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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prefixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prefixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffixes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffixes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffixes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Type_1_(reflexive/reciprocal)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_1_(reflexive/reciprocal)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Type 1 (reflexive/reciprocal)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_1_(reflexive/reciprocal)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_2_(volition/necessity)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_2_(volition/necessity)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Type 2 (volition/necessity)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_2_(volition/necessity)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_3_(inceptive/inchoative)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_3_(inceptive/inchoative)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Type 3 (inceptive/inchoative)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_3_(inceptive/inchoative)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_4_(causative)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_4_(causative)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Type 4 (causative)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_4_(causative)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_5_(undefined_subject;_capability)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_5_(undefined_subject;_capability)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Type 5 (undefined subject; capability)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_5_(undefined_subject;_capability)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_6_(perfection;_uncertainty)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_6_(perfection;_uncertainty)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Type 6 (perfection; uncertainty)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_6_(perfection;_uncertainty)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_7_(aspect)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_7_(aspect)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Type 7 (aspect)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_7_(aspect)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_8_(honorific)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_8_(honorific)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8</span> <span>Type 8 (honorific)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_8_(honorific)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_9_(syntactic)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_9_(syntactic)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.9</span> <span>Type 9 (syntactic)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_9_(syntactic)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nominalizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominalizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.9.1</span> <span>Nominalizers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominalizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.9.2</span> <span>Modals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subordinators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subordinators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.9.3</span> <span>Subordinators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subordinators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rovers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rovers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.10</span> <span>Rovers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rovers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns_and_copula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns_and_copula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pronouns and copula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns_and_copula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Adverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjunctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjunctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conjunctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjunctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Clauses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clauses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clauses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relative_clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Relative clauses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose_clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose_clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Purpose clauses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose_clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Comparatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Questions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Questions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Questions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Questions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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searchaux" style="display:none">Grammar of the constructed Klingon language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">On this page, Klingon text in the Latin alphabet is displayed in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">typewriter font</span>, and with the <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter apostrophe">modifier letter apostrophe</a> ( <b>ʼ</b> ) rather than the ASCII apostrophe ( <b>'</b> ), which is a punctuation mark. <div class="plainlinks selfreference" style="display:inline; font-style: italic;">See <a href="/wiki/Klingon_language#Writing_systems" title="Klingon language">Klingon language § Writing systems</a>.</div></div> <p>The grammar of the <a href="/wiki/Klingon_language" title="Klingon language">Klingon language</a> was created by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Okrand" title="Marc Okrand">Marc Okrand</a> for the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> franchise. He first described it in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Klingon_Dictionary" title="The Klingon Dictionary">The Klingon Dictionary</a></i>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative–accusative">nominative–accusative</a>, primarily suffixing <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</a> language, and has an <a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Object–verb–subject">object–verb–subject</a> word order. The Klingon language has a number of unusual grammatical features, as it was designed to sound and seem alien, but it has an extremely regular morphology. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Word_order">Word order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klingon follows an <a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Object–verb–subject">object–verb–subject</a> word order.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adverbs usually go at the beginning of the sentence<sup id="cite_ref-p56_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p56-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prepositional phrases go before the object.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>Doʼ DujDaq ghoqwIʼ Sam laʼ</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Doʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fortunately</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Duj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ship</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Daq</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghoqwIʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">spy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Sam</p><p style="margin: 0px;">find</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">laʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">commander</p></div><p style="display: none;">Doʼ Duj - Daq ghoqwIʼ Sam laʼ</p><p style="display: none;">fortunately ship + LOC spy find commander</p><p style="clear: left;">Fortunately, the commander found the spy aboard the ship</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Sentences can be treated as objects, and the word <code><b>ʼeʼ</b></code> is placed after the sentence. <code><b>ʼeʼ</b></code> is treated as the object of the next sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adverbs, indirect objects and locatives of the latter sentence go after the subject, but before the <code><b>ʼeʼ</b></code><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>bIpIv ʼeʼ vItuʼ</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">bI</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you-Ø‍</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">pIv</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be healthy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ʼeʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">vI</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I-it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">tuʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">observe</p></div><p style="display: none;">bI - pIv ʼeʼ vI - tuʼ</p><p style="display: none;">you-Ø‍ + {be healthy} that I-it + observe</p><p style="clear: left;">I see that you're healthy (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> I observe that you are healthy)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nouns">Nouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klingon has three <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun classes</a>. The first one is living beings with an innate capacity to use language. The second one is body parts (not the body itself) and the third is all other nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.22_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrand_1992,_p.22-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Klingon has no articles, so the word <code><b>raS</b></code> <i>table</i> can mean <i>a</i> table or <i>the</i> table. The difference between the two is inferred from context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffixes">Suffixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are five types of noun suffixes. A word cannot have two suffixes of the same type.<sup id="cite_ref-p21_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p21-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suffixes are ordered based on type number; a type 2 suffix goes before a type 3 suffix, but after a type 1 suffix.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following example, all five suffix types are used in the correct order. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>vengHommeyqoqchajDaq</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">veng</p><p style="margin: 0px;">city</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Hom</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="diminutive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">mey</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">qoq</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dubitative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DUB</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">chaj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">their</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Daq</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">veng - Hom - mey - qoq - chaj - Daq</p><p style="display: none;">city + DIM + PL + DUB + their + LOC</p><p style="clear: left;">in their so-called villages</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_1_(size,_affection)"><span id="Type_1_.28size.2C_affection.29"></span>Type 1 (size, affection)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Type 1 (size, affection)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type has three suffixes: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Augmentative" title="Augmentative">augmentative</a> suffix<code><b>-ʼaʼ</b></code>,</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">group</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghom<b>ʼaʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">crowd</p></div><p style="display: none;">ghom → ghom<b>ʼaʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">group {} crowd</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> suffix <code><b>-Hom</b></code>,<sup id="cite_ref-p21_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p21-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">yuQ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">planet</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">yuQ<b>Hom</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">planetoid</p></div><p style="display: none;">yuQ → yuQ<b>Hom</b></p><p style="display: none;">planet {} planetoid</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>and the endearment suffix <b><code>-oy</code></b>.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">vav</p><p style="margin: 0px;">father</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">vav<b>oy</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">daddy</p></div><p style="display: none;">vav → vav<b>oy</b></p><p style="display: none;">father {} daddy</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd><ul><li>If the noun to which the endearment suffix is added ends with a vowel, a glottal stop is inserted between them:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">baby</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghu<b>ʼoy</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">dear baby</p></div><p style="display: none;">ghu → ghu<b>ʼoy</b></p><p style="display: none;">baby {} {dear baby}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_2_(plurals)"><span id="Type_2_.28plurals.29"></span>Type 2 (plurals)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Type 2 (plurals)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type of suffix forms plurals. There are three suffixes, one for each noun class. </p> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="-pu7"></span>The suffix <code><b>-puʼ</b></code> is for beings capable of using language.<sup id="cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.22_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrand_1992,_p.22-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">qetwIʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">runner</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">qetwIʼ<b>puʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">runners</p></div><p style="display: none;">qetwIʼ → qetwIʼ<b>puʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">runner {} runners</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-Duʼ</b></code> is for body parts,</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghop</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hand</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghop<b>Duʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">hands</p></div><p style="display: none;">ghop → ghop<b>Duʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">hand {} hands</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-mey</b></code> is used for all other nouns.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">quS</p><p style="margin: 0px;">chair</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">quS<b>mey</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">chairs</p></div><p style="display: none;">quS → quS<b>mey</b></p><p style="display: none;">chair {} chairs</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd><ul><li>When <code><b>-mey</b></code> is used for nouns that would normally take <code><b>-puʼ</b></code> or <code><b>-Duʼ</b></code>, it carries the connotation of being all over the place.</li></ul></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghot</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghot<b>mey</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">people all over the place</p></div><p style="display: none;">ghot → ghot<b>mey</b></p><p style="display: none;">person {} {people all over the place}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>A noun does not require a plural suffix if a pronoun, pronominal prefix, or context serves to indicate that it is plural,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or if it is being used in conjunction with a number.<sup id="cite_ref-p55_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p55-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt><code><b>Duy<u>puʼ</u> <u>chaH</u></b></code> or <code><b>Duy <u>chaH</u></b></code></dt> <dd><i>They are emissaries.</i></dd> <dt><code><b>raS<u>mey</u> <u>DI</u>ghor</b></code> or <code><b>raS <u>DI</u>ghor</b></code></dt> <dd><i>We broke the tables.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_3_(accuracy)"><span id="Type_3_.28accuracy.29"></span>Type 3 (accuracy)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Type 3 (accuracy)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type of suffix indicates the speaker's opinion of the applicability of the noun. There are three suffixes: </p> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-qoq</b></code> indicates that the speaker thinks what they are referencing is not actually represented by the noun.