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<span>Use in other media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_in_other_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use in other media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_in_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_learning_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_learning_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Language learning sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_learning_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Canon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Canon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Internal history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Syllable structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_sentences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_sentences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Example sentences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_sentences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Klingon language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_taal" title="Klingon taal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Klingon taal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة كلينغونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة كلينغونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_klingon" title="Idioma klingon – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma klingon" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon" title="Klingon – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Klingon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinqon_dili" title="Klinqon dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klinqon dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Клінганская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клінганская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Клингонски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клингонски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingonische_Sproch" title="Klingonische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Klingonische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingoneg" title="Klingoneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Klingoneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%ADngon_(idioma)" title="Klíngon (idioma) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Klíngon (idioma)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon" title="Klingon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Klingon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon%C5%A1tina" title="Klingonština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klingonština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tllingoneg" title="Tllingoneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tllingoneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_(sprog)" title="Klingon (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klingon (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingonische_Sprache" title="Klingonische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klingonische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingoni_keel" title="Klingoni keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klingoni keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Γλώσσα Κλίνγκον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Κλίνγκον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_klingon" title="Idioma klingon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma klingon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingona_lingvo" title="Klingona lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klingona lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_hizkuntza" title="Klingon hizkuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klingon hizkuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زبان کلینگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان کلینگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_(langue)" title="Klingon (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Klingon (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tliong%C3%A1inis" title="Tliongáinis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tliongáinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_klingon" title="Lingua klingon – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua klingon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A7%81%EC%98%A8%EC%96%B4" title="클링온어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클링온어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingonski_jezik" title="Klingonski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Klingonski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon-linguo" title="Klingon-linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Klingon-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Klingon" title="Bahasa Klingon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Klingon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_klingon" title="Lingua klingon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua klingon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_klingon" title="Lingua klingon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua klingon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קלינגונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלינגונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="კლინგონური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლინგონური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Клиңон тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Клиңон тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Клингон кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Клингон кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_kl%C3%AEngon%C3%AE" title="Zimanê klîngonî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê klîngonî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87" title="ພາສາກລິງກອງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາກລິງກອງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Clingon" title="Lingua Clingon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Clingon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingo%C5%86u_valoda" title="Klingoņu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klingoņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_(taol)" title="Klingon (taol) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Klingon (taol)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_(lingua)" title="Klingon (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Klingon (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bangrklingo" title="bangrklingo – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bangrklingo" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_nyelv" title="Klingon nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Klingon nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ക്ലിംഗോൺ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലിംഗോൺ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Klingon" title="Bahasa Klingon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Klingon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ကလင်ဂွန်ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကလင်ဂွန်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_(taal)" title="Klingon (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klingon (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_(sproak)" title="Klingon (sproak) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Klingon (sproak)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="クリンゴン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリンゴン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon" title="Klingon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klingon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon" title="Klingon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klingon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon" title="Klingon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Klingon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingoonsche_Spraak" title="Klingoonsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Klingoonsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_klingo%C5%84ski" title="Język klingoński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język klingoński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_klingon" title="Língua klingon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua klingon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_klingonian%C4%83" title="Limba klingoniană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba klingoniană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Клингонский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клингонский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language" title="Klingon language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Klingon language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Klingonščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Klingonščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Клингонски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клингонски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingonski_jezik" title="Klingonski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klingonski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingonin_kieli" title="Klingonin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Klingonin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingonska" title="Klingonska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klingonska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Klingon" title="Wikang Klingon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Klingon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาคลิงงอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาคลิงงอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_dili" title="Klingon dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Klingon dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Клінгонська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клінгонська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کلینگون زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلینگون زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Klingon" title="Tiếng Klingon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Klingon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon" title="Klingon – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Klingon" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E8%B4%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="克林贡语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克林贡语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9" title="קלינגאניש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קלינגאניש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E5%B4%97%E6%96%87" title="克林崗文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="克林崗文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E8%B2%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="克林貢語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克林貢語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10134#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Klingon+language%22">"Klingon language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Klingon+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Klingon+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Klingon+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Klingon+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Klingon+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: white; background-color: #114057;">Klingon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: white; background-color: #114057;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="tlhIngan Hol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/TlhIngan_Hol.png/120px-TlhIngan_Hol.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/TlhIngan_Hol.png/180px-TlhIngan_Hol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/TlhIngan_Hol.png/240px-TlhIngan_Hol.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="66" /></span></span><br /><span title="Klingon-language romanization"><i lang="tlh-Latn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">tlhIngan Hol</span></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tlh-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈt͡ɬɪ.ŋɑn<span class="wrap"> </span>xol]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Okrand" title="Marc Okrand">Marc Okrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Doohan" title="James Doohan">James Doohan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Povill" title="Jon Povill">Jon Povill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Setting and usage</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> films and television series (<i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">TNG</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine" title="Star Trek: Deep Space Nine">DS9</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager" title="Star Trek: Voyager">Voyager</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Enterprise" title="Star Trek: Enterprise">Enterprise</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Discovery" title="Star Trek: Discovery">Discovery</a></i>), the opera <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCu%CA%BC" title="ʼuʼ">ʼuʼ</a></span></i>, the play <i><a href="/wiki/A_Klingon_Christmas_Carol" title="A Klingon Christmas Carol">A Klingon Christmas Carol</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory" title="The Big Bang Theory">The Big Bang Theory</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Users</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(Around a dozen fluent speakers cited 1996)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">Artistic languages</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_language" title="Fictional language">Fictional languages</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Klingon</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (<a href="#Phonology">Klingon alphabet</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Klingon_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Klingon alphabets">Klingon script</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Sources</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/A_priori_(languages)" class="mw-redirect" title="A priori (languages)">A priori languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: white; background-color: #114057;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Okrand" title="Marc Okrand">Marc Okrand</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: white; background-color: #114057;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>tlh</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tlh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tlh">tlh</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/klin1234">klin1234</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains private <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of the intended characters. The following fonts may support these characters: pIqaD, Constructium, Unifont CSUR, Klingon pIqaD HaSta, Code2000, and Horta.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>Klingon language</b> (Klingon: <i lang="tlh">tlhIngan Hol</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">pIqaD</span></a></i>: <sub><span style="font-size:150%;font-family:pIqaD, Constructium, Unifont CSUR, Klingon pIqaD HaSta, Code2000, Horta;"><span title="Klingon-language text"><i lang="tlh"> </i></span></span></sub>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tlh-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈt͡ɬɪ.ŋɑn<span class="wrap"> </span>xol]</a></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed language</a> spoken by a fictional alien race called the <a href="/wiki/Klingon" title="Klingon">Klingons</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> universe. </p><p>Described in the 1985 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Klingon_Dictionary" title="The Klingon Dictionary">The Klingon Dictionary</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Okrand" title="Marc Okrand">Marc Okrand</a> and deliberately designed to sound "alien", it has a number of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typologically</a> uncommon features. The language's basic sound, along with a few words, was devised by actor <a href="/wiki/James_Doohan" title="James Doohan">James Doohan</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Montgomery Scott">Scotty</a>") and producer <a href="/wiki/Jon_Povill" title="Jon Povill">Jon Povill</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Motion_Picture" title="Star Trek: The Motion Picture">Star Trek: The Motion Picture</a></i>. The film marked the first time the language had been heard. In all previous appearances, Klingons spoke in English, even to each other. Klingon was subsequently developed by Okrand into a full-fledged language. </p><p>Klingon is sometimes referred to as <i><b>Klingonese</b></i> (most notably in the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek: The Original Series</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/The_Trouble_with_Tribbles" title="The Trouble with Tribbles">The Trouble with Tribbles</a>", where it was actually pronounced by a Klingon character as "Klingonee" <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>), but among the Klingon-speaking community, this is often understood<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to refer to another Klingon language called <b>Klingonaase</b> that was introduced in <a href="/wiki/John_M._Ford" title="John M. Ford">John M. Ford</a>'s 1984 <i>Star Trek</i> novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Reflection" title="The Final Reflection">The Final Reflection</a>,</i> and appears in other <i>Star Trek</i> novels by Ford.