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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Criticism of work as such</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Abolition of work" redirects here. For the essay, see <a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Work" title="The Abolition of Work">The Abolition of Work</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Critique_of_work plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from the corresponding articles in <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritik_der_Arbeit" class="extiw" title="de:Kritik der Arbeit">German</a> and <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbetskritik" class="extiw" title="sv:Arbetskritik">Swedish</a></b>.  <i><small>(May 2022)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKritik_der_Arbeit&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the German article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_German#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand German">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 2,064 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_German_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from German Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Kritik der Arbeit]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|de|Kritik der Arbeit}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Critique_of_work" title="Talk:Critique of work">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hours_of_work_vs._GDP_per_capita,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hours_of_work_vs._GDP_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Hours_of_work_vs._GDP_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hours_of_work_vs._GDP_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg/495px-Hours_of_work_vs._GDP_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hours_of_work_vs._GDP_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg/660px-Hours_of_work_vs._GDP_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Since 1870 the amount of hours of waged work have decreased and GDP per capita has increased.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Critique of work</b> or <b>critique of labour</b> is the critique of, and/or wish to abolish, <a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">work</a> <i>as such</i>, and to critique what the critics of works deem <a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critique of work can be <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existential</a>, and focus on how labour can be and/or feel meaningless, and stands in the way for self-realisation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the critique of work can also highlight how excessive work may cause harm to nature, the productivity of society, and/or society itself.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critique of work can also take on a more <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarian</a> character, in which work simply stands in the way for human happiness as well as health.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many thinkers have critiqued and wished for the abolishment of labour as early as in Ancient Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of an opposing view is the anonymously published treatise titled <i>Essay on Trade and Commerce</i> published in 1770 which claimed that to break the spirit of idleness and independence of the English people, ideal "work-houses" should imprison the poor. These houses were to function as "houses of terror, where they should work fourteen hours a day in such fashion that when meal time was deducted there should remain twelve hours of work full and complete."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Views like these propagated for in the following decades by e.g. Malthus, which led up to the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lafargue_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lafargue_1871.jpg/170px-Lafargue_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lafargue_1871.jpg/255px-Lafargue_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lafargue_1871.jpg/340px-Lafargue_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russell1907-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Russell1907-2.jpg/170px-Russell1907-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Russell1907-2.jpg/255px-Russell1907-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Russell1907-2.jpg/340px-Russell1907-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, writer of <i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Idleness_and_Other_Essays" title="In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays">In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays</a></i></figcaption></figure><p>The battle of shortening the working hours to ten hours was ongoing between around the 1840s until about 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, establishing the eight-hour working day went significantly faster, and these short-hour social movements aligned against labour, managed to get rid of two working hours between the mid-1880s to 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this epoch, reformers argued that mechanization was not only supposed to provide material goods, but to free workers from "slavery" and introduce them to the "duty" to enjoy life.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the productive capacity rose enormously with industrialization, people were made busier, while one might have expected the opposite to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was at least the expectation among many intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The liberal <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> also predicted that society would come to a stage where growth would end when mechanization would meet all real needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lafargue argued that the obsession society seemed to have with labour paradoxically harmed the productivity, which society had as one of its primary justifications for not working as little as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paul_Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paul Lafargue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Lafargue's book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_To_Be_Lazy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Right To Be Lazy">The Right To Be Lazy</a>,</i> he claims that: "It is sheer madness, that people are fighting for the "right" to an eight-hour working day. In other words, eight hours of servitude, exploitation and suffering, when it is leisure, joy and self-realisation that should be fought for – and as few hours of slavery as possible."