CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Malayalam grammar - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0b8b7d5d-3791-4d56-87a2-bcad7de84912","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Malayalam_grammar","wgTitle":"Malayalam grammar","wgCurRevisionId":1248786647,"wgRevisionId":1248786647,"wgArticleId":31806482,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022","Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Malayalam grammar","Malayalam language","Dravidian grammars"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Malayalam_grammar","wgRelevantArticleId":31806482,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId": "Q6741580","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Malayalam grammar - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_grammar"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_grammar"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Malayalam_grammar rootpage-Malayalam_grammar skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Malayalam+grammar" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Malayalam+grammar" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Malayalam+grammar" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Malayalam+grammar" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nouns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Other nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Verbs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Present_tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Present tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Future tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Past tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Copula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sandhi_(സന്ധി)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sandhi_(സന്ധി)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sandhi (സന്ധി)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sandhi_(സന്ധി)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sandhi (സന്ധി) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sandhi_(സന്ധി)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sandhi_unique_to_Malayalam,_based_on_Old_Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sandhi_unique_to_Malayalam,_based_on_Old_Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sandhi unique to Malayalam, based on Old Tamil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sandhi_unique_to_Malayalam,_based_on_Old_Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lōpa_sandhi_or_"Elision"(ലോപ_സന്ധി)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lōpa_sandhi_or_"Elision"(ലോപ_സന്ധി)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Lōpa sandhi or "Elision"(ലോപ സന്ധി)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lōpa_sandhi_or_"Elision"(ലോപ_സന്ധി)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dvitva_Sandhi_or_"Rule_of_doubling"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dvitva_Sandhi_or_"Rule_of_doubling""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Dvitva Sandhi or "Rule of doubling"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dvitva_Sandhi_or_"Rule_of_doubling"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Āgama_sandhi_or_"Rule_of_arrival"_(ആഗമ_സന്ധി)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Āgama_sandhi_or_"Rule_of_arrival"_(ആഗമ_സന്ധി)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Āgama sandhi or "Rule of arrival" (ആഗമ സന്ധി)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Āgama_sandhi_or_"Rule_of_arrival"_(ആഗമ_സന്ധി)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ādēśa_Sandhi_or_"Rule_of_substitution"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ādēśa_Sandhi_or_"Rule_of_substitution""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Ādēśa Sandhi or "Rule of substitution"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ādēśa_Sandhi_or_"Rule_of_substitution"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sandhi_common_with_Sanskrit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sandhi_common_with_Sanskrit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sandhi common with Sanskrit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sandhi_common_with_Sanskrit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Samāsam_(സമാസം)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samāsam_(സമാസം)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Samāsam (സമാസം)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samāsam_(സമാസം)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vr̥ttaṁ_(വൃത്തം)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vr̥ttaṁ_(വൃത്തം)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Vr̥ttaṁ (വൃത്തം)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vr̥ttaṁ_(വൃത്തം)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alaṅkāram_(അലങ്കാരം)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alaṅkāram_(അലങ്കാരം)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Alaṅkāram (അലങ്കാരം)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alaṅkāram_(അലങ്കാരം)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words_adopted_from_Sanskrit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_adopted_from_Sanskrit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Words adopted from Sanskrit</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Words_adopted_from_Sanskrit-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Words adopted from Sanskrit subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Words_adopted_from_Sanskrit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Malayalam grammar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6741580#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Malayalam_grammar" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Malayalam_grammar" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Malayalam_grammar" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&oldid=1248786647" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Malayalam_grammar&id=1248786647&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMalayalam_grammar"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMalayalam_grammar"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Malayalam_grammar&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Malayalam_grammar" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6741580" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grammar of the Indian Malayalam language</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> and has an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative languages">agglutinative</a> grammar. The word order is generally <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a>, although other orders are often employed for reasons such as emphasis. <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Nouns</a> are inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, whilst <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> are conjugated for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causativity</a> (and also in archaic language for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, number, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_polarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical polarity">polarity</a>). Malayalam adjectives, adverbs, postpositions, and conjunctions do not undergo any inflection; they are invariant. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nouns">Nouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declensional</a> paradigms for some common nouns and pronouns are given below. As Malayalam is an agglutinative language, it is difficult to delineate the cases strictly and determine how many there are, although seven or eight is the generally accepted number. <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar plosive">Alveolar plosives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal">nasals</a> (although the modern <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam script</a> does not distinguish the latter from the <a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal">dental nasal</a>) are marked with a <a href="/wiki/Macron_below" title="Macron below">macron below</a>, following the convention of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library at Kolkata romanization">National Library at Kolkata romanization</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">persons</a> – first, second, and third. The first person has three forms – singular, <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">inclusive plural</a> (i.e. speaker, listener, and possibly others), and exclusive plural (i.e. speaker and others, but not the listener). The second person has three forms – singular <a href="/wiki/T-V_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="T-V distinction">informal</a>, singular formal and plural. Of these, the singular formal and, plural forms are similar. A fourth form ('respectful' or 'official') is sometimes used in certain official documents and announcements. </p><p>The third person has eight forms – proximal and distal forms of singular masculine, singular feminine, singular neutral and plural. The masculine and feminine genders are used for humans and anthropomorphised non-humans. Non-living objects, plants and most animals take the neutral gender. The plural form is used for multiple objects of any gender. The plural form can also be used for a single person to show respect or because the gender is unknown or irrelevant. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal Pronoun </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th>singular </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th colspan="2">Exclusive </th> <td rowspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">ഞാൻ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ñān̠</p></div><p style="display: none;">ഞാൻ</p><p style="display: none;">ñān̠</p><p style="clear: left;">I</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">ഞങ്ങൾ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ñaṅṅaḷ</p></div><p style="display: none;">ഞങ്ങൾ</p><p style="display: none;">ñaṅṅaḷ</p><p style="clear: left;">we</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Inclusive </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">നാം</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nām</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">നമ്മൾ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nammaḷ</p></div><p style="display: none;">നാം / നമ്മൾ</p><p style="display: none;">nām / nammaḷ</p><p style="clear: left;">we</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">2nd person </th> <th colspan="2">Informal </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">നീ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nī</p></div><p style="display: none;">നീ</p><p style="display: none;">nī</p><p style="clear: left;">you</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">നിങ്ങൾ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">niṅṅaḷ</p></div><p style="display: none;">നിങ്ങൾ</p><p style="display: none;">niṅṅaḷ</p><p style="clear: left;">you (all)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Formal </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">നിങ്ങൾ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">niṅṅaḷ</p></div><p style="display: none;">നിങ്ങൾ</p><p style="display: none;">niṅṅaḷ</p><p style="clear: left;">you</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">'Respectful' / 'Official' </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">താങ്കൾ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tāṅkaḷ</p></div><p style="display: none;">താങ്കൾ</p><p style="display: none;">tāṅkaḷ</p><p style="clear: left;">you</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">3rd person </th> <th rowspan="3">Proximal </th> <th>Masculine </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">ഇവൻ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ivan̠</p></div><p style="display: none;">ഇവൻ</p><p style="display: none;">ivan̠</p><p style="clear: left;">(this) he</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">ഇവർ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ivar̠</p></div><p style="display: none;">ഇവർ</p><p style="display: none;">ivar̠</p><p style="clear: left;">(this) they</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Feminine </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">ഇവൾ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ivaḷ</p></div><p style="display: none;">ഇവൾ</p><p style="display: none;">ivaḷ</p><p style="clear: left;">(this) she</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Neutral </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">ഇത്</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">itŭ</p></div><p style="display: none;">ഇത്</p><p style="display: none;">itŭ</p><p style="clear: left;">(this) it</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">ഇവ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iva</p></div><p style="display: none;">ഇവ</p><p style="display: none;">iva</p><p style="clear: left;">(this) these</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Distal </th> <th>Masculine </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവൻ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avan̠</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവൻ</p><p style="display: none;">avan̠</p><p style="clear: left;">(that) he</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവർ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avar̠</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവർ</p><p style="display: none;">avar̠</p><p style="clear: left;">(that) they</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Feminine </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവൾ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avaḷ</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവൾ</p><p style="display: none;">avaḷ</p><p style="clear: left;">(that) she</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Neutral </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അത്</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">atŭ</p></div><p style="display: none;">അത്</p><p style="display: none;">atŭ</p><p style="clear: left;">(that) it</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ava</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവ</p><p style="display: none;">ava</p><p style="clear: left;">(that) those</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cases">Cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">Vocative</a> forms are given in parentheses after the <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>, as the only pronominal vocatives that are used are the third person ones, which only occur in compounds. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Singular </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case <p>വിഭക്തി </p> </th> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <th colspan="3">3rd person (distal)<sup id="cite_ref-prox_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prox-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>informal</th> <th>formal </th> <th>masculine</th> <th>feminine</th> <th>neutral </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative <p>നിർദ്ദേശിക </p> </th> <td>ഞാൻ <p><i>ñāṉ</i> </p> </td> <td>നീ <p><i>nī</i> </p> </td> <td>നിങ്ങൾ <p><i>niṅṅaḷ</i> </p> </td> <td>അവൻ <p><i>avaṉ</i> (voc. <i>avaṉē</i>) </p> </td> <td>അവൾ <p><i>avaḷ</i> (voc. <i>avaḷē</i>) </p> </td> <td>അത് <p><i>atŭ</i> (voc. <i>atiṉē</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a> <p>പ്രതിഗ്രാഹിക </p> </th> <td>എന്നെ <p><i>eṉṉe</i> </p> </td> <td>നിന്നെ <p><i>niṉṉe</i> </p> </td> <td>നിങ്ങളെ <p><i>niṅṅaḷe</i> </p> </td> <td>അവനെ <p><i>avaṉe</i> </p> </td> <td>അവളെ <p><i>avaḷe</i> </p> </td> <td>അതിനെ <p><i>atiṉe</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a> <p>സംബന്ധിക </p> </th> <td>എന്റെ/എൻ/എന്നുടെ <p><i>eṉṯe/eṉ/eṉṉuṭe</i> </p> </td> <td>നിന്റെ/നിൻ/നിന്നുടെ <p><i>niṉṯe/niṉ/niṉṉuṭe</i> </p> </td> <td>നിങ്ങളുടെ <p><i>niṅṅaḷuṭe</i> </p> </td> <td>അവന്റെ/അവനുടെ <p><i>avaṉṯe/avaṉuṭe</i> </p> </td> <td>അവളുടെ <p><i>avaḷuṭe</i> </p> </td> <td>അതിന്റെ <p><i>atiṉṯe</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a> <p>ഉദ്ദേശിക </p> </th> <td>എനിക്ക് <p><i>eṉikkŭ</i> </p> </td> <td>നിനക്ക് <p><i>niṉakkŭ</i> </p> </td> <td>നിങ്ങൾക്ക് <p><i>niṅṅaḷkkŭ</i> </p> </td> <td>അവന് <p><i>avaṉŭ</i> </p> </td> <td>അവൾക്ക് <p><i>avaḷkkŭ</i> </p> </td> <td>അതിന് <p><i>atiṉŭ</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> <p>പ്രായോജിക </p> </th> <td>എന്നാൽ <p><i>eṉṉāl</i> </p> </td> <td>നിന്നാൽ <p><i>niṉṉāl</i> </p> </td> <td>നിങ്ങളാൽ <p><i>niṅṅaḷāl</i> </p> </td> <td>അവനാൽ <p><i>avaṉāl</i> </p> </td> <td>അവളാൽ <p><i>avaḷāl</i> </p> </td> <td>അതിനാൽ <p><i>atiṉāl</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> <p>ആധാരിക </p> </th> <td>എന്നിൽ <p><i>eṉṉil</i> </p> </td> <td>നിന്നിൽ <p><i>niṉṉil</i> </p> </td> <td>നിങ്ങളിൽ <p><i>niṅṅaḷil</i> </p> </td> <td>അവനിൽ <p><i>avaṉil</i> </p> </td> <td>അവളിൽ <p><i>avaḷil</i> </p> </td> <td>അതിൽ <p><i>atil</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">Sociative</a> <p>സംയോജിക </p> </th> <td>എന്നോട് <p><i>eṉṉōṭŭ</i> </p> </td> <td>നിന്നോട് <p><i>niṉṉōṭŭ</i> </p> </td> <td>നിങ്ങളോട് <p><i>niṅṅaḷōṭŭ</i> </p> </td> <td>അവനോട് <p><i>avaṉōṭŭ</i> </p> </td> <td>അവളോട്‌ <p><i>avaḷōṭŭ</i> </p> </td> <td>അതിനോട് <p><i>atiṉōtŭ</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Notes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-prox-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prox_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For proximal form, replace the initial 'a' with an 'i'.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Plural </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case <p>വിഭക്തി </p> </th> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">exclusive</a> </th> <th>inclusive </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative <p>നിർദ്ദേശിക </p> </th> <td>ഞങ്ങൾ <p><i>ñaṅṅaḷ</i> </p> </td> <td>നാം/നമ്മൾ <p><i>nām/nammaḷ</i> </p> </td> <td>നിങ്ങൾ <p><i>niṅṅaḷ</i> </p> </td> <td>അവർ <p><i>avaṟ</i> (voc. <i>avarē</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a> <p>പ്രതിഗ്രാഹിക </p> </th> <td>ഞങ്ങളെ <p><i>ñaṅṅaḷe</i> </p> </td> <td>നമ്മളെ <p><i>nammaḷe</i> </p> </td> <td>നിങ്ങളെ <p><i>niṅṅaḷe</i> </p> </td> <td>അവരെ <p><i>avare</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a> <p>സംബന്ധിക </p> </th> <td>ഞങ്ങളുടെ/ഞങ്ങുടെ <p><i>ñaṅṅaḷuṭe/ñaṅṅuṭe</i> </p> </td> <td>നമ്മളുടെ/നമ്മുടെ <p><i>nammaḷuṭe</i>/<i>nammuṭe</i> </p> </td> <td>നിങ്ങളുടെ <p><i>niṅṅaḷuṭe</i> </p> </td> <td>അവരുടെ <p><i>avaruṭe</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a> <p>ഉദ്ദേശിക </p> </th> <td>ഞങ്ങൾക്ക് <p><i>ñaṅṅaḷkkŭ</i> </p> </td> <td>നമ്മൾക്ക്/നമുക്ക് <p><i>nammaḷkkŭ/namukkŭ</i> </p> </td> <td>നിങ്ങൾക്ക് <p><i>niṅṅaḷkkŭ</i> </p> </td> <td>അവർക്ക് <p><i>avaṟkkŭ</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> <p>പ്രായോജിക </p> </th> <td>ഞങ്ങളാൽ <p><i>ñaṅṅaḷāl</i> </p> </td> <td>നമ്മളാൽ <p><i>nammaḷāl</i> </p> </td> <td>നിങ്ങളാൽ <p><i>niṅṅaḷāl</i> </p> </td> <td>അവരാൽ <p><i>avarāl</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> <p>ആധാരിക </p> </th> <td>ഞങ്ങളിൽ <p><i>ñaṅṅaḷil</i> </p> </td> <td>നമ്മളിൽ <p><i>nammaḷil</i> </p> </td> <td>നിങ്ങളിൽ <p><i>niṅṅaḷil</i> </p> </td> <td>അവരിൽ <p><i>avaril</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">Sociative</a> <p>സംയോജിക </p> </th> <td>ഞങ്ങളോട് <p><i>ñaṅṅaḷōṭŭ</i> </p> </td> <td>നമ്മളോട് <p><i>nammaḷōṭŭ</i> </p> </td> <td>നിങ്ങളോട് <p><i>niṅṅaḷōṭŭ</i> </p> </td> <td>അവരോട് <p><i>avarōṭŭ</i> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The mnemonic 'നിപ്രസം ഉപ്രസം ആ' created by combining the first sounds of the case names is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number">Number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The suffix -കൾ (-<i>kaḷ</i>), which changes to -ങ്ങൾ (-<i>ṅṅaḷ</i>) when the nouns ends in -അം (-<i>aṁ</i>), is the most common suffix for denoting plural nouns. It is used by all inanimate nouns, concrete or abstract, and most animate, non-gendered nouns. Two other suffixes, -മാർ (-<i>māṟ</i>) and അർ (-<i>aṟ</i>), are used exclusively by a few animate nouns. All suffixes follow the <i>sandhi</i> (സന്ധി) rules where applicable, and are not used when preceded by numeral adjectives. The following are a few examples. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>book</i> </td> <td>പുസ്തകം (pustakaṁ) </td> <td>പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ (pustakaṅṅaḷ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>umbrella</i> </td> <td>കുട (kuṭa) </td> <td>കുടകൾ (kuṭakaḷ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>child</i> </td> <td>കുട്ടി (kuṭṭi) </td> <td>കുട്ടികൾ (kuṭṭikaḷ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dog</i> </td> <td>നായ (nāya) </td> <td>നായ്ക്കൾ/നായകൾ <p>(nāykkaḷ/nāyakaḷ) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mother</i> </td> <td>അമ്മ (amma) </td> <td>അമ്മമാർ (ammamāṟ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>human</i> </td> <td>മനുഷ്യൻ (manuṣyaṉ) </td> <td>മനുഷ്യർ (manuṣyaṟ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>fish</i> </td> <td>മീൻ (mīṉ) </td> <td>മീനുകൾ (mīṉukaḷ) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_nouns">Other nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are examples of some of the most common declensional patterns. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="1">Word </th> <th colspan="2"><i><b>tree</b></i> </th> <th colspan="2"><i><b>elephant</b></i> </th> <th colspan="2"><i><b>human</b></i> </th> <th colspan="2"><i><b>dog</b></i> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1"><b>Case</b> </th> <th colspan="1"><b>Singular</b> </th> <th colspan="1"><b>Plural</b> </th> <th colspan="1"><b>Singular</b> </th> <th colspan="1"><b>Plural</b> </th> <th colspan="1"><b>Singular</b> </th> <th colspan="1"><b>Plural</b> </th> <th colspan="1"><b>Singular</b> </th> <th colspan="1"><b>Plural</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>Nominative</b> </th> <td>maram</td> <td>maraṅṅaḷ</td> <td>āṉa</td> <td>āṉakaḷ</td> <td>maṉuṣyaṉ</td> <td>maṉuṣyaṟ</td> <td>paṭṭi</td> <td>paṭṭikaḷ </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Vocative</b> </th> <td>maramē</td> <td>maraṅṅaḷē</td> <td>āṉē</td> <td>āṉakaḷē</td> <td>maṉuṣyā</td> <td>maṉuṣyarē</td> <td>paṭṭī</td> <td>paṭṭikaḷē </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Accusative</b> </th> <td>marattiṉe</td> <td>maraṅṅaḷe</td> <td>āṉaye</td> <td>āṉakaḷe</td> <td>maṉuṣyaṉe</td> <td>maṉuṣyare</td> <td>paṭṭiye</td> <td>paṭṭikaḷe </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Genitive</b> </th> <td>marattiṉṯe</td> <td>maraṅṅaḷuṭe</td> <td>āṉayuṭe</td> <td>āṉakaḷuṭe</td> <td>maṉuṣyaṉṯe</td> <td>maṉuṣyaruṭe</td> <td>paṭṭiyuṭe</td> <td>paṭṭikaḷuṭe </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Dative</b> </th> <td>marattiṉŭ</td> <td>maraṅṅaḷkkŭ</td> <td>āṉaykkŭ</td> <td>āṉakaḷkku</td> <td>maṉuṣyaṉŭ</td> <td>maṉuṣyaṟkkŭ</td> <td>paṭṭikkŭ</td> <td>paṭṭikaḷkku </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Instrumental</b> </th> <td>marattāl</td> <td>maraṅṅaḷāl</td> <td>āṉayāl</td> <td>āṉakaḷāl</td> <td>maṉuṣyaṉāl</td> <td>maṉuṣyarāl</td> <td>paṭṭiyāl</td> <td>paṭṭikaḷāl </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Locative</b> </th> <td>marattil</td> <td>maraṅṅaḷil</td> <td>āṉayil</td> <td>āṉakaḷil</td> <td>maṉuṣyaṉil</td> <td>maṉuṣyaril</td> <td>paṭṭiyil</td> <td>paṭṭikaḷil </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Sociative</b> </th> <td>marattōṭŭ</td> <td>maraṅṅaḷōṭŭ</td> <td>āṉayōṭŭ</td> <td>āṉakaḷōṭŭ</td> <td>maṉuṣyaṉōṭŭ</td> <td>maṉuṣyarōṭŭ</td> <td>paṭṭiyōṭŭ</td> <td>paṭṭikaḷōṭŭ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malayalam is thought to have no semantic category for adjectives, and instead relies heavily on using participial relative clauses for modifying nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two classes of words that typically act as adjectives.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Native roots + <i>a</i>: This includes words such as നല്ല (<i>nalla</i>, good), വലിയ (<i>valiya</i>, big), and ചെറിയ (<i>ceṟiya</i>, short). All such words can be directly used as adjectives, without further modification. The conventional view regarding this category of words is that they typically encode the possession of the property they signify in the participial marker (-<i>a</i>) attached to them, meaning a word such as നല്ല (<i>nalla</i>) would actually mean "<i>having goodness</i>". For instance: ഇതൊരു നല്ല പുസ്തകമാണ് (<i>itoru nalla pustakamāṇŭ</i>), translating to "this is a good book", could be thought to mean "this is a goodness-having book". Note that when used in typical relative clauses, the marker -<i>a</i> can be inflected for tense, but not when used here in an adjectival sense.</li> <li>Borrowed roots + <i>am</i>: This includes words such as സങ്കടം (<i>saṅkaṭaṁ</i>, sadness), സന്തോഷം (<i>santōṣaṁ</i>, happiness), and ഉയരം (<i>uyaraṁ</i>, height/tallness). The -<i>am</i> at the end signifies the word's quality as a noun, which means that to use it as an adjective it has to be modified. This is in the form of -ഉള്ള (<i>uḷḷa</i>), the suffix for the non-finite existential copula. For instance: അവൻ ഉയരമുള്ള കുട്ടിയാണ് (<i>avaṉ uyaramuḷḷa kuṭṭiyāṇŭ</i>, translating to "he is a tall child") could be thought to mean "he is a tallness-having child". Since the suffix is non-finite it does not vary with tense or person.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbs">Verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inflection of Malayalam verbs occurs for <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense, aspect, and mode (TAM)</a>, and not for number (plurality) or gender. The dictionary form of verbs typically have the ending -ഉക (-<i>uka</i>), although some verbs have the ending ഇക (-<i>ika</i>) too.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenses">Tenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Broadly, there are three tenses in Malayalam language: present, past and future. Verb forms in different tenses are created by either simply replacing the citation form ending (for present and future tense), or by suffixing the verb stem (obtained by removing the citation form ending and the preceding consonant) with a special marker depending on the class of the verb (for past tense). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Present_tense">Present tense</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Present tense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The present tense is formed by replacing the citation form ending with -ഉന്നു (-<i>unnu</i>). For example, the present tense form of പറയുക (<i>paṟayuka</i>, 'to say') is പറയുന്നു (<i>paṟayunnu</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Future_tense">Future tense</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Future tense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The future tense is formed by replacing the citation form ending with -ഉം (-<i>um</i>). For example, the future tense form of നടക്കുക (<i>naṭakkuka</i>, 'to walk') is നടക്കും (<i>naṭakkum</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Past_tense">Past tense</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Past tense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For most verbs the marker -ഇ (-<i>i</i>) (or യി, (<i>-yi</i>) if the verb stem ends in a vowel) is added to the verb stem to create the past tense form, but other verb classes have different rules. A non-exhaustive list of the rules for different classes, as well as some exceptions, is given below. </p> <ul><li>If the citation form of the verb ends in a short vowel followed by -ടുക (-<i>ṭuka</i>) – that is, if it ends in -അടുക (-<i>aṭuka</i>), -ഇടുക (-<i>iṭuka</i>), -ഉടുക (-<i>uṭuka</i>), -എടുക (-<i>eṭuka</i>), or -ഒടുക (-<i>oṭuka</i>) – then replace the -ടുക at the end with -ട്ടു (-<i>ṭṭu</i>). For example, the past form of ഇടുക (<i>iṭuka,</i> 'to put'), is ഇട്ടു (<i>iṭṭu</i>).</li> <li>If the citation form ends in -യ്യുക (-<i>yyuka</i>), then replace that ending with -യ്തു (-<i>ytu</i>). For example, the past form of ചെയ്യുക (<i>ceyyuka</i>, 'to do') is ചെയ്തു (<i>ceytu</i>).</li> <li>If the citation form ends in -അക്കുക (-<i>akkuka</i>), then replace that ending with -അന്നു (-<i>annu</i>). For example, the past form of നടക്കുക (<i>naṭakkuka,</i> 'to walk') is നടന്നു (<i>naṭannu</i>). An exception to this rule is നക്കുക (<i>nakkuka</i>, <i>to lick</i>), whose past tense is നക്കി (<i>nakki</i>).</li> <li>The past tense of ഇരിക്കുക (<i>irikkuka</i>, 'to sit, reside') is ഇരുന്നു (<i>irunnu</i>). But apart from this exception if the citation form ends in -ഇക്കുക (-<i>ikkuka</i>), then replace that ending with -ഇച്ചു (-<i>iccu</i>). For example, the past form of അടിക്കുക (<i>aṭikkuka</i>, 'to beat') is അടിച്ചു (<i>aṭiccu</i>).</li> <li>If the citation form ends in -ഉക്കുക (-<i>ukkuka</i>) or -ര്‍ക്കുക (-<i>ṟkkuka</i>), then replace that ending with -ഉത്തു (-<i>uttu</i>) or -ര്‍ത്തു (-<i>ṟttu</i>) respectively. For example, the past form of തണുക്കുക (<i>taṇukkuka</i>, 'to get cold') is തണുത്തു (<i>taṇuttu</i>), and the past form of ഓര്‍ക്കുക (<i>ōṟkkuka</i>, 'to remember') is ഓര്‍ത്തു (<i>ōṟttu</i>). The past tense form of ഒക്കുക (<i>okkuka</i>, 'to manage/be able to') is ഒത്തു (<i>ottu</i>).</li> <li>The past tense of നില്‍ക്കുക (<i>nilkkuka,</i> 'to stand/wait') is നിന്നു (<i>ninnu</i>). But apart from this exception if the citation form ends in -ല്‍ക്കുക (-<i>lkkuka</i>), then replace that ending with -റ്റു (-<i>ṯṯu</i>). For example, the past form of തോല്‍ക്കുക (<i>tōlkkuka,</i> 'to lose') is തോറ്റു (<i>tōṯṯu</i>).</li> <li>If the citation form ends in -ള്‍ക്കുക (-<i>ḷkkuka</i>), then replace that ending with -ട്ടു (-<i>ṭṭu</i>). For example, the past form of കേള്‍ക്കുക (<i>kēḷkkuka,</i> 'to hear') is കേട്ടു (<i>kēṭṭu</i>).</li> <li>If the citation form ends in -യുക (-<i>yuka</i>), then replace that ending with -ഞ്ഞു (-<i>ññu</i>). For example, the past form of പറയുക (<i>paṟayuka</i>, 'to say') is പറഞ്ഞു (<i>paṟaññu</i>).</li> <li>If the citation form ends in -രുക (-<i>ruka</i>), then replace that ending with -ര്‍ന്നു (-<i>ṟnnu</i>). For example, the past form of തീരുക (<i>tīruka</i>, 'to end') is തീര്‍ന്നു (<i>tīṟnnu</i>). However, the past tense of പോരുക (pōruka, 'to come') is പോന്നു (pōnnu).</li> <li>If the citation form ends in -ലുക (-<i>luka</i>) or -ല്ലുക (-<i>lluka</i>), then replace that ending (whichever of the two it is) with -ന്നു (-<i>nnu</i>). For example, the past form of അകലുക (<i>akaluka</i>, 'to move away') is അകന്നു (<i>akannu</i>). However, the past tense of ചൊല്ലുക (<i>colluka,</i> 'to narrate') may be either ചൊന്നു (<i>connu</i>) or ചൊല്ലി (<i>cholli</i>); for തല്ലുക (<i>talluka</i>, 'to beat') it is തല്ലി (<i>talli</i>) and in the northern dialects തച്ചു (<i>taccu</i>).</li> <li>If the citation form ends in -ളുക (-<i>ḷuka</i>) or -ള്ളുക (-<i>ḷḷuka</i>), then replace that ending (whichever of the two it is) with -ണ്ടു (-<i>ṇṭu</i>). For example, the past form of ഉരുളുക (<i>uruḷuka</i>, 'to roll') is ഉരുണ്ടു (<i>uruṇṭu</i>). However, the past tense of പൊള്ളുക (<i>poḷḷuka,</i> 'to burn') is പൊള്ളി (<i>poḷḷi</i>).</li> <li>If the citation form ends in -രിക (-<i>rika</i>), then replace that ending with -ന്നു (-<i>nnu</i>). For example, the past form of വരിക (<i>varika,</i> 'to come') is വന്നു (<i>vannu</i>).</li> <li>If the citation form ends in -ണുക (-<i>ṇuka</i>), then replace that ending with -ണ്ടു (-<i>ṇṭu</i>). For example, the past form of കാണുക (<i>kāṇuka,</i> 'to see') is കണ്ടു (<i>kaṇṭu</i>), for ഉണ്ണുക (<i>uṇṇuka,</i> 'to eat') it's ഉണ്ടു (<i>uṇṭu</i>).