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">QaH</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the help</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">QaH<b>qoq</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">the so-called help</p></div><p style="display: none;">QaH → QaH<b>qoq</b></p><p style="display: none;">{the help} {} {the so-called help}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Dubitative_mood" title="Dubitative mood">dubitative</a> suffix <code><b>-Hey</b></code> indicates the speaker is not entirely sure if the object they are referencing is represented by the noun.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">choH</p><p style="margin: 0px;">change</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">choH<b>Hey</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">apparent change</p></div><p style="display: none;">choH → choH<b>Hey</b></p><p style="display: none;">change {} {apparent change}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-naʼ</b></code> indicates that the speaker is entirely sure that the object is represented accurately by the noun.<sup id="cite_ref-p25_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p25-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">jup</p><p style="margin: 0px;">friend</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">jup<b>naʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">true friend</p></div><p style="display: none;">jup → jup<b>naʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">friend {} {true friend}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_4_(possession,_determiners)"><span id="Type_4_.28possession.2C_determiners.29"></span>Type 4 (possession, determiners)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Type 4 (possession, determiners)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type of suffix indicates possession or specifies which object is referred to. It contains twelve suffixes. </p><p>There are ten possession suffixes, indicating who is the possessor of the object, which may be a person. For first- and second-person possessors, there are different forms depending on whether the "object" is a being capable of using language. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Possessives<sup id="cite_ref-p25_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p25-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1st-person<br /> singular</th> <th>2nd-person<br />singular</th> <th>3rd-person<br />singular</th> <th>1st-person<br />plural</th> <th>2nd-person<br />plural</th> <th>3rd-person<br />plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Not capable of using language </th> <td><code>-wIj</code> </td> <td><code>-lIj</code> </td> <td rowspan="2"><code>-Daj</code> </td> <td><code>-maj</code> </td> <td><code>-raj</code> </td> <td rowspan="2"><code>-chaj</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Capable of using language </th> <td><code>-wIʼ</code> </td> <td><code>-lIʼ</code> </td> <td><code>-maʼ</code> </td> <td><code>-raʼ</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are also two determiner suffixes:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><code><b>-vam</b></code> <i>this</i> indicates an object that is nearby or that is being discussed</li> <li><code><b>-vetlh</b></code> <i>that</i> indicates an object that is not nearby or that had previously been discussed</li></ul> <p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>Non-language-user possessives:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">nav</p><p style="margin: 0px;">paper</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">nav<b>wIj</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">my paper</p></div><p style="display: none;">nav → nav<b>wIj</b></p><p style="display: none;">paper {} {my paper}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Language-user possessives:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">qeSwIʼpuʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">advisors</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">qeSwIʼpuʼ<b>lIʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">your advisors</p></div><p style="display: none;">qeSwIʼpuʼ → qeSwIʼpuʼ<b>lIʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">advisors {} {your advisors}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Determiners:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Soj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">food</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Soj<b>vam</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">this food</p></div><p style="display: none;">Soj → Soj<b>vam</b></p><p style="display: none;">food {} {this food}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_5_(syntactic_role)"><span id="Type_5_.28syntactic_role.29"></span>Type 5 (syntactic role)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Type 5 (syntactic role)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type of suffix serves a syntactic role in the sentence. It contains five suffixes. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a> suffix <code><b>-Daq</b></code> indicates the action of the sentence is taking place in, at or on the noun.<sup id="cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.27_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrand_1992,_p.27-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With certain verbs, it indicates motion towards the noun.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">juHmaj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">our home</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">juHmaj<b>Daq</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">in our home</p></div><p style="display: none;">juHmaj → juHmaj<b>Daq</b></p><p style="display: none;">{our home} {} {in our home}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a> suffix <code><b>-voʼ</b></code> indicates that the action is taking place away from the noun. Again, with certain verbs, it indicates motion away from the noun.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">qoj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cliff</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">qoj<b>voʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">away from the cliff</p></div><p style="display: none;">qoj → qoj<b>voʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">cliff {} {away from the cliff}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Causal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal case">causal</a> suffix <code><b>-moʼ</b></code> indicates that the action is occurring because of the noun.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghuʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">situation</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghuʼ<b>moʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">because of the situation</p></div><p style="display: none;">ghuʼ → ghuʼ<b>moʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">situation {} {because of the situation}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">benefactive</a> suffix <code><b>-vaD</b></code> indicates the indirect object, and/or the noun for which the action has been done.<sup id="cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.27_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrand_1992,_p.27-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">jeʼwIʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">buyer</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">jeʼwIʼ<b>vaD</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">to/for the buyer</p></div><p style="display: none;">jeʼwIʼ → jeʼwIʼ<b>vaD</b></p><p style="display: none;">buyer {} {to/for the buyer}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93comment" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic–comment">topicalizing</a> suffix <code><b>-ʼeʼ</b></code> indicates the topic of the sentence or emphasises the noun in the phrase, and also marks the head noun of a relative clause.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbs">Verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klingon verbs mark for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> but not for tense, which is indicated where necessary by context and by time adverbs. Prefixes mark subject and object. There are ten types of suffix, and as with nouns, a verb can have no more than one suffix of any type. (The tenth type, called <i>rovers</i>, are an exception.) Again as with nouns, the types of suffix must appear in a strict order, indicated by their type number: a type 2 suffix goes before a type 3 suffix, but after a type 1 suffix. A rover suffix can go between any of them.<sup id="cite_ref-p44_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p44-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike English, there is no infinitive.<sup id="cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.33_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrand_1992,_p.33-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presentation of the verb stem as an infinitive in this article's example sentences is just to show the individual morphemes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prefixes">Prefixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prefixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klingon verb prefixes mark both the subject and the object. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em; text-align:center"> <caption>Verb prefixes<sup id="cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.33_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrand_1992,_p.33-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="7">Object </th></tr> <tr> <th>No object</th> <th>1st person<br />singular</th> <th>2nd person<br />singular</th> <th>3rd person<br />singular</th> <th>1st person<br />plural</th> <th>2nd person<br />plural</th> <th>3rd person<br />plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Subject </th> <th>1st person singular </th> <td><code>jI-</code></td> <td>—</td> <td><code>qa-</code></td> <td><code>vI-</code></td> <td>—</td> <td><code>Sa-</code></td> <td><code>vI-</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person singular </th> <td><code>bI-</code></td> <td><code>cho-</code></td> <td>—</td> <td><code>Da-</code></td> <td><code>ju-</code></td> <td>—</td> <td><code>Da-</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person singular </th> <td>Ø-</td> <td><code>mu-</code></td> <td><code>Du-</code></td> <td>Ø-</td> <td><code>nu-</code></td> <td><code>lI-</code></td> <td>Ø- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st person plural </th> <td><code>ma-</code></td> <td>—</td> <td><code>pI-</code></td> <td><code>wI-</code></td> <td>—</td> <td><code>re-</code></td> <td><code>DI-</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person plural </th> <td><code>Su-</code></td> <td><code>tu-</code></td> <td>—</td> <td><code>bo-</code></td> <td><code>che-</code></td> <td>—</td> <td><code>bo-</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person plural </th> <td>Ø-</td> <td><code>mu-</code></td> <td><code>nI-</code></td> <td><code>lu-</code></td> <td><code>nu-</code></td> <td><code>lI-</code></td> <td>Ø- </td></tr> <tr> <th>unspecified* </th> <td>Ø-</td> <td><code>vI-</code></td> <td><code>Da-</code></td> <td>Ø-</td> <td><code>wI-</code></td> <td><code>bo-</code></td> <td><code>lu-</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="clear:left;">* Expressed with the type-5 verb suffix <a href="#-lu7"><code><b>-luʼ</b></code></a></p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Legend </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td>Not represented </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ø- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Null_morpheme" title="Null morpheme">Null prefix</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Imperative-mood prefixes<sup id="cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.33_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrand_1992,_p.33-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="5">Object </th></tr> <tr> <th>No object</th> <th>1st person<br />singular</th> <th>3rd person<br />singular</th> <th>1st person<br />plural</th> <th>3rd person<br />plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Subject </th> <th>2nd person singular </th> <td><code>yI-</code> </td> <td rowspan="2"><code>HI-</code> </td> <td rowspan="2"><code>yI-</code> </td> <td rowspan="2"><code>gho-</code> </td> <td rowspan="2"><code>tI-</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person plural </th> <td><code>pe-</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Prefixes must be present even if the nouns or pronouns they reference are declared explicitly.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In certain cases with a third person object, a first or second person indirect object can be omitted by using the first and second person object prefixes instead. This is known as the prefix trick.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>No object:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Qong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sleep</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;"><b>jI</b>Qong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I sleep</p></div><p style="display: none;">Qong → <b>jI</b>Qong</p><p style="display: none;">sleep {} {I sleep}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Subject and object:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">nob</p><p style="margin: 0px;">give</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;"><b>Du</b>nuQ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">It annoys you</p></div><p style="display: none;">nob → <b>Du</b>nuQ</p><p style="display: none;">give {} {It annoys you}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Imperative:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">laD</p><p style="margin: 0px;">read</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;"><b>yI</b>laD</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Read it</p></div><p style="display: none;">laD → <b>yI</b>laD</p><p style="display: none;">read {} {Read it}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffixes_2">Suffixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_1_(reflexive/reciprocal)"><span id="Type_1_.28reflexive.2Freciprocal.29"></span>Type 1 (reflexive/reciprocal)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Type 1 (reflexive/reciprocal)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type of suffix forms reflexive verbs. There are two suffixes. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">reflexive</a> suffix <code><b>-ʼegh</b></code> indicates that the individual subject(s) does/do the action to her/him/itself/themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">jIlegh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">jIlegh<b>ʼegh</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">I see myself</p></div><p style="display: none;">jIlegh → jIlegh<b>ʼegh</b></p><p style="display: none;">{I see} {} {I see myself}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">maʼang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">We reveal</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">maʼang<b>ʼegh</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">We reveal ourselves (individually)</p></div><p style="display: none;">maʼang → maʼang<b>ʼegh</b></p><p style="display: none;">{We reveal} {} {We reveal ourselves (individually)}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reciprocal (grammar)">reciprocal</a> suffix <code><b>-chuq</b></code> indicates that the individual subjects do the action to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-p36_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p36-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intransitive verbs cannot take this suffix.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Sulegh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">You(pl) see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Sulegh<b>chuq</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">You(pl) see each other</p></div><p style="display: none;">Sulegh → Sulegh<b>chuq</b></p><p style="display: none;">{You(pl) see} {} {You(pl) see each other}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_2_(volition/necessity)"><span id="Type_2_.28volition.2Fnecessity.29"></span>Type 2 (volition/necessity)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Type 2 (volition/necessity)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type of suffix deals with the subject's volition. There are five suffixes. </p> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-nIS</b></code> indicates that the subject is required to or has the necessity to complete the action.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">chojaʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">You tell me</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">chojaʼ<b>nIS</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">You need to tell me</p></div><p style="display: none;">chojaʼ → chojaʼ<b>nIS</b></p><p style="display: none;">{You tell me} {} {You need to tell me}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-qang</b></code> indicates that the subject is willing to perform the action.