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Toggle Historical and literary sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_and_literary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_epigraphic_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_epigraphic_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early epigraphic sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_epigraphic_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Depiction_in_coinage_(2nd_century_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depiction_in_coinage_(2nd_century_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Depiction in coinage (2nd century BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depiction_in_coinage_(2nd_century_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Inscriptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Literary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mahabharata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahabharata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Mahabharata </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahabharata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Other sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puranas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puranas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Puranas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puranas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Iconography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_and_legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_and_legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Life and legends </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_and_legends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life and legends subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life_and_legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Birth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childhood_and_youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood_and_youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Childhood and youth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood_and_youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adulthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adulthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Adulthood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adulthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurukshetra_War_and_Bhagavad_Gita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurukshetra_War_and_Bhagavad_Gita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Kurukshetra War and Bhagavad Gita </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurukshetra_War_and_Bhagavad_Gita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_ascension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_ascension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Death and ascension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_ascension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions_and_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions_and_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Versions and interpretations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versions_and_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_datings_and_historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_datings_and_historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Proposed datings and historicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_datings_and_historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_and_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_and_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Philosophy and theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_and_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaishnavism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaishnavism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Vaishnavism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaishnavism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Early traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhakti_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhakti_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Bhakti tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhakti_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Indian subcontinent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Outside Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Performance arts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Performance arts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Performance_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dance_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Dance and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Major temples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Outside Hinduism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Outside Hinduism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Krishna</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 116 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-116" aria-hidden="true" > 116 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3" title="कृष्ण – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कृष्ण" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7" title="كريشنا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كريشنا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3" title="কৃষ্ণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কৃষ্ণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3" title="कृष्ण – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कृष्ण" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%9Fna" title="Krişna – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Krişna" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kresna" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3" title="কৃষ্ণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃষ্ণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisna" title="Krisna – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Krisna" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kresna" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кришна – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кришна" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Крышна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крышна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3" title="कृष्ण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कृष्ण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кришна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кришна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krixna" title="Krixna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Krixna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1na" title="Kršna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kršna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3" title="कृष्ण – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कृष्ण" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%A1na" title="Krišna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Krišna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Κρίσνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρίσνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%9Dno" title="Kriŝno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kriŝno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7" title="کریشنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کریشنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisjna" title="Krisjna – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Krisjna" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A3" title="કૃષ્ણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કૃષ્ણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3" title="कृष्ण – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="कृष्ण" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%88%EB%82%98" title="크리슈나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크리슈나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Կրիշնա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրիշնա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3" title="कृष्ण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कृष्ण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%A1na" title="Krišna – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krišna" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kresna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a" title="Kṛṣṇa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kṛṣṇa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94" title="קרישנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרישנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kresna" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3" title="ಕೃಷ್ಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೃಷ್ಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="კრიშნა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კრიშნა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кришна – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кришна" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%A1na" title="Krišna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krišna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%A1na" title="Krišna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krišna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisna" title="Krisna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Krisna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3" title="श्री कृष्ण – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="श्री कृष्ण" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кришна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кришна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BB" title="കൃഷ്ണൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൃഷ്ണൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3" title="कृष्ण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कृष्ण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="კრიშნა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კრიშნა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87)" title="كريشنا (اله) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كريشنا (اله)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Krishna" title="Sri Krishna – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sri Krishna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯅꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯅꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ik-ti%C4%95ng" title="Háik-tiĕng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háik-tiĕng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кришна – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кришна" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ကရစ်ရှနား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကရစ်ရှနား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_(hindoe%C3%AFsme)" title="Krishna (hindoeïsme) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Krishna (hindoeïsme)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3" title="कृष्ण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कृष्ण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3" title="कृष्ण – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कृष्ण" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8A" title="クリシュナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリシュナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisjna" title="Krisjna – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krisjna" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krichna" title="Krichna – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Krichna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3" title="କୃଷ୍ଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୃଷ୍ଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3" title="कृष्ण – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="कृष्ण" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86" title="کرشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کرشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7" title="کرېشنا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کرېشنا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8E" title="ព្រះក្រឹស្ណ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះក្រឹស្ណ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryszna" title="Kryszna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kryszna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кришна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кришна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%83" title="कृष्णः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कृष्णः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AB" title="කෘෂ්ණ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කෘෂ්ණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ڪرشن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪرشن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1na" title="Kršna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kršna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%A1na" title="Krišna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krišna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кришна – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кришна" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%A1na" title="Krišna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krišna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresna" title="Kresna – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kresna" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கிருட்டிணன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிருட்டிணன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кришна – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кришна" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="శ్రీ కృష్ణుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శ్రీ కృష్ణుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="พระกฤษณะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระกฤษณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3" title="ಕೃಷ್ಣ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕೃಷ್ಣ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%9Fna" title="Krişna – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Krişna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Крішна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крішна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86" title="کرشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کرشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%A1na" title="Krišna – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Krišna" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Krishna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A4%A9" title="黑天 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑天" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A4%A9" title="黑天 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑天" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A4%A9" title="黑天 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑天" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Krishna_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Krishna (disambiguation)">Krishna (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Krsna" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Krsna_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Krsna (disambiguation)">Krsna (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Krishna</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of Protection, Compassion, Tenderness, and Love,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200420–25,_quote:_"Three_Dimensions_of_Krishna's_Divinity_(...)_divine_majesty_and_supremacy,_(...)_divine_tenderness_and_intimacy,_(...)_compassion_and_protection.,_(...,_p._24)_Krishna_as_the_God_of_Love"_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200420–25,_quote:_"Three_Dimensions_of_Krishna's_Divinity_(...)_divine_majesty_and_supremacy,_(...)_divine_tenderness_and_intimacy,_(...)_compassion_and_protection.,_(...,_p._24)_Krishna_as_the_God_of_Love"-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yogeshvara" title="Yogeshvara">Lord of Yogis</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parabrahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabrahman">The Supreme Being</a> (<a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/220px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/330px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/440px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="2620" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of Krishna at <a href="/wiki/Sri_Mariamman_Temple,_Singapore" title="Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore">Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Achyuta" title="Achyuta">Achyuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damodar_(Krishna)" title="Damodar (Krishna)">Damodara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopala-Krishna" title="Gopala-Krishna">Gopala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopinath_(Krishna)" title="Gopinath (Krishna)">Gopinath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govinda" title="Govinda">Govinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keshava" title="Keshava">Keshava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhava_(Vishnu)" title="Madhava (Vishnu)">Madhava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha_Ramana" title="Radha Ramana">Radha Ramana</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data">कृष्ण</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> transliteration</th><td class="infobox-data">Kṛṣṇa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a> (Krishnaism-Vaishnavism)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007114-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-KK-5">[5]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gokul" title="Gokul">Gokul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dvaraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaraka">Dvaraka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Bhagavate_V%C4%81sudev%C4%81ya" title="Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya">Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">Sudarshana Chakra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kaumodaki" title="Kaumodaki">Kaumodaki</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War (Mahabharata)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Day</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wednesday" title="Wednesday">Wednesday</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Mount</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Garga_Samhita_(Vaishnavite_text)" title="Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)">Garga Samhita</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Samhita" title="Brahma Samhita">Brahma Samhita</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gender</th><td class="infobox-data">Male</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Mahotsav" title="Gita Mahotsav">Gita Mahotsav</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gopashtami" title="Gopashtami">Gopashtami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Puja" title="Govardhan Puja">Govardhan Puja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Purnima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Sharad Purnima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lathmar_Holi" title="Lathmar Holi">Lathmar Holi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Avatar birth</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surasena" title="Surasena">Surasena</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India)<a href="#cite_note-Raychaudhuri_1972124-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Avatar end</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bhalka" title="Bhalka">Bhalka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Saurashtra Kingdom">Saurashtra</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Veraval" title="Veraval">Veraval</a>, Gujarat, India)<a href="#cite_note-eck380-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a> (mother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Yashoda" title="Yashoda">Yashoda</a> (foster-mother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(Hinduism)" title="Nanda (Hinduism)">Nanda</a> (foster-father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(wife_of_Vasudeva)" title="Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)">Rohini</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva#Wives_and_children" title="Vasudeva">and the other wives of Vasudeva</a> (step-mothers)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> (half-brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a> (half-sister)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva#Wives_and_children" title="Vasudeva">other children of Vasudeva</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consorts</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jambavati" title="Jambavati">Jambavati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtabharya" title="Ashtabharya">other 5 chief queens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Junior_wives_of_Krishna" title="Junior wives of Krishna">16,000 – 16,100 Junior queens</a><a href="#cite_note-hawley12-11">[10]</a></li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-13">[note 2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Characters_in_the_Mahabharata#Bhanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Characters in the Mahabharata">Bhanu</a> and various other children<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-10">[note 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dynasty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yadava" title="Yadava">Yaduvamsha</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lunar_dynasty" title="Lunar dynasty">Chandravamsha</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9">Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> Traditional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Vedic Deities:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Post-Vedic:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Mokṣa-related topics:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divisions</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Rigveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Yajurveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Samaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Atharvaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Dvija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #c9d5f2; border-color: #001A57"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Git_govind_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet."><img alt="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/220px-Git_govind_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/330px-Git_govind_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/440px-Git_govind_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="386" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Supreme deity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krishna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other forms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayurappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Consorts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Alamelu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures">Holy scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sampradayas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Śuddhādvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81ra_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumāra Sampradaya">Kumara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>)), <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintyabhedabheda</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Others</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Teachers—acharyas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāneśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirtha" title="Padmanabha Tirtha">Padmanabha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha" title="Raghavendra Tirtha">Raghavendra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabodha_Tirtha" title="Satyabodha Tirtha">Satyabodha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthalanatha" title="Vitthalanatha">Viṭṭhalanātha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Kantha_Krishnamacharyulu" title="Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu">Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annamacharya" title="Annamacharya">Annamacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrachala_Ramadasu" title="Bhadrachala Ramadasu">Bhadrachala Ramadasu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Tenkalai_("southern")_-_Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalai_("northern")_-_Vedanta_Desika" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munitraya_Sampradayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitraya Sampradayam">Munitraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Sahajiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanandi">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnavism" title="Template talk:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%"><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a> Sequence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> Krishna (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkrɪʃnə/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: कृष्ण, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Kṛṣṇa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ˈkr̩ʂɳɐ]</a>) is a major <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. He is worshipped as the eighth <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and also as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_God_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme God (Hinduism)">Supreme God</a> in his own right.<a href="#cite_note-EB-15">[13]</a> He is the god of protection, compassion, tenderness, and love;<a href="#cite_note-Scharfstein1993p166-16">[14]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200420–25,_quote:_"Three_Dimensions_of_Krishna's_Divinity_(...)_divine_majesty_and_supremacy,_(...)_divine_tenderness_and_intimacy,_(...)_compassion_and_protection.,_(...,_p._24)_Krishna_as_the_God_of_Love"_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200420–25,_quote:_"Three_Dimensions_of_Krishna's_Divinity_(...)_divine_majesty_and_supremacy,_(...)_divine_tenderness_and_intimacy,_(...)_compassion_and_protection.,_(...,_p._24)_Krishna_as_the_God_of_Love"-1">[1]</a> and is widely revered among Hindu divinities.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> Krishna's birthday is celebrated every year by Hindus on <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>, which falls in late August or early September of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p314-20">[18]</a> The anecdotes and narratives of Krishna's life are generally titled as Krishna Līlā. He is a central figure in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, and is mentioned in many <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu theology">theological</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">mythological</a> texts.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-21">[19]</a> They portray him in various perspectives: as a god-child, a prankster, a model lover, a divine hero, and the universal supreme being.<a href="#cite_note-Mahony1987-22">[20]</a> His iconography reflects these legends and shows him in different stages of his life, such as an infant eating butter, a young boy playing a <a href="/wiki/Venu" title="Venu">flute</a>, a young boy with <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> or surrounded by female devotees, or a friendly charioteer giving counsel to <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Knott2000-23">[21]</a> The name and synonyms of Krishna have been traced to 1st millennium <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a> literature and cults.<a href="#cite_note-Cultofgopal-24">[22]</a> In some sub-traditions, like <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a>, Krishna is worshipped as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_God_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme God (Hinduism)">Supreme God</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a> (God Himself). These sub-traditions arose in the context of the medieval era <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_Valpey_2013-26">[24]</a> Krishna-related literature has inspired numerous performance arts such as <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri dance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007118-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-ML_Varadpande_1987-28">[26]</a> He is a pan-Hindu god, but is particularly revered in some locations, such as <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a> in Uttar Pradesh,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawley2020-29">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junagadh" title="Junagadh">Junagadh</a> in Gujarat; the <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannatha</a> aspect in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayapur" title="Mayapur">Mayapur</a> in West Bengal;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiśra2005-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a>, Maharashtra, <a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nathdwara" title="Nathdwara">Nathdwara</a> in Rajasthan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Udupi" title="Udupi">Udupi</a> Krishna in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20073-33">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parthasarathy_Temple,_Chennai" title="Parthasarathy Temple, Chennai">Parthasarathy</a> in Tamil Nadu and in <a href="/wiki/Aranmula" title="Aranmula">Aranmula</a>, Kerala, and <a href="/wiki/Guruvayoorappan" class="mw-redirect" title="Guruvayoorappan">Guruvayoorappan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guruvayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Guruvayoor">Guruvayoor</a> in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Since the 1960s, the worship of Krishna has also spread to the Western world and to Africa, largely due to the work of the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a> (ISKCON).<a href="#cite_note-bare_url-35">[33]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_epithets">Names and epithets</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">List of titles and names of Krishna</a></div>The name "Krishna" originates from the Sanskrit word kṛṣṇa, which means "black", "dark" or "dark blue".<a href="#cite_note-dictionaries-36">[34]</a> The waning moon is called <a href="/wiki/Paksha#Krishna_Paksha" title="Paksha">Krishna Paksha</a>, relating to the adjective meaning "darkening".<a href="#cite_note-dictionaries-36">[34]</a> Some Vaishnavas also translate the word as "All-Attractive", though it lacks that meaning in Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> As a name of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, Krishna is listed as the 57th name in the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Sahasranama" title="Vishnu Sahasranama">Vishnu Sahasranama</a>. Based on his name, Krishna is often depicted in <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">idols</a> as black- or blue-skinned. Krishna is also known by various <a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">other names, epithets, and titles</a> that reflect his many associations and attributes. Among the most common names are Mohan "enchanter"; <a href="/wiki/Govinda" title="Govinda">Govinda</a> "chief herdsman",<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keev" title="Keev">Keev</a> "prankster", and <a href="/wiki/Gopala_Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopala Krishna">Gopala</a> "Protector of the 'Go'", which means "soul" or "the cows".