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The play <i><a href="/wiki/A_Klingon_Christmas_Carol" title="A Klingon Christmas Carol">A Klingon Christmas Carol</a></i> is the first production that is primarily in Klingon (only the narrator speaks English). The opera <span title="Klingon-language romanization"><i lang="tlh-Latn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCu%CA%BC" title="ʼuʼ">ʼuʼ</a></span></i></span> is entirely in Klingon. </p><p>A small number of people are capable of conversing in Klingon. Because its vocabulary is heavily centered on <i>Star Trek</i>-Klingon concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Klingon_starships" title="Klingon starships">spacecraft</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_Star_Trek" class="mw-redirect" title="List of weapons in Star Trek">warfare</a>, it can be hard for everyday use because of the lack of words for a casual conversation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language is first mentioned in the original <i>Star Trek</i> series episode "<a href="/wiki/The_Trouble_with_Tribbles" title="The Trouble with Tribbles">The Trouble with Tribbles</a>" (1967), but is not heard until <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Motion_Picture" title="Star Trek: The Motion Picture">Star Trek: The Motion Picture</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1979_in_film" title="1979 in film">1979</a>). According to the actor who spoke the lines, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lenard" title="Mark Lenard">Mark Lenard</a>, James Doohan recorded the lines he had written on a tape, and Lenard transcribed the recorded lines in a way he found useful in learning them.<sup id="cite_ref-whirlingwords_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whirlingwords-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_III:_The_Search_for_Spock" title="Star Trek III: The Search for Spock">Star Trek III: The Search for Spock</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1984_in_film" title="1984 in film">1984</a>), director <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nimoy" title="Leonard Nimoy">Leonard Nimoy</a> and writer-producer <a href="/wiki/Harve_Bennett" title="Harve Bennett">Harve Bennett</a> wanted the Klingons to speak a structured language instead of random <a href="/wiki/Gibberish" title="Gibberish">gibberish</a>, and so commissioned a full language, based on the phrases Doohan had originated, from Marc Okrand, who had earlier constructed four lines of <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(Star_Trek)" title="Vulcan (Star Trek)">Vulcan</a> dialogue for <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_II:_The_Wrath_of_Khan" title="Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan">Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-whirlingwords_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whirlingwords-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Okrent_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrent-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 266–267">: 266–267 </span></sup> </p><p>Okrand enlarged the lexicon and developed a grammar based on Doohan's original dozen words. The language appeared intermittently in later films featuring the original cast; for example, in <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_V:_The_Final_Frontier" title="Star Trek V: The Final Frontier">Star Trek V: The Final Frontier</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1989_in_film" title="1989 in film">1989</a>) and in <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_VI:_The_Undiscovered_Country" title="Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country">Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1991_in_film" title="1991 in film">1991</a>), where <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> difficulties served as a <a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">plot device</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two "non-canon" dialects of Klingon are hinted at in the novelization of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_III:_The_Search_for_Spock" title="Star Trek III: The Search for Spock">Star Trek III: The Search for Spock</a></i>, as <a href="/wiki/Saavik" title="Saavik">Saavik</a> speaks in Klingon to the only Klingon officer aboard Cpt. Kruge's starship after his death, as the survivors of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701)" title="USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)"><i>Enterprise</i></a>'s self-destruction transport up from the crumbling Genesis Planet to the Klingon ship. The surviving officer, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_characters_(G%E2%80%93M)#Maltz" title="List of Star Trek characters (G–M)">Maltz</a>, states that he speaks the <i>Rumaiy</i> dialect, while Saavik is speaking to him in the <i>Kumburan</i> dialect of Klingon, per Maltz's spoken reply to her.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the advent of the series <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i> (1987)—in which one of the main characters, <a href="/wiki/Worf" title="Worf">Worf</a>, was a Klingon—and successors, the language and various cultural aspects for the fictional species were expanded. In the episode "<a href="/wiki/A_Matter_of_Honor" title="A Matter of Honor">A Matter of Honor</a>", several members of a Klingon ship's crew speak a language that is not translated for the benefit of the viewer (even Commander Riker, enjoying the benefits of a <a href="/wiki/Universal_translator" title="Universal translator">universal translator</a>, is unable to understand) until one Klingon orders the others to "speak their [i.e., human] language".<sup id="cite_ref-MatterOfHonor_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MatterOfHonor-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small number of non-Klingon characters were later depicted in <i>Star Trek</i> as having learned to speak Klingon, notably <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Picard" title="Jean-Luc Picard">Jean-Luc Picard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dax_(Star_Trek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dax (Star Trek)">Dax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MatterOfHonor_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MatterOfHonor-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hobbyists around the world have studied the Klingon language. At least nine Klingon translations of works of world literature have been published, among which are: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Klingon_Hamlet" title="The Klingon Hamlet"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Hamlet</span></a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/GhIlghameS" class="mw-redirect" title="GhIlghameS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ghIlghameS</span></a></i> (<i>The <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i>), <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">paghmoʼ tIn mIS</span></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing" title="Much Ado About Nothing">Much Ado About Nothing</a>)</i>, <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">pInʼaʼ qan paQDIʼnorgh</span></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i>), <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Sun pInʼaʼ veS mIw</span></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i>), <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">chIjwI' tIQ bom</span></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner" title="The Rime of the Ancient Mariner">The Rime of the Ancient Mariner</a></i>), <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">'aS 'IDnar pIn'a' Dun</span></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i>), <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">taʼpuq mach</span></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Prince" title="The Little Prince">The Little Prince</a></i>), and <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">QelIS boqHarmey</span></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i>). The Shakespearean choices were inspired by a remark from High Chancellor <a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_characters_(G%E2%80%93M)#G" title="List of Star Trek characters (G–M)">Gorkon</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_VI:_The_Undiscovered_Country" title="Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country">Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country</a></i>, who said, "You have not experienced Shakespeare until you have read him in the original Klingon." In the bonus material on the DVD, screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Meyer" title="Nicholas Meyer">Nicholas Meyer</a> and actor <a href="/wiki/William_Shatner" title="William Shatner">William Shatner</a> both explain that this was an allusion to the German myth that Shakespeare was in fact German. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Klingon_Language_Institute" title="Klingon Language Institute">Klingon Language Institute</a> exists to promote the language.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/CBS_Studios" title="CBS Studios">CBS Studios</a> owns the <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> on the official <a href="/wiki/The_Klingon_Dictionary" title="The Klingon Dictionary">dictionary</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_canon" title="Star Trek canon">canonical</a> descriptions of the language. While constructed languages ("conlangs") are viewed as creations with copyright protection,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> natural languages are not protected, excluding dictionaries and other works created with them. Mizuki Miyashita and Laura Moll note, "Copyrights on dictionaries are unusual because the entries in the dictionary are not copyrightable as the words themselves are facts, and facts can not be copyrighted. However, the formatting, example sentences, and instructions for dictionary use are created by the author, so they are copyrightable."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Okrand had studied some <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Southeast Asian languages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and phonological and grammatical features of these languages "worked their way into Klingon, but for the most part, not by design."<sup id="cite_ref-whirlingwords_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whirlingwords-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Okrand himself has stated that a design principle of the Klingon language was dissimilarity to existing natural languages in general, and English in particular. He therefore avoided patterns that are <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typologically</a> common and deliberately chose features that occur relatively infrequently in human languages. This includes above all the highly asymmetric consonant inventory and the basic <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speakers">Speakers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Speakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A small number of people are capable of conversing in Klingon. <a href="/wiki/Arika_Okrent" title="Arika Okrent">Arika Okrent</a> guessed in her 2009 book <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages" title="In the Land of Invented Languages">In the Land of Invented Languages</a></i> that there might be 20–30 fluent speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since that time, with the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo's</a> Klingon course and the increasing popularity of video chat platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Zoom_(software)" title="Zoom (software)">Zoom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discord_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discord (software)">Discord</a>, the number of conversationally fluent speakers has definitely increased; in 2021, there are perhaps 50-60.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Its vocabulary, heavily centered on <i>Star Trek</i>–Klingon concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Klingon_starships" title="Klingon starships">spacecraft</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_Star_Trek" class="mw-redirect" title="List of weapons in Star Trek">warfare</a>, can sometimes make it cumbersome for everyday use. For instance, while words for <i>transporter ionizer unit</i> (<i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">jolvoyʼ</span></i>) or <i>bridge</i> (of a ship) (<i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">meH</span></i>) have been known since close to the language's inception, the word for <i>bridge</i> in the sense of a crossing over water (<i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">QI</span></i>) was unknown until August 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, mundane conversations are possible among skilled speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One Klingon speaker, <a href="/wiki/D%27Armond_Speers" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Armond Speers">d'Armond Speers</a>, raised his son Alec to speak Klingon as a first language, whilst the boy's mother communicated with him in English.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alec rarely responded to his father in Klingon, although when he did, his pronunciation was "excellent". After Alec's fifth birthday, Speers reported that his son eventually stopped responding to him when spoken to in Klingon as he clearly did not enjoy it, so Speers switched to English.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry's_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry's-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, a report surfaced that <a href="/wiki/Multnomah_County,_Oregon" title="Multnomah County, Oregon">Multnomah County, Oregon</a>, was hiring Klingon translators for its mental health program in case patients came into a psychiatric hospital speaking nothing but Klingon.<sup id="cite_ref-Klingonsnopes_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klingonsnopes-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most circulations of the report seemingly implied that this was a problem that health officials faced before; however, the original report indicated that this was just a precaution for a hypothetical and that said translator would only be paid on an as needed basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Klingonsnopes_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klingonsnopes-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the report was misinterpreted, the County issued another release noting that releasing the original report was a "mistake".<sup id="cite_ref-Klingonsnopes_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klingonsnopes-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2009, <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Ultralingua" title="Ultralingua">Ultralingua</a> Inc., a developer of electronic dictionary applications, announced the release of a suite of electronic Klingon language software for most computer platforms including a dictionary, a phrasebook, and an audio learning tool.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2011, <a href="/wiki/Eurotalk" title="Eurotalk">Eurotalk</a> released the "Learn Klingon" course in its <i>Talk Now!</i> series. The language is displayed in both Latin and pIqaD fonts, making this the first language course written in pIqaD and approved by CBS and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Okrand" title="Marc Okrand">Marc Okrand</a>. It was translated by Jonathan Brown and Okrand and uses the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Hol-pIqaD</span> <a href="/wiki/TrueType" title="TrueType">TrueType</a> font.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2016, a company in the United Kingdom, Bidvine, began offering Klingon lessons as one of their services.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2018, the popular language learning site <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a> opened a beta course in Klingon. After proving popular, the company offered to promote it from beta status, but due to ongoing software issues regarding Klingon's unexpected use of upper- and lower-case letters and the apostrophe as a consonant instead of punctuation, the course developers chose not to accept the offer until the problems were addressed.<sup id="cite_ref-Duolingo_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duolingo-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are Klingon language meetings<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and linguists or students are interested in researching this topic, even writing essays about the language or its users. </p><p>Klingon speakers are also referred to in non-<i>Star Trek</i> TV series, including <i><a href="/wiki/Frasier" title="Frasier">Frasier</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory" title="The Big Bang Theory">The Big Bang Theory</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Lucifer_(TV_series)" title="Lucifer (TV series)"><i>Lucifer</i></a>, and were heavily featured in the "<a href="/wiki/My_Big_Fat_Geek_Wedding" title="My Big Fat Geek Wedding">My Big Fat Geek Wedding</a>" episode of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i>. In the 2017 film <i><a href="/wiki/Please_Stand_By" title="Please Stand By">Please Stand By</a></i>, in which a young autistic woman played by <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Fanning" title="Dakota Fanning">Dakota Fanning</a> leaves her group home in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> to deliver a <i>Star Trek</i> screenplay she wrote to <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">Los Angeles police officer</a> played by <a href="/wiki/Patton_Oswalt" title="Patton Oswalt">Patton Oswalt</a> coaxes her out of hiding by speaking with her in Klingon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Real_world_usage">Real world usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Real world usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> issued a written statement in the Klingon language. Following a formal questioning of the Economy Minister <a href="/wiki/Edwina_Hart" title="Edwina Hart">Edwina Hart</a> regarding the funding of research into <a href="/wiki/UFO" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO">UFO</a> sightings around <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Airport" title="Cardiff Airport">Cardiff Airport</a> by <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Senedd" title="Member of the Senedd">Member of the Senedd</a> <a href="/wiki/Darren_Millar" title="Darren Millar">Darren Millar</a>. A press officer in the Minister's office issued the reply: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">jang vIDa je due luq. ʼach ghotvamʼeʼ QIʼyaH-devolved qaS</span></b></p></blockquote> <p>Which was translated as: "The minister will reply in due course. However this is a <a href="/wiki/Devolved,_reserved_and_excepted_matters" title="Devolved, reserved and excepted matters">non-devolved matter</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_other_media">Use in other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use in other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klingon_letter_%22r%22_from_a_Wikipedia_logo_variant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Klingon_letter_%22r%22_from_a_Wikipedia_logo_variant.jpg/220px-Klingon_letter_%22r%22_from_a_Wikipedia_logo_variant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Klingon_letter_%22r%22_from_a_Wikipedia_logo_variant.