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">lungev</p><p style="margin: 0px;">They sell it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">lungev<b>qang</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">They are willing to sell it</p></div><p style="display: none;">lungev → lungev<b>qang</b></p><p style="display: none;">{They sell it} {} {They are willing to sell it}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-rup</b></code> indicates the subject is prepared to complete the action.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghuʼ poj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">He/She analyzes the situation</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghuʼ poj<b>rup</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">He/She is ready to analyze the situation</p></div><p style="display: none;">{ghuʼ poj} → {ghuʼ poj<b>rup</b>}</p><p style="display: none;">{He/She analyzes the situation} {} {He/She is ready to analyze the situation}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-beH</b></code> indicates that the subject has been set up to complete the action. <code><b>-beH</b></code> is used with devices, whereas <code><b>-rup</b></code> is used with beings.<sup id="cite_ref-p36_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p36-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghoghlIj qon</p><p style="margin: 0px;">It records your voice</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghoghlIj qon<b>beH</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">It is ready to record your voice</p></div><p style="display: none;">{ghoghlIj qon} → {ghoghlIj qon<b>beH</b>}</p><p style="display: none;">{It records your voice} {} {It is ready to record your voice}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-vIp</b></code> indicates that the subject is afraid to do the action.<sup id="cite_ref-p37_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p37-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">bImej</p><p style="margin: 0px;">You leave</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">bImej<b>vIp</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">You are afraid to leave</p></div><p style="display: none;">bImej → bImej<b>vIp</b></p><p style="display: none;">{You leave} {} {You are afraid to leave}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_3_(inceptive/inchoative)"><span id="Type_3_.28inceptive.2Finchoative.29"></span>Type 3 (<a href="/wiki/Inceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inceptive">inceptive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inchoative" class="mw-redirect" title="Inchoative">inchoative</a>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Type 3 (inceptive/inchoative)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type of suffix describes the action of the verb. There are two suffixes. </p> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-choH</b></code> indicates a change of state to that indicated by the verb:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">yIt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">He/she/it walks</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">yIt<b>choH</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">He/she/it starts walking</p></div><p style="display: none;">yIt → yIt<b>choH</b></p><p style="display: none;">{He/she/it walks} {} {He/she/it starts walking}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Doq</p><p style="margin: 0px;">It is red</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Doq<b>choH</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">It becomes red</p></div><p style="display: none;">Doq → Doq<b>choH</b></p><p style="display: none;">{It is red} {} {It becomes red}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-qaʼ</b></code> indicates the action had been stopped, but is now resuming, or that the action is being performed again.<sup id="cite_ref-p37_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p37-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">yIQong</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Sleep!</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">yIQong<b>qaʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">Go back to sleep!</p></div><p style="display: none;">yIQong → yIQong<b>qaʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">Sleep! {} {Go back to sleep!}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_4_(causative)"><span id="Type_4_.28causative.29"></span>Type 4 (causative)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Type 4 (causative)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is only one suffix in this category, the <a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a> suffix <code><b>-moH</b></code>. This suffix indicates that the subject is causing something to happen. If the verb to which it is added is transitive, the object becomes the indirect object. Many Klingon words are derived this way. For example, the verb <i>clean</i> (<code><b>SayʼmoH</b></code>) is derived from the verb <i>be clean</i> (<code><b>Sayʼ</b></code>).<sup id="cite_ref-p38_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p38-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Intransitive verb</b>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>poS lojmIt.</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">poS</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be open</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">lojmIt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">door</p></div><p style="display: none;">poS lojmIt</p><p style="display: none;">{be open} door</p><p style="clear: left;">The door is open.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd>Causative form:</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>lojmIt poSmoH qup.</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">lojmIt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">door</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">poS</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be open</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">moH</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">qup</p><p style="margin: 0px;">elder</p></div><p style="display: none;">lojmIt poS - moH qup</p><p style="display: none;">door {be open} + CAUS elder</p><p style="clear: left;">The elder opened the door. (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> The elder caused the door to be open.)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><b>Transitive verb</b>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>paq Danej.</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">paq</p><p style="margin: 0px;">book</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Da</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you-it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">nej</p><p style="margin: 0px;">look for</p></div><p style="display: none;">paq Da - nej</p><p style="display: none;">book you-it + {look for}</p><p style="clear: left;">You look/are looking for the book. (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> You look for the book.)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd>Causative form:</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>paq qanejmoH</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">paq</p><p style="margin: 0px;">book</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">qa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I-you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">nej</p><p style="margin: 0px;">look for</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">moH</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">paq qa - nej - moH</p><p style="display: none;">book I-you + {look for} + CAUS</p><p style="clear: left;">I made you look for the book. (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> I caused you to look for the book.)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_5_(undefined_subject;_capability)"><span id="Type_5_.28undefined_subject.3B_capability.29"></span>Type 5 (undefined subject; capability)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Type 5 (undefined subject; capability)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="-lu7"></span>There are two unrelated suffixes in this group. The suffix <code><b>-luʼ</b></code> indicates an undefined subject.<sup id="cite_ref-p38_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p38-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verb prefixes that are normally used for first or second person <i>subject</i> with third person singular <i>object</i> are used to indicate first or second person <i>object</i>. The suffix <span class="nowrap"><code><b>-laH</b></code></span> indicates that the subject is capable of performing the action of the verb.<sup id="cite_ref-p38_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p38-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li><code><b>-luʼ</b></code> without prefix:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>much bejluʼ</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">much</p><p style="margin: 0px;">presentation</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">bej</p><p style="margin: 0px;">watch</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">luʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indefinite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INDF</abbr> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SBJ</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">much bej - luʼ</p><p style="display: none;">presentation watch + {INDF SBJ}</p><p style="clear: left;">the presentation is watched, someone watches the presentation <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd><code><b>much bej</b></code></dd> <dd><i>He/she watches the presentation</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><code><b>-luʼ</b></code> with prefix:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>vItlhaʼluʼ</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">vI</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I-it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">tlhaʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">chase</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">luʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indefinite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INDF</abbr> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SBJ</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">vI - tlhaʼ - luʼ</p><p style="display: none;">I-it + chase + {INDF SBJ}</p><p style="clear: left;">I am chased, someone chases me</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd><code><b>vItlhaʼ</b></code></dd> <dd><i>I chase it</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><code><b>-laH</b></code>:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>vIbomlaH</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">vI</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I-it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">bom</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sing</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">laH</p><p style="margin: 0px;">able to</p></div><p style="display: none;">vI - bom - laH</p><p style="display: none;">I-it + sing + {able to}</p><p style="clear: left;">I can sing it</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_6_(perfection;_uncertainty)"><span id="Type_6_.28perfection.3B_uncertainty.29"></span>Type 6 (perfection; uncertainty)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Type 6 (perfection; uncertainty)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type indicates the speaker's opinion of the action of the verb. There are four suffixes. </p> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="-chu7"></span> The suffix <code><b>-chuʼ</b></code> indicates that the speaker considers the action is done in the best possible manner.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">pIQoy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">we hear you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">pIQoy<b>chuʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">we hear you clearly</p></div><p style="display: none;">pIQoy → pIQoy<b>chuʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">{we hear you} {} {we hear you clearly}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-bej</b></code> indicates that the speaker is completely sure the action is occurring.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">SuQeH</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you (plural) are angry</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">SuQeH<b>bej</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">you are definitely angry</p></div><p style="display: none;">SuQeH → SuQeH<b>bej</b></p><p style="display: none;">{you (plural) are angry} {} {you are definitely angry}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Dubitative_mood" title="Dubitative mood">dubitative</a> suffix <code><b>-lawʼ</b></code> indicates that the speaker thinks the action is occurring, but is not sure.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">luyaj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">they understand it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">luyaj<b>lawʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">they seem to understand it</p></div><p style="display: none;">luyaj → luyaj<b>lawʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">{they understand it} {} {they seem to understand it}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-baʼ</b></code> indicates that the speaker thinks that it is obvious that the action is occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-p175_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p175-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">lupar</p><p style="margin: 0px;">they dislike it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">lupar<b>baʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">they obviously dislike it</p></div><p style="display: none;">lupar → lupar<b>baʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">{they dislike it} {} {they obviously dislike it}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_7_(aspect)"><span id="Type_7_.28aspect.29"></span>Type 7 (aspect)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Type 7 (aspect)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type indicates the verb's <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>. There are four Type 7 suffixes. </p><p>Note that aspect is different from tense and independent of it. A "completed" event (<a href="/wiki/Perfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfective">perfective</a> aspect, <code><b>-puʼ</b></code> or <code><b>-taʼ</b></code>) can just as easily be set before, during, or after the time of description (past, present, or future tense), or unspecified for tense. For simplicity, this section says "is completed", not "was, is, or will be completed." (Do not confuse perfective aspect with <a href="#Type_6_(perfection;_uncertainty)">"perfectly done"</a>.) </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Perfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfective">perfective</a> suffix <code><b>-puʼ</b></code> indicates that, in the time context of the sentence, the action is completed.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">qaS</p><p style="margin: 0px;">It occurs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">qaS<b>puʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">It has occurred</p></div><p style="display: none;">qaS → qaS<b>puʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">{It occurs} {} {It has occurred}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">vIghor</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I break it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">vIghor<b>puʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">I have broken it</p></div><p style="display: none;">vIghor → vIghor<b>puʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">{I break it} {} {I have broken it}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-taʼ</b></code> also indicates that the action is completed, and further specifies that it was done on purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Qu' QIj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">She explains the mission</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Qu' QIj<b>taʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">She has explained the mission</p></div><p style="display: none;">{Qu' QIj} → {Qu' QIj<b>taʼ</b>}</p><p style="display: none;">{She explains the mission} {} {She has explained the mission}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">vIghor</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I break it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">vIghor<b>taʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">I have broken it (on purpose)</p></div><p style="display: none;">vIghor → vIghor<b>taʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">{I break it} {} {I have broken it (on purpose)}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-taH</b></code> indicates that the verb is occurring continuously.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">jItlhuH</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I breathe</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">jItlhuH<b>taH</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">I keep breathing</p></div><p style="display: none;">jItlhuH → jItlhuH<b>taH</b></p><p style="display: none;">{I breathe} {} {I keep breathing}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-lIʼ</b></code> indicates that the verb is occurring continuously, but that it has a definite ending point.