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Automation, which had already come a long way in Lafargue's time, could easily have reduced working hours to three or four hours a day. This would have left a large part of the day for the things which he would claim that we really want to do – spend time with friends, relax, enjoy life, be lazy. The machine is the saviour of humanity, Lafargue argues, but only if the working time it frees up becomes leisure time. It can be, it should be, but it rarely has been. The time that is freed up is according to Lafargue usually converted into more hours of work, which in his view is only more hours of toil and drudgery.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bertrand_Russell">Bertrand Russell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bertrand Russell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russell's book <a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Idleness_and_Other_Essays" title="In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays"><i>In Praise of Idleness</i></a> is a collection of essays on the themes of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. Russell argues that if the burden of work were shared equally among all, resulting in fewer hours of work, unemployment would disappear. As a result, human happiness would also increase as people would be able to enjoy their newfound free time, which would further increase the amount of science and art.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell for example claimed that "Modern methods of production have given us the possibility of ease and security for all; we have chosen, instead, to have overwork for some and starvation for others. Hitherto we have continued to be as energetic as we were before there were machines; in this we have been foolish".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_era">Contemporary era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contemporary era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David_Graeber">David Graeber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: David Graeber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The anthropologist <a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a> has written about <a href="/wiki/Bullshit_job" title="Bullshit job">bullshit jobs</a>, which are jobs that are meaningless and do not contribute anything worthwhile, or even damage society.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graeber also claims that bullshit jobs are often not the worst paid ones.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The bullshit-jobs can include tasks like these:<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napisi_na_protestih_v_Ljubljani_27._8.,_3._9._in_10._9._2021_34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Napisi_na_protestih_v_Ljubljani_27._8.%2C_3._9._in_10._9._2021_34.jpg/220px-Napisi_na_protestih_v_Ljubljani_27._8.%2C_3._9._in_10._9._2021_34.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Napisi_na_protestih_v_Ljubljani_27._8.%2C_3._9._in_10._9._2021_34.jpg/330px-Napisi_na_protestih_v_Ljubljani_27._8.%2C_3._9._in_10._9._2021_34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Napisi_na_protestih_v_Ljubljani_27._8.%2C_3._9._in_10._9._2021_34.jpg/440px-Napisi_na_protestih_v_Ljubljani_27._8.%2C_3._9._in_10._9._2021_34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>Man with sign that roughly translates to: <i>Bullshit job example from nature: President of <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">the Republic of Slovenia</a></i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Watching over an inbox which received emails merely to copy and paste them into another form.</li> <li>To be hired to look busy.</li> <li>Working with pushing buttons in an <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevator</a>.</li> <li>Make others look or feel important.</li> <li>Roles that exist merely because other institutions employ people in the same roles.</li> <li>Employees that merely solve issues that could be fixed once and for all, or automated away.</li> <li>People who are hired so that institutions can claim that they do something, which in reality they are not doing.</li> <li>Jobs where the most important thing is to sit in the right place, like working in a reception, and forwarding emails to someone who is tasked with reading them.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frédéric_Lordon"><span id="Fr.C3.A9d.C3.A9ric_Lordon"></span>Frédéric Lordon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Frédéric Lordon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willing_Slaves_of_Capital:_Spinoza_and_Marx_on_Desire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willing Slaves of Capital: Spinoza and Marx on Desire (page does not exist)">Willing Slaves of Capital: Spinoza and Marx on Desire</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the French economist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Frédéric Lordon</a> ponders why people accept deferring or even replacing their own desires and goals with those of an organization. "It is ultimately quite strange", he writes, "that people should so 'accept' to occupy themselves in the service of a desire that was not originally their own."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lordon argues that surrender of will occurs via the capture by organizations of workers' "basal desire" – the will to survive. </p><p>But this willingness of workers to become aligned with a company's goals is due not only to what can be called "managerialism" (the ways in which a company co-opts individuality via wages, rules, and perks), but to the psychology of the workers themselves, whose "psyches… perform at times staggering feats of compartmentalization."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So consent to work itself becomes problematic and troubling; as captured in the title of Lordon's book, workers are "willing slaves." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franco_"Bifo"_Berardi"><span id="Franco_.22Bifo.22_Berardi"></span>Franco "Bifo" Berardi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Franco "Bifo" Berardi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Franco Berardi</a>, an Italian <a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomist</a> thinker, suggests in <i>The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that capitalism has harnessed modern desires for autonomy and independence:</p><blockquote><p>No desire, no vitality seems to exist anymore outside the economic enterprise, outside productive labour and business. Capital was able to renew its psychic, ideological and economic energy, specifically thanks to the absorption of creativity, desire, and individualistic, libertarian drives for self-realization.</p></blockquote><p>Knowledge workers, or what Barardi calls the "cognitariat" are far from free of this co-option. People in these jobs, he says, have suffered a kind of Taylorization of their work via the parceling and routinization of even creative activities. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="George_Alliger">George Alliger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: George Alliger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2022 book <i>Anti-Work: Psychological Investigations into Its Truths, Problems, and Solutions</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> work psychologist Alliger proposes to systematize anti-work thinking by suggesting a set of almost 20 propositions that characterize this topic. He draws on a wide variety of sources; a few of the propositions or tenets are: </p> <ul><li>Work demands submission and is damaging to the human psyche.</li> <li>The idea that work is "good" is a modern and deleterious development.</li> <li>The tedious, boring, and grinding aspects of work characterize most of the time spent in many and probably even all jobs.</li> <li>Work is subjectively "alienating" and meaningless due to workers' lack of honest connection to the organization and its goals and outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Alliger provides a discussion of each proposition and considers how workers, as well as psychologists, can best respond to the existential difficulties and challenges of work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guy_Debord">Guy Debord</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Guy Debord"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a> in France (which helped inspire the student revolt of 1968), <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a> wrote the influential <i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> (La société du spectacle).</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested that since all actual activity, including work, has been harnessed into the production of the spectacle, that there can be no freedom from work, even if leisure time is increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, since leisure can only be leisure within the planned activities of the spectacle, and since alienated labour helps to reproduce that spectacle, there is also no escape from work within the confines of the spectacle.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debord also used the slogan "NEVER WORK", which he initially painted as <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>, and henceforth came to emphasize "could not be considered superfluous advice".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-work_ethic">Anti-work ethic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anti-work ethic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Anti-work" redirects here. For the subreddit, see <a href="/wiki/R/antiwork" title="R/antiwork">r/antiwork</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nietzsche187c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nietzsche187c.jpg/170px-Nietzsche187c.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nietzsche187c.jpg/255px-Nietzsche187c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nietzsche187c.jpg/340px-Nietzsche187c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="2940" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> rejected the work ethic, viewing it as damaging to the development of reason, as well as the development of the individual etc. In 1881, he wrote: </p> <blockquote><p><i>The eulogists of work.</i> Behind the glorification of 'work' and the tireless talk of the 'blessings of work' I find the same thought as behind the praise of impersonal activity for the public benefit: the fear of everything individual. At bottom, one now feels when confronted with work—and what is invariably meant is relentless industry from early till late—that such work is the best police, that it keeps everybody in harness and powerfully obstructs the development of reason, of covetousness, of the desire for independence. For it uses up a tremendous amount of nervous energy and takes it away from reflection, brooding, dreaming, worry, love, and hatred; it always sets a small goal before one's eyes and permits easy and regular satisfactions. In that way a society in which the members continually work hard will have more security: and security is now adored as the supreme goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BuckminsterFuller1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg/170px-BuckminsterFuller1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg/255px-BuckminsterFuller1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg/340px-BuckminsterFuller1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The American architect, philosopher, designer, and futurist <a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a> presented a similar argument which rejected the notion that people should be de facto forced to sell their labor in order to have the right to a decent life.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era_2">Contemporary era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Contemporary era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Particularly in <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> circles,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some believe that work has become highly <a href="/wiki/Alienation_of_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Alienation of work">alienated</a> throughout history and is fundamentally unhappy and burdensome, and therefore should not be enforced by economic or political means.