</li> <li>The past form of തിന്നുക (<i>tiṉṉuka</i>, 'to eat') is തിന്നു (<i>tinnu</i>).</li> <li>The past form of വേകുക/വേവുക (<i>vēkuka/vēvuka</i>, 'to get cooked') is വെന്തു (<i>ventu</i>).</li></ul> <p>Verb conjugations for the verb "പോകുക" (<i>pōkuka</i>, to go) based on the commonly recognized aspects in Malayalam are given below.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The past tense marker in this case is -ഇ (<i>-i</i>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Tenses </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1"> </th> <th colspan="1">Past </th> <th colspan="1">Present </th> <th colspan="1">Future </th></tr> <tr> <th>Simple </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പോയി</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōyi</p></div><p style="display: none;">പോയി</p><p style="display: none;">pōyi</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പോകുന്നു</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōkunnu</p></div><p style="display: none;">പോകുന്നു</p><p style="display: none;">pōkunnu</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പോകും</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōkum</p></div><p style="display: none;">പോകും</p><p style="display: none;">pōkum</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Continuous </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പോവുകയായിരുന്നു</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōvukayāyirunnu</p></div><p style="display: none;">പോവുകയായിരുന്നു</p><p style="display: none;">pōvukayāyirunnu</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പോവുകയാണ്</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōvukayāṇŭ</p></div><p style="display: none;">പോവുകയാണ്</p><p style="display: none;">pōvukayāṇŭ</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പോയിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കും</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōyikkoṇṭirikkum</p></div><p style="display: none;">പോയിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കും</p><p style="display: none;">pōyikkoṇṭirikkum</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perfect </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പോയിട്ടുണ്ടായിരുന്നു</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōyiṭṭuṇṭāyirunnu</p></div><p style="display: none;">പോയിട്ടുണ്ടായിരുന്നു</p><p style="display: none;">pōyiṭṭuṇṭāyirunnu</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പോയിട്ടുണ്ട്</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōyiṭṭuṇṭŭ</p></div><p style="display: none;">പോയിട്ടുണ്ട്</p><p style="display: none;">pōyiṭṭuṇṭŭ</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പോയിട്ടുണ്ടാകും</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōyiṭṭuṇṭākum</p></div><p style="display: none;">പോയിട്ടുണ്ടാകും</p><p style="display: none;">pōyiṭṭuṇṭākum</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perfect continuous </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പോയിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നുണ്ടായിരുന്നു</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōyikkoṇṭirikkunnuṇṭāyirunnu</p></div><p style="display: none;">പോയിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നുണ്ടായിരുന്നു</p><p style="display: none;">pōyikkoṇṭirikkunnuṇṭāyirunnu</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പോയിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōyikkoṇṭirikkunnuṇṭŭ</p></div><p style="display: none;">പോയിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്</p><p style="display: none;">pōyikkoṇṭirikkunnuṇṭŭ</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പോയിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നുണ്ടാകും</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōyikkoṇṭirikkunnuṇṭākum</p></div><p style="display: none;">പോയിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നുണ്ടാകും</p><p style="display: none;">pōyikkoṇṭirikkunnuṇṭākum</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Habitual </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പോകാറുണ്ടായിരുന്നു</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōkāṟuṇṭāyirunnu</p></div><p style="display: none;">പോകാറുണ്ടായിരുന്നു</p><p style="display: none;">pōkāṟuṇṭāyirunnu</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പോകാറുണ്ട്</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōkāṟuṇṭŭ</p></div><p style="display: none;">പോകാറുണ്ട്</p><p style="display: none;">pōkāṟuṇṭŭ</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copula">Copula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Copula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malayalam employs two defective verbs as its <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copulas</a>. The first, -ആക് (<i>ākŭ</i>), is the plain equative copula. The second, -ഉണ്ട് (<i>uṇṭŭ</i>), is the locative copula and also used to indicate possession (with the subject/possessor in the dative case). These verbs change forms in different tenses and are usually suffixed to the noun phrases that are specified by the copula. The table below lists some examples. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Example </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Equative </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവൻ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avaṉ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">സന്തുഷ്ടനാണ്</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">santuṣṭaṉāṇŭ</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവൻ സന്തുഷ്ടനാണ്</p><p style="display: none;">avaṉ santuṣṭaṉāṇŭ</p><p style="clear: left;">He is happy</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>Present tense form of ആക് is ആണ് (āṇŭ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവൻ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avaṉ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">സന്തുഷ്ടനായിരുന്നു</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">santuṣṭaṉāyirunnu</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവൻ സന്തുഷ്ടനായിരുന്നു</p><p style="display: none;">avaṉ santuṣṭaṉāyirunnu</p><p style="clear: left;">He was happy</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>Past tense form of ആക് is ആയിരുന്നു (āyirunnu) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവൻ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avaṉ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">സന്തുഷ്ടനാകും</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">santuṣṭaṉākuṁ</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവൻ സന്തുഷ്ടനാകും</p><p style="display: none;">avaṉ santuṣṭaṉākuṁ</p><p style="clear: left;">He will be happy</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>Future tense form of ആക് is അകും (ākuṁ) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Locative </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവൻ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avaṉ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">വീട്ടിലുണ്ട്</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vīṭṭiluṇṭŭ</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവൻ വീട്ടിലുണ്ട്</p><p style="display: none;">avaṉ vīṭṭiluṇṭŭ</p><p style="clear: left;">He is in the house</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>ഉണ്ട് stays the same in the present tense </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവൻ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avaṉ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">വീട്ടിൽ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vīṭṭil</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നു</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uṇṭāyirunnu</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവൻ വീട്ടിൽ ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നു</p><p style="display: none;">avaṉ vīṭṭil uṇṭāyirunnu</p><p style="clear: left;">He was in the house</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>Past tense form of ഉണ്ട് is ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നു (uṇṭāyirunnu) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവൻ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avaṉ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">വീട്ടിൽ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vīṭṭil</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">ഉണ്ടാകും</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uṇṭākuṁ</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവൻ വീട്ടിൽ ഉണ്ടാകും</p><p style="display: none;">avaṉ vīṭṭil uṇṭākuṁ</p><p style="clear: left;">He will be in the house</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>Future tense form of ഉണ്ട് is ഉണ്ടാകും (uṇṭākuṁ) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Possessive </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവൾക്ക്</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avaḷkkŭ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">ഒരു</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oru</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പുസ്തകമുണ്ട്</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pustakamuṇṭŭ</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവൾക്ക് ഒരു പുസ്തകമുണ്ട്</p><p style="display: none;">avaḷkkŭ oru pustakamuṇṭŭ</p><p style="clear: left;">She has a book</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവൾക്ക്</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avaḷkkŭ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">ഒരു</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oru</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പുസ്തകം</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pustakaṁ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നു</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uṇṭāyirunnu</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവൾക്ക് ഒരു പുസ്തകം ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നു</p><p style="display: none;">avaḷkkŭ oru pustakaṁ uṇṭāyirunnu</p><p style="clear: left;">She had a book</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവൾക്ക്</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avaḷkkŭ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">ഒരു</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oru</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പുസ്തകം</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pustakaṁ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">ഉണ്ടാകും</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uṇṭākuṁ</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവൾക്ക് ഒരു പുസ്തകം ഉണ്ടാകും</p><p style="display: none;">avaḷkkŭ oru pustakaṁ uṇṭākuṁ</p><p style="clear: left;">She will have a book</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negation">Negation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard negation is expressed through the use of the negative particle/suffix -ഇല്ല (-<i>illa</i>, literally "no"), regardless of tense.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equative copula -ആക്, however, is negated by the negative suffix -അല്ല (-<i>alla</i>) in the present tense; in all other tenses -ഇല്ല is used. When these particles are suffixed to their corresponding noun phrases, <i>sandhi</i> (സന്ധി) rules must be obeyed. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Example </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവൻ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avaṉ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">സന്തുഷ്ടനല്ല</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">santuṣṭaṉalla</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവൻ സന്തുഷ്ടനല്ല</p><p style="display: none;">avaṉ santuṣṭaṉalla</p><p style="clear: left;">He is not happy</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>Equative copula negated by -അല്ല (-alla) in the present tense </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവൻ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avaṉ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">സന്തുഷ്ടനായിരുന്നില്ല</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">santuṣṭaṉāyirunnilla</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവൻ സന്തുഷ്ടനായിരുന്നില്ല</p><p style="display: none;">avaṉ santuṣṭaṉāyirunnilla</p><p style="clear: left;">He was not happy</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>Equative copula negated by -ഇല്ല (-illa) in any tense other than the present tense </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവൾക്ക്</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avaḷkkŭ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">ഒരു</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oru</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പുസ്തകമില്ല</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pustakamilla</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവൾക്ക് ഒരു പുസ്തകമില്ല</p><p style="display: none;">avaḷkkŭ oru pustakamilla</p><p style="clear: left;">She does not have a book</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="3">All other negations use -ഇല്ല (-illa) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവൾ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avaḷ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">പോകുന്നില്ല</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōkunnilla</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവൾ പോകുന്നില്ല</p><p style="display: none;">avaḷ pōkunnilla</p><p style="clear: left;">She is not going</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">അവർ</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avaṟ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ml" style="margin: 0px;">ഇവിടെയില്ല</p><p lang="ml-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iviṭeyilla</p></div><p style="display: none;">അവർ ഇവിടെയില്ല</p><p style="display: none;">avaṟ iviṭeyilla</p><p style="clear: left;">They are not here</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sandhi_(സന്ധി)"><span id="Sandhi_.28.E0.B4.B8.E0.B4.A8.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A7.E0.B4.BF.29"></span>Sandhi (സന്ധി)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sandhi (സന്ധി)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malayalam is an agglutinative language, and words can be joined in many ways. These ways are called sandhi (literally 'junction'). There are basically two genres of Sandhi used in Malayalam – one group unique to Malayalam (based originally on Old Tamil phonological rules, and in essence common with Tamil), and the other one common with Sanskrit. Thus, we have the "Malayāḷa Sandhi" and "Saṁskr̥ta Sandhi". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sandhi_unique_to_Malayalam,_based_on_Old_Tamil"><span id="Sandhi_unique_to_Malayalam.2C_based_on_Old_Tamil"></span>Sandhi unique to Malayalam, based on Old Tamil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sandhi unique to Malayalam, based on Old Tamil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are basically four Sandhi types unique to Malayalam – the "lōpa sandhi", "dvitva sandhi", "āgama sandhi" and "ādēśa sandhi". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lōpa_sandhi_or_"Elision"(ലോപ_സന്ധി)"><span id="L.C5.8Dpa_sandhi_or_.22Elision.22.28.E0.B4.B2.E0.B5.8B.E0.B4.AA_.E0.B4.B8.E0.B4.A8.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A7.E0.B4.BF.29"></span>Lōpa sandhi or "<a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">Elision</a>"(ലോപ സന്ധി)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lōpa sandhi or "Elision"(ലോപ സന്ധി)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lopa sandhi occurs when the varna (vowel) at the end of a word is lost when it merges with another word. In most cases, the varna is the "samvr̥tōkāram". (the "closed u sound"). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">കണ്ട്</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kaṇṭŭ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">ഇല്ല</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">illa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">=</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">കണ്ടില്ല</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kaṇṭilla</p></div><p style="display: none;">കണ്ട് + ഇല്ല = കണ്ടില്ല</p><p style="display: none;">kaṇṭŭ + illa = kaṇṭilla</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">അത്‌</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">atŭ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">ആയത്‌</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āyatŭ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">=</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">അതായത്</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">atāyatŭ</p></div><p style="display: none;">അത്‌ + ആയത്‌ = അതായത്</p><p style="display: none;">atŭ + āyatŭ = atāyatŭ</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dvitva_Sandhi_or_"Rule_of_doubling""><span id="Dvitva_Sandhi_or_.22Rule_of_doubling.22"></span>Dvitva Sandhi or "Rule of doubling"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dvitva Sandhi or "Rule of doubling""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Malayalam, gemination is more in tense consonants and less in lax consonants. When two words combine in which the first is the qualifier and the qualified, the tense consonant initial to the second word geminates. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">പോയി</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōyi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">പറഞ്ഞു</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">paṟaññu</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">=</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">പോയിപ്പറഞ്ഞു</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pōyippaṟaññu</p></div><p style="display: none;">പോയി + പറഞ്ഞു = പോയിപ്പറഞ്ഞു</p><p style="display: none;">pōyi + paṟaññu = pōyippaṟaññu</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">മര</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mara</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">കൊമ്പ്</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kombŭ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">=</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">മരക്കൊമ്പ്</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">marakkombŭ</p></div><p style="display: none;">മര + കൊമ്പ് = മരക്കൊമ്പ്</p><p style="display: none;">mara + kombŭ = marakkombŭ</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">എന്നെ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eṉṉe</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">കുറിച്ച്</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kuṟiccŭ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">=</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">എന്നെക്കുറിച്ച്</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eṉṉekkuṟiccŭ</p></div><p style="display: none;">എന്നെ + കുറിച്ച് = എന്നെക്കുറിച്ച്</p><p style="display: none;">eṉṉe + kuṟiccŭ = eṉṉekkuṟiccŭ</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Āgama_sandhi_or_"Rule_of_arrival"_(ആഗമ_സന്ധി)"><span id=".C4.80gama_sandhi_or_.22Rule_of_arrival.22_.28.E0.B4.86.E0.B4.97.E0.B4.AE_.E0.B4.B8.E0.B4.A8.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A7.E0.B4.BF.29"></span>Āgama sandhi or "Rule of arrival" (ആഗമ സന്ധി)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Āgama sandhi or "Rule of arrival" (ആഗമ സന്ധി)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When two vowels undergo Sandhi, a consonant ("y" or "v") is added to avoid the pronunciation difficulty. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">വഴി</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vaḻi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">അമ്പലം</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ampalam</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">=</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">വഴിയമ്പലം</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vaḻi<b>y</b>ampalam.</p></div><p style="display: none;">വഴി + അമ്പലം = വഴിയമ്പലം</p><p style="display: none;">vaḻi + ampalam = vaḻi<b>y</b>ampalam.</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">പൊതു</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">potu</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">ആയി</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āyi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">=</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">പൊതുവായി</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">potu<b>v</b>āyi</p></div><p style="display: none;">പൊതു + ആയി = പൊതുവായി</p><p style="display: none;">potu + āyi = potu<b>v</b>āyi</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ādēśa_Sandhi_or_"Rule_of_substitution""><span id=".C4.80d.C4.93.C5.9Ba_Sandhi_or_.22Rule_of_substitution.22"></span>Ādēśa Sandhi or "Rule of substitution"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ādēśa Sandhi or "Rule of substitution""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this Sandhi, one letter is substituted by another during concatenation. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">വിൺ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">viṇ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">തലം</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">talam</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">=</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">വിണ്ടലം</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">viṇṭalam</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">(t replaced by ṭ)</p></div><p style="display: none;">വിൺ + തലം = വിണ്ടലം</p><p style="display: none;">viṇ + talam = viṇṭalam</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">കൺ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kaṇ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">നീര്</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nīrŭ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">=</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">=</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">കണ്ണീര്</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kaṇṇīrŭ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">(n replaced by ṇ)</p></div><p style="display: none;">കൺ + നീര് = കണ്ണീര്</p><p style="display: none;">kaṇ + nīrŭ = kaṇṇīrŭ</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>This sandhi also includes Sanskrit Sandhi forms like vi + <b>s</b>amam = vi<b>ṣ</b>amam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sandhi_common_with_Sanskrit">Sandhi common with Sanskrit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sandhi common with Sanskrit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These Sandhi rules are basically inherited from Sanskrit, and are used in conjunction with Sanskrit vocabulary which forms approximately 60% of Modern Standard Malayalam (the entire Sanskrit vocabulary is also usable with appropriate changes).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rules like savarṇadīrgha sandhi, yaṇ sandhi, guṇa sandhi, vr̥ddhi sandhi and visarga sandhis are used without changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samāsam_(സമാസം)"><span id="Sam.C4.81sam_.28.E0.B4.B8.E0.B4.AE.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.B8.E0.B4.82.29"></span>Samāsam (സമാസം)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Samāsam (സമാസം)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All the Sanskrit samāsa rules are adapted to Malayalam compounds. In Malayalam, the tatpuruṣa compounds are classified according to the vibhakti they are based on, during compounding. The "alaṅkāraṁ" is also used to classify tatpuruṣa compounds. There are 4 types of samasam: 1) āvyayi bhavaṉ, 2) tatpuruṣa, 3) dvandaṉ, and 4) bahuvr̥hi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vr̥ttaṁ_(വൃത്തം)"><span id="Vr.CC.A5tta.E1.B9.81_.28.E0.B4.B5.E0.B5.83.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A4.E0.B4.82.29"></span>Vr̥ttaṁ (വൃത്തം)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vr̥ttaṁ (വൃത്തം)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vr̥ttaṁ consists of metres of Malayalam prosody. Like Sandhi, there are specific vr̥ttaṁs unique to Malayalam apart from the metres common with Sanskrit. As in case of Sandhi, the Malayalam vrittams are also named in Sanskrit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alaṅkāram_(അലങ്കാരം)"><span id="Ala.E1.B9.85k.C4.81ram_.28.E0.B4.85.E0.B4.B2.E0.B4.99.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.82.29"></span>Alaṅkāram (അലങ്കാരം)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Alaṅkāram (അലങ്കാരം)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alaṅkāraṁ or "ornamentation" is also based on Sanskritic grammarian classification. It consists of the different <a href="/wiki/Figures_of_Speech" title="Figures of Speech">figures of speech</a> used in Malayalam poetry. Being successor to Sanskrit and Maṇipravāḷam, most of Sanskrit alankaras are used in Malayalam. Thus, the common figures of speech in poems are rūpakaṁ, utprēkṣā, upamā etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Words_adopted_from_Sanskrit">Words adopted from Sanskrit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Words adopted from Sanskrit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When words are adopted from Sanskrit, their endings are usually changed to conform to Malayalam norms: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns_2">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Masculine <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> nouns with a <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">word stem</a> ending in a short "a" take the ending "an" in the nominative singular. For example, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Kr̥ṣṇa</a> -> Kr̥ṣṇaṉ. The final "n" is dropped before masculine surnames, honorifics, or titles ending in "an" and beginning with a consonant other than "n" – e.g. Krishna Menon, Kr̥ṣṇa Kaṇiyāṉ etc., but Kr̥ṣṇan Eḻuttaccaṉ. Surnames ending with "aṟ" or "aḷ" (where these are plural forms of "aṉ" denoting respect) are treated similarly – Kr̥ṣṇa Potuval, Kr̥ṣṇa Cakyaṟ, but Kr̥ṣṇaṉ Nāyaṟ, Kr̥ṣṇaṉ Nambyāṟ, as are Sanskrit surnames such "Vaṟma(ṉ)", "Śaṟma(ṉ)", or "Gupta(ṉ)" (rare) – e.g. Kr̥ṣṇa Vaṟma, Kr̥ṣṇa Śaṟmaṉ.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> If a name is a compound, only the last element undergoes this transformation – e.g. Kr̥ṣṇa + dēva = Kr̥ṣṇadēvaṉ, not Kr̥ṣṇandēvaṉ.</li> <li>Feminine words ending in a long "ā" or "ī" are changed so that they now end in a short "a" or "i", for example <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sītā</a> -> Sīta and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakṣmī</a> -> Lakṣmi. However, the long vowel still appears in compound words, such as Sītādēvi or Lakṣmīdēvi. The long ī is generally reserved for the <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a> forms of these names, although in Sanskrit the vocative actually takes a short "i". There are also a small number of nominative "ī" endings that have not been shortened – a prominent example being the word "strī" "woman".</li> <li>Nouns that have a stem in -an and which end with a long "ā" in the masculine nominative singular have a "vŭ" added to them, for example <a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmā">Brahmā</a> (stem Brahman) -> Brahmāvŭ. When the same nouns are declined in the neuter and take a short "a" ending in Sanskrit, Malayalam adds an additional "m", e.g. Brahma (neuter nominative singular of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>) becomes Brahmam. This is again omitted when forming compounds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Words whose roots end in -an but whose nominative singular ending is -a – for example, the Sanskrit root of "<a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a>" is actually "Karman" –are also changed. The original root is ignored and "Karma" (the form in Malayalam being "Karmam" because it ends in a short "a") is taken as the basic form of the noun when declining.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this does not apply to all consonant stems, as "unchangeable" stems such as "manasa" ("mind") and "suhr̥ta (friend)" are identical to the Malayalam nominative singular forms (although the regularly derived "manam" sometimes occurs as an alternative to "manasa").</li> <li>Sanskrit words describing things or animals rather than people with a stem in short "a" end with an "m" Malayalam. For example, <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Rāmāyaṇa</a> -> Rāmāyaṇam. In most cases, this is actually the as the Sanskrit ending, which is also "m" (or allophonically anusvara due to Sandhi) in the neuter nominative. However, "things and animals" and "people" are not always differentiated based on whether or not they are sentient beings – for example <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> becomes Narasiṃham and not Narasiṃhan, whereas <a href="/wiki/Ananta_Shesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananta Shesha">Ananta</a> becomes Anantan even though both are sentient.</li> <li>Nouns with short vowel stems other than "a", such as "<a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Viṣṇu</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajāpati</a>" etc. are declined with the Sanskrit stem acting as the Malayalam nominative singular (the Sanskrit nominative singular is formed by adding a visarga, e.g. Viṣṇuḥ) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The original Sanskrit vocative is often used in formal or poetic Malayalam, e.g. "Harē" (for <a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari</a>) or "Prabhō" (for "Prabhu" – "lord"). This is restricted to certain contexts – mainly when addressing deities or other exalted individuals, so a normal man named Hari would usually be addressed using a Malayalam vocative such as "Harī". The Sanskrit genitive is also occasionally found in Malayalam poetry, especially the personal pronouns "mama" (my/ mine) and "tava" (thy/ thine). Other cases are less common and generally restricted to the realm of Maṇipravāḷam.</li> <li>Along with these <a href="/wiki/Tatsama" title="Tatsama">tatsama</a> borrowings, there are also many <a href="/wiki/Tadbhava" title="Tadbhava">tadbhava</a> words in common use. These were borrowed into Malayalam before it became distinct from Tamil. As the language did not then accommodate Sanskrit phonology as it now does, words were changed to conform to the Old Tamil phonological system. For example: Kr̥ṣṇa -> Kaṇṇan.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMathew" class="citation web cs1">Mathew, Rosmin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hum2.leidenuniv.nl/pdf/lucl/sole/console14/console14-mathew.pdf">"SIMPLy Malayalam Participials"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIMPLy+Malayalam+Participials&rft.aulast=Mathew&rft.aufirst=Rosmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hum2.leidenuniv.nl%2Fpdf%2Flucl%2Fsole%2Fconsole14%2Fconsole14-mathew.