<sup id="cite_ref-p42_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p42-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">megh vIvut</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I prepare lunch</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">megh vIvut<b>lIʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">I am preparing lunch</p></div><p style="display: none;">{megh vIvut} → {megh vIvut<b>lIʼ</b>}</p><p style="display: none;">{I prepare lunch} {} {I am preparing lunch}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The perfective aspect can also be indicated by the use of the verb form <code><b>rIntaH</b></code> after the main verb. This carries the connotation of irreversibility.<sup id="cite_ref-p42_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p42-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><code><b>ghorluʼ rIntaH</b></code> <i>It has been broken (and it cannot be mended)</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_8_(honorific)"><span id="Type_8_.28honorific.29"></span>Type 8 (honorific)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Type 8 (honorific)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is only one suffix in this group, the <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> suffix <code><b>-neS</b></code>. It is used when addressing any type of superior, be it social, political, or military, and only when being very polite or having high regard for that person. It is never required.<sup id="cite_ref-p43_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p43-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><code><b>-neS</b></code>:</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">qaqIH</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I meet you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">qaqIH<b>neS</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">I am honoured to meet you</p></div><p style="display: none;">qaqIH → qaqIH<b>neS</b></p><p style="display: none;">{I meet you} {} {I am honoured to meet you}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_9_(syntactic)"><span id="Type_9_.28syntactic.29"></span>Type 9 (syntactic)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Type 9 (syntactic)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eleven suffixes specify syntactic roles in the sentence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Nominalizers"><a href="/wiki/Nominalization#Derivational_morphology_and_nominalization" title="Nominalization">Nominalizers</a></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nominalizers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two suffixes form specific types of noun from a verb. </p> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="-wi7"></span> The suffix <code><b>-wIʼ</b></code> is used to form words for <a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">persons</a> and things that do something, much as English nouns of the form <i>X-er</i> can mean either "person who does X" (<i>listener, baker</i>) or "thing that does X" (<i>screwdriver, sprinkler</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-p44_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p44-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ʼIj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">listen</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ʼIj<b>wIʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">listener</p></div><p style="display: none;">ʼIj → ʼIj<b>wIʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">listen {} listener</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">woch</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be tall</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">woch<b>wIʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">tall person or tall thing</p></div><p style="display: none;">woch → woch<b>wIʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">{be tall} {} {tall person or tall thing}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-ghach</b></code> is used as a <a href="/wiki/Nominalization" title="Nominalization">nominalizer</a> for verbs ending in suffixes, which otherwise are unable to be nominalized. This suffix is usually used with other suffixes and is rarely found alone with the verb stem.<sup id="cite_ref-HQv3n3p10t13_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HQv3n3p10t13-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">QallaH</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be able to swim</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">QallaH<b>ghach</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">the ability to swim</p></div><p style="display: none;">QallaH → QallaH<b>ghach</b></p><p style="display: none;">{be able to swim} {} {the ability to swim}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">pIvchoH</p><p style="margin: 0px;">become healthy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">pIvchoH<b>ghach</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">becoming healthy</p></div><p style="display: none;">pIvchoH → pIvchoH<b>ghach</b></p><p style="display: none;">{become healthy} {} {becoming healthy}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Modals">Modals</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These two suffixes inflect the verb in specific <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">grammatical moods</a>. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Interrogative" title="Interrogative">interrogative</a> suffix <code><b>-ʼaʼ</b></code> is used to form yes–no questions.<sup id="cite_ref-p44_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p44-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">DIboQnIS</p><p style="margin: 0px;">We need to assist them</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">DIboQnIS<b>ʼaʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">Do we need to assist them?</p></div><p style="display: none;">DIboQnIS → DIboQnIS<b>ʼaʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">{We need to assist them} {} {Do we need to assist them?}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Optative" class="mw-redirect" title="Optative">optative</a> suffix <code><b>-jaj</b></code> is used to indicate a wish or desire of the speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-p175_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p175-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">bIQap</p><p style="margin: 0px;">You succeed</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">bIQap<b>jaj</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">May you succeed</p></div><p style="display: none;">bIQap → bIQap<b>jaj</b></p><p style="display: none;">{You succeed} {} {May you succeed}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subordinators">Subordinators</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Subordinators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following seven suffixes are used to form <a href="/wiki/Dependent_clause" title="Dependent clause">subordinate clauses</a>. A subordinate clause may go after or before the clause it modifies.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Time</b></i> </p> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-paʼ</b></code> indicates that the event described in the main clause occurs chronologically before the event of this clause.</li></ul> <dl><dd><code><b>jItlheDpaʼ, HIboQ</b></code> <i>Before I depart, assist me</i></dd> <dd>(<code><b>jItlheD</b></code> <i>I depart</i>, <code><b>HIboQ</b></code> <i>assist me</i>)</dd></dl> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-vIS</b></code> indicates that the main clause is occurring at the same time as this clause. It is always used in conjunction with the type-7 suffix continuous suffix <code><b>-taH</b></code>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><code><b>lumtaHvIS, pagh taʼ</b></code> <i>He accomplishes nothing while he procrastinates</i></dd> <dd>(<code><b>lum</b></code> <i>procrastinate</i>, <code><b>taʼ</b></code> <i>accomplish</i>, <code><b>pagh</b></code> <i>nothing</i>)</dd></dl> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-DIʼ</b></code> indicates that the event of the main clause occurs immediately after the event of this clause is completed.</li></ul> <dl><dd><code><b>jImej chocholDIʼ</b></code> <i>As soon as you approach me, I leave</i></dd> <dd>(<code><b>jImej</b></code> <i>I leave</i>, <code><b>chochol</b></code> <i>you approach me</i>)</dd></dl> <p><i><b>Cause and effect</b></i> </p> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-chugh</b></code> is used to form <a href="/wiki/Conditional_sentence" title="Conditional sentence">conditionals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p43_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p43-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><code><b>DaSamlaHchugh, DaSuqlaH</b></code> <i>If you can find it, you can take it</i></dd> <dd>(<code><b>DaSamlaH</b></code> <i>you can find it</i>, <code><b>DaSuqlaH</b></code> <i>you can acquire (take) it</i>)</dd></dl> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-moʼ</b></code> indicates the main clause is occurring because of this clause.<sup id="cite_ref-p175_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p175-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><code><b>bIʼIlmoʼ, qavoq</b></code> <i>Because you are sincere, I trust you</i></dd> <dd>(<code><b>bIʼIl</b></code> <i>you are sincere</i>, <code><b>qavoq</b></code> <i>I trust you</i>)</dd></dl> <p><i><b>(Relative and purpose clauses)</b></i> </p> <ul><li>The suffix <code><b>-bogh</b></code> is used in relative clauses. Their usage is covered in the <a href="#Relative_clauses">relative clauses</a> section.</li> <li>The suffix <code><b>-meH</b></code> is used in purpose clauses.<sup id="cite_ref-p44_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p44-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their usage is covered in the <a href="#Purpose_clauses">purpose clauses</a> section.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rovers">Rovers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rovers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type of suffix is known as a <code><b>lengwIʼ</b></code> in Klingon, which is translated as <i>rover</i> (<code><b>leng</b></code> <i>wander</i> + <code><b>wIʼ</b></code>). There are four rovers. These suffixes have no defined position, and can go after the verb stem or after any suffix – even another rover – except after a type-9 suffix or where the result would be meaningless. They modify whatever directly precedes them. </p> <ul><li>The rover suffix <code><b>-beʼ</b></code> negates what precedes it but in the imperative mood <a href="#-Qo7"><b>-Qoʼ</b></a> is used.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">wInaD</p><p style="margin: 0px;">We praise it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">wInaD<b>beʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">We do not praise it</p></div><p style="display: none;">wInaD → wInaD<b>beʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">{We praise it} {} {We do not praise it}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">boʼollaH</p><p style="margin: 0px;">You are able to verify it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">boʼollaH<b>beʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">You are not able to verify it</p></div><p style="display: none;">boʼollaH → boʼollaH<b>beʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">{You are able to verify it} {} {You are not able to verify it}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="-Qo7"></span> The rover suffix <code><b>-Qoʼ</b></code> negates what precedes it in the imperative mood. In the indicative mood it indicates refusal by the subject. It can only be used between verb suffixes of Type 8 and Type 9.<sup id="cite_ref-p47_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p47-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">yIQIp</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Be stupid</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">yIQIp<b>Qoʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">don't be stupid</p></div><p style="display: none;">yIQIp → yIQIp<b>Qoʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">{Be stupid} {} {don't be stupid}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">vIlon</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I abandon it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">vIlon<b>Qoʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">I refuse to abandon it</p></div><p style="display: none;">vIlon → vIlon<b>Qoʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">{I abandon it} {} {I refuse to abandon it}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The rover suffix <code><b>-quʼ</b></code> emphasises what precedes it.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">narghqang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">He is willing to escape</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">narghqang<b>quʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">He is really willing to escape</p></div><p style="display: none;">narghqang → narghqang<b>quʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">{He is willing to escape} {} {He is really willing to escape}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The rover suffix <code><b>-Haʼ</b></code> reverses what precedes it; that is, it indicates that the opposite of what precedes it is being done, or that the action is being undone.<sup id="cite_ref-p47_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p47-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If used on a verb that cannot be undone and has no meaningful opposite, it means to perform the action wrongly, not in the proper way, somewhat like the English prefix <i>mis-</i> in <i>misspeak, mistype, misspell</i>, etc. Unlike the other rovers, it can be placed only just after the stem; its classification in the rover category is attributed to the insistence of fictional Klingon grammarians.<sup id="cite_ref-p49_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p49-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">yIchuʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Activate it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">yIchuʼ<b>Haʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">De-activate it</p></div><p style="display: none;">yIchuʼ → yIchuʼ<b>Haʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">{Activate it} {} {De-activate it}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">boloʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you (plural) use it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">boloʼ<b>Haʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">you (pl.) misuse it</p></div><p style="display: none;">boloʼ → boloʼ<b>Haʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">{you (plural) use it} {} {you (pl.) misuse it}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">bIQuch</p><p style="margin: 0px;">You are happy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">bIQuch<b>Haʼ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">You are unhappy</p></div><p style="display: none;">bIQuch → bIQuch<b>Haʼ</b></p><p style="display: none;">{You are happy} {} {You are unhappy}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The position of the rover suffixes affects the meaning of the word. Contrast </p> <dl><dd><code><b>luSoplaH</b></code> <i>They are able to eat it</i></dd> <dd><code><b>luSoplaH<u>beʼ</u></b></code> <i>They are not able to eat it</i></dd> <dd><code><b>luSop<u>beʼ</u>laH</b></code> <i>They are able to not eat it</i> <dl><dd>(In context, possibly equivalent to <i>They can refuse to eat it</i>)</dd></dl></dd> <dd><code><b>luSop<u>beʼ</u>laH<u>beʼ</u></b></code> <i>They are not able to not eat it</i> <dl><dd>(In context, possibly equivalent to <i>They cannot refuse to eat it</i>)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns_and_copula">Pronouns and copula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pronouns and copula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klingon has no verb that corresponds to the verb <i>to be</i>; the concept is expressed using a different grammatical construction. Pronouns can be used as verbs that act as the pronoun plus the verb to be. The pronoun can take verb suffixes, which then modify the pronoun like any other verb. A third-person subject that is not a pronoun must go after the pronoun-verb and carry the type-5 noun suffix <code><b>-ʼeʼ</b></code><sup id="cite_ref-p68_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p68-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pronouns<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1st-person<br />singular</th> <th>2nd-person<br />singular</th> <th>3rd-person<br />singular</th> <th>1st-person<br />plural</th> <th>2nd-person<br />plural</th> <th>3rd-person<br />plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Capable of using language </th> <td rowspan="2"><code>jIH</code> </td> <td rowspan="2"><code>SoH</code> </td> <td><code>ghaH</code> </td> <td rowspan="2"><code>maH</code> </td> <td rowspan="2"><code>tlhIH</code> </td> <td><code>chaH</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Not capable of using language </th> <td><code>ʼoH</code> </td> <td><code>bIH</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples: </p> <ul><li><code><b>qonwI' tlhIH</b></code> <i>You are composers</i></li> <li><code><b>ghojwIʼ ghaH HaDwIʼʼeʼ</b></code> <i>A studier is a learner</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klingon does not have adjectives as a distinct part of speech. Instead, many intransitive verbs can be used as adjectives, in which case they follow the noun they modify. Contrast (<code><b>wep</b></code> <i>coat</i>, and <code><b>yIQ</b></code> <i>be wet</i>) </p> <dl><dd><code><b>wep yIQ</b></code></dd> <dd><i>the wet coat</i></dd></dl> <p>with </p> <dl><dd><code><b>yIQ wep.