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Previous Wikipedia logo with Klingon <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">/r/</a> character (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_r.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/KlingonLang_r.svg/13px-KlingonLang_r.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/KlingonLang_r.svg/20px-KlingonLang_r.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/KlingonLang_r.svg/26px-KlingonLang_r.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="91" /></a></span>) at upper right (2003–2010)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Kill_Bill_Volume_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kill Bill Volume 1">Kill Bill Volume 1</a></i> (2003), the opening of the film cites 'Revenge is a dish best served cold' as an 'old Klingon proverb'.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, a Chicago Theatre company presented a version of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i> in Klingon language and a Klingon setting.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 25, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Shakespeare_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Shakespeare Company">Washington Shakespeare Company</a> (now known as <a href="/wiki/WSC_Avant_Bard" title="WSC Avant Bard">WSC Avant Bard</a>) performed selections from <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing" title="Much Ado About Nothing">Much Ado About Nothing</a></i> in the Klingon language in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>. The performance was proposed by Okrand in his capacity as chairman of the group's board.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This performance was reprised on February 27, 2011 featuring <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a> as the Klingon <a href="/wiki/Characters_in_Hamlet#Osric" title="Characters in Hamlet">Osric</a> and was filmed by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> as part of a 5-part documentary on language entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Fry%27s_Planet_Word" title="Fry's Planet Word">Fry's Planet Word</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry's_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry's-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Java edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Minecraft" title="Minecraft">Minecraft</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has a Klingon language setting. </p><p>The 2003–2010 version of the <a href="/wiki/Logo_of_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Logo of Wikipedia">puzzle globe</a> logo of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, representing its multilingualism, contained a Klingon character. When updated in 2010, the Klingon character was removed from the logo, and substituted with one from the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ge'ez script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Klingon_Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="m:History of the Klingon Wikipedia">Klingon language Wikipedia</a> was started in June 2004 at <i>tlh.wikipedia.org</i>. It was permanently locked in August 2005 and moved to <a href="/wiki/Wikia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikia">Wikia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Klingon <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> was closed in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2010 <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z_Abridged" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon Ball Z Abridged">Dragon Ball Z Abridged</a></i> episode "Episode 16", the Klingon language is used as the same language as the <a href="/wiki/Namekians" class="mw-redirect" title="Namekians">Namekian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The file management software <a href="/wiki/XYplorer" title="XYplorer">XYplorer</a> has been translated into Klingon by its developer.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Bing_Translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing Translator">Bing Translator</a> attempts to translate Klingon from and to other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can do a good job with individual words, and with phrases included in its training corpus, but it is not well tuned for Klingon's system of <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>. For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">DaHaDnIS</span> "You must study it" is rendered instead as "They Must Study." </p><p>With the digital-only release of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Discovery" title="Star Trek: Discovery">Star Trek: Discovery</a></i> in 2017, streaming service <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> announced it would provide Klingon subtitles for the entire first season,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> translated by Klingon language expert <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lieven_L._Litaer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lieven L. Litaer (page does not exist)">Lieven L. Litaer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be enabled like any other language provided by the streaming service, and are shown using romanized transliteration rather than Klingon script. </p><p>In 2017, a version of “<a href="/wiki/I%27m_a_Gummy_Bear_(The_Gummy_Bear_Song)" class="mw-redirect" title="I'm a Gummy Bear (The Gummy Bear Song)">The Gummy Bear Song</a>” was uploaded to <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, fully translated to the Klingon language. Its title, “<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ngalbogh mIl'oD jIH</span>”, translates to <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> as “I am a sabre bear that is chewy.” The version was released to <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> in 2018.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2020 the German artist Hans Solo (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%84i-Tiem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Äi-Tiem (page does not exist)">Äi-Tiem</a>) released an <a href="/wiki/Extended_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended Play">EP</a> <i>NuqneH</i>, whose 5 tracks are completely rapped in Klingon language.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_learning_sources">Language learning sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Language learning sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a> features a course for Klingon, which was released on March 15, 2018 and is now in beta testing.<sup id="cite_ref-Duolingo_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duolingo-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Klingon_Language_Institute" title="Klingon Language Institute">Klingon Language Institute</a> provides a Learn Klingon Online series of lessons to its members. The first few lessons are free to sample.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memrise" title="Memrise">Memrise</a> has user-created materials on various topics.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canon">Canon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important concept to spoken and written Klingon is <a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">canonicity</a>. Only words and grammatical forms introduced by Marc Okrand are considered canonical Klingon by the KLI and most Klingonists.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as the growing number of speakers employ different strategies to express themselves, it is often unclear as to what level of <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> is permissible.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New vocabulary has been collected in a list maintained by the KLI until 2005<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has since then been followed up by Klingon expert <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lieven_Litaer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lieven Litaer (page does not exist)">Lieven Litaer</a> until the KLI's website was renewed in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_history">Internal history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Internal history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the fictional universe of <i>Star Trek</i>, Klingon is derived from the original language spoken by the messianic figure <a href="/wiki/Kahless_the_Unforgettable" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahless the Unforgettable">Kahless the Unforgettable</a>, who united the Klingon home-world of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">QoʼnoS</span> under one empire more than 1500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-GalacticTraveller_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GalacticTraveller-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many dialects exist, but the standardized dialect of prestige is almost invariably that of the sitting emperor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin transcription</th> <th>Klingon script</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/KlingonLang_a.svg/24px-KlingonLang_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/KlingonLang_a.svg/36px-KlingonLang_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/KlingonLang_a.svg/48px-KlingonLang_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KlingonLang_b.svg/26px-KlingonLang_b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KlingonLang_b.svg/38px-KlingonLang_b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KlingonLang_b.svg/51px-KlingonLang_b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="73" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_ch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/KlingonLang_ch.svg/26px-KlingonLang_ch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/KlingonLang_ch.svg/39px-KlingonLang_ch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/KlingonLang_ch.svg/52px-KlingonLang_ch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>D</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/KlingonLang_D.svg/24px-KlingonLang_D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/KlingonLang_D.svg/37px-KlingonLang_D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/KlingonLang_D.svg/49px-KlingonLang_D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_e.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/KlingonLang_e.svg/18px-KlingonLang_e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/KlingonLang_e.svg/28px-KlingonLang_e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/KlingonLang_e.svg/37px-KlingonLang_e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="53" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gh</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_gh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/KlingonLang_gh.svg/21px-KlingonLang_gh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/KlingonLang_gh.svg/32px-KlingonLang_gh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/KlingonLang_gh.svg/43px-KlingonLang_gh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="61" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>H</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_H.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/KlingonLang_H.svg/17px-KlingonLang_H.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/KlingonLang_H.svg/26px-KlingonLang_H.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/KlingonLang_H.svg/35px-KlingonLang_H.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_I.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KlingonLang_I.svg/19px-KlingonLang_I.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KlingonLang_I.svg/29px-KlingonLang_I.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KlingonLang_I.svg/38px-KlingonLang_I.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>j</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KlingonLang_j.svg/25px-KlingonLang_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KlingonLang_j.svg/37px-KlingonLang_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KlingonLang_j.svg/50px-KlingonLang_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="71" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>l</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_l.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/KlingonLang_l.svg/24px-KlingonLang_l.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/KlingonLang_l.svg/36px-KlingonLang_l.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/KlingonLang_l.svg/48px-KlingonLang_l.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>m</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/KlingonLang_m.svg/19px-KlingonLang_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/KlingonLang_m.svg/29px-KlingonLang_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/KlingonLang_m.svg/39px-KlingonLang_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="56" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/KlingonLang_n.svg/19px-KlingonLang_n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/KlingonLang_n.svg/29px-KlingonLang_n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/KlingonLang_n.svg/38px-KlingonLang_n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ng</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_ng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/KlingonLang_ng.svg/22px-KlingonLang_ng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/KlingonLang_ng.svg/33px-KlingonLang_ng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/KlingonLang_ng.svg/43px-KlingonLang_ng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/KlingonLang_o.svg/22px-KlingonLang_o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/KlingonLang_o.svg/33px-KlingonLang_o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/KlingonLang_o.svg/43px-KlingonLang_o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/KlingonLang_p.svg/22px-KlingonLang_p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/KlingonLang_p.svg/34px-KlingonLang_p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/KlingonLang_p.svg/45px-KlingonLang_p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʰ</a></span>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>q</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_q.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/KlingonLang_q.svg/12px-KlingonLang_q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/KlingonLang_q.svg/19px-KlingonLang_q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/KlingonLang_q.svg/25px-KlingonLang_q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʰ</a></span>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_Q.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/KlingonLang_Q.svg/18px-KlingonLang_Q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/KlingonLang_Q.svg/27px-KlingonLang_Q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/KlingonLang_Q.svg/36px-KlingonLang_Q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="51" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">q͡χ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>r</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_r.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/KlingonLang_r.svg/22px-KlingonLang_r.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/KlingonLang_r.svg/33px-KlingonLang_r.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/KlingonLang_r.svg/43px-KlingonLang_r.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>S</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_S.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/KlingonLang_S.svg/28px-KlingonLang_S.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/KlingonLang_S.svg/43px-KlingonLang_S.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/KlingonLang_S.svg/57px-KlingonLang_S.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="81" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_t.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/KlingonLang_t.svg/21px-KlingonLang_t.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/KlingonLang_t.svg/32px-KlingonLang_t.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/KlingonLang_t.svg/43px-KlingonLang_t.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="61" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʰ</a></span>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tlh</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_tlh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/KlingonLang_tlh.svg/24px-KlingonLang_tlh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/KlingonLang_tlh.svg/36px-KlingonLang_tlh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/KlingonLang_tlh.svg/48px-KlingonLang_tlh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">t͡ɬ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_u.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/KlingonLang_u.svg/31px-KlingonLang_u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/KlingonLang_u.svg/47px-KlingonLang_u.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/KlingonLang_u.svg/63px-KlingonLang_u.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="89" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>v</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_v.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/KlingonLang_v.svg/20px-KlingonLang_v.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/KlingonLang_v.svg/30px-KlingonLang_v.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/KlingonLang_v.svg/41px-KlingonLang_v.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>w</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/KlingonLang_w.svg/25px-KlingonLang_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/KlingonLang_w.svg/37px-KlingonLang_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/KlingonLang_w.svg/50px-KlingonLang_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="71" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>y</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_y.