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon2014" class="citation journal cs1">Menon, Mythili (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/sub/index.php/sub/article/view/318/251">"The grammatical life of property concept roots in Malayalam"</a>. <i>Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung</i>. <b>18</b>: 289–302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+Sinn+und+Bedeutung&rft.atitle=The+grammatical+life+of+property+concept+roots+in+Malayalam&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=289-302&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Mythili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de%2Fsub%2Findex.php%2Fsub%2Farticle%2Fview%2F318%2F251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiang,_Haowen" class="citation web cs1">Jiang, Haowen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~hj3/pub/Malayalam.pdf">"Malayalam: a Grammatical Sketch and a Text"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malayalam%3A+a+Grammatical+Sketch+and+a+Text&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Haowen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.owlnet.rice.edu%2F~hj3%2Fpub%2FMalayalam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVv_k2015" class="citation journal cs1">V, Jayan; v k, Bhadran (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5121%2Fijaia.2015.6302">"Difficulties in Processing Malayalam Verbs for Statistical Machine Translation"</a>. <i>International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 13–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5121%2Fijaia.2015.6302">10.5121/ijaia.2015.6302</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49981659">49981659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Artificial+Intelligence+%26+Applications&rft.atitle=Difficulties+in+Processing+Malayalam+Verbs+for+Statistical+Machine+Translation&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=13-24&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5121%2Fijaia.2015.6302&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49981659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=V&rft.aufirst=Jayan&rft.au=v+k%2C+Bhadran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5121%252Fijaia.2015.6302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindblom" class="citation web cs1">Lindblom, Camilla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:772967/FULLTEXT01.pdf">"Negation in Dravidian languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Negation+in+Dravidian+languages&rft.aulast=Lindblom&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A772967%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://aircconline.com/ijaia/V6N3/6315ijaia02.pdf">https://aircconline.com/ijaia/V6N3/6315ijaia02.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malayalam Literary Survey, Volume 27, Kerala Sahitya Akademi, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarma2005" class="citation book cs1">Varma, A.R. Rajaraja (2005). <i>Keralapanineeyam</i>. Kottayam: D C Books. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7130-672-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-7130-672-1"><bdi>81-7130-672-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keralapanineeyam&rft.place=Kottayam&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=D+C+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=81-7130-672-1&rft.aulast=Varma&rft.aufirst=A.R.+Rajaraja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarma2005" class="citation book cs1">Varma, A.R. Rajaraja (2005). <i>Keralapanineeyam</i>. Kottayam: D C Books. pp. 301–302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7130-672-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-7130-672-1"><bdi>81-7130-672-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keralapanineeyam&rft.place=Kottayam&rft.pages=301-302&rft.pub=D+C+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=81-7130-672-1&rft.aulast=Varma&rft.aufirst=A.R.+Rajaraja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalayalam+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Ravi Sankar S Nair 2012 A Grammar of Malayalam <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2012/ravisankarmalayalamgrammar.pdf">http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2012/ravisankarmalayalamgrammar.pdf</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Malayalam_grammar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Malayalam grammar">Malayalam grammar</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammars_of_specific_South_Asian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammars_of_South_Asian_languages" title="Template:Grammars of South Asian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammars_of_South_Asian_languages" title="Template talk:Grammars of South Asian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammars_of_South_Asian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammars of South Asian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammars_of_specific_South_Asian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Grammars of specific <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_grammar" title="Bhojpuri grammar">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_grammar" title="Maithili grammar">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_grammar" title="Marathi grammar">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi</a></li> <li><b>Sanskrit</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_grammar" title="Kokborok grammar">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_grammar" title="Mizo grammar">Mizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malayalam_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malayalam_literature" title="Template:Malayalam literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malayalam_literature" title="Template talk:Malayalam literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malayalam_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malayalam literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malayalam_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi">Kerala Sahitya Akademi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sasthra_Sahithya_Parishad" title="Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad">Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purogamana_Kala_Sahitya_Sangham" title="Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham">Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahithya_Pravarthaka_Co-operative_Society" title="Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society">Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malayalam_literary_awards" title="List of Malayalam literary awards">Literary awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Sakthi_Award" title="Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award">Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asan_Smaraka_Kavitha_Puraskaram" title="Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram">Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukad_Award" title="Cherukad Award">Cherukad Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edasseri_Award" title="Edasseri Award">Edasseri Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhuthachan_Puraskaram" title="Ezhuthachan Puraskaram">Ezhuthachan Puraskaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Biography_and_Autobiography" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Children%27s_Literature" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Drama" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Humour" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Humour">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Literary_Criticism" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Miscellaneous_Works" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Novel" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Overall_Contributions" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Poetry" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Scholarly_Literature" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Story" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Translation" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Travelogue" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Travelogue">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Travelogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Fellowship" title="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship">Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathrubhumi_Literary_Award" title="Mathrubhumi Literary Award">Mathrubhumi Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttathu_Varkey_Award" title="Muttathu Varkey Award">Muttathu Varkey Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._N._V._Literary_Award" title="O. N. V. Literary Award">O. N. V. Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._V._Vijayan_Literary_Award" title="O. V. Vijayan Literary Award">O. V. Vijayan Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odakkuzhal_Award" title="Odakkuzhal Award">Odakkuzhal Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmarajan_Award" title="Padmarajan Award">Padmarajan Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kesavadev_Literary_Award" title="P. Kesavadev Literary Award">P. Kesavadev Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulloor_Award" title="Ulloor Award">Ulloor Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallathol_Award" title="Vallathol Award">Vallathol Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayalar_Award" title="Vayalar Award">Vayalar Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajijesh_Pachat" title="Ajijesh Pachat">Ajijesh Pachat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Kakkattil" title="Akbar Kakkattil">Akbar Kakkattil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_(writer)" title="Anand (writer)">Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Nair" title="Anita Nair">Anita Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoop_Sasikumar" title="Anoop Sasikumar">Anoop Sasikumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appu_Nedungadi" title="Appu Nedungadi">Appu Nedungadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashitha_(writer)" title="Ashitha (writer)">Ashitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamoorthi_K._V." title="Ashtamoorthi K. V.">Ashtamoorthi K. V.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymanam_John" title="Aymanam John">Aymanam John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babu_Bharadwaj" title="Babu Bharadwaj">Babu Bharadwaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._M._Suhara" title="B. M. Suhara">B. M. Suhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Sandhya" title="B. Sandhya">B. Sandhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Radhakrishnan" title="C. Radhakrishnan">C. Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Balakrishnan" title="C. V. Balakrishnan">C. V. Balakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman_Pillai" title="C. V. Raman Pillai">C. V. Raman Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Sreeraman" title="C. V. Sreeraman">C. V. Sreeraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandramathi" title="Chandramathi">Chandramathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukad" title="Cherukad">Cherukad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Harikumar" title="E. Harikumar">E. Harikumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Vasu" title="E. Vasu">E. Vasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._R._Indugopan" title="G. R. Indugopan">G. R. Indugopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onakkoor" title="George Onakkoor">George Onakkoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracy_(writer)" title="Gracy (writer)">Gracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._K._K._Menon" title="I. K. K. Menon">I. K. K. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayasree_Kalathil" title="Jayasree Kalathil">Jayasree Kalathil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abraham_(director)" title="John Abraham (director)">John Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Panachippuram" title="Jose Panachippuram">Jose Panachippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_J._Kaimaparamban" title="Joy J. Kaimaparamban">Joy J. Kaimaparamban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._J._Baby" title="K. J. Baby">K. J. Baby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Deacon_Koshy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arch Deacon Koshy">Arch Deacon Koshy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._L._Mohana_Varma" title="K. L. Mohana Varma">K. L. Mohana Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Ezhuthachan" title="K. N. Ezhuthachan">K. N. Ezhuthachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Nirmal_Kumar" title="K. P. Nirmal Kumar">K. P. Nirmal Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Ramanunni" title="K. P. Ramanunni">K. P. Ramanunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Meera" title="K. R. Meera">K. R. Meera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Rekha" title="K. Rekha">K. Rekha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Surendran" title="K. Surendran">K. Surendran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Joseph_Kalarickal" title="K. P. Joseph Kalarickal">K. P. Joseph Kalarickal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Thayat" title="K. Thayat">K. Thayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainikkara_Padmanabha_Pillai" title="Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai">Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkanadan" title="Kakkanadan">Kakkanadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Surayya" title="Kamala Surayya">Kamala Surayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanam_EJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanam EJ">Kanam EJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunakaran_(Malayalam_writer)" title="Karunakaran (Malayalam writer)">Karunakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karur_Neelakanta_Pillai" class="mw-redirect" title="Karur Neelakanta Pillai">Karur Neelakanta Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_Mumtaz" title="Khadija Mumtaz">Khadija Mumtaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam_Pushpanath" title="Kottayam Pushpanath">Kottayam Pushpanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovilan" title="Kovilan">Kovilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Anoop" title="K. V. Anoop">K. V. Anoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajo_Jose" title="Lajo Jose">Lajo Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalithambika_Antharjanam" title="Lalithambika Antharjanam">Lalithambika Antharjanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govindan" title="M. Govindan">M. Govindan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Mukundan" title="M. Mukundan">M. Mukundan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Sukumaran" title="M. Sukumaran">M. Sukumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._T._Vasudevan_Nair" title="M. T. Vasudevan Nair">M. T. Vasudevan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madampu_Kunjukuttan" title="Madampu Kunjukuttan">Madampu Kunjukuttan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhupal" title="Madhupal">Madhupal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayath_Appunni" title="Malayath Appunni">Malayath Appunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayattoor_Ramakrishnan" title="Malayattoor Ramakrishnan">Malayattoor Ramakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallika_Yunis" title="Mallika Yunis">Mallika Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttathu_Varkey" title="Muttathu Varkey">Muttathu Varkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Mohanan" title="N. Mohanan">N. Mohanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._N._Pisharody" title="N. N. Pisharody">N. N. Pisharody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._P._Chellappan_Nair" title="N. P. Chellappan Nair">N. P. Chellappan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._P._Mohammed" title="N. P. Mohammed">N. P. Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._S._Madhavan" title="N. S. Madhavan">N. S. Madhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandanar_(author)" title="Nandanar (author)">Nandanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_(writer)" title="Narayan (writer)">Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._V._Vijayan" title="O. V. Vijayan">O. V. Vijayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omchery_N._N._Pillai" title="Omchery N. N. Pillai">Omchery N. N. Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyyarathu_Chandu_Menon" title="Oyyarathu Chandu Menon">Oyyarathu Chandu Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Ayyaneth" title="P. Ayyaneth">P. Ayyaneth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Surendran" title="P. Surendran">P. Surendran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Mathews" title="P. F. Mathews">P. F. Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Balakrishnan" title="P. K. Balakrishnan">P. K. Balakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kesavadev" title="P. Kesavadev">P. Kesavadev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._R._Nathan" title="P. R. Nathan">P. R. Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._R._Shyamala" title="P. R. Shyamala">P. R. Shyamala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Surendran" title="P. Surendran">P. Surendran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Valsala" class="mw-redirect" title="P. Valsala">P. Valsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmarajan" title="Padmarajan">Padmarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamman" title="Pamman">Pamman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappurath" title="Parappurath">Parappurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattathuvila_Karunakaran" title="Pattathuvila Karunakaran">Pattathuvila Karunakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Chirakkarode" title="Paul Chirakkarode">Paul Chirakkarode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Zacharia" title="Paul Zacharia">Paul Zacharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumbadavam_Sreedharan" title="Perumbadavam Sreedharan">Perumbadavam Sreedharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponjikkara_Rafi" title="Ponjikkara Rafi">Ponjikkara Rafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponkunnam_Varkey" title="Ponkunnam Varkey">Ponkunnam Varkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punathil_Kunjabdulla" title="Punathil Kunjabdulla">Punathil Kunjabdulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Paleri" title="Raghunath Paleri">Raghunath Paleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Hareesh" title="S. Hareesh">S. Hareesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Pottekkatt" title="S. K. Pottekkatt">S. K. Pottekkatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santhosh_Echikkanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhosh Echikkanam">Santhosh Echikkanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Joseph_(author)" title="Sarah Joseph (author)">Sarah Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Thomas_(writer)" title="Sarah Thomas (writer)">Sarah Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savithri_Rajeevan" title="Savithri Rajeevan">Savithri Rajeevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates_K._Valath" title="Socrates K. Valath">Socrates K. Valath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhakar_Mangalodayam" title="Sudhakar Mangalodayam">Sudhakar Mangalodayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethu_(writer)" title="Sethu (writer)">Sethu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihabuddin_Poythumkadavu" title="Shihabuddin Poythumkadavu">Shihabuddin Poythumkadavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohanlal" title="Sohanlal">Sohanlal</a></li> <li>Sreekrishnapuram Krishnankutty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandran" title="Subhash Chandran">Subhash Chandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._P._Rajeevan" title="T. P. Rajeevan">T. P. Rajeevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Padmanabhan" title="T. Padmanabhan">T. Padmanabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._Kochubava" title="T. V. Kochubava">T. V. Kochubava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._Varkey" title="T. V. Varkey">T. V. Varkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatapuram_Sukumaran" title="Tatapuram Sukumaran">Tatapuram Sukumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakazhi_Sivasankara_Pillai" title="Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai">Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thikkodiyan" title="Thikkodiyan">Thikkodiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Joseph" title="Thomas Joseph">Thomas Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._A._Khader" title="U. A. Khader">U. A. Khader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._K._Kumaran" title="U. K. Kumaran">U. K. Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnikrishnan_Puthur" title="Unnikrishnan Puthur">Unnikrishnan Puthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnikrishnan_Thiruvazhiyode" title="Unnikrishnan Thiruvazhiyode">Unnikrishnan Thiruvazhiyode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uroob" title="Uroob">Uroob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._N." title="V. K. N.">V. K. N.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Sivakumar" title="V. P. Sivakumar">V. P. Sivakumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Muhammad_Basheer" title="Vaikom Muhammad Basheer">Vaikom Muhammad Basheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallachira_Madhavan" title="Vallachira Madhavan">Vallachira Madhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengayil_Kunhiraman_Nayanar" title="Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar">Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Menon" title="M. K. Menon">Vilasini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoy_Thomas" title="Vinoy Thomas">Vinoy Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._Ayyappan" title="A. Ayyappan">A. Ayyappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Sreehari" title="A. C. Sreehari">A. C. Sreehari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._R._Raja_Raja_Varma" title="A. R. Raja Raja Varma">A. R. Raja Raja Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkitham_Achuthan_Namboothiri" title="Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri">Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ernst_Hanxleden" title="Johann Ernst Hanxleden">Arnos Pathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attoor_Ravi_Varma" title="Attoor Ravi Varma">Attoor Ravi Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balachandran_Chullikkadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Balachandran Chullikkadu">Balachandran Chullikkadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balamani_Amma" title="Balamani Amma">Balamani Amma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodheswaran" title="Bodheswaran">Bodheswaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandiroor_Divakaran" title="Chandiroor Divakaran">Chandiroor Divakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changampuzha_Krishna_Pillai" title="Changampuzha Krishna Pillai">Changampuzha Krishna Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukad" title="Cherukad">Cherukad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusseri_Namboothiri" title="Cherusseri Namboothiri">Cherusseri Namboothiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Vinayachandran" title="D. Vinayachandran">D. Vinayachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappalli_Raghavan_Pillai" class="mw-redirect" title="Edappalli Raghavan Pillai">Edappalli Raghavan Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edasseri_Govindan_Nair" title="Edasseri Govindan Nair">Edasseri Govindan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Shankara_Kurup" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Shankara Kurup">G. Shankara Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irayimman_Thampi" title="Irayimman Thampi">Irayimman Thampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyappa_Paniker" title="Ayyappa Paniker">K. Ayyappa Paniker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Kesava_Pillai" title="K. C. Kesava Pillai">K. C. Kesava Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Ramakrishnan" title="K. V. Ramakrishnan">K. V. Ramakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadammanitta_Ramakrishnan" title="Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan">Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadathanat_Madhavi_Amma" title="Kadathanat Madhavi Amma">Kadathanat Madhavi Amma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavanad_Kuttikrishnan" title="Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan">Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Surayya" title="Kamala Surayya">Kamala Surayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakayam_Cherian_Mappillai" title="Kattakayam Cherian Mappillai">Kattakayam Cherian Mappillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavitha_Balakrishnan" title="Kavitha Balakrishnan">Kavitha Balakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaran_Asan" title="Kumaran Asan">Kumaran Asan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunchan_Nambiar" title="Kunchan Nambiar">Kunchan Nambiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kureepuzha_Sreekumar" title="Kureepuzha Sreekumar">Kureepuzha Sreekumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitha_Lenin" title="Lalitha Lenin">Lalitha Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govindan" title="M. Govindan">M. Govindan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._Appan" title="M. P. Appan">M. P. Appan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Banesh" title="M. S. Banesh">M. S. Banesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Kuroor" title="Manoj Kuroor">Manoj Kuroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_John_Thottam" title="Mary John Thottam">Mary John Thottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanakrishnan_Kaladi" title="Mohanakrishnan Kaladi">Mohanakrishnan Kaladi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyinkutty_Vaidyar" title="Moyinkutty Vaidyar">Moyinkutty Vaidyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._N._Kakkad" title="N. N. Kakkad">N. N. Kakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._V._Krishna_Warrier" title="N. V. Krishna Warrier">N. V. Krishna Warrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalapat_Narayana_Menon" title="Nalapat Narayana Menon">Nalapat Narayana Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellikkal_Muraleedharan" title="Nellikkal Muraleedharan">Nellikkal Muraleedharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niranam_poets" title="Niranam poets">Niranam poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._N._V._Kurup" title="O. N. V. Kurup">O. N. V. Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olappamanna_Subramanian_Namboothirippad" class="mw-redirect" title="Olappamanna Subramanian Namboothirippad">Olappamanna Subramanian Namboothirippad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kunhiraman_Nair" title="P. Kunhiraman Nair">P. Kunhiraman Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._P._Ramachandran" title="P. P. Ramachandran">P. P. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Narayanan_Nair" title="Pala Narayanan Nair">Pala Narayanan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonthanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Poonthanam">Poonthanam Namboothiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulikkottil_Hyder" title="Pulikkottil Hyder">Pulikkottil Hyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punaloor_Balan" title="Punaloor Balan">Punaloor Balan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthussery_Ramachandran" title="Puthussery Ramachandran">Puthussery Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Joseph" title="S. Joseph">S. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satchidanandan" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchidanandan">Satchidanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyan_Madakkara" title="Satyan Madakkara">Satyan Madakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savithri_Rajeevan" title="Savithri Rajeevan">Savithri Rajeevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugathakumari" title="Sugathakumari">Sugathakumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirunalloor_Karunakaran" title="Thirunalloor Karunakaran">Thirunalloor Karunakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolan_(medieval_poet)" title="Tolan (medieval poet)">Tholan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulloor_S._Parameswara_Iyer" title="Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer">Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnayi_Variyar" title="Unnayi Variyar">Unnayi Variyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Madhusoodanan_Nair" title="V. Madhusoodanan Nair">V. Madhusoodanan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._C._Balakrishna_Panicker" title="V. C. Balakrishna Panicker">V. C. Balakrishna Panicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._M._Girija" title="V. M. Girija">V. M. Girija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkumkur_Rajarajavarmaraja" title="Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja">Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallathol_Narayana_Menon" title="Vallathol Narayana Menon">Vallathol Narayana Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayalar_Ramavarma" title="Vayalar Ramavarma">Vayalar Ramavarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerankutty" title="Veerankutty">Veerankutty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vennikkulam_Gopala_Kurup" title="Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup">Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayalakshmi_(poet)" title="Vijayalakshmi (poet)">Vijayalakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnunarayanan_Namboothiri" title="Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri">Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Madhusoodanan_Nair" class="mw-redirect" title="V Madhusoodanan Nair">V Madhusoodanan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyloppilli_Sreedhara_Menon" title="Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon">Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreedevi_Kakkad" title="Sreedevi Kakkad">Sreedevi Kakkad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playwrights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._J._Thomas" title="C. J. Thomas">C. J. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._Jose" title="C. L. Jose">C. L. Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._Sreekantan_Nair" title="C. N. Sreekantan Nair">C. N. Sreekantan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukad" title="Cherukad">Cherukad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Sankara_Pillai" title="G. Sankara Pillai">G. Sankara Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._T._Muhammed" title="K. T. Muhammed">K. T. Muhammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govindan" title="M. Govindan">M. Govindan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalapat_Narayana_Menon" title="Nalapat Narayana Menon">Nalapat Narayana Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Puram_Sadanandan" title="S. L. Puram Sadanandan">S. L. Puram Sadanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoppil_Bhasi" title="Thoppil Bhasi">Thoppil Bhasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Gopinathan_Nair" title="T. N. Gopinathan Nair">T. N. Gopinathan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._T._Bhattathiripad" title="V. T. Bhattathiripad">V. T. Bhattathiripad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children's literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayath_Appunni" title="Malayath Appunni">Malayath Appunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Narendranath" title="P. Narendranath">P. Narendranath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumangala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumangala">Sumangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebaly" title="Shebaly">Shebaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sippy_Pallippuram" title="Sippy Pallippuram">Sippy Pallippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliroor_Radhakrishnan" title="Kiliroor Radhakrishnan">Kiliroor Radhakrishnan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essayists/Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Thayyil" title="Annie Thayyil">Annie Thayyil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._Ahmad_Moulavi" title="C. N. Ahmad Moulavi">C. N. Ahmad Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Venkiteswaran" title="C. S. Venkiteswaran">C. S. Venkiteswaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mundassery" title="Joseph Mundassery">Joseph Mundassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Daniel" title="K. M. Daniel">K. M. Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Appan" title="K. P. Appan">K. P. Appan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Sankaran" title="K. P. Sankaran">K. P. Sankaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Damodaran" title="K. Damodaran">K. Damodaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._George_(writer)" title="K. M. George (writer)">K. M. George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesari_Balakrishna_Pillai" title="Kesari Balakrishna Pillai">Kesari Balakrishna Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikodan" title="Kozhikodan">Kozhikodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttikrishna_Marar" title="Kuttikrishna Marar">Kuttikrishna Marar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttipuzha_Krishna_Pillai" title="Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai">Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Sanu" title="M. K. Sanu">M. K. Sanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Krishnan_Nair_(author)" title="M. Krishnan Nair (author)">M. Krishnan Nair (author)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Leelavathy" title="M. Leelavathy">M. Leelavathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Karassery" title="M. N. Karassery">M. N. Karassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Vijayan" title="M. N. Vijayan">M. N. Vijayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._Paul" title="M. P. Paul">M. P. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._Chandrasekharan" title="M. R. Chandrasekharan">M. R. Chandrasekharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Prasad" title="Narendra Prasad">Narendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._V._Vijayan" title="O. V. Vijayan">O. V. Vijayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Surendran" title="P. Surendran">P. Surendran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Guptan_Nair" title="S. Guptan Nair">S. Guptan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Rajasekharan" title="S. Rajasekharan">S. Rajasekharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabeena_Rafi" title="Sabeena Rafi">Sabeena Rafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjayan" title="Sanjayan">Sanjayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Azhikode" title="Sukumar Azhikode">Sukumar Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._C._Sreejan" title="V. C. Sreejan">V. C. Sreejan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._T._Bhattathiripad" title="V. T. Bhattathiripad">V. T. Bhattathiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayakrishnan" title="Vijayakrishnan">Vijayakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._K._Valath" title="V. V. K. Valath">V. V. K. Valath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars and<br />Grammarians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._R._Raja_Raja_Varma" title="A. R. Raja Raja Varma">A. R. Raja Raja Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnos_Paathiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnos Paathiri">Arnos Paathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mathan" title="George Mathan">George Mathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gundert" title="Hermann Gundert">Hermann Gundert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jye%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhadeva" title="Jyeṣṭhadeva">Jyeṣṭhadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Varma_Valiya_Koil_Thampuran" title="Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran">Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarathil_Sankunni" title="Kottarathil Sankunni">Kottarathil Sankunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Chaithanya" title="Krishna Chaithanya">Krishna Chaithanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Narayana_Panickar" title="R. Narayana Panickar">R. Narayana Panickar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkumkur_Rajarajavarmaraja" title="Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja">Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Devi" title="Leela Devi">Leela Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Kumaran" title="M. K. Kumaran">M. K. Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Sathyaardhi" title="M. N. Sathyaardhi">M. N. Sathyaardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._K._Damodaran" title="N. K. Damodaran">N. K. Damodaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nileena_Abraham" title="Nileena Abraham">Nileena Abraham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champukkal" class="mw-redirect" title="Champukkal">Champukkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_drama" title="Malayalam drama">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilippattu" title="Kilippattu">Kilippattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipravalam" title="Manipravalam">Manipravalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_novel" title="Malayalam novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkan_Pattukal" title="Vadakkan Pattukal">Vadakkan Pattukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venmani_School" title="Venmani School">Venmani School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchippattu" title="Vanchippattu">Vanchippattu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_novel" title="Malayalam novel">Novels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aalahayude_Penmakkal" title="Aalahayude Penmakkal">Aalahayude Penmakkal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aalohari_Anandam" title="Aalohari Anandam">Aalohari Anandam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goat_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Goat Days">Aadujeevitham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aarachaar" title="Aarachaar">Aarachaar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akkapporinte_Irupathu_Nasrani_Varshangal" title="Akkapporinte Irupathu Nasrani Varshangal">Akkapporinte Irupathu Nasrani Varshangal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anal_Haq" title="Anal Haq">Anal Haq</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anargha_Nimisham" title="Anargha Nimisham">Anargha Nimisham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anuragathinte_Dinangal" title="Anuragathinte Dinangal">Anuragathinte Dinangal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agnisakshi_(novel)" title="Agnisakshi (novel)">Agnisakshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ara_Nazhika_Neram" title="Ara Nazhika Neram">Ara Nazhika Neram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Ponnu" title="Arabi Ponnu">Arabi Ponnu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arohanam_(novel)" title="Arohanam (novel)">Arohanam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asuravithu_(novel)" title="Asuravithu (novel)">Asuravithu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avakasikal" title="Avakasikal">Avakasikal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Passing_Shadows" title="The Book of Passing Shadows">Ayussinte Pusthakam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balyakalasakhi" title="Balyakalasakhi">Balyakalasakhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barsa_(novel)" title="Barsa (novel)">Barsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chemmeen_(novel)" title="Chemmeen (novel)">Chemmeen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cheviyorkkuka!_Anthimakahalam" title="Cheviyorkkuka! Anthimakahalam">Cheviyorkkuka! Anthimakahalam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Mischief" title="God's Mischief">Daivathinte Vikrithikal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Gadhakal" title="Delhi Gadhakal">Delhi Gadhakal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enmakaje_(novel)" title="Enmakaje (novel)">Enmakaje</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ente_Katha" title="Ente Katha">Ente Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ente_Thankam" title="Ente Thankam">Ente Thankam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francis_Itty_Cora" title="Francis Itty Cora">Francis Itty Cora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gurusagaram" title="Gurusagaram">Gurusagaram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indulekha_(novel)" title="Indulekha (novel)">Indulekha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaalam_(novel)" title="Kaalam (novel)">Kaalam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kayar" title="Kayar">Kayar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kesavan%27s_Lamentations" title="Kesavan's Lamentations">Kesavante Vilapangal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khasakkinte_Itihasam" title="Khasakkinte Itihasam">Khasakkinte Itihasam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kocharethi" title="Kocharethi">Kocharethi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kundalatha" title="Kundalatha">Kundalatha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manju_(novel)" title="Manju (novel)">Manju (novel)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manushyanu_Oru_Aamukham" title="Manushyanu Oru Aamukham">Manushyanu Oru Aamukham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maranathinte_Nizhalil" title="Maranathinte Nizhalil">Maranathinte Nizhalil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marthandavarma_(novel)" title="Marthandavarma (novel)">Marthandavarma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathilukal" title="Mathilukal">Mathilukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maya_(Surendran_novel)" title="Maya (Surendran novel)">Maya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayyazhippuzhayude_Theerangalil" title="Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil">Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucheettukalikkarante_Makal" title="Mucheettukalikkarante Makal">Mucheettukalikkarante Makal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jasmine_Days" title="Jasmine Days">Mullappoo Niramulla Pakalukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthassi_(novel)" title="Muthassi (novel)">Muthassi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naadan_Premam" title="Naadan Premam">Naadan Premam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalukettu_(novel)" title="Naalukettu (novel)">Naalukettu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nakshathrangale_Kaaval" title="Nakshathrangale Kaaval">Nakshathrangale Kaaval</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu" title="Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu">Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odayil_Ninnu" title="Odayil Ninnu">Odayil Ninnu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ormayude_Arakal" title="Ormayude Arakal">Ormayude Arakal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oru_Desathinte_Katha" title="Oru Desathinte Katha">Oru Desathinte Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oru_Sankeerthanam_Pole" title="Oru Sankeerthanam Pole">Oru Sankeerthanam Pole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oru_Theruvinte_Katha" title="Oru Theruvinte Katha">Oru Theruvinte Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Othappu" title="Othappu">Othappu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleri_Manikyam:_Oru_Pathirakolapathakathinte_Katha_(novel)" title="Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha (novel)">Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pathummayude_Aadu" title="Pathummayude Aadu">Pathummayude Aadu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peruvazhiyambalam_(novel)" title="Peruvazhiyambalam (novel)">Peruvazhiyambalam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ponni_(novel)" title="Ponni (novel)">Ponni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravasam" title="Pravasam">Pravasam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Premalekhanam" title="Premalekhanam">Premalekhanam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Randamoozham" title="Randamoozham">Randamoozham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Randidangazhi" title="Randidangazhi">Randidangazhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rathinirvedam_(novel)" title="Rathinirvedam (novel)">Rathinirvedam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarada_(novel)" title="Sarada (novel)">Sarada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shabdangal" title="Shabdangal">Shabdangal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smarakasilakal" title="Smarakasilakal">Smarakasilakal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sufi_Paranja_Katha" title="Sufi Paranja Katha">Sufi Paranja Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sundarikalum_Sundaranmarum" title="Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum">Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thottiyude_Makan" title="Thottiyude Makan">Thottiyude Makan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ummachu" title="Ummachu">Ummachu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasanavikriti" title="Vasanavikriti">Vasanavikriti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasanthathile_Poomarangal" title="Vasanthathile Poomarangal">Vasanthathile Poomarangal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verukal" title="Verukal">Verukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viddikalude_Swargam" title="Viddikalude Swargam">Viddikalude Swargam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visappu" title="Visappu">Visappu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakshi_(novel)" title="Yakshi (novel)">Yakshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanthram" title="Yanthram">Yanthram</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aithihyamala" title="Aithihyamala">Aithihyamala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabetum_grandonico-malabaricum_sive_samscrudonicum" title="Alphabetum grandonico-malabaricum sive samscrudonicum">Alphabetum grandonico-malabaricum sive samscrudonicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Panineeyam" title="Kerala Panineeyam">Kerala Panineeyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81tyakalpadrumam" title="Nātyakalpadrumam">Nātyakalpadrumam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvavijnanakosam" title="Sarvavijnanakosam">Sarvavijnanakosam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Institute_of_Encyclopaedic_Publications" title="State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications">State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viswasahityavijnanakosam" title="Viswasahityavijnanakosam">Viswasahityavijnanakosam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuktibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Yuktibhāṣā">Yuktibhāṣā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmopadesa_%C5%9Aatakam" title="Atmopadesa