</b></code></dd> <dd><i>The coat is wet.</i></dd></dl> <p>In this construction, the only verbal suffixes allowed are rover suffixes such as <code><b>-quʼ</b></code> and <code><b>-Haʼ</b></code>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Type-5 <i>noun</i> suffixes that would normally be attached to the noun are instead attached to the adjectival verb:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt><code><b>paʼDaq</b></code></dt> <dd><i>in the room</i></dd> <dt><code><b>paʼ tInDaq</b></code></dt> <dd><i>in the big room</i> (<code><b>tIn</b></code> <i>big</i>)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverbs">Adverbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Adverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverbs</a> are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence,<sup id="cite_ref-p56_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p56-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but time adverbs go before other adverbs.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>wa'leS ghaytan nujatlh.</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">wa'leS</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tomorrow</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghaytan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">likely</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">nu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">they-us</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">jatlh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">speak</p></div><p style="display: none;">wa'leS ghaytan nu - jatlh</p><p style="display: none;">tomorrow likely they-us + speak</p><p style="clear: left;">They will probably speak to us tomorrow.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Adverbs can take the rover suffix <code><b>-Haʼ</b></code> to denote the opposite adverbial.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt><code><b>Doʼ</b></code></dt> <dd><i>fortunately</i></dd> <dt><code><b>DoʼHaʼ</b></code></dt> <dd><i>unfortunately</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conjunctions">Conjunctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Conjunctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klingon has seven conjunctions, and they are different for nouns and for sentences. The noun conjunctions are <code><b>je</b></code> for a <a href="/wiki/Logical_conjunction" title="Logical conjunction">logical conjunction</a>, <code><b>joq</b></code> for a <a href="/wiki/Logical_disjunction" title="Logical disjunction">logical disjunction</a> and <code><b>ghap</b></code> for an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_disjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive disjunction">exclusive disjunction</a>. Noun conjunctions go after the nouns they connect. Sentence conjunctions are <code><b>ʼej</b></code> for a <a href="/wiki/Logical_conjunction" title="Logical conjunction">logical conjunction</a>, <code><b>qoj</b></code> for a <a href="/wiki/Logical_disjunction" title="Logical disjunction">logical disjunction</a> and <code><b>pagh</b></code> for an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_disjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive disjunction">exclusive disjunction</a>. <code><b>ʼach</b></code> (or <code><b>ʼa</b></code>) <i>but</i> is used to contrast sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-p55_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p55-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clauses">Clauses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relative_clauses">Relative clauses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Relative clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a relative clause, the verb has the type-9 verb suffix <code><b>-bogh</b></code> added to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.64_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrand_1992,_p.64-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order of the words in relative clauses remains the same as in regular clauses, but the head noun may optionally get the type-5 suffix <code><b>-ʼeʼ</b></code> added.<sup id="cite_ref-HQv4n2p5t6_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HQv4n2p5t6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>chuS Saj ngevbogh ghotʼeʼ.</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">chuS</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to be noisy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Saj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pet</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ngev</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sell</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">bogh</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relative(izer)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghot</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-ʼeʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">chuS Saj ngev - bogh ghot - -ʼeʼ</p><p style="display: none;">{to be noisy} pet sell + REL person + FOC</p><p style="clear: left;">The person who sells the pet is noisy</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>chuS Sajʼeʼ ngevbogh ghot.</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">chuS</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be noisy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Saj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pet</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-ʼeʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ngev</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sell</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">bogh</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relative(izer)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ghot</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person</p></div><p style="display: none;">chuS Saj + -ʼeʼ ngev - bogh ghot</p><p style="display: none;">{be noisy} pet + FOC sell {} REL person</p><p style="clear: left;">The pet which the person sells is noisy</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Since there is already a type-5 noun suffix marking the head noun, nothing other than the subject or the object can be marked as head noun. Two sentences are formed instead to form the same idea. Relative clauses can have nouns with type 5 suffixes as modifiers, but it can be ambiguous as they can be misinterpreted as being part of the main sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-HQv4n2p5t6_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HQv4n2p5t6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purpose_clauses">Purpose clauses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Purpose clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A purpose clause expresses the reason or goal of the action of the main clause. If it is modifying a noun it states the purpose of the noun. A purpose clause always goes before the clause or noun it modifies.<sup id="cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.64_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrand_1992,_p.64-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the cause of some grammatical ambiguity in Klingon, as a <code><b>-meH</b></code> modifying a noun at the beginning of a sentence can be misinterpreted as modifying the entire sentence. This can be resolved in writing with punctuation.<sup id="cite_ref-HQv4n2p5t6_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HQv4n2p5t6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><code><b>-meH</b></code> with sentence:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>jumermeH, bISoʼʼegh</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ju</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you-us</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">mer</p><p style="margin: 0px;">surprise</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">meH,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">purpose</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">bI</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Soʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hide</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ʼegh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">self</p></div><p style="display: none;">ju - mer - meH, bI - Soʼ - ʼegh</p><p style="display: none;">you-us + surprise + purpose you + hide + self</p><p style="clear: left;">You hid yourself in order to surprise us.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><code><b>-meH</b></code> with nouns:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>QaQ vIDubmeH qechlIj</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">QaQ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be good</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">vI</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I-it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Dub</p><p style="margin: 0px;">improve</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">meH</p><p style="margin: 0px;">purpose</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">qech</p><p style="margin: 0px;">idea</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">lIj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">your</p></div><p style="display: none;">QaQ vI - Dub - meH qech - lIj</p><p style="display: none;">{be good} I-it + improve + purpose idea + your</p><p style="clear: left;">Your idea on how I should improve it is good/Your idea for improving it is good. (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> Your idea [for I improve it] is good)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparatives">Comparatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Comparatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this section, <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a> are indicated by the abbreviation <i>NP</i>, and adjectives by <i>A</i>. </p><p>Klingon <a href="/wiki/Comparative" title="Comparative">comparatives</a> mainly rely on adjectives like <code><b>lawʼ</b></code> (<i>to be many</i>), <code><b>puS</b></code> (<i>to be few</i>), <code><b>rap</b></code> (<i>to be the same</i>), and <code><b>rur</b></code> (<i>to resemble, to be like</i>) to contrast the nouns. However, many (but not all) of the comparatives have unusual word orders that don't parse as regular Klingon sentences. </p> <ul><li>The main Klingon comparative structure is <u><i>NP<sub>1</sub> A <code><b>lawʼ</b></code> NP<sub>2</sub> A <code><b>puS</b></code></i></u>. <br />The general meaning of this construction is <i>"NP<sub>1</sub></i> is more <i>A</i> than <i>NP<sub>2</sub>"</i>.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>qachvam chuʼ lawʼ juHlIj chu' puS.</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">qachvam</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this building</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">chuʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be new</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">lawʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">juHlIj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">your home</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">chu'</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">puS</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">qachvam chuʼ lawʼ juHlIj chu' puS</p><p style="display: none;">{this building} {be new} {} {your home} {} {}</p><p style="clear: left;">This building is newer than your home. (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> this-building new many – home-your new few)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The structure <u><i>NP<sub>1</sub> A <code><b>lawʼ Hoch</b></code> A <code><b>puS</b></code></i></u> is used to form <a href="/wiki/Superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Superlative">superlatives</a>, i.e. <br />"NP<sub>1</sub> has the most of quality A (= has more of quality A than anything/one else has)". <br />(<code><b>Hoch</b></code> = <i>all, everyone, everything</i>)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>qIDvetlh tlhaQ law' Hoch tlhaQ puS.</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">qIDvetlh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that joke</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">tlhaQ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be funny</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">law'</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Hoch</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">tlhaQ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be funny</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">puS.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">qIDvetlh tlhaQ law' Hoch tlhaQ puS.</p><p style="display: none;">{that joke} {be funny} {} {} {be funny} {}</p><p style="clear: left;">That joke is the funniest. (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> joke-that funny many – everything funny few)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The inverse structure, <u><i><code><b>Hoch</b></code> A <code><b>lawʼ</b></code> NP<sub>1</sub> A <code><b>puS</b></code></i></u> is used to indicate <br />"NP<sub>1</sub> has the least of quality A".<sup id="cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.64_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrand_1992,_p.64-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>Hoch quv lawʼ verengnan quv puS.</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">Hoch</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">quv</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be honorable</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">lawʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">verengnan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ferengi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">quv</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">puS.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">Hoch quv lawʼ verengnan quv puS.</p><p style="display: none;">{} {be honorable} {} {Ferengi} {} {}</p><p style="clear: left;">Ferengi are the least honorable. (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> everyone honorable many – Ferengi honorable few)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The structure <u><i>A NP<sub>1</sub>; NP<sub>2</sub> <code><b>rur</b></code></i></u> is used to form <a href="/wiki/Simile" title="Simile">similes</a>: <br />"NP<sub>1</sub> is A; he/she/it resembles NP<sub>2</sub>".</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><code><b>ʼIQ rav rur.</b></code></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">ʼIQ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be sad</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">rav</p><p style="margin: 0px;">floor</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tlh" style="margin: 0px;font-family:monospace;font-style: italic;">rur</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to resemble</p></div><p style="display: none;">ʼIQ rav rur</p><p style="display: none;">{be sad} floor {to resemble}</p><p style="clear: left;">He is as sad as a floor. (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> he is sad; he is like a floor)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Questions">Questions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Questions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A yes–no question in Klingon can be formed by adding the suffix <span class="nowrap"><code><b>-ʼaʼ</b></code></span> to the regular form. The word for yes is <code><b>HISlaH</b></code> or <code><b>HIjaʼ</b></code> and the word for no is <code><b>ghobeʼ</b></code>.