<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hilt-40">[38]</a> Some names for Krishna hold regional importance; <a href="/wiki/Jagannatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannatha">Jagannatha</a>, found in the <a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Puri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannatha Puri">Puri</a> Hindu temple, is a popular incarnation in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> state and nearby regions of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern India">eastern India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007139-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_and_literary_sources">Historical and literary sources</h2></div> The tradition of Krishna appears to be an amalgamation of several independent deities of ancient India, the earliest to be attested being <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GDF119-44">[42]</a> Vāsudeva was a hero-god of the tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Vrishni" title="Vrishni">Vrishnis</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Vrishni_heroes" title="Vrishni heroes">Vrishni heroes</a>, whose worship is attested from the 5th–6th century BCE in the writings of <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>, and from the 2nd century BCE in epigraphy with the <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GDF119-44">[42]</a> At one point in time, it is thought that the tribe of the Vrishnis fused with the tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Yadavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadavas">Yadavas</a>, whose own hero-god was named Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-GDF119-44">[42]</a> Vāsudeva and Krishna fused to become a single deity, which appears in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, and they started to be identified with <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> in the Mahabharata and the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GDF119-44">[42]</a> Around the 4th century CE, another tradition, the cult of <a href="/wiki/Gopala-Krishna" title="Gopala-Krishna">Gopala-Krishna</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abhira_people" title="Abhira people">Ābhīras</a>, the protector of cattle, was also absorbed into the Krishna tradition.<a href="#cite_note-GDF119-44">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_epigraphic_sources">Early epigraphic sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva-Krishna">Vāsudeva-Krishna</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Depiction_in_coinage_(2nd_century_BCE)">Depiction in coinage (2nd century BCE)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasudeva_Krishna_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_circa_180_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vasudeva_Krishna_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_circa_180_BCE.jpg/170px-Vasudeva_Krishna_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_circa_180_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vasudeva_Krishna_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_circa_180_BCE.jpg/255px-Vasudeva_Krishna_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_circa_180_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vasudeva_Krishna_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_circa_180_BCE.jpg/340px-Vasudeva_Krishna_on_a_coin_of_Agathocles_of_Bactria_circa_180_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>-Krishna, on a coin of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles of Bactria</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 180 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-US-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> This is "the earliest unambiguous image" of the deity.<a href="#cite_note-BRILL-47">[45]</a></div></figcaption></figure> Around 180 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> king <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a> issued some coinage (discovered in <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a>, Afghanistan) bearing images of deities that are now interpreted as being related to <a href="/wiki/Vaisnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaisnava">Vaisnava</a> imagery in India.<a href="#cite_note-Bopearachchi-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> The deities displayed on the coins appear to be <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83kar%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a" title="Saṃkarṣaṇa">Saṃkarṣaṇa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> with attributes consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">Gada</a> mace and the <a href="/wiki/Plow" class="mw-redirect" title="Plow">plow</a>, and Vāsudeva-Krishna with attributes of the <a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a> (conch) and the <a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">Sudarshana Chakra</a> wheel.<a href="#cite_note-Bopearachchi-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bopearachchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bopearachchi">Bopearachchi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Headdress" class="mw-redirect" title="Headdress">headdress</a> of the deity is actually a misrepresentation of a shaft with a half-moon parasol on top (<a href="/wiki/Chattra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattra">chattra</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Bopearachchi-48">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heliodorus_pillar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heliodorus_pillar.jpg/170px-Heliodorus_pillar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heliodorus_pillar.jpg/255px-Heliodorus_pillar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heliodorus_pillar.jpg/340px-Heliodorus_pillar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_Pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliodorus Pillar">Heliodorus Pillar</a> in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, erected about 120 BCE. The inscription states that Heliodorus is a Bhagvatena, and a couplet in the inscription closely paraphrases a Sanskrit verse from the Mahabharata.<a href="#cite_note-allchin309-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_Pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliodorus Pillar">Heliodorus Pillar</a>, a stone pillar with a <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a> script inscription, was discovered by colonial era archaeologists in Besnagar (<a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vidisha</a>, in the central Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>). Based on the internal evidence of the inscription, it has been dated to between 125 and 100 BCE and is now known after <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_(ambassador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliodorus (ambassador)">Heliodorus</a> – an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> who served as an ambassador of the Greek king <a href="/wiki/Antialcidas" title="Antialcidas">Antialcidas</a> to a regional Indian king, Kasiputra <a href="/wiki/Bhagabhadra" title="Bhagabhadra">Bhagabhadra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bopearachchi-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-allchin309-51">[49]</a> The Heliodorus pillar inscription is a private religious dedication of Heliodorus to "<a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>", an early deity and another name for Krishna in the Indian tradition. It states that the column was constructed by "the Bhagavata Heliodorus" and that it is a "Garuda pillar" (both are Vishnu-Krishna-related terms). Additionally, the inscription includes a Krishna-related verse from chapter 11.7 of the Mahabharata stating that the path to immortality and heaven is to correctly live a life of three virtues: self-<a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">temperance</a> (damah), generosity (cagah or tyaga), and vigilance (apramadah).<a href="#cite_note-allchin309-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-salomon265-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> The Heliodorus pillar site was fully excavated by archaeologists in the 1960s. The effort revealed the brick foundations of a much larger ancient elliptical temple complex with a sanctum, <a href="/wiki/Mandapa" title="Mandapa">mandapas</a>, and seven additional pillars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhare1967-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrwin1974169–176_with_Figure_2_and_3-56">[54]</a> The Heliodorus pillar inscriptions and the temple are among the earliest known evidence of Krishna-Vasudeva devotion and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> in ancient India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESusan_V_MishraHimanshu_P_Ray20175-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bopearachchi-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg/220px-Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg/330px-Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg/440px-Rama_Krishna_at_Chilas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> and Krishna with their attributes at <a href="/wiki/Chilas" title="Chilas">Chilas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a> inscription nearby reads Rama [kri]ṣa. 1st century CE.