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/KlingonLang_y.svg/25px-KlingonLang_y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/KlingonLang_y.svg/37px-KlingonLang_y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/KlingonLang_y.svg/50px-KlingonLang_y.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="71" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʼ</td> <td style="background-color: white !important;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KlingonLang_%27.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/KlingonLang_%27.svg/5px-KlingonLang_%27.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/KlingonLang_%27.svg/8px-KlingonLang_%27.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/KlingonLang_%27.svg/11px-KlingonLang_%27.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="26" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Klingon has been developed with a <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> that, while based on human <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural languages</a>, is intended to sound <a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">alien</a> to human ears. When initially developed, Paramount Pictures (owners of the <i>Star Trek</i> <a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">franchise</a>) wanted the Klingon language to be guttural and harsh and Okrand wanted it to be unusual, so he selected <a href="/wiki/Articulatory_phonetics" title="Articulatory phonetics">sounds</a> that combined in ways not generally found in other languages. The effect is mainly achieved by the use of a number of <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a> consonants in the language's inventory.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Klingon has twenty-one consonants and five vowels. Klingon is normally written in a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. The orthography of this <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> is <a href="/wiki/Case-sensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Case-sensitive">case-sensitive</a>, that is, <a href="/wiki/Capital_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letter">upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">lower case</a> letters are not interchangeable (uppercase letters mostly represent sounds different from those expected by English speakers), although with the exception of Q/q there are no <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> between case. In other words, while <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">hol</span> is incorrect Klingon, it cannot be misread as anything but an erroneous form of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Hol</span> (which means <i>language</i>); on the other hand, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Qat</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">qat</span> are two different words, the first meaning <i>be popular</i> and the second meaning <i>accompany</i>. In the discussion below, standard Klingon orthography appears in <i><span class="nowrap">⟨angle brackets⟩</span></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic transcription</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> is written between <i>/slashes/</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inventory of consonants in Klingon is spread over a number of <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">places of articulation</a>. In spite of this, the inventory has many gaps: Klingon has no <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar plosives</a>, and only one <a href="/wiki/Sibilant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilant consonant">sibilant fricative</a>; common consonants absent in Klingon include <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>f<span class="wrap"> </span>h<span class="wrap"> </span>s<span class="wrap"> </span>z<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ/</span>. Deliberately, this arrangement is very different from that of most human languages. The combination of an aspirated <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">voiceless alveolar plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> and a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">voiced retroflex plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖ/</span> is particularly unusual. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a><br /> / <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">p</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">pʰ</a>/</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">t</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">tʰ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">q</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">qʰ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span style="text-decoration: none"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ʼ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">b</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">D</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ </a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">tlh</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">t͡ɬ</a>/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ch</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Q</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">q͡χ</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">j</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">S</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">H</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">v</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">gh</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">m</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">n</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ng</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">r</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">w</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">l</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">y</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are a few dialectal pronunciation differences<sup id="cite_ref-GalacticTraveller_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GalacticTraveller-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (it is not known if the aforementioned non-canon <i>Kumburan</i> or <i>Rumaiy</i> dialects of <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">tlhIngan Hol</span></i> hinted at in the novelization of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_III:_The_Search_for_Spock" title="Star Trek III: The Search for Spock">Star Trek III: The Search for Spock</a></i> might differ): </p> <ul><li>In the Krotmag dialect <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖ/</span> are realized as nasal stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a>]</span></li> <li>In the Tak'ev dialect <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖ/</span> are pre-nasalized oral stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mb]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɳɖ]</span></li></ul> <p>In the Morskan dialect: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">t͡ɬ</a>/</span> is a central affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> is realized as glottal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> syllable-initially and deleted syllable-finally</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">q͡χ</a>/</span> is realized as a velar fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to its consonants, Klingon's inventory of vowels is simple, and similar to those of many human languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>. There are five vowels spaced more or less evenly around the vowel space, with two back rounded vowels, one back unrounded vowel, and two front or near-front unrounded vowels. The vowel inventory is asymmetrical in that the back rounded vowels are tense and the front vowels are lax. </p><p>The two front vowels, <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">e</span>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">I</span>⟩</span>, represent sounds that are found in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, but are more open and lax than a typical English speaker might assume when reading Klingon text written in the Latin alphabet, thus causing the consonants of a word to be more prominent. This enhances the sense that Klingon is a clipped and harsh-sounding language. </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a></dt> <dd><span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">a</span>⟩</span> – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/</span> – <a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">open back unrounded vowel</a> (in English <i>sp<b>a</b></i>)</dd> <dd><span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">e</span>⟩</span> – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/</span> – <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">open-mid front unrounded vowel</a> (in English <i>b<b>e</b>d</i>)</dd> <dd><span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">I</span>⟩</span> – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/</span> – <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">near-close near-front unrounded vowel</a> (in English <i>b<b>i</b>t</i>)</dd> <dd><span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">o</span>⟩</span> – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> – <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">close-mid back rounded vowel</a> (in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i>eau</i> and English <i>sn<b>o</b>w</i>)</dd> <dd><span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">u</span>⟩</span> – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> – <a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">close back rounded vowel</a> (in Spanish <i>tu</i> and English <i>yo<b>u</b></i>)</dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> can be analyzed phonetically as the combination of the five vowels plus one of the two <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowels</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> (represented by <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">w</span>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">y</span>⟩</span>, respectively). Thus, the combinations <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ay</span>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ey</span>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Iy</span>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">oy</span>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">uy</span>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">aw</span>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ew</span>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Iw</span>⟩</span> are possible. There are no words in the Klingon language that contain *<span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ow</span>⟩</span> or *<span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">uw</span>⟩</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure">Syllable structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syllable structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klingon follows a strict <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> structure. A syllable must start with a consonant (including the glottal stop) followed by one vowel. In prefixes and rare other syllables, this is enough. More commonly, this consonant-vowel pair is followed by one consonant or one of three biconsonantal <a href="/wiki/Coda_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coda (linguistics)">codas</a>: /-<i><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">wʼ</span></b> -<b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">yʼ</span></b> -<b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">rgh</span></b></i>/. Thus, <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ta</span></i> "record", <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">tar</span></i> "poison" and <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">targh</span></i> "targ" (a type of animal) are all legal syllable forms, but *<i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">tarD</span></i> and *<i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ar</span></i> are not. Despite this, one suffix takes the shape vowel+consonant: the endearment suffix <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">-<i><b>oy</b></i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a>, the stressed syllable is usually the verbal stem itself, as opposed to a prefix or any suffixes, except when a suffix ending with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced"><span class="nowrap">⟨ʼ⟩</span></span> is separated from the verb by at least one other suffix, in which case the suffix ending in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced"><span class="nowrap">⟨ʼ⟩</span></span> is also stressed. In addition, stress may shift to a suffix that is meant to be emphasized. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, the final syllable of the stem (the noun itself, excluding any affixes) is stressed. If any syllables ending in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced"><span class="nowrap">⟨ʼ⟩</span></span> are present, the stress shifts to those syllables. </p><p>The stress in other words seems to be variable, but this is not a serious issue because most of these words are only one syllable in length. There are some words which should fall under the rules above, but do not, although using the standard rules would still be acceptable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Klingon_grammar" title="Klingon grammar">Klingon grammar</a></div> <p>Klingon is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutinative</a> language, using mainly affixes in order to alter the function or meaning of words. Some nouns have inherently plural forms, such as <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">jengvaʼ</span></i> "plate" (vs. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced"><i>ngop</i></span> "plates"), but most nouns require a suffix to express plurality explicitly. Depending on the type of noun (body part, being capable of using language, or neither) the suffix changes. For beings capable of using language, the suffix is <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">-puʼ</span>,</i> as in <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">tlhInganpuʼ</span>,</i> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Klingon" title="Klingon">Klingons</a>," or <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">jaghpuʼ</span>,</i> meaning "enemies". For body parts, the plural suffix is <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">-Duʼ</span>,</i> as in <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">mInDuʼ</span>,</i> "eyes". For items that are neither body parts nor capable of speech, the suffix is <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">-mey</span>,</i> such as in <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Hovmey</span></i> ("stars"), or <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">targhmey</span></i> ("targs") for a Klingon animal somewhat resembling a boar. (However, a plural suffix is never obligatory. To say "The stars are beautiful", <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ʼIH Hovmey</span></i> and <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ʼIH Hov</span></i> are equally grammatical, although the second can also mean "The star is beautiful".) </p><p>The words <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">loD</span></i> and <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">beʼ</span></i>, which on their own mean "man" and "woman" respectively, can be used in compound words to refer to the referent's sex. For example, from <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">puq</span></i> ("child") this process derives <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">puqloD</span></i> ("son") and <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">puqbeʼ</span></i> ("daughter"). </p><p>Klingon <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> take suffixes to indicate <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical number</a>. There are three <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun classes</a>, two levels of <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deixis</a>, and a possession and syntactic function. In all, twenty-nine noun suffixes from five classes may be employed: <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">jupoypuʼnaʼwIʼvaD</span></i> "for my beloved true friends". A word may carry no more than one suffix from each class, and the classes have a specific order of appearance. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verbs</a> in Klingon take a prefix indicating the number and person of the subject and object, whereas suffixes are taken from nine ordered classes and a special suffix class called rovers. Each of the four known rovers has a unique rule controlling its position among the suffixes in the verb. Verbs are marked for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, certainty, predisposition and volition, dynamic, <a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negation" title="Negation">negation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a>. The Klingon verb has two moods: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">indicative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>. </p><p>The most common <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> in Klingon is <a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Object–verb–subject">object–verb–subject</a>, and, in most cases, the word order is the exact reverse of English for an equivalent sentence: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Klingon_sentence.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Klingon_sentence.svg/600px-Klingon_sentence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Klingon_sentence.svg/900px-Klingon_sentence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Klingon_sentence.svg/1200px-Klingon_sentence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="39" /></a></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">DaH</p><p style="margin: 0px;">now</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">mojaq-mey-vam</p><p style="margin: 0px;">suffix-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">DI-vuS-nIS-beʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb">A</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb">P</abbr>-limit-need-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ʼeʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">vI-Har</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb">A</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb">P</abbr>-believe</p></div><p style="display: none;">DaH mojaq-mey-vam DI-vuS-nIS-beʼ ʼeʼ vI-Har</p><p style="display: none;">now suffix-PL-DEM 1PL.A.3PL.P-limit-need-NEG that 1SG.A.3SG.P-believe</p><p style="clear: left;">"I believe that we do not need to limit these suffixes now."