Śatakam">Atmopadesa Śatakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiva_Da%C5%9Baka%E1%B9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Daiva Daśakaṁ">Daiva Daśakaṁ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanappana" title="Jnanappana">Jnanappana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omanathinkal_Kidavo" title="Omanathinkal Kidavo">Omanathinkal Kidavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makarakoythu" title="Makarakoythu">Makarakoythu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthen_Pana" title="Puthen Pana">Puthen Pana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanan_(play_in_verse)" title="Ramanan (play in verse)"><i>Ramanan</i> (play in verse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_(poem)" title="Rani (poem)">Rani (poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Bhoothanaathopakhyaanam" title="Sree Bhoothanaathopakhyaanam">Sree Bhoothanaathopakhyaanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnuneeli_Sandesam" title="Unnuneeli Sandesam">Unnuneeli Sandesam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchelavritham_Vanchippattu" title="Kuchelavritham Vanchippattu">Kuchelavritham Vanchippattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnagatha" title="Krishnagatha">Krishnagatha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assorted articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Arabi Malayalam script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakara" title="Chakara">Chakara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malayalam grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_poetry" title="Malayalam poetry">Malayalam poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathrubhumi_Yearbook" title="Mathrubhumi Yearbook">Mathrubhumi Yearbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_copper_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish copper plate">Jewish copper plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_triumvirate_poets" title="Malayalam triumvirate poets">Malayalam triumvirate poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannan_language" title="Mannan language">Mannan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila dialect">Mappila dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozhi_(transliteration)" title="Mozhi (transliteration)">Mozhi (transliteration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullu_Kurumba_language" title="Mullu Kurumba language">Mullu Kurumba language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandy_Malayalam" title="Pandy Malayalam">Pandy Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Malayalam" title="Romanisation of Malayalam">Romanisation of Malayalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Kerala_navigational_boxes" title="Category:Kerala navigational boxes">Templates</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Malayalam-language_literature" title="Category:Malayalam-language literature">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Kerala" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Kerala">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_grammars" title="Template talk:Language grammars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_grammars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><b>Grammars</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_grammar" title="Afrikaans grammar">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_grammar" title="Danish grammar">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_grammar" title="Dutch grammar">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_grammar" title="Faroese grammar">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_grammar" title="German grammar">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_grammar" title="Icelandic grammar">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Grammar" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_morphology" title="Old Norse morphology">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_grammar" title="Colognian grammar">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_grammar" title="Swedish grammar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_grammar" title="West Frisian grammar">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_grammar" title="Yiddish grammar">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_grammar" title="Breton grammar">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_grammar" title="Cornish grammar">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_grammar" title="Old Irish grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_grammar" title="Manx grammar">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar" title="Scottish Gaelic grammar">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_grammar" title="Welsh grammar">Welsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">colloquial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_grammar" title="Dalmatian grammar">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar" title="Istro-Romanian grammar">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin</a></li> <li>Lombard <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_grammar" title="Eastern Lombard grammar">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_grammar" title="Western Lombard grammar">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_grammar" title="Venetian grammar">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_grammar" title="Latvian grammar">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_grammar" title="Lithuanian grammar">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_grammar" title="Belarusian grammar">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_grammar" title="Bulgarian grammar">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language#Grammar" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_grammar" title="Macedonian grammar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_grammar" title="Old Church Slavonic grammar">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar" title="Polish grammar">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_grammar" title="Silesian grammar">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language#Morphology" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_grammar" title="Slovene grammar">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_grammar" title="Slovincian grammar">Slovincian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar" title="Ukrainian grammar">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_grammar" title="Kurdish grammar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_grammar" title="Bhojpuri grammar">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_grammar" title="Maithili grammar">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_grammar" title="Marathi grammar">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language#Grammar" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_grammar" title="Hittite grammar">Hittite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_grammar" title="Estonian grammar">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_grammar" title="Hungarian grammar">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_grammar" title="Ingrian grammar">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_grammar" title="Komi grammar">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_grammar" title="Livonian grammar">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_grammar" title="Udmurt grammar">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli_grammar" title="Meänkieli grammar">Meänkieli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language#Grammar" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_grammar" title="Turkish grammar">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_grammar" title="Turkmen grammar">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_grammar" title="Uyghur grammar">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language#Grammar" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language#Grammar" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language#Grammar" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_grammar" title="Adyghe grammar">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_grammar" title="Basque grammar">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_grammar" title="Kabardian grammar">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_grammar" title="Laz grammar">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_grammar" title="Mingrelian grammar">Mingrelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_grammar" title="Ubykh grammar">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight_grammar" title="Central Atlas Tamazight grammar">Central Atlas Tamazight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hebrew_grammar" title="History of Hebrew grammar">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_grammar" title="Kabyle grammar">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_grammar" title="Levantine Arabic grammar">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_grammar" title="Somali grammar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_grammar" title="Tigrinya grammar">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_grammar" title="Ugaritic grammar">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language#Morphology" title="Fula language">Fula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pular_grammar" title="Pular grammar">Pular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otjiherero_grammar" title="Otjiherero grammar">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_grammar" title="Sesotho grammar">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_grammar" title="Swahili grammar">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_grammar" title="Zulu grammar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Japanese grammar">Classical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language#Grammar" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">Hachijō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_grammar" title="Burmese grammar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_grammar" title="Dzongkha grammar">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_grammar" title="Kokborok grammar">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_grammar" title="Mizo grammar">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_grammar" title="Khmer grammar">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_grammar" title="Vietnamese grammar">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Has_Hlai_grammar" title="Has Hlai grammar">Has Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_grammar" title="Lao grammar">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language#Grammar" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_grammar" title="Evenki grammar">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_grammar" title="Korean grammar">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language#Grammar" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_grammar" title="Cebuano grammar">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_grammar" title="Hawaiian grammar">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_grammar" title="Ilocano grammar">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_grammar" title="Tagalog grammar">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_grammar" title="Massachusett grammar">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_grammar" title="Munsee grammar">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_grammar" title="Ojibwe grammar">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl_grammar" title="Classical Nahuatl grammar">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawat_grammar" title="Nawat grammar">Nawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language#Grammar" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_grammar" title="Miskito grammar">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_grammar" title="Navajo grammar">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_grammar" title="Otomi grammar">Otomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_grammar" title="Klingon grammar">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_grammar" title="Naʼvi grammar">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenya grammar">Quenya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_grammar" title="Esperanto grammar">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua_grammar" title="Interlingua grammar">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue_grammar" title="Interlingue grammar">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova_grammar" title="Lingua Franca Nova grammar">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Constructed_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed languages">constructed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lojban_grammar" title="Lojban grammar">Lojban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&oldid=1248786647">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&oldid=1248786647</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malayalam_grammar" title="Category:Malayalam grammar">Malayalam grammar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malayalam_language" title="Category:Malayalam language">Malayalam language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dravidian_grammars" title="Category:Dravidian grammars">Dravidian grammars</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022">Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PDF_format_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations">Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2007" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 October 2024, at 13:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_grammar&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-f7rzp","wgBackendResponseTime":149,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.820","walltime":"1.045","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3361,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":198588,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3103,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":63581,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 780.444 1 -total"," 29.34% 229.007 54 Template:Fs_interlinear"," 17.02% 132.830 4 Template:Navbox"," 15.37% 119.917 3 Template:Cite_web"," 12.47% 97.343 1 Template:Grammars_of_South_Asian_languages"," 10.10% 78.838 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.70% 67.928 4 Template:Fix"," 8.68% 67.735 3 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.63% 67.391 1 Template:Commons_category-inline"," 8.40% 65.580 1 Template:Sister-inline"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.480","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16475131,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-9dmsb","timestamp":"20241122151159","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Malayalam grammar","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malayalam_grammar","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6741580","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6741580","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-05-17T17:21:56Z","dateModified":"2024-10-01T13:35:32Z","headline":"grammar of Malayalam Language"}</script> </body> </html>