<a href="#cite_note-BRILL-47">[45]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_Pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliodorus Pillar">Heliodorus inscription</a> is not isolated evidence. The <a href="/wiki/Hathibada_Ghosundi_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions">Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions</a>, all located in the state of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and dated by modern methodology to the 1st century BCE, mention Saṃkarṣaṇa and Vāsudeva, also mention that the structure was built for their worship in association with the supreme deity <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>. These four inscriptions are notable for being some of the oldest-known <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Mora_well_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Mora well inscription">Mora stone slab</a> found at the Mathura-Vrindavan archaeological site in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, held now in the <a href="/wiki/Mathura_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Museum">Mathura Museum</a>, has a Brahmi inscription. It is dated to the 1st century CE and mentions the five <a href="/wiki/Vrishni_heroes" title="Vrishni heroes">Vrishni heroes</a>, otherwise known as Saṃkarṣaṇa, Vāsudeva, <a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vardpande6-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Puri1968-62">[60]</a> The inscriptional record for <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> starts in the 2nd century BCE with the coinage of Agathocles and the Heliodorus pillar, but the name of Krishna appears rather later in epigraphy. At the <a href="/wiki/Chilas" title="Chilas">Chilas</a> II archaeological site dated to the first half of the 1st-century CE in northwest Pakistan, near the Afghanistan border, are engraved two males, along with many Buddhist images nearby. The larger of the two males held a plough and club in his two hands. The artwork also has an inscription with it in <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> script, which has been deciphered by scholars as Rama-Krsna, and interpreted as an ancient depiction of the two brothers, Balarama and Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> The first known depiction of the life of Krishna himself comes relatively late, with <a href="/wiki/File:Vasudeva_Carrying_Baby_Krishna_in_Basket_Across_Yamuna_-_Circa_1st_Century_CE_-_Gatashram_Narayan_Temple.jpg" title="File:Vasudeva Carrying Baby Krishna in Basket Across Yamuna - Circa 1st Century CE - Gatashram Narayan Temple.jpg">a relief</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, and dated to the 1st–2nd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-KCIA-65">[63]</a> This fragment seems to show <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a>, Krishna's father, carrying baby Krishna in a basket across the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna river">Yamuna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KCIA-65">[63]</a> The relief shows at one end a seven-hooded Naga crossing a river, where a <a href="/wiki/Makara" title="Makara">makara</a> crocodile is thrashing around, and at the other end a person seemingly holding a basket over his head.<a href="#cite_note-KCIA-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_sources">Literary sources</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Krishna_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Krishna in the Mahabharata">Krishna in the Mahabharata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_advising_Pandavas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Krishna_advising_Pandavas.jpg/220px-Krishna_advising_Pandavas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Krishna_advising_Pandavas.jpg/330px-Krishna_advising_Pandavas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Krishna_advising_Pandavas.jpg/440px-Krishna_advising_Pandavas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption>Krishna advising Pandavas</figcaption></figure> The earliest text containing detailed descriptions of Krishna as a personality is the epic <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, which depicts Krishna as an incarnation of Vishnu.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Krishna is central to many of the main stories of the epic. The eighteen chapters of the sixth book (Bhishma Parva) of the epic that constitute the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> contain the advice of Krishna to <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> on the battlefield. During the ancient times that the Bhagavad Gita was composed in, Krishna was widely seen as an avatar of Vishnu rather than an individual <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>, yet he was immensely powerful and almost everything in the universe other than Vishnu was "somehow present in the body of Krishna".<a href="#cite_note-:0-67">[65]</a> Krishna had "no beginning or end", "fill[ed] space", and every god but Vishnu was seen as ultimately him, including <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, "storm gods, sun gods, bright gods", light gods, "and gods of ritual."<a href="#cite_note-:0-67">[65]</a> Other forces also existed in his body, such as "hordes of varied creatures" that included "celestial serpents."<a href="#cite_note-:0-67">[65]</a> He is also "the essence of humanity."<a href="#cite_note-:0-67">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a>, a later appendix to the Mahabharata, contains a detailed version of Krishna's childhood and youth.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baby_thief_Krishna_(bazaar_art,_c.1950%27s).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Baby_thief_Krishna_%28bazaar_art%2C_c.1950%27s%29.jpg/220px-Baby_thief_Krishna_%28bazaar_art%2C_c.1950%27s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Baby_thief_Krishna_%28bazaar_art%2C_c.1950%27s%29.jpg/330px-Baby_thief_Krishna_%28bazaar_art%2C_c.1950%27s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Baby_thief_Krishna_%28bazaar_art%2C_c.1950%27s%29.jpg/440px-Baby_thief_Krishna_%28bazaar_art%2C_c.1950%27s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="1143" /></a><figcaption>Krishna is celebrated in the Vaishnava tradition in various stages of his life.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a> (verse III.xvii.6) mentions Krishna in Krishnaya Devakiputraya as a student of the sage Ghora of the Angirasa family. Ghora is identified with <a href="/wiki/Neminatha" title="Neminatha">Neminatha</a>, the twenty-second <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, by some scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200423-69">[67]</a> This phrase, which means "To Krishna the son of <a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a>", has been mentioned by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller316-70">[68]</a> as a potential source of fables and Vedic lore about Krishna in the Mahabharata and other ancient literature – only potential because this verse could have been interpolated into the text,<a href="#cite_note-maxmuller316-70">[68]</a> or the Krishna Devakiputra, could be different from the deity Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> These doubts are supported by the fact that the much later age Sandilya Bhakti Sutras, a treatise on Krishna,<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> cites later age compilations such as the <a href="/wiki/Narayana_Upanishad" title="Narayana Upanishad">Narayana Upanishad</a> but never cites this verse of the Chandogya Upanishad. Other scholars disagree that the Krishna mentioned along with <a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a> in the ancient Upanishad is unrelated to the later Hindu god of the Bhagavad Gita fame. For example, Archer states that the coincidence of the two names appearing together in the same Upanishad verse cannot be dismissed easily.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81ska" title="Yāska">Yāska</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a>, an etymological dictionary published around the 6th century BCE, contains a reference to the Shyamantaka jewel in the possession of <a href="/wiki/Akrura" title="Akrura">Akrura</a>, a motif from the well-known Puranic story about Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-bryant4-74">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a> and Aitareya-Aranyaka associate Krishna with his Vrishni origins.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> In Ashṭādhyāyī, authored by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient">ancient</a> grammarian <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a> (probably belonged to the 5th or 6th century BCE), Vāsudeva and Arjuna, as recipients of worship, are referred to together in the same <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kurukshetra.nic.in-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancing_Krishna,_India,_Tanjore,_Tamil_Nadu,_Chola_dynasty,_14th_century,_bronze,_HAA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Dancing_Krishna%2C_India%2C_Tanjore%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Chola_dynasty%2C_14th_century%2C_bronze%2C_HAA.JPG/170px-Dancing_Krishna%2C_India%2C_Tanjore%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Chola_dynasty%2C_14th_century%2C_bronze%2C_HAA.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Dancing_Krishna%2C_India%2C_Tanjore%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Chola_dynasty%2C_14th_century%2C_bronze%2C_HAA.JPG/255px-Dancing_Krishna%2C_India%2C_Tanjore%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Chola_dynasty%2C_14th_century%2C_bronze%2C_HAA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Dancing_Krishna%2C_India%2C_Tanjore%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Chola_dynasty%2C_14th_century%2C_bronze%2C_HAA.JPG/340px-Dancing_Krishna%2C_India%2C_Tanjore%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_Chola_dynasty%2C_14th_century%2C_bronze%2C_HAA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bala_Krishna" title="Bala Krishna">Bala Krishna</a> dancing, 14th century CE <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> sculpture, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Honolulu Academy of Arts">Honolulu Academy of Arts</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a>, a Greek ethnographer and an ambassador of <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucus I">Seleucus I</a> to the court of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> towards the end of 4th century BCE, made reference to <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes%27_Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Megasthenes' Herakles">Herakles</a> in his famous work <a href="/wiki/Indica_(Megasthenes)" title="Indica (Megasthenes)">Indica</a>. This text is now lost to history, but was quoted in secondary literature by later Greeks such as <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diodorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diodorus">Diodorus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20075-79">[77]</a> According to these texts, Megasthenes mentioned that the Sourasenoi tribe of India, who worshipped Herakles, had two major cities named Methora and Kleisobora, and a navigable river named the Jobares. According to <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bryant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Bryant (author)">Edwin Bryant</a>, a professor of Indian religions known for his publications on Krishna, "there is little doubt that the Sourasenoi refers to the Shurasenas, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Yadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadu">Yadu</a> dynasty to which Krishna belonged".