>Capital, Volume I</i> (1867); published in Marx's lifetime:</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/index.htm">Capital Volume I: The Process of Production of Capital</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <ul><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Capital+Vol+1&author=Marx&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">Capital, Volume I</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/capitalvol1">Capital, Volume I</a></i> 1974 <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a> edition, downloadable <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Capital, Volume II</i> (1885); manuscript not completed by Marx before his death in 1883; subsequently edited and published, by friend and collaborator Friedrich Engels as the work of Marx: <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1885-c2/index.htm">Capital Volume II: The Process of Circulation of Capital</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/capitalvol2">Capital, Volume II</a></i> 1974 <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a> edition, downloadable <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Capital, Volume III</i> (1894); manuscript not completed by Marx before his death in 1883; subsequently edited and published, by friend and collaborator Friedrich Engels as the work of Marx: <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/index.htm">Capital Volume III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole</a></i> at the Marxists Internet Archive.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/capitalvol3">Capital, Volume III</a></i> 1974 <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a> edition, downloadable <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Capital, Volume IV</i> (1905–1910); critical history of theories of surplus value; manuscript written by Marx; partial edition edited and published after Marx's death by Karl Kautsky as <i><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_Surplus_Value" title="Theories of Surplus Value">Theories of Surplus Value</a></i>; other editions published later: <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1863/theories-surplus-value/">Capital, Volume IV: Theories of Surplus Value</a></i> at Marxists Internet Archive.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marxtsvpart1">Part I</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marxtsvpart2">Part II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marxtsvpart3">Part III</a>, 1975 <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a> editions, downloadable <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Synopses</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidharvey.org/reading-capital/">"Reading Marx's Capital"</a>. Series of video lectures by professor <a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">David Harvey</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_Engels1975" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich Engels (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/engelsonmarxscapital"><i>On Marx's Capital</i></a>. Progress Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Marx%27s+Capital&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Friedrich+Engels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fengelsonmarxscapital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span> Includes Engels' Synopsis of <i>Capital</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.workersliberty.org/archive/karl-marxs-capital-abridged-otto-ruhle"><i>Otto Ruhle's Abridgement of Karl Marx's Capital: A Critique of Political Economy</i></a>. Workers' Liberty. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otto+Ruhle%27s+Abridgement+of+Karl+Marx%27s+Capital%3A+A+Critique+of+Political+Economy&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Workers%27+Liberty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.workersliberty.org%2Farchive%2Fkarl-marxs-capital-abridged-otto-ruhle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADas+Kapital" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Critique_of_political_economy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Critique_of_political_economy" title="Template:Critique of political economy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Critique_of_political_economy" title="Template talk:Critique of political economy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Critique_of_political_economy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Critique of political economy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Critique_of_political_economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Johan_Stagnelius" title="Erik Johan Stagnelius">Erik Johan Stagnelius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th–21st-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Moishe Postone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Étienne Balibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Marx-Lekt%C3%BCre" title="Neue Marx-Lektüre">Neue Marx-Lektüre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Reichelt" title="Helmut Reichelt">Helmut Reichelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Backhaus" title="Hans-Georg Backhaus">Hans-Georg Backhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurz_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Kurz (philosopher)">Robert Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heinrich" title="Michael Heinrich">Michael Heinrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Mark Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rosdolsky" title="Roman Rosdolsky">Roman Rosdolsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Peter_Ortlieb" title="Claus Peter Ortlieb">Claus Peter Ortlieb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katrine_Mar%C3%A7al" title="Katrine Marçal">Katrine Marçal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Abstract labour and concrete labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrematistics" title="Chrematistics">Chrematistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Dismal Science">Dismal Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illth" title="Illth">Illth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_value" title="Law of value">Law of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valorisation" title="Valorisation">Valorisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Written works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_to_Be_Lazy" title="The Right to Be Lazy">The Right to Be Lazy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Das Kapital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Production" title="The Mirror of Production">The Mirror of Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Contribution_to_the_Critique_of_Political_Economy" title="A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy">A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlines_of_a_Critique_of_Political_Economy" title="Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy">Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Three_Volumes_of_Karl_Marx%27s_Capital" title="An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital">An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Economic_Reason" title="Critique of Economic Reason">Critique of Economic Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Accursed_Share" title="The Accursed Share">The Accursed Share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Cooked_Adam_Smith%27s_Dinner%3F" title="Who Cooked Adam Smith's Dinner?">Who Cooked Adam Smith's Dinner?