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>(Hyphens are used in the above only to illustrate the use of affixes. Hyphens are not used in Klingon.) </p><p><span id="Clipped_Klingon"></span>An important aspect of Klingon grammar is its "ungrammaticality". As with for example <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, shortening of communicative statements is common, and is called "Clipped Klingon" (<i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">tlhIngan Hol poD</span></i> or, more simply, <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Hol poD</span></i>) and Ritualized Speech.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Clipped Klingon is especially useful in situations where speed is a decisive factor. Grammar is abbreviated, and sentence parts deemed to be superfluous are dropped. Intentional ungrammaticality is widespread, and it takes many forms. It is exemplified by the practice of <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">pabHaʼ</span></i>, which Marc Okrand translates as "to misfollow the rules" or "to follow the rules wrongly".<sup id="cite_ref-GalacticTraveller_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GalacticTraveller-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Klingon_writing_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Klingon writing systems">Klingon writing systems</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qapla%27.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Qapla%27.svg/220px-Qapla%27.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Qapla%27.svg/330px-Qapla%27.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Qapla%27.svg/440px-Qapla%27.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="133" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Qaplaʼ</span> (success)</figcaption></figure> <p>When written in the Latin alphabet, Klingon is unusual in being <a href="/wiki/Case-sensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Case-sensitive">case-sensitive</a>, with some letters written in capitals and others in lowercase. In one contrast, <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">q</span></i> and <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Q</span></i>, there is an actual case-sensitive pair representing two different consonants. Capitals are generally reserved for uvular or retroflex consonants pronounced further back in the mouth or throat than is normal for the corresponding English sounds, as with <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">D</span></i>, <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Q</span></i>, and <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">S</span></i>. However, <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">H</span></i>, pronounced like the <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> in German "ach" or Scottish "loch", is further forward in the throat than English /h/. One phoneme, the vowel <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">I</span></i>, is written capital to look more like the IPA symbol for the sound /ɪ/, and can pose problems when writing Klingon in sans-serif fonts such as <a href="/wiki/Arial" title="Arial">Arial</a>, as it looks almost the same as the consonant <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">l</span></i>. </p><p>This has led some Klingon enthusiasts to write it lowercase like the other vowels ("i") to prevent confusion, but this use is non-canonical. Instead, a serif font that clearly distinguishes "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">I</span>" and "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">l</span>", such as <a href="/wiki/Courier_(font)" class="mw-redirect" title="Courier (font)">Courier</a> or <a href="/wiki/Courier_New" class="mw-redirect" title="Courier New">Courier New</a>, has traditionally been employed for writing Klingon in the Latin alphabet. In any case, it can be disambiguated through context, as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">I</span> never occurs next to another vowel, while <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">l</span> always does. The apostrophe, denoting the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>, is considered a letter, not a punctuation mark, as with a <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabet" title="Hawaiian alphabet">Hawaiian</a> 'okina. </p> <dl><dd><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">a b ch D e gh H I j l m n ng o p q Q r S t tlh u v w y ʼ</span></b></dd></dl> <p>Klingon is often written in (<a href="/wiki/In-universe" class="mw-redirect" title="In-universe">in-universe</a>, "transliterated to") the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> as used above, but on the television series, the Klingons use their own alien writing system. In <i>The Klingon Dictionary</i>, this alphabet is named as <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">pIqaD</span></i>, but no information is given about it. When Klingon symbols are used in <i>Star Trek</i> productions, they are merely decorative graphic elements, designed to emulate real <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> and create an appropriate atmosphere. Enthusiasts have settled on the name <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">pIqaD</span></i> for this writing system. </p><p>The Astra Image Corporation designed the symbols currently used to "write" Klingon for <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Motion_Picture" title="Star Trek: The Motion Picture">Star Trek: The Motion Picture</a></i>, although these symbols are often incorrectly attributed to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Okuda" title="Michael Okuda">Michael Okuda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They based the letters on the <a href="/wiki/Klingon_starships" title="Klingon starships">Klingon battlecruiser</a> hull markings (three letters) first created by <a href="/wiki/Matt_Jefferies" title="Matt Jefferies">Matt Jefferies</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan writing</a> because the script has sharp letter forms—used as a testament to the Klingons' love for knives and blades. </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a> in 2013, <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> and typography company <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Maag" title="Dalton Maag">Dalton Maag</a> claimed to have used "communication devices to far-flung star systems"<sup id="cite_ref-Pure_Klingon_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pure_Klingon-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to assist them in localizing the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Pure" title="Nokia Pure">Nokia Pure</a> font to the Klingon writing system. Though the explanation was of course humorous in nature, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Practical_joke" title="Practical joke">practical joke</a> a series of real fonts based upon the most commonly used <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">pIqaD</span></i> character mapping were in fact developed, and have been made available for free download.<sup id="cite_ref-Pure_Klingon_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pure_Klingon-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A design principle of the Klingon language is the great degree of lexical-cultural correlation in the vocabulary. For example, there are several words meaning "to fight" or "to clash against", each having a different degree of intensity. There is an abundance of words relating to warfare and weaponry and also a great variety of curses (cursing is considered a fine art in Klingon culture). This helps lend a particular character to the language. </p><p>There are many in-jokes built into the language.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the word for "pair" is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">changʼeng</span>, a reference to the original "<a href="/wiki/Siamese_twins" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese twins">Siamese twins</a>" <a href="/wiki/Chang_and_Eng_Bunker" title="Chang and Eng Bunker">Chang and Eng Bunker</a>; a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">leSpal</span> is a mid-size stringed instrument, comparable to a <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Les_Paul" title="Les Paul">Les Paul</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-Okrent_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrent-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a "chronometer" is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">tlhaq</span> (pronounced similar to "clock"); the word for "torture" is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">joy</span>; "<a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">hangover</a>" is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ʼuH</span>, and the word for "fish" is <i><a href="/wiki/Ghoti" title="Ghoti"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ghotIʼ</span></a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Okrent_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrent-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sources for the vocabulary include English (albeit heavily disguised), and also <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">SaʼHut</span> for "buttocks" (from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D6%BC%D7%97%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:תּחת">תּחת</a> <i>tuches</i> spelled backwards),<sup id="cite_ref-Okrent_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrent-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">ʼoyʼ</span> for "ache, pain, sore" (cf. <i><a href="/wiki/Oy_vey" title="Oy vey">oy vey</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many English words do not have direct translations into Klingon. To express "hello", the nearest equivalent is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">nuqneH</span>, meaning "What do you want?",<sup id="cite_ref-Okrent_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrent-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with "goodbye" translated as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Qapla'</span>, "Success!". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_sentences">Example sentences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Example sentences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">tlhIngan Hol Dajatlhʼaʼ?</span></dt> <dd>Do you speak Klingon?</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">jIyajbeʼ.</span></dt> <dd>I don't understand.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Dochvetlh vISoplaHbeʼ.</span></dt> <dd>I can't eat that thing.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">bIlughbeʼ.</span></dt> <dd>You are wrong.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">bortaS bIr jabluʼDIʼ reH QaQquʼ nayʼ.</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Revenge_is_a_dish_best_served_cold" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge is a dish best served cold">Revenge is a dish best served cold</a>. (lit: When cold revenge is served, the dish is always very good)</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">HeghluʼmeH QaQ jajvam.</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/A_good_day_to_die_(phrase)" class="mw-redirect" title="A good day to die (phrase)">Today is a good day to die</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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title="Portal:Constructed languages">Constructed languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_culture" title="Klingon culture">Klingon culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_grammar" title="Klingon grammar">Klingon grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stovokor_(band)" title="Stovokor (band)">Stovokor</a>, a death metal band whose lyrics are written in Klingon</li> <li><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCu%CA%BC" title="ʼuʼ">ʼuʼ</a></span></i>, the first Klingon opera</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klingon_Christmas_Carol" class="mw-redirect" title="Klingon Christmas Carol">Klingon Christmas Carol</a></i>, a staged adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i> in Klingon</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Literally, it reads "Answers[sic] minister and due of course. But regarding behaviour, [military] station devolved occurs."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">>See: <ul><li>Symbols attributed to Okuda: the Klingon Language Institute's <i>Klingon FAQ</i> (edited by <a href="/wiki/D%27Armond_Speers" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Armond Speers">d'Armond Speers</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041012093544/http://higbee.cots.net/~holtej/klingon/faq.htm#2.13">question 2.13</a> by Will Martin (August 18, 1994).</li> <li>Symbols <i>incorrectly</i> attributed to Okuda: KLI founder Lawrence M. Schoen's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kli.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Orthography.pdf">"On Orthography" (PDF)</a>, citing J. Lee's "An Interview with Michael Okuda" in the KLI's journal <i>HolQeD</i> 1.1 (March 1992), p. 11.</li> <li>Symbols actually designed by Astra Image Corporation: Michael Everson's <a href="#note-2">Proposal...<sup>[3]</sup></a></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Schoen" title="Lawrence M. Schoen">Lawrence Schoen</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Klingon_Language_Institute" title="Klingon Language Institute">KLI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.08/es.languages.html?pg=4&topic=">Wired 4.08: Dejpu'bogh Hov rur qablli!*</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512121409/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.08/es.languages.html?pg=4&topic=">Archived</a> 2013-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.verbix.com/Conlangs/klingonaase">"Klingonaase"</a>. <i>docs.verbix.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docs.verbix.com&rft.atitle=Klingonaase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.verbix.com%2FConlangs%2Fklingonaase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khemorex-klinzhai.de/Hol/klingonaase.html">"The KLINGONAASE Guide"</a>. <i>www.khemorex-klinzhai.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.khemorex-klinzhai.de&rft.atitle=The+KLINGONAASE+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khemorex-klinzhai.de%2FHol%2Fklingonaase.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afrodita.rcub.bg.ac.rs/~alexp/books/klingon.html">"Klingonaase"</a>. <i>afrodita.rcub.bg.ac.rs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=afrodita.rcub.bg.ac.rs&rft.atitle=Klingonaase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafrodita.rcub.bg.ac.rs%2F~alexp%2Fbooks%2Fklingon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1999" class="citation book cs1">Ford, John M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_mwMF_PhtgAC&q=%22fed-standard+klingonaase+is+pronounced%22&pg=PA138"><i>The Final Reflection</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 138–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671038533" title="Special:BookSources/9780671038533"><bdi>9780671038533</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Reflection&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780671038533&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_mwMF_PhtgAC%26q%3D%2522fed-standard%2Bklingonaase%2Bis%2Bpronounced%2522%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whirlingwords-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whirlingwords_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whirlingwords_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whirlingwords_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkrandAdamsHendriks-HermansKroon2011" class="citation book cs1">Okrand, Mark; Adams, Michael; Hendriks-Hermans, Judith; Kroon, Sjaak (December 1, 2011). "Wild and Whirling Words: The Invention and Use of Klingon". In Adams, Michael (ed.). <i>From Elvish to Klingon: Exploring Invented Languages</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 111–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-192-80709-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-192-80709-0"><bdi>978-0-192-80709-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wild+and+Whirling+Words%3A+The+Invention+and+Use+of+Klingon&rft.btitle=From+Elvish+to+Klingon%3A+Exploring+Invented+Languages&rft.pages=111-134&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0-192-80709-0&rft.aulast=Okrand&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Adams%2C+Michael&rft.au=Hendriks-Hermans%2C+Judith&rft.au=Kroon%2C+Sjaak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okrent-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Okrent_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okrent_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okrent_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okrent_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okrent_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkrent2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arika_Okrent" title="Arika Okrent">Okrent, Arika</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inlandofinvented00okre"><i>In the Land of Invented Languages</i></a>. Spiegel & Grau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385527880" title="Special:BookSources/9780385527880"><bdi>9780385527880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Land+of+Invented+Languages&rft.pub=Spiegel+%26+Grau&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780385527880&rft.aulast=Okrent&rft.aufirst=Arika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finlandofinvented00okre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><i>Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (Special Edition) DVD-special feature, text commentary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Star+Trek+VI%3A+The+Undiscovered+Country+%28Special+Edition%29+DVD-special+feature%2C+text+commentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre1984" class="citation book cs1">McIntyre, Vonda (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/startrekiiisearc2004mcin/page/272"><i>Star Trek III: The Search for Spock</i></a>. Pocket Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/startrekiiisearc2004mcin/page/272">272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-49500-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-49500-3"><bdi>0-671-49500-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star+Trek+III%3A+The+Search+for+Spock&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Pocket+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-671-49500-3&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Vonda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstartrekiiisearc2004mcin%2Fpage%2F272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MatterOfHonor-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MatterOfHonor_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MatterOfHonor_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chakoteya.net/NextGen/134.htm">"A Matter of Honor"</a>. <i>Chakoteya.