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20075-79">[77]</a> The word Herakles, states Bryant, is likely a Greek phonetic equivalent of Hari-Krishna, as is Methora of Mathura, Kleisobora of Krishnapura, and the Jobares of <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Jamuna</a>. Later, when <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> launched his campaign in the northwest <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, his associates recalled that the soldiers of <a href="/wiki/King_Porus" class="mw-redirect" title="King Porus">Porus</a> were carrying an image of Herakles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20075-79">[77]</a> The Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Pali_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali canon">Pali canon</a> and the Ghata-Jâtaka (No.  454) <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemically</a> mention the devotees of Vâsudeva and Baladeva. These texts have many peculiarities and may be a garbled and confused version of the Krishna legends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20075–6-80">[78]</a> The texts of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> mention these tales as well, also with many peculiarities and different versions, in their legends about <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankaras</a>. This inclusion of Krishna-related legends in ancient <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and Jaina literature suggests that Krishna theology was existent and important in the religious landscape observed by non-Hindu traditions of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_india" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient india">ancient India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20076-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> The ancient Sanskrit grammarian <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Mahabhashya" title="Mahabhashya">Mahabhashya</a> makes several references to Krishna and his associates found in later Indian texts. In his commentary on Pāṇini's verse 3.1.26, he also uses the word Kamsavadha or the "killing of Kamsa", an important part of the legends surrounding Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20075-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Puranas">Puranas</h4></div> Many <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> tell Krishna's life story or some highlights from it. Two Puranas, the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a>, contain the most elaborate telling of Krishna's story,<a href="#cite_note-Elkman1986-84">[82]</a> but the life stories of Krishna in these and other texts vary, and contain significant inconsistencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198618,_49–53,_245–249-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> The Bhagavata Purana consists of twelve books subdivided into 332 chapters, with a cumulative total of between 16,000 and 18,000 verses depending on the version.<a href="#cite_note-barbaraholdrege109-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> The tenth book of the text, which contains about 4,000 verses (~25%) and is dedicated to legends about Krishna, has been the most popular and widely studied part of this text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007112-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001127–137-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow"> <li class="gallerycaption">The Variation in Iconography Depicting Krishna and the Ras Leela</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_dances_in_the_Raslila_with_the_Gopis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Krishna_dances_in_the_Raslila_with_the_Gopis.jpg/93px-Krishna_dances_in_the_Raslila_with_the_Gopis.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Krishna_dances_in_the_Raslila_with_the_Gopis.jpg/139px-Krishna_dances_in_the_Raslila_with_the_Gopis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Krishna_dances_in_the_Raslila_with_the_Gopis.jpg/185px-Krishna_dances_in_the_Raslila_with_the_Gopis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2207" data-file-height="2859" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_dances_in_the_Raslila_with_the_Gopis.jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Krishna dances in the Raslila with the Gopis.jpg">Krishna dances in the Raslila with the Gopis.jpg</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Radha,_Krishna_and_the_gopis,_Bharatiya_Lok_Kala_Museum,_Udaipur,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Radha%2C_Krishna_and_the_gopis%2C_Bharatiya_Lok_Kala_Museum%2C_Udaipur%2C_India.jpg/79px-Radha%2C_Krishna_and_the_gopis%2C_Bharatiya_Lok_Kala_Museum%2C_Udaipur%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Radha%2C_Krishna_and_the_gopis%2C_Bharatiya_Lok_Kala_Museum%2C_Udaipur%2C_India.jpg/118px-Radha%2C_Krishna_and_the_gopis%2C_Bharatiya_Lok_Kala_Museum%2C_Udaipur%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Radha%2C_Krishna_and_the_gopis%2C_Bharatiya_Lok_Kala_Museum%2C_Udaipur%2C_India.jpg/158px-Radha%2C_Krishna_and_the_gopis%2C_Bharatiya_Lok_Kala_Museum%2C_Udaipur%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2508" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Radha,_Krishna_and_the_gopis,_Bharatiya_Lok_Kala_Museum,_Udaipur,_India.jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Radha, Krishna and the gopis, Bharatiya Lok Kala Museum, Udaipur, India.jpg">Radha, Krishna and the gopis, Bharatiya Lok Kala Museum, Udaipur, India.jpg</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_dancing_with_the_gopis_(6124519381).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Krishna_dancing_with_the_gopis_%286124519381%29.jpg/120px-Krishna_dancing_with_the_gopis_%286124519381%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Krishna_dancing_with_the_gopis_%286124519381%29.jpg/180px-Krishna_dancing_with_the_gopis_%286124519381%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Krishna_dancing_with_the_gopis_%286124519381%29.jpg/240px-Krishna_dancing_with_the_gopis_%286124519381%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="795" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_dancing_with_the_gopis_(6124519381).jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Krishna dancing with the gopis (6124519381).jpg">Krishna dancing with the gopis (6124519381).jpg</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_and_Radha_dancing_the_Rasalila,_Jaipur,_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Krishna_and_Radha_dancing_the_Rasalila%2C_Jaipur%2C_19th_century.jpg/84px-Krishna_and_Radha_dancing_the_Rasalila%2C_Jaipur%2C_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Krishna_and_Radha_dancing_the_Rasalila%2C_Jaipur%2C_19th_century.jpg/125px-Krishna_and_Radha_dancing_the_Rasalila%2C_Jaipur%2C_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Krishna_and_Radha_dancing_the_Rasalila%2C_Jaipur%2C_19th_century.jpg/167px-Krishna_and_Radha_dancing_the_Rasalila%2C_Jaipur%2C_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_and_Radha_dancing_the_Rasalila,_Jaipur,_19th_century.jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Krishna and Radha dancing the Rasalila, Jaipur, 19th century.jpg">Krishna and Radha dancing the Rasalila, Jaipur, 19th century.jpg</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_depicting_Raslila,_the_joyful_dance_of_Krishna_with_his_favourite_gopi,_Radha,_from_a_Hindu_temple_in_Fateh_Jang,_Attock_district.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fresco_depicting_Raslila%2C_the_joyful_dance_of_Krishna_with_his_favourite_gopi%2C_Radha%2C_from_a_Hindu_temple_in_Fateh_Jang%2C_Attock_district.jpg/120px-Fresco_depicting_Raslila%2C_the_joyful_dance_of_Krishna_with_his_favourite_gopi%2C_Radha%2C_from_a_Hindu_temple_in_Fateh_Jang%2C_Attock_district.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fresco_depicting_Raslila%2C_the_joyful_dance_of_Krishna_with_his_favourite_gopi%2C_Radha%2C_from_a_Hindu_temple_in_Fateh_Jang%2C_Attock_district.jpg/180px-Fresco_depicting_Raslila%2C_the_joyful_dance_of_Krishna_with_his_favourite_gopi%2C_Radha%2C_from_a_Hindu_temple_in_Fateh_Jang%2C_Attock_district.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fresco_depicting_Raslila%2C_the_joyful_dance_of_Krishna_with_his_favourite_gopi%2C_Radha%2C_from_a_Hindu_temple_in_Fateh_Jang%2C_Attock_district.jpg/240px-Fresco_depicting_Raslila%2C_the_joyful_dance_of_Krishna_with_his_favourite_gopi%2C_Radha%2C_from_a_Hindu_temple_in_Fateh_Jang%2C_Attock_district.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_depicting_Raslila,_the_joyful_dance_of_Krishna_with_his_favourite_gopi,_Radha,_from_a_Hindu_temple_in_Fateh_Jang,_Attock_district.jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Fresco depicting Raslila, the joyful dance of Krishna with his favourite gopi, Radha, from a Hindu temple in Fateh Jang, Attock district.jpg">Fresco depicting Raslila, the joyful dance of Krishna with his favourite gopi, Radha, from a Hindu temple in Fateh Jang, Attock district.jpg</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ShyamRai_Mandir_Bishnupur_WB_Terracotta_works_Ras_Leela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ShyamRai_Mandir_Bishnupur_WB_Terracotta_works_Ras_Leela.jpg/120px-ShyamRai_Mandir_Bishnupur_WB_Terracotta_works_Ras_Leela.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ShyamRai_Mandir_Bishnupur_WB_Terracotta_works_Ras_Leela.jpg/180px-ShyamRai_Mandir_Bishnupur_WB_Terracotta_works_Ras_Leela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ShyamRai_Mandir_Bishnupur_WB_Terracotta_works_Ras_Leela.jpg/240px-ShyamRai_Mandir_Bishnupur_WB_Terracotta_works_Ras_Leela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:ShyamRai_Mandir_Bishnupur_WB_Terracotta_works_Ras_Leela.jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:ShyamRai Mandir Bishnupur WB Terracotta works Ras Leela.jpg">ShyamRai Mandir Bishnupur WB Terracotta works Ras Leela.jpg</a> </div> </li> </ul> Krishna is represented in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian tradition">Indian traditions</a> in many ways, but with some common features.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher2004The_Krishna_of_Painting-91">[89]</a> His iconography typically depicts him with black, dark, or blue skin, like <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> However, ancient and medieval reliefs and stone-based arts depict him in the natural color of the material out of which he is formed, both in India and in southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> In some texts, his skin is poetically described as the color of <a href="/wiki/Jambul" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambul">Jambul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jamun" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamun">Jamun</a>, a purple-colored fruit).<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna-in-Kyoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Krishna-in-Kyoto.jpg/170px-Krishna-in-Kyoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Krishna-in-Kyoto.jpg/255px-Krishna-in-Kyoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Krishna-in-Kyoto.jpg/340px-Krishna-in-Kyoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Krishna playing the flute in <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Todai-ji Temple</a>, constructed in 752 CE on the order of Emperor Shomu, in <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> Krishna is often depicted wearing a peacock-feather <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreath</a> or crown, and playing the <a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">bansuri</a> (Indian flute).