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, some call for the introduction of an <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_basic_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconditional basic income">unconditional basic income</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and/or a shorter working week, such as the <a href="/wiki/4-day_workweek" class="mw-redirect" title="4-day workweek">4-day workweek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anarchist/situationist writer Bob Black wrote a well-regarded manifesto in 1985, <a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Work" title="The Abolition of Work">The Abolition of Work</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Idler_(1993)" title="The Idler (1993)">The Idler</a></i> is a twice-monthly British magazine dedicated to the ethos of "<a href="/wiki/Idleness" title="Idleness">idleness</a>." It was founded in 1993 by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hodgkinson" title="Tom Hodgkinson">Tom Hodgkinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Pretor-Pinney" title="Gavin Pretor-Pinney">Gavin Pretor-Pinney</a> with the intention of exploring alternative ways of working and living.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest organized anti-work community on the Internet is the <a href="/wiki/Subreddit" class="mw-redirect" title="Subreddit">subreddit</a> <i><a href="/wiki/R/antiwork" title="R/antiwork">r/antiwork</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with (as of November 2023) over 2.8 million members,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who call themselves "idlers" and call for "Unemployment for all, not just <a href="/wiki/Privatier" title="Privatier">the rich</a>!".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art">In art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Public_Freedom_Service" title="Swedish Public Freedom Service">Swedish Public Freedom Service</a> is a conceptual art project which has been running since 2014, promoting an anti-work message.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the artists involved argued in relationship to the project that "changes in the last 200 years or so have <i>always</i> been shifts in power, while not much that is fundamental to the construction of society has changed. We are largely marinated in the belief that wage labour must be central."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_ping" title="Tang ping">Tang ping</a> ("lying flat")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLafargue2018" class="citation book cs1">Lafargue, Paul (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1107666777"><i>The right to be lazy : and other studies</i></a>. Franklin Classics Trade Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-344-05949-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-344-05949-0"><bdi>978-0-344-05949-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1107666777">1107666777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+right+to+be+lazy+%3A+and+other+studies&rft.pub=Franklin+Classics+Trade+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1107666777&rft.isbn=978-0-344-05949-0&rft.aulast=Lafargue&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1107666777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://libcom.org/files/Bertrand%20Russell%20-%20In%20Praise%20of%20Idleness.pdf">https://libcom.org/files/Bertrand%20Russell%20-%20In%20Praise%20of%20Idleness.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrayne2011" class="citation book cs1">Frayne, David (2011). <i>Critical Social Theory and the Will to Happiness: A Study of Anti-Work Subjectivities</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Social_Sciences_Cardiff_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Social Sciences Cardiff University (page does not exist)">School of Social Sciences Cardiff University</a>. p. 177. <q>Thinkers such as André Gorz, Bertrand Russell, Herbert Marcuse, and even Marx, in his later writings, have argued for the expansion of a realm of freedom beyond the necessities of labour, in which individuals have more liberty to transcend biological and economic imperatives and be 'free for the world and its culture'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Social+Theory+and+the+Will+to+Happiness%3A+A+Study+of+Anti-Work+Subjectivities&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=School+of+Social+Sciences+Cardiff+University&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Frayne&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flamman.se/a/meningslosheten-breder-ut-sig">"Meningslösheten breder ut sig"</a>. <i>flamman.se</i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flamman.se&rft.atitle=Meningsl%C3%B6sheten+breder+ut+sig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflamman.se%2Fa%2Fmeningslosheten-breder-ut-sig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick2012" class="citation journal cs1">Patrick, Ruth (2012-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extra.shu.ac.uk/ppp-online/work-as-the-primary-duty-of-the-responsible-citizen-a-critique-of-this-work-centric-approach/">"Work as the primary 'duty' of the responsible citizen: a critique of this work-centric approach"</a>. <i>People, Place and Policy Online</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 5–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3351%2Fppp.0006.0001.0002">10.3351/ppp.0006.0001.0002</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%2C+Place+and+Policy+Online&rft.atitle=Work+as+the+primary+%27duty%27+of+the+responsible+citizen%3A+a+critique+of+this+work-centric+approach&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-15&rft.date=2012-03-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3351%2Fppp.0006.0001.0002&rft.aulast=Patrick&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fextra.shu.ac.uk%2Fppp-online%2Fwork-as-the-primary-duty-of-the-responsible-citizen-a-critique-of-this-work-centric-approach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks2011" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, Kathi (2011). <i>The Problem with Work Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 153. <q>[...]it was the successes of the proletarian struggle for shorter hours that provoked capital to mechanize production[...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+with+Work+Feminism%2C+Marxism%2C+Antiwork+Politics%2C+and+Postwork+Imaginaries&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Kathi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNässén2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nässén, Jonas (2012-03-30). "Would shorter working time reduce greenhouse gas emissions? An analysis of time use and consumption in Swedish households". <i>Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 726–745. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fc12239">10.1068/c12239</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153675794">153675794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Planning+C%3A+Government+and+Policy&rft.atitle=Would+shorter+working+time+reduce+greenhouse+gas+emissions%3F+An+analysis+of+time+use+and+consumption+in+Swedish+households&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=726-745&rft.date=2012-03-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1068%2Fc12239&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153675794%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=N%C3%A4ss%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jan/19/post-work-the-radical-idea-of-a-world-without-jobs">"Post-work: the radical idea of a world without jobs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 2018-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-11</span></span>. <q>Unsurprisingly, work is increasingly regarded as bad for your health: "Stress … an overwhelming 'to-do' list … [and] long hours sitting at a desk," the Cass Business School professor Peter Fleming notes in his new book, The Death of Homo Economicus, are beginning to be seen by medical authorities as akin to smoking.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Post-work%3A+the+radical+idea+of+a+world+without+jobs&rft.date=2018-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2Fjan%2F19%2Fpost-work-the-radical-idea-of-a-world-without-jobs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrayne2011" class="citation book cs1">Frayne, David (2011). <i>Critical Social Theory and the Will to Happiness: A Study of Anti-Work Subjectivities</i>. School of Social Sciences Cardiff University. p. 177. <q>Gorz, for example, pointed to the irrationality of a society that strives for full-employment in spite of having developed the technological means to conquer scarcity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Social+Theory+and+the+Will+to+Happiness%3A+A+Study+of+Anti-Work+Subjectivities&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=School+of+Social+Sciences+Cardiff+University&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Frayne&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cross. G. social research,Vol 72:No 2: Summer 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2017" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, John Bellamy (2017-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.monthlyreview.org/index.php/mr/article/view/MR-069-04-2017-08_1">"The Meaning of Work in a Sustainable Society"</a>. <i>Monthly Review</i>. <b>69</b> (4): 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14452%2FMR-069-04-2017-08_1">10.14452/MR-069-04-2017-08_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-0520">0027-0520</a>. <q>[...] Italian cultural theorist Adriano Tilgher famously declared in 1929: "To the Greeks work was a curse and nothing else," supporting his claim with quotations from Socrates, Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, Cicero, and other figures, together representing the aristocratic perspective in antiquity.4</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+Work+in+a+Sustainable+Society&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14452%2FMR-069-04-2017-08_1&rft.issn=0027-0520&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=John+Bellamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.monthlyreview.org%2Findex.php%2Fmr%2Farticle%2Fview%2FMR-069-04-2017-08_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafargue2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lafargue, Paul (2017). <i>Rätten till lättja</i> (in Swedish). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakh%C3%A5ll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakhåll (page does not exist)">Bakhåll</a>. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789177424727" title="Special:BookSources/9789177424727"><bdi>9789177424727</bdi></a>. <q>Antikens filosofer trädde måhända om idéernas ursprung, men de stod enade i sin avsky för arbetet. English: "The ancient philosophers had their disputes upon the origin of ideas, but they agreed when it came to the abhorrence of work."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C3%A4tten+till+l%C3%A4ttja&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Bakh%C3%A5ll&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789177424727&rft.aulast=Lafargue&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrayne2011" class="citation book cs1">Frayne, David (2011). <i>Critical Social Theory and the Will to Happiness: A Study of Anti-Work Subjectivities</i>. School of Social Sciences Cardiff University. p. 177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Social+Theory+and+the+Will+to+Happiness%3A+A+Study+of+Anti-Work+Subjectivities&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=School+of+Social+Sciences+Cardiff+University&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Frayne&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraeber2019" class="citation book cs1">Graeber, David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1089773163"><i>Bullshit jobs : a theory</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-198347-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-198347-9"><bdi>978-0-14-198347-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1089773163">1089773163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bullshit+jobs+%3A+a+theory&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1089773163&rft.isbn=978-0-14-198347-9&rft.aulast=Graeber&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1089773163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chef.se/story/5-tecken-pa-att-du-har-ett-poanglost-bullshit-jobb/">"5 tecken på att du har ett poänglöst "bullshit-jobb"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Chef</i> (in Swedish). 21 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span></span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Struntjobb är jobb vars existens inte kan rättfärdigas ens av dem som utför dem. I stället måste de låtsas att jobbet har någon sorts mening. Detta är strunt-faktorn. Många förväxlar struntjobb med skitjobb, men det är inte alls samma sak. Dåliga jobb är dåliga för att de är tunga eller innebär hemsk arbetsmiljö eller för att lönen suger, men många av de jobben behövs verkligen. Faktum är att ju nyttigare ett jobb är för vårt samhälle, desto lägre är ofta lönen. Medan struntjobben å sin sida ofta är högt respekterade och välbetalda men fullständigt poänglösa. Och människorna som utför dem vet om det", säger David Graeber till amerikanska nättidningen Vox.