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124162243/http://chakoteya.net/NextGen/134.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chakoteya.net&rft.atitle=A+Matter+of+Honor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchakoteya.net%2FNextGen%2F134.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Napoli2004" class="citation news cs1">Lisa Napoli (October 7, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech2.nytimes.com/mem/technology/techreview.html?res=9A0CEFD8163BF934A35753C1A9629C8B63&fta=y">"Online Diary: tlhIngan maH!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Online+Diary%3A+tlhIngan+maH%21&rft.date=2004-10-07&rft.au=Lisa+Napoli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech2.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Ftechnology%2Ftechreview.html%3Fres%3D9A0CEFD8163BF934A35753C1A9629C8B63%26fta%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Adelman, Michael (Spring 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v27/27HarvJLTech543.pdf">"Constructed Languages and Copyright: A Brief History and Proposal for Divorce"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Harvard Journal of Law & Technology</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 543–562. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304103410/http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v27/27HarvJLTech543.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Law+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Constructed+Languages+and+Copyright%3A+A+Brief+History+and+Proposal+for+Divorce&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=543-562&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Adelman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjolt.law.harvard.edu%2Farticles%2Fpdf%2Fv27%2F27HarvJLTech543.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyashitaMoll" class="citation web cs1">Miyashita, Mizuki; Moll, Laura A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/RIL_9.html">"Enhancing Language Material Availability Using Computers"</a>. Jan.ucc.nau.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101024918/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/RIL_9.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enhancing+Language+Material+Availability+Using+Computers&rft.pub=Jan.ucc.nau.edu&rft.aulast=Miyashita&rft.aufirst=Mizuki&rft.au=Moll%2C+Laura+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjan.ucc.nau.edu%2F~jar%2FRIL_9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkrent2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Okrent, Arika (May 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2009/05/theres_no_klingon_word_for_hello.html">"There's No Klingon Word for Hello"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124111335/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2009/05/theres_no_klingon_word_for_hello.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate+magazine&rft.atitle=There%27s+No+Klingon+Word+for+Hello&rft.date=2009-05-07&rft.aulast=Okrent&rft.aufirst=Arika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Farts%2Fculturebox%2F2009%2F05%2Ftheres_no_klingon_word_for_hello.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An attribution to Okrand may be found in the museum displays at the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bautista,_California" title="San Juan Bautista, California">San Juan Bautista</a>, California State Historic Park, which includes a short mention of the local <a href="/wiki/Mutsun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutsun">Mutsun</a> native people whom Okrand studied for his thesis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrent 2009, pp.270-271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkrent2010" class="citation book cs1">Okrent, Arika (2010). <i>In the Land of Invented Languages</i>. New York: Spiegel & Grau. p. 273. <q>But what about speakers in the sense of people who can carry on a spontaneous live conversation in Klingon? (...) I would say, oh, twenty or so. Maybe thirty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Land+of+Invented+Languages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Spiegel+%26+Grau&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Okrent&rft.aufirst=Arika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208210903/http://www.kli.org/tlhIngan-Hol/2012/August/msg00112.html">"tlhIngan-Hol Archive: Mon Aug 13 15:25:35 2012"</a>. Kli.org. August 13, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kli.org/tlhIngan-Hol/2012/August/msg00112.html">the original</a> on February 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=tlhIngan-Hol+Archive%3A+Mon+Aug+13+15%3A25%3A35+2012&rft.pub=Kli.org&rft.date=2012-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kli.org%2FtlhIngan-Hol%2F2012%2FAugust%2Fmsg00112.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615082547/http://www.earthlings-movie.com/">"Earthlings: Ugly Bags of Mostly Water"</a>. Mostly Water LLC. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earthlings%3A+Ugly+Bags+of+Mostly+Water&rft.pub=Mostly+Water+LLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthlings-movie.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1996" class="citation news cs1">Dean, Eddie (August 9, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/news/article/13011269/klingon-as-a-second-language">"Klingon as a Second Language"</a>. <i>Washington City Paper</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905103056/https://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/news/article/13011269/klingon-as-a-second-language">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ultralingua.com/sites/ultralingua.com/files/pdfs/PR.Klingon-5.9.09.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ultralingua+engaged+by+Simon+%26+Schuster+for+launch+of+Star+Trek-related+iPhone+Apps&rft.date=2009-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultralingua.com%2Fsites%2Fultralingua.com%2Ffiles%2Fpdfs%2FPR.Klingon-5.9.09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-15122597">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Klingon' helps Milton Keynes man deal with dyslexia"</a>. BBC. October 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Klingon%27+helps+Milton+Keynes+man+deal+with+dyslexia&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-beds-bucks-herts-15122597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bidvine.com/klingon-lessons">"We make it easy to hire a Klingon Tutor"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+make+it+easy+to+hire+a+Klingon+Tutor&rft.pub=Bidvine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bidvine.com%2Fklingon-lessons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duolingo-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duolingo_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duolingo_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/26588778/Duolingo%E2%80%99s-Klingon-Course-is-now-available">"Duolingo's Klingon Course is now available!"</a>. <i>Duolingo.com</i>. March 15, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122184737/https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/26588778/Duolingo%E2%80%99s-Klingon-Course-is-now-available">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duolingo.com&rft.atitle=Duolingo%27s+Klingon+Course+is+now+available%21&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforum.duolingo.com%2Fcomment%2F26588778%2FDuolingo%25E2%2580%2599s-Klingon-Course-is-now-available&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214040542/http://www.speakklingon.info/">"{<code>tlhIngan Hol yejHaD qepʼaʼ</code> | Information about the 2013 Conference of the Klingon Language Institute"</a>. Speakklingon.info. 2013-03-13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speakklingon.info">the original</a> on 2013-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%7B%3Ccode%3EtlhIngan+Hol+yejHaD+qep%CA%BCa%CA%BC%3C%2Fcode%3E+%26%23124%3B+Information+about+the+2013+Conference+of+the+Klingon+Language+Institute&rft.pub=Speakklingon.info&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.speakklingon.info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qephom.de/e/nextqephom.html">"qep Hom: Meeting"</a>. qepHom.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124162237/http://www.qephom.de/e/nextqephom.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=qep+Hom%3A+Meeting&rft.pub=qepHom.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qephom.de%2Fe%2Fnextqephom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeans2015" class="citation news cs1">Deans, David (July 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-ministers-were-asked-information-9624682">"Welsh ministers were asked for information about UFO sightings... and they replied in KLINGON"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Welsh+ministers+were+asked+for+information+about+UFO+sightings...+and+they+replied+in+KLINGON&rft.date=2015-07-09&rft.aulast=Deans&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fwelsh-ministers-were-asked-information-9624682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jul/10/star-trek-welsh-assembly-ufo-question-prompts-dip-into-trilingualism-with-klingon">"Welsh assembly UFO question prompts dip into trilingualism with Klingon"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+the+Washington+Shakespeare+Company+came+to+offer+Shakespeare+in+Klingon&rft.pages=E1&rft.date=2010-08-29&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F08%2F27%2FAR2010082702649.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minecraft.wiki/w/Language">"Language"</a>. <i>Minecraft Wiki</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925034741/https://minecraft.wiki/w/Language">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minecraft+Wiki&rft.atitle=Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminecraft.wiki%2Fw%2FLanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolo2010" class="citation web cs1">Polo, Susana (May 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themarysue.com/wikipedia-klingon-logo/">"Wikipedia Takes the Klingon Out of Its Logo"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BWikipedia-l%5D+Klingon+Wikipedia+locked&rft.date=2005-08-07&rft.aulast=Vibber&rft.aufirst=Brion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.wikimedia.org%2Fpipermail%2Fwikipedia-l%2F2005-August%2F023607.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klingon.fandom.com/wiki/ghItlh%27a%27">"tlhIngan Hol"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219173255/https://klingon.fandom.com/wiki/ghItlh%27a%27">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=tlhIngan+Hol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklingon.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FghItlh%2527a%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_Klingon_Wiktionary" class="extiw" title="m:Proposals for closing projects/Closure of Klingon Wiktionary">m:Proposals for closing projects/Closure of Klingon Wiktionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeamFourStar2010" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/TeamFourStar" title="TeamFourStar">TeamFourStar</a> (July 5, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcL46NjFDJU"><i>DragonBall Z Abridged</i>: Episode 16 – TeamFourStar (TFS)<i><span></span></i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z_Abridged" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon Ball Z Abridged">Dragon Ball Z Abridged</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You+Can+Watch+Star+Trek%3A+Discovery+With+Klingon+Subtitles&rft.date=2017-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmodo.com.au%2F2017%2F09%2Fyou-can-watch-star-trek-discovery-with-klingon-subtitles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geeko.lesoir.be/2017/09/29/les-sous-titres-en-klingon-sont-disponibles-sur-netflix/">"Les sous-titres en klingon sont disponibles sur Netflix"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+sous-titres+en+klingon+sont+disponibles+sur+Netflix&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeeko.lesoir.be%2F2017%2F09%2F29%2Fles-sous-titres-en-klingon-sont-disponibles-sur-netflix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnjHrZU7AJs">"<i>NuqneH</i> rap-EP by Hans Solo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tech+Crunch&rft.atitle=nuqneH%3F+yIjatlh%21+You+can+now+learn+Klingon+with+Duolingo&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.aulast=Lardinois&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2018%2F03%2F14%2Fnuqneh-yijatlh-you-can-now-learn-klingon-with-duolingo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sg.news.yahoo.com/5-resources-help-translate-read-learn-speak-klingon-040257324.html">"5 resources to help you translate, read, and learn to speak Klingon (seriously)"</a>. <i>geektime</i>. Singapore. 17 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240325101455/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/5-resources-help-translate-read-learn-speak-klingon-040257324.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>Rival app Memrise, which allows users to create their own courses and thus offers many more classes than Duolingo, has several separate mini courses on things like Klingon vocabulary, the Klingon alphabet, affixes, basic grammar, shapes, days of the week, adverbs, numbers, and even a review course for the Klingon Language Certification Program (KLCP1).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=geektime&rft.atitle=5+resources+to+help+you+translate%2C+read%2C+and+learn+to+speak+Klingon+%28seriously%29&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsg.news.yahoo.com%2F5-resources-help-translate-read-learn-speak-klingon-040257324.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://klingon.wiki/En/Canon">"canon – Klingon Language Wiki"</a>. <i>klingon.wiki</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410173316/http://klingon.wiki/En/Canon">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=klingon.wiki&rft.atitle=canon+%E2%80%93+Klingon+Language+Wiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fklingon.wiki%2FEn%2FCanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahlgren2000" class="citation web cs1">Wahlgren, Yens (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106070716/http://www.angelfire.com/trek/yensw/PDF/thesis.pdf">"Klingon as Linguistic Capital"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/trek/yensw/PDF/thesis.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Klingon+as+Linguistic+Capital&rft.date=2000-06&rft.aulast=Wahlgren&rft.aufirst=Yens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Ftrek%2Fyensw%2FPDF%2Fthesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2005" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Will (December 15, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124131416/https://www.kli.org/about-klingon/new-klingon-words/">"New Klingon Words (not in the original lexicon)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Klingon_Language_Institute" title="Klingon Language Institute">KLI</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kli.org/about-klingon/new-klingon-words/">the original</a> on November 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KLI&rft.atitle=New+Klingon+Words+%28not+in+the+original+lexicon%29&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kli.org%2Fabout-klingon%2Fnew-klingon-words%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitaer2013" class="citation web cs1">Litaer, Lieven (August 20, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qephom.de/e/newwords.html">"New canonical Klingon words"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/QepHom" title="QepHom">qepHom</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240222112242/https://www.qephom.de/e/newwords.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qepHom&rft.atitle=New+canonical+Klingon+words&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft.aulast=Litaer&rft.aufirst=Lieven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qephom.de%2Fe%2Fnewwords.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GalacticTraveller-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GalacticTraveller_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GalacticTraveller_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GalacticTraveller_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkrand1997" class="citation book cs1">Okrand, Marc (1997). <i>Klingon for the Galactic Traveller</i>. New York: Pocket Books. pp. 18–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671009953" title="Special:BookSources/978-0671009953"><bdi>978-0671009953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Klingon+for+the+Galactic+Traveller&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18-24&rft.pub=Pocket+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0671009953&rft.aulast=Okrand&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5Did-eVQDc&t=5m46s">"Marc Okrand on Klingon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. May 2, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/e5Did-eVQDc">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Marc+Okrand+on+Klingon&rft.date=2012-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3De5Did-eVQDc%26t%3D5m46s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pure_Klingon-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pure_Klingon_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pure_Klingon_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130406025926/http://brandbook.nokia.com/blog/view/item80143/">"Pure Klingon"</a>. Nokia. April 1, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brandbook.nokia.com/blog/view/item80143/">the original</a> on April 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pure+Klingon&rft.pub=Nokia&rft.date=2013-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrandbook.nokia.com%2Fblog%2Fview%2Fitem80143%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105837/https://www.kli.org/wiki/Puns_in_the_Vocabulary_of_tlhIngan_Hol">"Puns in the Vocabulary of tlhIngan Hol"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kli.org/wiki/Puns_in_the_Vocabulary_of_tlhIngan_Hol">the original</a> on November 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puns+in+the+Vocabulary+of+tlhIngan+Hol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kli.org%2Fwiki%2FPuns_in_the_Vocabulary_of_tlhIngan_Hol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkrand1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Okrand" title="Marc Okrand">Okrand, Marc</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/klingondictionar00okra"><i>The Klingon Dictionary</i></a> (2nd: i.e., with addendum ed.). New York: Pocket Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-74559-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-74559-X"><bdi>0-671-74559-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Klingon+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd%3A+i.e.