<a href="#cite_note-Grolier-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> In this form, he is usually shown standing with one leg bent in front of the other in the <a href="/wiki/Tribhanga" title="Tribhanga">Tribhanga</a> posture. He is sometimes accompanied by cows or a calf, which symbolise the divine herdsman Govinda. Alternatively, he is shown as a romantic young boy with the <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopis</a> (milkmaids), often making music or playing pranks.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_Govardhana._Bharat_Kala_Bhavan,_ni03-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Krishna_Govardhana._Bharat_Kala_Bhavan%2C_ni03-24.jpg/170px-Krishna_Govardhana._Bharat_Kala_Bhavan%2C_ni03-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Krishna_Govardhana._Bharat_Kala_Bhavan%2C_ni03-24.jpg/255px-Krishna_Govardhana._Bharat_Kala_Bhavan%2C_ni03-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Krishna_Govardhana._Bharat_Kala_Bhavan%2C_ni03-24.jpg/340px-Krishna_Govardhana._Bharat_Kala_Bhavan%2C_ni03-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="1521" /></a><figcaption>Krishna lifting Govardhana at <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Kala_Bhavan" title="Bharat Kala Bhavan">Bharat Kala Bhavan</a>, recovered from Varanasi. It is dated to the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> era (4th/6th century CE).<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a></figcaption></figure> In other icons, he is a part of battlefield scenes of the epic <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>. He is shown as a charioteer, notably when he is addressing the Pandava prince <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>, symbolically reflecting the events that led to the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> – a scripture of Hinduism. In these popular depictions, Krishna appears in the front as the charioteer, either as a counsel listening to Arjuna or as the driver of the chariot while Arjuna aims his arrows in the <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurukshetra war">battlefield of Kurukshetra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Alternate icons of Krishna show him as a baby (<a href="/wiki/Bala_Krishna" title="Bala Krishna">Bala Krishna</a>, the child Krishna), a toddler crawling on his hands and knees, a dancing child, or an innocent-looking child playfully stealing or consuming butter (Makkan Chor),<a href="#cite_note-hawley3-102">[100]</a> holding <a href="/wiki/Laddu" title="Laddu">Laddu</a> in his hand (Laddu Gopal)<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> or as a cosmic infant sucking his toe while floating on a banyan leaf during the <a href="/wiki/Pralaya" title="Pralaya">Pralaya</a> (the cosmic dissolution) observed by sage <a href="/wiki/Markandeya" title="Markandeya">Markandeya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> Regional variations in the iconography of Krishna are seen in his different forms, such as <a href="/wiki/Jaganatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaganatha">Jaganatha</a> in Odisha, <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a> in Maharashtra,<a href="#cite_note-vithoba-106">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a> in Rajasthan<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayoorappan</a> in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Guidelines for the preparation of Krishna icons in design and architecture are described in medieval-era Sanskrit texts on Hindu temple arts such as Vaikhanasa <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">agama</a>, Vishnu dharmottara, Brihat samhita, and <a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Similarly, early medieval-era <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil texts</a> also contain guidelines for sculpting Krishna and Rukmini. Several statues made according to these guidelines are in the collections of the <a href="/wiki/Government_Museum,_Chennai" title="Government Museum, Chennai">Government Museum, Chennai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Krishna iconography forms an important element in the figural sculpture on 17th–19th century terracotta temples of Bengal. In many temples, the stories of Krishna are depicted on a long series of narrow panels along the base of the facade. In other temples, the important Krishnalila episodes are depicted on large brick panels above the entrance arches or on the walls surrounding the entrance.<a href="#cite_note-Amit-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_legends">Life and legends</h2></div> This summary is an account based on literary details from the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhārata">Mahābhārata</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a>. The scenes from the narrative are set in ancient India, mostly in the present states of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, Bihar, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, Haryana, Delhi, and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. The legends about Krishna's life are called Krishna charitas (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Kṛṣṇacaritas).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001145-112">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Birth_of_Krishna" title="Birth of Krishna">Birth of Krishna</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indischer_Maler_um_1755_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Indischer_Maler_um_1755_002.jpg/220px-Indischer_Maler_um_1755_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Indischer_Maler_um_1755_002.jpg/330px-Indischer_Maler_um_1755_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Indischer_Maler_um_1755_002.jpg/440px-Indischer_Maler_um_1755_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="3237" /></a><figcaption>Baby Krishna on a swing, depicted with his foster parents <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Baba">Nanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yashoda" title="Yashoda">Yashoda</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the Krishna Charitas, Krishna is born to <a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a> and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Yadava" title="Yadava">Yadava</a> clan in <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Devaki's brother is a tyrant named <a href="/wiki/Kamsa" title="Kamsa">Kamsa</a>. At Devaki's wedding, according to Puranic legends, Kamsa is told by fortune tellers that a child of Devaki would kill him. Sometimes, it is depicted as an <a href="/wiki/Akashvani_(word)" title="Akashvani (word)">akashvani</a> announcing Kamsa's death. Kamsa arranges to kill all of Devaki's children. When Krishna is born, Vasudeva secretly carries the infant Krishna away across the Yamuna, and exchanges him with <a href="/wiki/Yashoda" title="Yashoda">Yashoda</a>'s daughter. When Kamsa tries to kill the newborn, the exchanged baby appears as the Hindu goddess <a href="/wiki/Yogmaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogmaya">Yogamaya</a>, warning him that his death has arrived in his kingdom, and then disappears, according to the legends in the Puranas. Krishna grows up with <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Baba">Nanda</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Yashoda" title="Yashoda">Yashoda</a>, near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yashoda-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-tkk-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lok_Nath_Soni-116">[114]</a> Two of Krishna's siblings also survive, namely <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a>, according to these legends.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The day of the birth of Krishna is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_youth">Childhood and youth</h3></div> The legends of Krishna's childhood and youth describe him as a cow-herder, a mischievous boy whose pranks earn him the nickname Makhan Chor (butter thief), and a protector who steals the hearts of the people in both Gokul and Vrindavana. The texts state, for example, that Krishna lifts the <a href="/wiki/Govardhana_hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Govardhana hill">Govardhana hill</a> to protect the inhabitants of Vrindavana from <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81%E1%B9%81vartaka" title="Sāṁvartaka">devastating rains and floods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MW-118">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_(1525-1550_CE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg/220px-Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg/330px-Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg/440px-Krishna_and_Balarama_Studying_with_the_Brahman_Sandipani_%281525-1550_CE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>Krishna and <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> Studying with the Brahman <a href="/wiki/Sandipani" title="Sandipani">Sandipani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, 1525–1550 CE print).</figcaption></figure> Other legends describe him as an enchanter and playful lover of the gopis (milkmaids) of Vrindavana, especially <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>. These metaphor-filled love stories are known as the <a href="/wiki/Rasa_lila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa lila">Rasa lila</a> and were romanticized in the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a>, author of the <a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a>. They are also central to the development of the Krishna <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> traditions worshiping <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Krishna's childhood illustrates the Hindu concept of Lila, playing for fun and enjoyment and not for sport or gain. His interaction with the gopis at the rasa dance or <a href="/wiki/Rasa-lila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa-lila">Rasa-lila</a> is an example. Krishna plays his flute and the gopis come immediately, from whatever they were doing, to the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna River">Yamuna River</a> and join him in singing and dancing. Even those who could not physically be there join him through meditation. He is the spiritual essence and the love-eternal in existence, the gopis metaphorically represent the <a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">prakṛti</a> matter and the impermanent body.