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chef&rft.atitle=5+tecken+p%C3%A5+att+du+har+ett+po%C3%A4ngl%C3%B6st+%22bullshit-jobb%22&rft.date=2018-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchef.se%2Fstory%2F5-tecken-pa-att-du-har-ett-poanglost-bullshit-jobb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian.com-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/money/2018/may/04/i-had-to-guard-an-empty-room-the-rise-of-the-pointless-job">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I had to guard an empty room': the rise of the pointless job"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 2018-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27I+had+to+guard+an+empty+room%27%3A+the+rise+of+the+pointless+job&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmoney%2F2018%2Fmay%2F04%2Fi-had-to-guard-an-empty-room-the-rise-of-the-pointless-job&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLordon2014" class="citation book cs1">Lordon, Frédéric (2014). <i>Willing Slaves of Capital: Spinoza and Marx on Desire</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Verso" class="mw-redirect" title="Verso">Verso</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781681602" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781681602"><bdi>978-1781681602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Willing+Slaves+of+Capital%3A+Spinoza+and+Marx+on+Desire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1781681602&rft.aulast=Lordon&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerardi2009" class="citation book cs1">Berardi, Franco (2009). <i>The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Semiotext(e)" title="Semiotext(e)">Semiotext(e)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1584350767" title="Special:BookSources/978-1584350767"><bdi>978-1584350767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+at+Work%3A+From+Alienation+to+Autonomy&rft.pub=Semiotext%28e%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1584350767&rft.aulast=Berardi&rft.aufirst=Franco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlliger2022" class="citation book cs1">Alliger, George (2022). <i>Anti-Work: Psychological Investigations into Its Truths, Problems, and Solution</i>. New York and London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0367758592" title="Special:BookSources/978-0367758592"><bdi>978-0367758592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Work%3A+Psychological+Investigations+into+Its+Truths%2C+Problems%2C+and+Solution&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0367758592&rft.aulast=Alliger&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebord2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord, Guy</a> (2002). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_%26_Red_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black & Red Press (page does not exist)">Black & Red</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0934868075" title="Special:BookSources/978-0934868075"><bdi>978-0934868075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Society+of+the+Spectacle&rft.pub=Black+%26+Red&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0934868075&rft.aulast=Debord&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebord" class="citation book cs1">Debord, Debord. <i>Society of the spectacle</i>. Zone books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+of+the+spectacle&rft.pub=Zone+books&rft.aulast=Debord&rft.aufirst=Debord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ia800506.us.archive.org/11/items/zinelibrary-torrent/ImbecilesGuide.pdf">https://ia800506.us.archive.org/11/items/zinelibrary-torrent/ImbecilesGuide.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/debord/1963/never-work.htm">"Never Work by Guy Debord 1963"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Never+Work+by+Guy+Debord+1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fdebord%2F1963%2Fnever-work.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich Nietzsche, <a href="/wiki/The_Dawn_of_Day" title="The Dawn of Day">The Dawn of Day</a>, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cccDAAAAMBAJ&q=absolutely+specious">"The New York Magazine Environmental Teach-In"</a>. <i>New York</i>: 30. 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Magazine+Environmental+Teach-In&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcccDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dabsolutely%2Bspecious&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraeber2018" class="citation book cs1">Graeber, David (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1037154843"><i>Bullshit jobs : a theory</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=issuu&rft.atitle=Frihetsf%C3%B6rmedlingen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fberlingmedia0%2Fdocs%2Fboden%2Fs%2F10639651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Berardi, Franco. (2009). <i>The soul at work: from alienation to autonomy</i>. Los Angeles, CA: Semiotext(e</li> <li>Danaher, John (2019). <i>Automation and utopia: human flourishing in a world without work</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press</li> <li>Frayne, David (2015). <i>The refusal of work: the theory and practice of resistance to work</i>. London: Zed Books</li> <li>Jonas Nässén, Jörgen Larsson (2015). <i>Would shorter working time reduce greenhouse gas emissions? An analysis of time use and consumption in Swedish households</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi:10.1068/c12239">doi:10.1068/c12239</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Lafargue, Paul (2011). <i>The right to be lazy: [essays] by Paul Lafargue</i>. Oakland, CA: C. H. Kerr & Co. & AK Press</li> <li>Paulsen, Roland (2014). <i>Empty labor: idleness and workplace resistance</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Russell, Bertrand (2004). <i>In praise of idleness and other essays</i>. New ed. London: Routledge</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyferth2019" class="citation book cs1">Seyferth, Peter (2019). "Anti-work: A Stab in the Heart of Capitalism". In Kinna, Ruth; Gordon, Uri (eds.). <i>Routledge Handbook of Radical Politics</i>. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 374–390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-66542-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-66542-2"><bdi>978-1-138-66542-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anti-work%3A+A+Stab+in+the+Heart+of+Capitalism&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Radical+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=374-390&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-138-66542-2&rft.aulast=Seyferth&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACritique+of+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Susskind, Daniel (2020). <i>A world without work: technology, automation, and how we should respond</i>. London: Allen Lane</li> <li>Weeks, Kathi (2011). <i>The problem with work: feminism, Marxism, antiwork politics, and postwork imaginaries</i>. Durham: Duke University Press</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/category/topic/anti-work">Texts critical of work</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/krisis-group-manifesto-against-labour">Manifesto against work</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/others/lazy_pl.pdf">The right to be lazy</a> - <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Critique_of_work" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Critique_of_work" title="Template:Critique of work"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Critique_of_work" title="Template talk:Critique of work"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Critique_of_work" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Critique of work"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Critique_of_work" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Critique of work</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_M._Bonanno" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfredo M. Bonanno">Alfredo M. Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Work" title="The Abolition of Work">Bob Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Anders" title="Günther Anders">Günther Anders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rubin" title="Jerry Rubin">Jerry Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Josef Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Vaneigem" title="Raoul Vaneigem">Raoul Vaneigem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Novatore" title="Renzo Novatore">Renzo Novatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo_d%27Axa" title="Zo d'Axa">Zo d'Axa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Franco Berardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Susan_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Susan Brown">L. Susan Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Bunting" title="Madeleine Bunting">Madeleine Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Lazzarato" title="Maurizio Lazzarato">Maurizio Lazzarato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Peter_Ortlieb" title="Claus Peter Ortlieb">Claus Peter Ortlieb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Paulsen" title="Roland Paulsen">Roland Paulsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Rifkin" title="Jeremy Rifkin">Jeremy Rifkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Rosemont" title="Penelope Rosemont">Penelope Rosemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Slouka" title="Mark Slouka">Mark Slouka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Srnicek" title="Nick Srnicek">Nick Srnicek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Wolfe" title="Claire Wolfe">Claire Wolfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology and related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/996_working_hour_system" title="996 working hour system">996 working hour system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">Absenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Arbeitsscheu_Reich" title="Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich">Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_work_and_no_play_makes_Jack_a_dull_boy" title="All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy">All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_minimum_Monday" title="Bare minimum Monday">Bare minimum Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullshit_job" title="Bullshit job">Bullshit job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_badging" title="Coffee badging">Coffee badging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatocracy" title="Corporatocracy">Corporatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty" title="Cycle of poverty">Cycle of poverty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolce_far_niente" title="Dolce far niente">Dolce far niente</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_overtime" title="Effects of overtime">Effects of overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_ghosting" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee ghosting">Employee ghosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_cushioning" title="Career cushioning">Career cushioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careerism" title="Careerism">Careerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flextime" title="Flextime">Flextime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_workweek" title="Four-day workweek">Four-day workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funemployment" title="Funemployment">Funemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_job" title="Ghost job">Ghost job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uberisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Uberisation">Uberisation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gig_worker" title="Gig worker">Gig worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cliff" title="Glass cliff">Glass cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeymoon-hangover_effect" title="Honeymoon-hangover effect">Honeymoon-hangover effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hush_trip" title="Hush trip">Hush trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_crafting" title="Job crafting">Job crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_cuffing" title="Job cuffing">Job cuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobless_employed" title="Jobless employed">Jobless employed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loud_quitting" title="Loud quitting">Loud quitting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neijuan" title="Neijuan">Neijuan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">Occupational burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_S.A._suicides" title="Orange S.A. suicides">Orange S.A. suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_punishment" title="Performance punishment">Performance punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presenteeism" title="Presenteeism">Presenteeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_presenteeism" title="Digital presenteeism">Digital presenteeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_theater" title="Productivity theater">Productivity theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_safety" title="Psychological safety">Psychological safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_quitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Quick quitting">Quick quitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_hiring" title="Quiet hiring">Quiet hiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_promotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiet promotion">Quiet promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_quitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiet quitting">Quiet quitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_thriving" title="Quiet thriving">Quiet thriving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_girl_job" title="Lazy girl job">Lazy girl job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_applying" title="Rage applying">Rage applying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resenteeism" title="Resenteeism">Resenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampo_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampo generation">Sampo generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_scaries" title="Sunday scaries">Sunday scaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tang_ping" title="Tang ping">Tang ping</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">Work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theater, movies, music and art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_Nous_la_Libert%C3%A9" title="À Nous la Liberté">À Nous la Liberté</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Office_Space" title="Office Space">Office Space</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Public_Freedom_Service" title="Swedish Public Freedom Service">Swedish Public Freedom Service</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Take_This_Job_and_Shove_It" title="Take This Job and Shove It">Take This Job and Shove It</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Work_and_Death" title="The Future of Work and Death">The Future of Work and Death</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Main_Thing_Is_Work!" title="The Main Thing Is Work!">The Main Thing Is Work!</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Working_Class_Goes_to_Heaven" title="The Working Class Goes to Heaven">The Working Class Goes to Heaven</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yama%E2%80%94Attack_to_Attack" title="Yama—Attack to Attack">Yama—Attack to Attack</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_critical_of_work_and_the_work_ethic" title="Category:Literature critical of work and the work ethic">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartleby,_the_Scrivener" title="Bartleby, the Scrivener">Bartleby, the Scrivener</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonjour_paresse" title="Bonjour paresse">Bonjour paresse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bullshit_Jobs" title="Bullshit Jobs">Bullshit Jobs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread" title="The Conquest of Bread">The Conquest of Bread</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Economic_Reason" title="Critique of Economic Reason">Critique of Economic Reason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fight_Club_(novel)" title="Fight Club (novel)">Fight Club</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Future_Primitive_and_Other_Essays" title="Future Primitive and Other Essays">Future Primitive and Other Essays</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Idleness_and_Other_Essays" title="In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays">In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inventing_the_Future:_Postcapitalism_and_a_World_Without_Work" title="Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work">Inventing the Future</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Against_Work" title="Manifesto Against Work">Manifesto Against Work</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Escapologist" title="New Escapologist">New Escapologist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Poverty_of_Student_Life" title="On the Poverty of Student Life">On the Poverty of Student Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Book" title="Steal This Book">Steal This Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Work" title="The Abolition of Work">The Abolition of Work</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Work" title="The End of Work">The End of Work</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Use_of_Human_Beings" title="The Human Use of Human Beings">The Human Use of Human Beings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Idler_(1993)" title="The Idler (1993)">The Idler</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Revolution of Everyday Life">The Revolution of Everyday Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_to_Be_Lazy" title="The Right to Be Lazy">The Right to Be Lazy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Soul_at_Work:_From_Alienation_to_Autonomy" title="The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy">The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R/antiwork" title="R/antiwork">R/antiwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrimethInc." title="CrimethInc.">CrimethInc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&oldid=1248638347">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Critique_of_work&oldid=1248638347</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Work" title="Category:Work">Work</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criticism_of_work" title="Category:Criticism of work">Criticism of work</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_movements" title="Category:Social movements">Social movements</a></li><li><a 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