%2C+with+addendum&rft.pub=Pocket+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-671-74559-X&rft.aulast=Okrand&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fklingondictionar00okra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Bernard Comrie</a>, 1995, "The Paleo-Klingon numeral system". <i>HolQeD</i> 4.4: 6–10.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/klingon.html">Klingon ConScript Unicode Registry (CSUR)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629042255/http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/klingon.html">Archived</a> 2011-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hol.kag.org/page/piqadsupport.html">pIqaD Support</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200828194052/https://hol.kag.org/page/piqadsupport.html">Archived</a> 2020-08-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hol.kag.org/media/zip/pIqaD.zip"><i>Klingon (pIqaD)</i> Unicode font</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011144736/https://hol.kag.org/media/zip/pIqaD.zip">Archived</a> 2017-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+F8D0</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+F8FF</span>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620030022/http://yellowantphil.com/pIqaD_converter.html">Klingon text converter (transliteration)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Klingon language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Elvish,_Klingon_and_Na%27vi:_Constructed_languages_gain_foothold_in_film" class="extiw" title="n:Elvish, Klingon and Na'vi: Constructed languages gain foothold in film">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Klingon_proverbs" class="extiw" title="q:Klingon proverbs">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Klingon" class="extiw" title="b:Klingon">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:Klingon" class="extiw" title="v:Topic:Klingon">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kli.org/">Klingon Language Institute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124232845/https://www.kli.org/">Archived</a> 2018-11-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://klingonska.org/">Klingonska Akademien</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330061039/http://klingonska.org/">Archived</a> 2022-03-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qephom.de">qepHom Saarbrücken</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129191945/http://qephom.de/">Archived</a> 2020-11-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The largest annual Klingon language meeting in Europe</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klingon.wiki/En/MainPage">Klingon Language Wiki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330123616/http://klingon.wiki/En/MainPage">Archived</a> 2023-03-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Open encyclopedia about the Klingon language</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012194613/http://judion.de/klingon/">Klingon and its User: A Sociolinguistic Profile</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistics</a> MA thesis</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahlgren2004" class="citation thesis cs1">Wahlgren, Yens (Spring 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040921000505/http://www.angelfire.com/trek/yensw/PDF/thesis.pdf"><i>Klingon as Linguistic Capital: A Sociologic Study of Nineteen Advanced Klingonists</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Bachelor's thesis). Lund, Scania, Sweden: Department of Sociology, Lund University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/trek/yensw/PDF/thesis.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 21, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Klingon+as+Linguistic+Capital%3A+A+Sociologic+Study+of+Nineteen+Advanced+Klingonists&rft.inst=Department+of+Sociology%2C+Lund+University&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wahlgren&rft.aufirst=Yens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Ftrek%2Fyensw%2FPDF%2Fthesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050520162132/http://www.cs.vu.nl/~dick/Summaries/Languages/MutsunKlingonComparison.pdf">Is Klingon an Ohlonean language? A comparison of Mutsun and Klingon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040402041317/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/klingon.htm">Omniglot: Klingon Alphabet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080530164638/http://www.eatoni.com/wiki/index.php/Klingon">Eatoni Ergonomics' Klingon page</a> includes BDF, TTF fonts and a Klingon text entry demo</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punctumbooks.com/titles/paqbatlh-the-klingon-epic-2nd-edn/">paqʼbatlh: The Klingon Epic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240222112241/https://punctumbooks.com/titles/paqbatlh-the-klingon-epic-2nd-edn/">Archived</a> 2024-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213090327/https://mybot.be/chat/-KcnG99buxsyZVPg3ZCS">Klingon speaking chatbot</a></li> <li>Klingon <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/PanderMusubi/klingon">word list and spell checker</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617151519/https://github.com/PanderMusubi/klingon">Archived</a> 2018-06-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102545/https://photolemur.com/klingon">photo editor translated into Klingon</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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title="Fictional language">Fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game" title="Language game">Language game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">Zonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_language" title="Engineered language">Engineered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_language" title="Experimental language">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_language" title="Musical language">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_language" title="Philosophical language">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific <br />languages<br /> by group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International<br />auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babm" title="Babm">Babm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolak_language" title="Bolak language">Bolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicationssprache" title="Communicationssprache">Communicationssprache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo">Adjuvilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcaicam_Esperantom" title="Arcaicam Esperantom">Arcaicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_II" title="Esperanto II">Esperanto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundolinco" title="Mundolinco">Mundolinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Esperanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Esperanto">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1ni%C3%A7o" class="mw-redirect" title="Romániço">Romániço</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(Esperantido)" title="Universal (Esperantido)">Universal</a></li> <li>other <a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">esperantidos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glosa" title="Glosa">Glosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interglossa" title="Interglossa">Interglossa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom_Neutral" title="Idiom Neutral">Idiom Neutral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intal_language" title="Intal language">Intal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue" title="Interlingue">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotava" title="Kotava">Kotava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langue_nouvelle" title="Langue nouvelle">Langue nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova" title="Lingua Franca Nova">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingwa_de_planeta" title="Lingwa de planeta">Lingwa de planeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondial_language" title="Mondial language">Mondial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_language" title="Neo language">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nal_Bino" title="Nal Bino">Nal Bino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novial" title="Novial">Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasilingua" title="Pasilingua">Pasilingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambahsa" title="Sambahsa">Sambahsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solresol" title="Solresol">Solresol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sona_(constructed_language)" title="Sona (constructed language)">Sona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unish" title="Unish">Unish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalglot" title="Universalglot">Universalglot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropi" title="Uropi">Uropi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">Zonal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrihili" title="Afrihili">Afrihili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budinos" title="Budinos">Budinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efatese_language" title="Efatese language">Efatese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurolengo" title="Eurolengo">Eurolengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guosa" title="Guosa">Guosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortat%C3%BCrk" title="Ortatürk">Ortatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanic_language" title="Pan-Germanic language">Pan-Germanic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutonish" title="Tutonish">Tutonish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Romance_language" title="Pan-Romance language">Pan-Romance language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolatino_Romance" title="Neolatino Romance">Neolatino Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanid" title="Romanid">Romanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runyakitara_language" title="Runyakitara language">Runyakitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wede" title="Wede">Wede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltdeutsch" title="Weltdeutsch">Weltdeutsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_language" title="Engineered language">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AUI_(constructed_language)" title="AUI (constructed language)">aUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutton_Speedwords" title="Dutton Speedwords">Dutton Speedwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithkuil" title="Ithkuil">Ithkuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaba-X" title="Kalaba-X">Kalaba-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolinguistics" title="Astrolinguistics">Astrolinguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincos_language" title="Lincos language">Lincos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_generalis" title="Lingua generalis">Lingua generalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loglan" title="Loglan">Loglan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logopandecteision" title="Logopandecteision">Logopandecteision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lojban" title="Lojban">Lojban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Towards_a_Real_Character,_and_a_Philosophical_Language" title="An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">Real Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_language" title="Ro language">Ro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toki_Pona" title="Toki Pona">Toki Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fictional_language" title="Fictional language">Fictional</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantean_language" title="Atlantean language">Atlantean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belter_Creole" title="Belter Creole">Belter Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brithenig" title="Brithenig">Brithenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dritok" title="Dritok">Dritok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dothraki_language" title="Dothraki language">Dothraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages" title="Elvish languages">Elvish languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchanta">Enchanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%93len" title="Kēlen">Kēlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliki_language" title="Kiliki language">Kiliki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koba%C3%AFan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobaïan">Kobaïan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1adan" title="Láadan">Láadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapine_language" title="Lapine language">Lapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxian" title="Loxian">Loxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mänti">Mänti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">Middle-earth languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle-earth_languages" title="Category:Middle-earth languages">more...</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_language" title="Naʼvi language">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadsat" title="Nadsat">Nadsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simlish" title="Simlish">Simlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spocanian" title="Spocanian">Spocanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_in_Star_Wars" title="Languages in Star Wars"><i>Star Wars</i> languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syldavian" title="Syldavian">Syldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teonaht" title="Teonaht">Teonaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsoly%C3%A1ni_language" title="Tsolyáni language">Tsolyáni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_language" title="Utopian language">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valyrian_languages" title="Valyrian languages">Valyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venedic_language" title="Venedic language">Venedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdurian_language" title="Verdurian language">Verdurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenja_language" title="Wenja language">Wenja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual and other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balaibalan" title="Balaibalan">Balaibalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ignota" title="Lingua ignota">Lingua ignota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawa_kani" title="Palawa kani">Palawa kani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">Zaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed script">Constructed script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Tolkien's scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperantology" title="Esperantology">Esperantology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Words" title="Bridge of Words">Bridge of Words</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conlanging:_The_Art_of_Crafting_Tongues" title="Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues">Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages" title="In the Land of Invented Languages">In the Land of Invented Languages</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Ricerca_della_Lingua_Perfetta_nella_Cultura_Europea" title="La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea">La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Ido" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Ido">Esperanto/Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Interlingua">Esperanto/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Novial">Esperanto/Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Ido and Interlingua">Ido/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Ido and Novial">Ido/Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Interlingue_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Interlingue and Interlingua">Interlingue/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Lojban_and_Loglan" title="Comparison between Lojban and Loglan">Lojban/Loglan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Constructed_languages" title="Portal:Constructed languages">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_languages" title="List of constructed languages">List of constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_creators" title="List of language creators">List of language creators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Star_Trek" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Star_Trek" title="Template:Star Trek"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Star_Trek" title="Template talk:Star Trek"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Star_Trek" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Star Trek"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Star_Trek" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Star_Trek" title="Outline of Star Trek">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Star_Trek" title="Timeline of Star Trek">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_canon" title="Star Trek canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_lists" title="List of Star Trek lists">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_television_series" title="List of Star Trek television series">Television series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series"><i>The Original Series</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series_episodes" title="List of Star Trek: The Original Series episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Animated_Series" title="Star Trek: The Animated Series"><i>The Animated Series</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation"><i>The Next Generation</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation_episodes" title="List of Star Trek: The Next Generation episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine" title="Star Trek: Deep Space Nine"><i>Deep Space Nine</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine_episodes" title="List of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager" title="Star Trek: Voyager"><i>Voyager</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek:_Voyager_episodes" title="List of Star Trek: Voyager episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Enterprise" title="Star Trek: Enterprise"><i>Enterprise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek:_Enterprise_episodes" title="List of Star Trek: Enterprise episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streaming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Discovery" title="Star Trek: Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek:_Discovery_episodes" title="List of Star Trek: Discovery episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Short_Treks" title="Star Trek: Short Treks"><i>Short Treks</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Picard" title="Star Trek: Picard"><i>Picard</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Lower_Decks" title="Star Trek: Lower Decks"><i>Lower Decks</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Prodigy" title="Star Trek: Prodigy"><i>Prodigy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Strange_New_Worlds" title="Star Trek: Strange New Worlds"><i>Strange New Worlds</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Starfleet_Academy_(TV_series)" title="Star Trek: Starfleet Academy (TV series)"><i>Starfleet Academy</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta-shield.