<sup id="cite_ref-p68_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p68-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interrogative pronouns go where the answer would normally go, and don't reorder the sentence. Interrogative adverbs go at the beginning of the sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numbers">Numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klingon uses a base-10 system to count numbers. To form a multiple of 10, 100, 1 000, 1 000 000, the word for the multiple of ten is suffixed to the digit. For example, <code><b>chorghmaH</b></code> <i>eighty</i> is a combination of the word <code><b>chorgh</b></code> <i>eight</i> and the number forming suffix <span class="nowrap"><code><b>-maH</b></code></span> <i>ten</i>. </p><p>Larger powers go before smaller powers: <code><b>chorghmaH Soch</b></code> is <i>eight-ten seven</i>. The number suffix <span class="nowrap"><code><b>-DIch</b></code></span> is used to form ordinal numbers, and the number suffix <span class="nowrap"><code><b>-logh</b></code></span> indicates how many times an action has been repeated: <code><b>loSDIch</b></code> <i>fourth</i>, <code><b>waʼmaH chaʼlogh</b></code> <i>twelve times</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em; text-align=center"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:right">10 </th> <td colspan="2"><code>-maH</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right">100 </th> <td colspan="2"><code>-vatlh</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right">1 000 </th> <td><code>-SaD</code> </td> <td><code>-SanID</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right">10 000 </th> <td colspan="2"><code>-netlh</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right">100 000 </th> <td colspan="2"><code>-bIp</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right">1 000 000 </th> <td colspan="2"><code>-ʼuyʼ</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>0 </th> <td><code>pagh</code> </td> <th>5 </th> <td><code>vagh</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><code>waʼ</code> </td> <th>6 </th> <td><code>jav</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><code>chaʼ</code> </td> <th>7 </th> <td><code>Soch</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><code>wej</code> </td> <th>8 </th> <td><code>chorgh</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><code>loS</code> </td> <th>9 </th> <td><code>Hut</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><code><b>-luʼ</b></code> is not the same thing as the passive voice. <code><b>-luʼ</b></code> makes the subject indefinite, and keeps the object where it would be if it had a subject. Unlike the passive voice, it does not make the subject the <a href="/wiki/Patient_(grammar)" title="Patient (grammar)">patient</a> of the verb, except when using the verb prefixes</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOkrand1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Okrand" title="Marc Okrand">Okrand, Marc</a> (1992). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Klingon_Dictionary" title="The Klingon Dictionary">The Klingon Dictionary</a>, 2nd Edition</i>. Pocket Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671745592" title="Special:BookSources/978-0671745592"><bdi>978-0671745592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Klingon+Dictionary%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=Pocket+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0671745592&rft.aulast=Okrand&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Okrand, Marc. <i>paq'batlh</i>. uitgeverij. 2011.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klingon_grammar&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p56-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p56_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p56_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.56. Note exception <code><b>neH</b></code> <i>only, merely</i> from p.56 and <code><b>jayʼ</b></code> (swear word) from p.177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.66. Note exception <code><b>neH</b></code> <i>want</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okrand_1992,_p.22-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.22_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.22_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p21-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p21_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p21_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p55-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p55_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p55_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p25-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p25_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p25_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okrand_1992,_p.27-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.27_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.27_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p44-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p44_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p44_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p44_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p44_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okrand_1992,_p.33-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.33_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.33_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.33_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkrandSchermerhorn1997" class="citation web cs1">Okrand, Marc; Schermerhorn, Neal (29 June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://klingonska.org/canon/1997-06-29a-news.txt">"Re: Some quick questions..."</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Some+quick+questions...&rft.date=1997-06-29&rft.aulast=Okrand&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Schermerhorn%2C+Neal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fklingonska.org%2Fcanon%2F1997-06-29a-news.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p36-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p36_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p36_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p37-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p37_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p37_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p38-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p38_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p38_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p38_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p175-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p175_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p175_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p175_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p42-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p42_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p42_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p43-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p43_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p43_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HQv3n3p10t13-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HQv3n3p10t13_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkrandSchoen1994" class="citation journal cs1">Okrand, Marc; Schoen, Lawrence M. (September 1994). "Interview: Okrand on <code><b>-ghach</b></code>". <i>HolQeD</i>. <b>3</b> (3). Flourtown, Pennsylvania: Klingon Language Institute: 10–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HolQeD&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Okrand+on+%3Ccode%3E-ghach%3C%2Fcode%3E&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=10-13&rft.date=1994-09&rft.aulast=Okrand&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Schoen%2C+Lawrence+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p47-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p47_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p47_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p49-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p49_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p68-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p68_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p68_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.49, says only <code><b>-quʼ</b></code>, but later canon examples expand the set, for example <code><b>ngaDHaʼ</b></code> in Okrand 1997, p.150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkrand1995" class="citation journal cs1">Okrand, Marc (December 1995). "More from Maltz". <i>HolQeD</i>. <b>4</b> (4). Flourtown, Pennsylvania: Klingon Language Institute: 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HolQeD&rft.atitle=More+from+Maltz&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1995-12&rft.aulast=Okrand&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okrand_1992,_p.64-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.64_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.64_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okrand_1992,_p.64_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HQv4n2p5t6-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HQv4n2p5t6_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HQv4n2p5t6_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HQv4n2p5t6_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkrandSchoen1995" class="citation journal cs1">Okrand, Marc; Schoen, Lawrence M. (June 1995). "Interview: Okrand on <code><b>-bogh</b></code> and more". <i>HolQeD</i>. <b>4</b> (2). Flourtown, Pennsylvania: Klingon Language Institute: 5–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HolQeD&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Okrand+on+%3Ccode%3E-bogh%3C%2Fcode%3E+and+more&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=5-6&rft.date=1995-06&rft.aulast=Okrand&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Schoen%2C+Lawrence+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Native Klingon Simile from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkrand1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Okrand" title="Marc Okrand">Okrand, Marc</a> (September 1997). <i>Klingon for the Galactic Traveller</i>. Pocket Books. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671009953" title="Special:BookSources/978-0671009953"><bdi>978-0671009953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Klingon+for+the+Galactic+Traveller&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Pocket+Books&rft.date=1997-09&rft.isbn=978-0671009953&rft.aulast=Okrand&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlingon+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okrand 1992, p.53-55</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Klingon" title="Template:Klingon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Klingon" title="Template talk:Klingon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Klingon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Klingon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Klingon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Klingon" title="Klingon">Klingon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat%27leth" title="Bat'leth">Bat'leth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_starships" title="Klingon starships">Klingon starships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_culture" title="Klingon culture">Klingon culture</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bat%27leths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bat%27leths.jpg/40px-Bat%27leths.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bat%27leths.jpg/60px-Bat%27leths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bat%27leths.jpg/80px-Bat%27leths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="927" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Klingon_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Klingon Language">Klingon Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Klingon grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_Language_Institute" title="Klingon Language Institute">Klingon Language Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%27Elanna_Torres" title="B'Elanna Torres">B'Elanna Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_(Star_Trek)" title="Chang (Star Trek)">Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowron" title="Gowron">Gowron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahless" title="Kahless">Kahless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martok" title="Martok">Martok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worf" title="Worf">Worf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Klingon_Christmas_Carol" title="A Klingon Christmas Carol">A Klingon Christmas Carol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCu%CA%BC" title="ʼuʼ">ʼuʼ</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Star_Trek" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Star_Trek" title="Template:Star Trek"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Star_Trek" title="Template talk:Star Trek"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Star_Trek" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Star Trek"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Star_Trek" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Star_Trek" title="Outline of Star Trek">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Star_Trek" title="Timeline of Star Trek">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_canon" title="Star Trek canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_lists" title="List of Star Trek lists">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_television_series" title="List of Star Trek television series">Television series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series"><i>The Original Series</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series_episodes" title="List of Star Trek: The Original Series episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Animated_Series" title="Star Trek: The Animated Series"><i>The Animated Series</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation"><i>The Next Generation</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation_episodes" title="List of Star Trek: The Next Generation episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine" title="Star Trek: Deep Space Nine"><i>Deep Space Nine</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine_episodes" title="List of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager" title="Star Trek: Voyager"><i>Voyager</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek:_Voyager_episodes" title="List of Star Trek: Voyager episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Enterprise" title="Star Trek: Enterprise"><i>Enterprise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek:_Enterprise_episodes" title="List of Star Trek: Enterprise episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streaming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Discovery" title="Star Trek: Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek:_Discovery_episodes" title="List of Star Trek: Discovery episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Short_Treks" title="Star Trek: Short Treks"><i>Short Treks</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Picard" title="Star Trek: Picard"><i>Picard</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Lower_Decks" title="Star Trek: Lower Decks"><i>Lower Decks</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Prodigy" title="Star Trek: Prodigy"><i>Prodigy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Strange_New_Worlds" title="Star Trek: Strange New Worlds"><i>Strange New Worlds</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Starfleet_Academy_(TV_series)" title="Star Trek: Starfleet Academy (TV series)"><i>Starfleet Academy</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta-shield.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Star Trek logo"><img alt="Star Trek logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Delta-shield.svg/50px-Delta-shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Delta-shield.svg/75px-Delta-shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Delta-shield.svg/100px-Delta-shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="162" /></a></span><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_films" title="List of Star Trek films">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>The Original Series</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Motion_Picture" title="Star Trek: The Motion Picture"><i>The Motion Picture</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_II:_The_Wrath_of_Khan" title="Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan"><i>The Wrath of Khan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_III:_The_Search_for_Spock" title="Star Trek III: The Search for Spock"><i>The Search for Spock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_IV:_The_Voyage_Home" title="Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home"><i>The Voyage Home</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_V:_The_Final_Frontier" title="Star Trek V: The Final Frontier"><i>The Final Frontier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_VI:_The_Undiscovered_Country" title="Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country"><i>The Undiscovered Country</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>The Next Generation</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_Generations" title="Star Trek Generations"><i>Generations</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_First_Contact" title="Star Trek: First Contact"><i>First Contact</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Insurrection" title="Star Trek: Insurrection"><i>Insurrection</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Nemesis" title="Star Trek: Nemesis"><i>Nemesis</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reboot (Kelvin Timeline)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_(2009_film)" title="Star Trek (2009 film)"><i>Star Trek</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_Into_Darkness" title="Star Trek Into Darkness"><i>Into Darkness</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_Beyond" title="Star Trek Beyond"><i>Beyond</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Section_31" title="Star Trek: Section 31"><i>Section 31</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Setting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_characters" title="List of Star Trek characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_characters_(A%E2%80%93F)" title="List of Star Trek characters (A–F)">A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_characters_(G%E2%80%93M)" title="List of Star Trek characters (G–M)">G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_characters_(N%E2%80%93S)" title="List of Star Trek characters (N–S)">N–S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_characters_(T%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of Star Trek characters (T–Z)">T–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_crossovers" title="Star Trek crossovers">Crossovers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_games_in_Star_Trek" title="List of games in Star Trek">Games</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_Maru" title="Kobayashi Maru">Kobayashi Maru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Star_Trek" title="Law in Star Trek">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Directive" title="Prime Directive">Prime Directive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_materials" title="List of Star Trek materials">Materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilithium_(Star_Trek)" title="Dilithium (Star Trek)">Dilithium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Star_Trek" title="Sexuality in Star Trek">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardate" title="Stardate">Stardate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_regions_of_space" title="List of Star Trek regions of space">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_M_planet" title="Class M planet">Class M planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_regions_of_space#Galactic_quadrants" title="List of Star Trek regions of space">Galactic quadrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_Universe" title="Mirror Universe">Mirror Universe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_aliens" title="List of Star Trek aliens">Cultures<br />and species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorian" title="Andorian">Andorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajoran" title="Bajoran">Bajoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borg" title="Borg">Borg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breen_(Star_Trek)" title="Breen (Star Trek)">Breen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardassian" title="Cardassian">Cardassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_War#Dominion" title="Dominion War">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferengi" title="Ferengi">Ferengi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_Acquisition" title="Rules of Acquisition">Rules of Acquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorn" title="Gorn">Gorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazon" title="Kazon">Kazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon" title="Klingon">Klingon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_High_Council" title="Klingon High Council">High Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_culture" title="Klingon culture">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_language" title="Klingon language">language</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">grammar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_(Star_Trek)" title="Maquis (Star Trek)">Maquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(Star_Trek)" title="Orion (Star Trek)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_(Star_Trek)" title="Q (Star Trek)">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulan" title="Romulan">Romulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_8472" title="Species 8472">Species 8472</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Federation_of_Planets" title="United Federation of Planets">United Federation of Planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starfleet" title="Starfleet">Starfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starfleet#Starfleet_Academy" title="Starfleet">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_31_(Star_Trek)" title="Section 31 (Star Trek)">Section 31</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribble" title="Tribble">Tribble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidiians" title="Vidiians">Vidiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(Star_Trek)" title="Vulcan (Star Trek)">Vulcan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_nerve_pinch" title="Vulcan nerve pinch">nerve pinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_salute" title="Vulcan salute">salute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_aliens#Xindi" title="List of Star Trek aliens">Xindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technology_in_Star_Trek" title="Technology in Star Trek">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloaking_device" title="Cloaking device">Cloaking device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicator_(Star_Trek)" title="Communicator (Star Trek)">Communicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shields_(Star_Trek)" title="Shields (Star Trek)">Deflector shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodeck" title="Holodeck">Holodeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypospray" title="Hypospray">Hypospray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction#Slower_than_light" title="Space travel in science fiction">Impulse drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701)#Sets,_sounds,_and_fixtures" title="USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)">Jefferies tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCARS" title="LCARS">LCARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_in_Star_Trek#Medical_technology" title="Technology in Star Trek">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicator_(Star_Trek)" title="Replicator (Star Trek)">Replicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_in_Star_Trek" title="Spacecraft in Star Trek">Spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Nine_(fictional_space_station)" title="Deep Space Nine (fictional space station)">Deep Space Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Defiant" title="USS Defiant"><i>Defiant</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_dock#Star_Trek" title="Space dock">Earth Spacedock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Enterprise" title="Starship Enterprise"><i>Enterprise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(NX-01)" title="Enterprise (NX-01)">NX-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701)" title="USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)">NCC-1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701-A)" title="USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-A)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701-D)" title="USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701-E)" title="USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-E)">E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_starships" title="Klingon starships">Klingon starships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttlecraft_(Star_Trek)" title="Shuttlecraft (Star Trek)">Shuttlecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Voyager_(Star_Trek)" title="USS Voyager (Star Trek)"><i>Voyager</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transporter_(Star_Trek)" title="Transporter (Star Trek)">Transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricorder" title="Tricorder">Tricorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_uniforms" title="Star Trek uniforms">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_Star_Trek" title="Weapons in Star Trek">Weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat%27leth" title="Bat'leth">Bat'leth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_production_staff" title="List of Star Trek production staff">List of staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry" title="Gene Roddenberry">Gene Roddenberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway_Corporation" title="Norway Corporation">Norway Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_composers_and_music" title="List of Star Trek composers and music">Composers and music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_from_Star_Trek" title="Theme from Star Trek">musical theme</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Where_no_man_has_gone_before" title="Where no man has gone before">Where no man has gone before</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beam_me_up,_Scotty" title="Beam me up, Scotty">Beam me up, Scotty</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirt_(stock_character)" title="Redshirt (stock character)">Redshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accolades_received_by_Star_Trek_(film_franchise)" title="List of accolades received by Star Trek (film franchise)">Accolades (film franchise)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unmade projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_God_Thing" title="Star Trek: The God Thing"><i>The God Thing</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Planet_of_the_Titans" title="Star Trek: Planet of the Titans"><i>Planet of the Titans</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Phase_II" title="Star Trek: Phase II"><i>Phase II</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Star_Trek_4" title="Development of Star Trek 4"><i>Star Trek 4</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_spin-off_fiction" title="Star Trek spin-off fiction">Spin-off fiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_games" title="List of Star Trek games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_(comics)" title="Star Trek (comics)">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_novels" title="List of Star Trek novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek_tie-in_fiction" title="List of Star Trek tie-in fiction">Reference books</a></li> <li>Stage <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Klingon_Christmas_Carol" title="A Klingon Christmas Carol">A Klingon Christmas Carol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCu%CA%BC" title="ʼuʼ">Klingon opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Very_Short_Treks" title="Star Trek: Very Short Treks"><i>Very Short Treks</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftershows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/After_Trek" title="After Trek">After Trek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ready_Room" title="The Ready Room">The Ready Room</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trekkies_(film)" title="Trekkies (film)"><i>Trekkies</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mind_Meld" title="Mind Meld">Mind Meld</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trekkies_2" title="Trekkies 2">Trekkies 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_William_Shatner_Changed_the_World" title="How William Shatner Changed the World">How William Shatner Changed the World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Beyond_the_Final_Frontier" title="Star Trek: Beyond the Final Frontier"><i>Beyond the Final Frontier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Captains_(film)" title="The Captains (film)"><i>The Captains</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trek_Nation" title="Trek Nation">Trek Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Love_of_Spock" title="For the Love of Spock">For the Love of Spock</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine#What_We_Left_Behind:_Looking_Back_at_Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine" title="Star Trek: Deep Space Nine"><i>What We Left Behind</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_Star_Trek" title="Cultural influence of Star Trek">Cultural influence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_and_Uhura%27s_kiss" title="Kirk and Uhura's kiss">Kirk and Uhura's kiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Star_Trek_and_Star_Wars" title="Comparison of Star Trek and Star Wars">Comparison to <i>Star Wars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trekkie" title="Trekkie">Fandom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_fan_productions" title="Star Trek fan productions">productions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk/Spock" title="Kirk/Spock">Kirk/Spock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Alpha" title="Memory Alpha">Memory Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_and_Star_Trek" title="Shakespeare and Star Trek">Shakespeare and <i>Star Trek</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Exhibition" title="Star Trek: The Exhibition">The Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Experience" title="Star Trek: The Experience">The Experience</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Last_Voyage_of_the_Starship_Enterprise" title="The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise">The Last Voyage of the Starship <i>Enterprise</i></a>" (1976 <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">SNL</a></i> sketch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Enterprise_(film)" title="Free Enterprise (film)"><i>Free Enterprise</i></a> (1999 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Quest" title="Galaxy Quest">Galaxy Quest</a></i> (1999 film)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Where_No_Fan_Has_Gone_Before" title="Where No Fan Has Gone Before">Where No Fan Has Gone Before</a>" (2002 <i><a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i> episode)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Orville" title="The Orville">The Orville</a></i> (2017 television series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Please_Stand_By" title="Please Stand By">Please Stand By</a></i> (2017 film)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/USS_Callister" title="USS Callister">USS Callister</a>" (2017 <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mirror" title="Black Mirror">Black Mirror</a></i> episode)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Star_Trek" title="Category:Star Trek">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constructed_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constructed_languages" title="Template:Constructed languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constructed_languages" title="Template talk:Constructed languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constructed_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constructed languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constructed_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">Artistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_language" title="Fictional language">Fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game" title="Language game">Language game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">Zonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_language" title="Engineered language">Engineered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_language" title="Experimental language">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_language" title="Musical language">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_language" title="Philosophical language">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific <br />languages<br /> by group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International<br />auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babm" title="Babm">Babm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolak_language" title="Bolak language">Bolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicationssprache" title="Communicationssprache">Communicationssprache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo">Adjuvilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcaicam_Esperantom" title="Arcaicam Esperantom">Arcaicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_II" title="Esperanto II">Esperanto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundolinco" title="Mundolinco">Mundolinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Esperanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Esperanto">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1ni%C3%A7o" class="mw-redirect" title="Romániço">Romániço</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(Esperantido)" title="Universal (Esperantido)">Universal</a></li> <li>other <a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">esperantidos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glosa" title="Glosa">Glosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interglossa" title="Interglossa">Interglossa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom_Neutral" title="Idiom Neutral">Idiom Neutral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intal_language" title="Intal language">Intal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue" title="Interlingue">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotava" title="Kotava">Kotava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langue_nouvelle" title="Langue nouvelle">Langue nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova" title="Lingua Franca Nova">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingwa_de_planeta" title="Lingwa de planeta">Lingwa de planeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondial_language" title="Mondial language">Mondial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_language" title="Neo language">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nal_Bino" title="Nal Bino">Nal Bino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novial" title="Novial">Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasilingua" title="Pasilingua">Pasilingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambahsa" title="Sambahsa">Sambahsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solresol" title="Solresol">Solresol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sona_(constructed_language)" title="Sona (constructed language)">Sona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unish" title="Unish">Unish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalglot" title="Universalglot">Universalglot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropi" title="Uropi">Uropi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">Zonal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrihili" title="Afrihili">Afrihili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budinos" title="Budinos">Budinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efatese_language" title="Efatese language">Efatese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurolengo" title="Eurolengo">Eurolengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guosa" title="Guosa">Guosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortat%C3%BCrk" title="Ortatürk">Ortatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanic_language" title="Pan-Germanic language">Pan-Germanic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutonish" title="Tutonish">Tutonish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Romance_language" title="Pan-Romance language">Pan-Romance language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolatino_Romance" title="Neolatino Romance">Neolatino Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanid" title="Romanid">Romanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runyakitara_language" title="Runyakitara language">Runyakitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wede" title="Wede">Wede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltdeutsch" title="Weltdeutsch">Weltdeutsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_language" title="Engineered language">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AUI_(constructed_language)" title="AUI (constructed language)">aUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutton_Speedwords" title="Dutton Speedwords">Dutton Speedwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithkuil" title="Ithkuil">Ithkuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaba-X" title="Kalaba-X">Kalaba-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolinguistics" title="Astrolinguistics">Astrolinguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincos_language" title="Lincos language">Lincos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_generalis" title="Lingua generalis">Lingua generalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loglan" title="Loglan">Loglan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logopandecteision" title="Logopandecteision">Logopandecteision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lojban" title="Lojban">Lojban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Towards_a_Real_Character,_and_a_Philosophical_Language" title="An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">Real Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_language" title="Ro language">Ro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toki_Pona" title="Toki Pona">Toki Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fictional_language" title="Fictional language">Fictional</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantean_language" title="Atlantean language">Atlantean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belter_Creole" title="Belter Creole">Belter Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brithenig" title="Brithenig">Brithenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dritok" title="Dritok">Dritok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dothraki_language" title="Dothraki language">Dothraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages" title="Elvish languages">Elvish languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchanta">Enchanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%93len" title="Kēlen">Kēlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliki_language" title="Kiliki language">Kiliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_language" title="Klingon language">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koba%C3%AFan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobaïan">Kobaïan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1adan" title="Láadan">Láadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapine_language" title="Lapine language">Lapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxian" title="Loxian">Loxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mänti">Mänti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">Middle-earth languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle-earth_languages" title="Category:Middle-earth languages">more...</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_language" title="Naʼvi language">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadsat" title="Nadsat">Nadsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simlish" title="Simlish">Simlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spocanian" title="Spocanian">Spocanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_in_Star_Wars" title="Languages in Star Wars"><i>Star Wars</i> languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syldavian" title="Syldavian">Syldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teonaht" title="Teonaht">Teonaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsoly%C3%A1ni_language" title="Tsolyáni language">Tsolyáni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_language" title="Utopian language">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valyrian_languages" title="Valyrian languages">Valyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venedic_language" title="Venedic language">Venedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdurian_language" title="Verdurian language">Verdurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenja_language" title="Wenja language">Wenja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual and other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balaibalan" title="Balaibalan">Balaibalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ignota" title="Lingua ignota">Lingua ignota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawa_kani" title="Palawa kani">Palawa kani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">Zaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed script">Constructed script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Tolkien's scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperantology" title="Esperantology">Esperantology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Words" title="Bridge of Words">Bridge of Words</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conlanging:_The_Art_of_Crafting_Tongues" title="Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues">Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages" title="In the Land of Invented Languages">In the Land of Invented Languages</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Ricerca_della_Lingua_Perfetta_nella_Cultura_Europea" title="La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea">La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Ido" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Ido">Esperanto/Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Interlingua">Esperanto/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Novial">Esperanto/Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Ido and Interlingua">Ido/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Ido and Novial">Ido/Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Interlingue_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Interlingue and Interlingua">Interlingue/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Lojban_and_Loglan" title="Comparison between Lojban and Loglan">Lojban/Loglan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Constructed_languages" title="Portal:Constructed languages">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_languages" title="List of constructed languages">List of constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_creators" title="List of language creators">List of language creators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_grammars" title="Template talk:Language grammars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_grammars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><b>Grammars</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_grammar" title="Afrikaans grammar">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_grammar" title="Danish grammar">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_grammar" title="Dutch grammar">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_grammar" title="Faroese grammar">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_grammar" title="German grammar">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_grammar" title="Icelandic grammar">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Grammar" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_morphology" title="Old Norse morphology">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_grammar" title="Colognian grammar">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_grammar" title="Swedish grammar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_grammar" title="West Frisian grammar">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_grammar" title="Yiddish grammar">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_grammar" title="Breton grammar">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_grammar" title="Cornish grammar">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_grammar" title="Old Irish grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_grammar" title="Manx grammar">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar" title="Scottish Gaelic grammar">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_grammar" title="Welsh grammar">Welsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">colloquial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_grammar" title="Dalmatian grammar">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar" title="Istro-Romanian grammar">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin</a></li> <li>Lombard <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_grammar" title="Eastern Lombard grammar">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_grammar" title="Western Lombard grammar">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_grammar" title="Venetian grammar">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_grammar" title="Latvian grammar">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_grammar" title="Lithuanian grammar">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_grammar" title="Belarusian grammar">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_grammar" title="Bulgarian grammar">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language#Grammar" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_grammar" title="Macedonian grammar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_grammar" title="Old Church Slavonic grammar">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar" title="Polish grammar">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_grammar" title="Silesian grammar">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language#Morphology" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_grammar" title="Slovene grammar">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_grammar" title="Slovincian grammar">Slovincian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar" title="Ukrainian grammar">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_grammar" title="Kurdish grammar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_grammar" title="Bhojpuri grammar">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_grammar" title="Maithili grammar">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_grammar" title="Marathi grammar">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language#Grammar" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_grammar" title="Hittite grammar">Hittite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_grammar" title="Estonian grammar">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_grammar" title="Hungarian grammar">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_grammar" title="Ingrian grammar">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_grammar" title="Komi grammar">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_grammar" title="Livonian grammar">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_grammar" title="Udmurt grammar">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli_grammar" title="Meänkieli grammar">Meänkieli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language#Grammar" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_grammar" title="Turkish grammar">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_grammar" title="Turkmen grammar">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_grammar" title="Uyghur grammar">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language#Grammar" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language#Grammar" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language#Grammar" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_grammar" title="Adyghe grammar">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_grammar" title="Basque grammar">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_grammar" title="Kabardian grammar">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_grammar" title="Laz grammar">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_grammar" title="Mingrelian grammar">Mingrelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_grammar" title="Ubykh grammar">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight_grammar" title="Central Atlas Tamazight grammar">Central Atlas Tamazight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hebrew_grammar" title="History of Hebrew grammar">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_grammar" title="Kabyle grammar">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_grammar" title="Levantine Arabic grammar">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_grammar" title="Somali grammar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_grammar" title="Tigrinya grammar">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_grammar" title="Ugaritic grammar">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language#Morphology" title="Fula language">Fula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pular_grammar" title="Pular grammar">Pular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otjiherero_grammar" title="Otjiherero grammar">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_grammar" title="Sesotho grammar">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_grammar" title="Swahili grammar">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_grammar" title="Zulu grammar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar" title="Malayalam grammar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Japanese grammar">Classical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language#Grammar" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">Hachijō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_grammar" title="Burmese grammar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_grammar" title="Dzongkha grammar">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_grammar" title="Kokborok grammar">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_grammar" title="Mizo grammar">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_grammar" title="Khmer grammar">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_grammar" title="Vietnamese grammar">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Has_Hlai_grammar" title="Has Hlai grammar">Has Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_grammar" title="Lao grammar">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language#Grammar" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_grammar" title="Evenki grammar">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_grammar" title="Korean grammar">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language#Grammar" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_grammar" title="Cebuano grammar">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_grammar" title="Hawaiian grammar">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_grammar" title="Ilocano grammar">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_grammar" title="Tagalog grammar">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language#Grammar" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_grammar" title="Miskito grammar">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_grammar" title="Navajo grammar">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_grammar" title="Otomi grammar">Otomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_grammar" title="Naʼvi grammar">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenya grammar">Quenya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_grammar" title="Esperanto grammar">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua_grammar" title="Interlingua grammar">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue_grammar" title="Interlingue 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