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assume_a_can_opener" title="Assume a can opener">Assume a can opener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrematistics" title="Chrematistics">Chrematistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_by_Karl_Marx_and_Friedrich_Engels" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marx/Engels" title="Template:Marx/Engels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marx/Engels" title="Template talk:Marx/Engels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marx/Engels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marx/Engels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Karl_Marx_and_Friedrich_Engels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marx</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Das Kapital</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital,_Volume_I" title="Das Kapital, Volume I">Das Kapital, Volume I</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital,_Volume_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Kapital, Volume II">Das Kapital, Volume II</a></i> (1885, posthumous)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital,_Volume_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Kapital, Volume III">Das Kapital, Volume III</a></i> (1894, posthumous)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_and_Felix" title="Scorpion and Felix">Scorpion and Felix</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oulanem" title="Oulanem">Oulanem</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Difference_Between_the_Democritean_and_Epicurean_Philosophy_of_Nature" title="The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature">The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature</a></i> (1841)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Philosophical_Manifesto_of_the_Historical_School_of_Law" title="The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law">The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law</a>" (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Hegel%27s_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right">Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right</a></i> (1843, published 1927)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Jewish_Question" title="On the Jewish Question">On the Jewish Question</a>" (1843)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Notes_on_James_Mill" title="Notes on James Mill">Notes on James Mill</a>" (1844)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></i> (1844, published 1932)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Theses_on_Feuerbach" title="Theses on Feuerbach">Theses on Feuerbach</a>" (1845, published 1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Philosophy" title="The Poverty of Philosophy">The Poverty of Philosophy</a></i> (1847)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wage_Labour_and_Capital" title="Wage Labour and Capital">Wage Labour and Capital</a>" (1847)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Class_Struggles_in_France,_1848%E2%80%931850" title="The Class Struggles in France, 1848–1850">The Class Struggles in France, 1848–1850</a></i> (1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Bonaparte" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></i> (1857, published 1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Contribution_to_the_Critique_of_Political_Economy" title="A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy">A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_Surplus_Value" title="Theories of Surplus Value">Theories of Surplus Value</a></i> (three volumes, 1862)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Value,_Price_and_Profit" title="Value, Price and Profit">Value, Price and Profit</a>" (1865)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Belgian_Massacres" title="The Belgian Massacres">The Belgian Massacres</a>" (1869)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_in_France" title="The Civil War in France">The Civil War in France</a>" (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme" title="Critique of the Gotha Programme">Critique of the Gotha Programme</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_manuscripts_of_Karl_Marx" title="Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx">Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_notebooks_on_the_history_of_technology" title="Marx's notebooks on the history of technology">Marx's notebooks on the history of technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marx and<br />Engels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Family_(book)" title="The Holy Family (book)">The Holy Family</a></i> (1844)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></i> (1845, published 1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> (1848)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_in_the_United_States" title="The Civil War in the United States">The Civil War in the United States</a></i> (1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England">The Condition of the Working Class in England</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_Communism" title="The Principles of Communism">Principles of Communism</a></i> (1847)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_War_in_Germany" title="The Peasant War in Germany">The Peasant War in Germany</a></i> (1850)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Part_Played_by_Labour_in_the_Transition_from_Ape_to_Man" title="The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man">The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man</a>" (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-D%C3%BChring" title="Anti-Dühring">Anti-Dühring</a></i> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socialism:_Utopian_and_Scientific" title="Socialism: Utopian and Scientific">Socialism: Utopian and Scientific</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialectics_of_Nature" title="Dialectics of Nature">Dialectics of Nature</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach_and_the_End_of_Classical_German_Philosophy" title="Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy">Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Contribution_to_the_History_of_Primitive_Christianity" title="A Contribution to the History of Primitive Christianity">A Contribution to the History of Primitive Christianity</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_and_Counter-Revolution_in_Germany" title="Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany">Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany</a></i> (1896, posthumous)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marx/Engels_Collected_Works" title="Marx/Engels Collected Works">Marx/Engels Collected Works</a></i> (1975–2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe" title="Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe">Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe</a></i> (1975–today)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx_Library" title="Karl Marx Library">Karl Marx Library</a></i> (1971–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extreme_wealth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wealth" title="Template:Wealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wealth" title="Template talk:Wealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extreme_wealth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extreme <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overaccumulation" title="Overaccumulation">Overaccumulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth distribution">Wealth distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_distribution" title="Income distribution">Income distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_distribution" title="Consumption distribution">Consumption distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_inequality" title="History of economic inequality">History of economic inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonomy" title="Plutonomy">Plutonomy</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation of capital</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche"><i>Nouveau riche</i> <wbr />(new money)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money"><i>Vieux riche</i> <wbr />(old money)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_goods" title="Luxury goods">Luxury goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_leisure" title="Conspicuous leisure">Conspicuous leisure</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire" title="Billionaire">Billionaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_of_industry" title="Captain of industry">Captain of industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-net-worth_individual" title="High-net-worth individual">High-net-worth individual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high-net-worth_individual" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra high-net-worth individual">UHNWI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millionaire" title="Millionaire">Millionaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_oligarch" title="Business oligarch">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_oligarchs" title="Ukrainian oligarchs">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth concentration">Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynastic wealth">Dynastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_effect" title="Wealth effect">Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_wealth" title="Geography and wealth">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inherited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_management" title="Wealth management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="National wealth">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_wealth" title="Paper wealth">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_tax" title="Wealth tax">Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_net_worth" title="Lists of people by net worth">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires" title="The World's Billionaires"><i>Forbes</i> list of billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_centibillionaires" title="List of centibillionaires">List of centibillionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_billionaires" title="List of female billionaires">Female billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royalty_by_net_worth" title="List of royalty by net worth">Richest royals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_richest_Americans_in_history" title="List of richest Americans in history">Wealthiest Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_families" title="List of wealthiest families">Wealthiest families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wealthiest organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest companies by revenue">Largest companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_corporate_profits_and_losses" title="List of largest corporate profits and losses">Largest corporate profits and losses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_corporations_by_market_capitalization" title="List of public corporations by market capitalization">Largest corporations by market capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_financial_services_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest financial services companies by revenue">Largest financial services companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_manufacturing_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue">Largest manufacturing companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_software_companies" title="List of the largest software companies">Largest software companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_technology_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest technology companies by revenue">Largest technology companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_charitable_foundations" title="List of wealthiest charitable foundations">Charities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philanthropists" title="List of philanthropists">Philanthropists</a></li></ul></li> <li>Universities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_institutions_of_higher_education_by_endowment_size" title="Lists of institutions of higher education by endowment size">Endowment size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni" title="List of universities by number of billionaire alumni">Number of billionaire alumni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of cities by number of billionaires">Cities by number of billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_billionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by the number of billionaires">Countries by number of billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_wealth" title="List of countries by total wealth">Countries by total wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_wealth_inequality" title="List of sovereign states by wealth inequality">Countries by wealth inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Wealth inequality in the United States">Wealth inequality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_expensive_items_by_category" title="Lists of most expensive items by category">Most expensive items</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_most_expensive_things" title="Category:Lists of most expensive things">by category</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_animals" title="List of wealthiest animals">Wealthiest animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_affluence" title="Diseases of affluence">Diseases of affluence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism#Celebrity_narcissism" title="Narcissism">Acquired situational narcissism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_crumenam" title="Argumentum ad crumenam">Argumentum ad crumenam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Giving_Pledge" title="The Giving Pledge">The Giving Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthrocapitalism" title="Philanthrocapitalism">Philanthrocapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sayings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_rich_get_richer_and_the_poor_get_poorer" title="The rich get richer and the poor get poorer">The rich get richer and the poor get poorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_for_the_rich_and_capitalism_for_the_poor" title="Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor">Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">Too big to fail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Das Kapital</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutus_(play)" title="Plutus (play)"><i>Plutus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Greek god of wealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)"><i>Superclass</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Superclass_List" title="The Superclass List">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_(film)" title="Wealth (film)"><i>Wealth</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wealth" title="Category:Wealth">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wealth_by_country" title="Category:Wealth by country">by country</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/19px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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