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Star Trek logo"><img alt="Star Trek logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Delta-shield.svg/50px-Delta-shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Delta-shield.svg/75px-Delta-shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Delta-shield.svg/100px-Delta-shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="162" /></a></span><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_films" title="List of Star Trek films">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>The Original Series</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Motion_Picture" title="Star Trek: The Motion Picture"><i>The Motion Picture</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_II:_The_Wrath_of_Khan" title="Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan"><i>The Wrath of Khan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_III:_The_Search_for_Spock" title="Star Trek III: The Search for Spock"><i>The Search for Spock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_IV:_The_Voyage_Home" title="Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home"><i>The Voyage Home</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_V:_The_Final_Frontier" title="Star Trek V: The Final Frontier"><i>The Final Frontier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_VI:_The_Undiscovered_Country" title="Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country"><i>The Undiscovered Country</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>The Next Generation</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_Generations" title="Star Trek Generations"><i>Generations</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_First_Contact" title="Star Trek: First Contact"><i>First Contact</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Insurrection" title="Star Trek: Insurrection"><i>Insurrection</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Nemesis" title="Star Trek: Nemesis"><i>Nemesis</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reboot (Kelvin Timeline)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_(2009_film)" title="Star Trek (2009 film)"><i>Star Trek</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_Into_Darkness" title="Star Trek Into Darkness"><i>Into Darkness</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_Beyond" title="Star Trek Beyond"><i>Beyond</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Section_31" title="Star Trek: Section 31"><i>Section 31</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Setting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_characters" title="List of Star Trek characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_characters_(A%E2%80%93F)" title="List of Star Trek characters (A–F)">A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_characters_(G%E2%80%93M)" title="List of Star Trek characters (G–M)">G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_characters_(N%E2%80%93S)" title="List of Star Trek characters (N–S)">N–S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_characters_(T%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of Star Trek characters (T–Z)">T–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_crossovers" title="Star Trek crossovers">Crossovers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_games_in_Star_Trek" title="List of games in Star Trek">Games</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_Maru" title="Kobayashi Maru">Kobayashi Maru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Star_Trek" title="Law in Star Trek">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Directive" title="Prime Directive">Prime Directive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_materials" title="List of Star Trek materials">Materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilithium_(Star_Trek)" title="Dilithium (Star Trek)">Dilithium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Star_Trek" title="Sexuality in Star Trek">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardate" title="Stardate">Stardate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_regions_of_space" title="List of Star Trek regions of space">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_M_planet" title="Class M planet">Class M planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_regions_of_space#Galactic_quadrants" title="List of Star Trek regions of space">Galactic quadrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_Universe" title="Mirror Universe">Mirror Universe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_aliens" title="List of Star Trek aliens">Cultures<br />and species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorian" title="Andorian">Andorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajoran" title="Bajoran">Bajoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borg" title="Borg">Borg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breen_(Star_Trek)" title="Breen (Star Trek)">Breen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardassian" title="Cardassian">Cardassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_War#Dominion" title="Dominion War">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferengi" title="Ferengi">Ferengi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_Acquisition" title="Rules of Acquisition">Rules of Acquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorn" title="Gorn">Gorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazon" title="Kazon">Kazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon" title="Klingon">Klingon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_High_Council" title="Klingon High Council">High Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_culture" title="Klingon culture">culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_grammar" title="Klingon grammar">grammar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_(Star_Trek)" title="Maquis (Star Trek)">Maquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(Star_Trek)" title="Orion (Star Trek)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_(Star_Trek)" title="Q (Star Trek)">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulan" title="Romulan">Romulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_8472" title="Species 8472">Species 8472</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Federation_of_Planets" title="United Federation of Planets">United Federation of Planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starfleet" title="Starfleet">Starfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starfleet#Starfleet_Academy" title="Starfleet">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_31_(Star_Trek)" title="Section 31 (Star Trek)">Section 31</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribble" title="Tribble">Tribble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidiians" title="Vidiians">Vidiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(Star_Trek)" title="Vulcan (Star Trek)">Vulcan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_nerve_pinch" title="Vulcan nerve pinch">nerve pinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_salute" title="Vulcan salute">salute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_aliens#Xindi" title="List of Star Trek aliens">Xindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technology_in_Star_Trek" title="Technology in Star Trek">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloaking_device" title="Cloaking device">Cloaking device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicator_(Star_Trek)" title="Communicator (Star Trek)">Communicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shields_(Star_Trek)" title="Shields (Star Trek)">Deflector shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodeck" title="Holodeck">Holodeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypospray" title="Hypospray">Hypospray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction#Slower_than_light" title="Space travel in science fiction">Impulse drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701)#Sets,_sounds,_and_fixtures" title="USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)">Jefferies tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCARS" title="LCARS">LCARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_in_Star_Trek#Medical_technology" title="Technology in Star Trek">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicator_(Star_Trek)" title="Replicator (Star Trek)">Replicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_in_Star_Trek" title="Spacecraft in Star Trek">Spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Nine_(fictional_space_station)" title="Deep Space Nine (fictional space station)">Deep Space Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Defiant" title="USS Defiant"><i>Defiant</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_dock#Star_Trek" title="Space dock">Earth Spacedock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Enterprise" title="Starship Enterprise"><i>Enterprise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(NX-01)" title="Enterprise (NX-01)">NX-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701)" title="USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)">NCC-1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701-A)" title="USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-A)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701-D)" title="USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701-E)" title="USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-E)">E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_starships" title="Klingon starships">Klingon starships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttlecraft_(Star_Trek)" title="Shuttlecraft (Star Trek)">Shuttlecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Voyager_(Star_Trek)" title="USS Voyager (Star Trek)"><i>Voyager</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transporter_(Star_Trek)" title="Transporter (Star Trek)">Transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricorder" title="Tricorder">Tricorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_uniforms" title="Star Trek uniforms">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_Star_Trek" title="Weapons in Star Trek">Weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat%27leth" title="Bat'leth">Bat'leth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_production_staff" title="List of Star Trek production staff">List of staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry" title="Gene Roddenberry">Gene Roddenberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway_Corporation" title="Norway Corporation">Norway Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_composers_and_music" title="List of Star Trek composers and music">Composers and music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_from_Star_Trek" title="Theme from Star Trek">musical theme</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Where_no_man_has_gone_before" title="Where no man has gone before">Where no man has gone before</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beam_me_up,_Scotty" title="Beam me up, Scotty">Beam me up, Scotty</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirt_(stock_character)" title="Redshirt (stock character)">Redshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accolades_received_by_Star_Trek_(film_franchise)" title="List of accolades received by Star Trek (film franchise)">Accolades (film franchise)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unmade projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_God_Thing" title="Star Trek: The God Thing"><i>The God Thing</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Planet_of_the_Titans" title="Star Trek: Planet of the Titans"><i>Planet of the Titans</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Phase_II" title="Star Trek: Phase II"><i>Phase II</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Star_Trek_4" title="Development of Star Trek 4"><i>Star Trek 4</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_spin-off_fiction" title="Star Trek spin-off fiction">Spin-off fiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_games" title="List of Star Trek games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_(comics)" title="Star Trek (comics)">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_novels" title="List of Star Trek novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_tie-in_fiction" title="List of Star Trek tie-in fiction">Reference books</a></li> <li>Stage <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Klingon_Christmas_Carol" title="A Klingon Christmas Carol">A Klingon Christmas Carol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCu%CA%BC" title="ʼuʼ">Klingon opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Very_Short_Treks" title="Star Trek: Very Short Treks"><i>Very Short Treks</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftershows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/After_Trek" title="After Trek">After Trek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ready_Room" title="The Ready Room">The Ready Room</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trekkies_(film)" title="Trekkies (film)"><i>Trekkies</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mind_Meld" title="Mind Meld">Mind Meld</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trekkies_2" title="Trekkies 2">Trekkies 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_William_Shatner_Changed_the_World" title="How William Shatner Changed the World">How William Shatner Changed the World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Beyond_the_Final_Frontier" title="Star Trek: Beyond the Final Frontier"><i>Beyond the Final Frontier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Captains_(film)" title="The Captains (film)"><i>The Captains</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trek_Nation" title="Trek Nation">Trek Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Love_of_Spock" title="For the Love of Spock">For the Love of Spock</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine#What_We_Left_Behind:_Looking_Back_at_Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine" title="Star Trek: Deep Space Nine"><i>What We Left Behind</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_Star_Trek" title="Cultural influence of Star Trek">Cultural influence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_and_Uhura%27s_kiss" title="Kirk and Uhura's kiss">Kirk and Uhura's kiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Star_Trek_and_Star_Wars" title="Comparison of Star Trek and Star Wars">Comparison to <i>Star Wars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trekkie" title="Trekkie">Fandom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_fan_productions" title="Star Trek fan productions">productions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk/Spock" title="Kirk/Spock">Kirk/Spock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Alpha" title="Memory Alpha">Memory Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_and_Star_Trek" title="Shakespeare and Star Trek">Shakespeare and <i>Star Trek</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Exhibition" title="Star Trek: The Exhibition">The Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Experience" title="Star Trek: The Experience">The Experience</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Last_Voyage_of_the_Starship_Enterprise" title="The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise">The Last Voyage of the Starship <i>Enterprise</i></a>" (1976 <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">SNL</a></i> sketch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Enterprise_(film)" title="Free Enterprise (film)"><i>Free Enterprise</i></a> (1999 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Quest" title="Galaxy Quest">Galaxy Quest</a></i> (1999 film)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Where_No_Fan_Has_Gone_Before" title="Where No Fan Has Gone Before">Where No Fan Has Gone Before</a>" 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