<a href="#cite_note-Largen-120">[118]</a>: 256  This Lila is a constant theme in the legends of Krishna's childhood and youth. Even when he is battling with a serpent to protect others, he is described in Hindu texts as if he were playing a game.<a href="#cite_note-Largen-120">[118]</a>: 255  This quality of playfulness in Krishna is celebrated during festivals as Rasa-Lila and <a href="/wiki/Janmashtami" class="mw-redirect" title="Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a>, where Hindus in some regions such as <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> playfully mimic his legends, such as by making human gymnastic pyramids to break open handis (clay pots) hung high in the air to "steal" butter or buttermilk, spilling it all over the group.<a href="#cite_note-Largen-120">[118]</a>: 253–261  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adulthood">Adulthood</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg/180px-Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg/270px-Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg/360px-Krishna_Rukmini_Satyabhama_Garuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3652" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Krishna with his consorts <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a> and his mount <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>, Tamil Nadu, India, late 12th–13th century<a href="#cite_note-lacma-121">[119]</a></figcaption></figure> Krishna legends then describe his return to Mathura. He overthrows and kills the tyrant king, his maternal uncle Kamsa/Kansa after quelling several assassination attempts by Kamsa. He reinstates Kamsa's father, <a href="/wiki/Ugrasena" title="Ugrasena">Ugrasena</a>, as the king of the <a href="/wiki/Yadava" title="Yadava">Yadavas</a> and becomes a leading prince at the court.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> In one version of the Krishna story, as narrated by Shanta Rao, Krishna after Kamsa's death leads the Yadavas to the newly built city of <a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dwaraka</a>. Thereafter Pandavas rise. Krishna befriends <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandava</a> princes of the <a href="/wiki/Kuru_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru (kingdom)">Kuru</a> kingdom. Krishna plays a key role in the Mahabharata.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> The Bhagavata Purana describes <a href="/wiki/Ashtabharya" title="Ashtabharya">eight wives</a> of Krishna that appear in sequence as <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jambavati" title="Jambavati">Jambavati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalindi">Kalindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitravinda" title="Mitravinda">Mitravinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagnajiti" title="Nagnajiti">Nagnajiti</a> (also called Satya), <a href="/wiki/Bhadra_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Bhadra (Krishna's wife)">Bhadra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Lakshmana (Krishna's wife)">Lakshmana</a> (also called Madra).<a href="#cite_note-Hudson2008-124">[122]</a> This has been interpreted as a metaphor where each of the eight wives signifies a different aspect of him.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Vaishnava texts mention all Gopis as wives of Krishna, but this is understood as spiritual symbolism of devotional relationship and Krishna's complete loving devotion to each and everyone devoted to him.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> In Krishna-related Hindu traditions, he is most commonly seen with <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>. All of his wives and his lover Radha are considered in the Hindu tradition to be the <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a> of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, the consort of Vishnu.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007443-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">Gopis</a> are considered as Lakshmi's or Radha's manifestations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007443-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-hawley13-128">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurukshetra_War_and_Bhagavad_Gita">Kurukshetra War and Bhagavad Gita</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></div> According to the epic poem Mahabharata, Krishna becomes Arjuna's charioteer for the <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a>, but on the condition that he personally will not raise any weapon. Upon arrival at the battlefield and seeing that the enemies are his family, his grandfather, and his cousins and loved ones, Arjuna is moved and says his heart will not allow him to fight and kill others. He would rather renounce the kingdom and put down his <a href="/wiki/Gandiva" title="Gandiva">Gandiva</a> (Arjuna's bow). Krishna then advises him about the nature of life, ethics, and morality when one is faced with a war between good and evil, the impermanence of matter, the permanence of the soul and the good, duties and responsibilities, the nature of true peace and bliss and the different types of yoga to reach this state of bliss and inner liberation. This conversation between Krishna and Arjuna is presented as a discourse called the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_ascension">Death and ascension</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mausala_Parva" title="Mausala Parva">Mausala Parva</a></div> It is stated in the Indian texts that the legendary Kurukshetra War led to the death of all the hundred sons of Gandhari. After Duryodhana's death, Krishna visits <a href="/wiki/Gandhari_(Mahabharata)" title="Gandhari (Mahabharata)">Gandhari</a> to offer his condolences when Gandhari and Dhritarashtra visited Kurukshetra, as stated in Stree Parva. Feeling that Krishna deliberately did not put an end to the war, in a fit of rage and sorrow, Gandhari said, "Thou were indifferent to the Kurus and the Pandavas whilst they slew each other. Therefore, O Govinda, thou shalt be the slayer of thy own kinsmen!" According to the Mahabharata, a fight breaks out at a festival among the Yadavas, who end up killing each other. Mistaking the sleeping Krishna for a deer, a hunter named Jara shoots an arrow towards Krishna's foot that fatally injures him. Krishna forgives Jara and dies.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-eck380-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mani,_Vettam_1975_429-133">[131]</a> The pilgrimage (<a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">tirtha</a>) site of <a href="/wiki/Bhalka" title="Bhalka">Bhalka</a> in Gujarat marks the location where Krishna is believed to have died. It is also known as Dehotsarga, states <a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Eck" title="Diana L. Eck">Diana L. Eck</a>, a term that literally means the place where Krishna "gave up his body".<a href="#cite_note-eck380-7">[7]</a> The Bhagavata Purana in Book 11, Chapter 31 states that after his death, Krishna returned to his transcendent abode directly because of his yogic concentration. Waiting gods such as <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> were unable to trace the path Krishna took to leave his human incarnation and return to his abode.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2003417-418-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Versions_and_interpretations">Versions and interpretations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:373px;max-width:373px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_nathji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sri_nathji.jpg/137px-Sri_nathji.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sri_nathji.jpg/206px-Sri_nathji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sri_nathji.jpg/274px-Sri_nathji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="496" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Jagannath_Patachitra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lord_Jagannath_Patachitra.jpg/133px-Lord_Jagannath_Patachitra.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lord_Jagannath_Patachitra.jpg/200px-Lord_Jagannath_Patachitra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lord_Jagannath_Patachitra.jpg/266px-Lord_Jagannath_Patachitra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1032" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Syayambhuvithoba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Syayambhuvithoba.jpg/91px-Syayambhuvithoba.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Syayambhuvithoba.jpg/137px-Syayambhuvithoba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Syayambhuvithoba.jpg/182px-Syayambhuvithoba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="693" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Krishna iconography appears in many versions across India. For example (left to right): Srinath, Jagannath, Vithoba.</div></div></div></div> There are numerous versions of Krishna's life story, of which three are most studied: the Harivamsa, the Bhagavata Purana, and the Vishnu Purana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20019–14,_145–149-136">[134]</a> They share the basic storyline but vary significantly in their specifics, details, and styles.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> The most original composition, the Harivamsa is told in a realistic style that describes Krishna's life as a poor herder but weaves in poetic and <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">allusive</a> fantasy. It ends on a triumphal note, not with the death of Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett200144–49,_63–64,_145-138">[136]</a> Differing in some details, the fifth book of the Vishnu Purana moves away from Harivamsa realism and embeds Krishna in mystical terms and eulogies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett200189–104,_146-139">[137]</a> The Vishnu Purana manuscripts exist in many versions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198618,_245–249-140">[138]</a> The tenth and eleventh books of the Bhagavata Purana are widely considered to be a poetic masterpiece, full of imagination and metaphors, with no relation to the realism of pastoral life found in the Harivamsa. Krishna's life is presented as a cosmic play (Lila), where his youth is set as a princely life with his foster father Nanda portrayed as a king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001108–115,_146–147-141">[139]</a> Krishna's life is closer to that of a human being in Harivamsa, but is a symbolic universe in the Bhagavata Purana, where Krishna is within the universe and beyond it, as well as the universe itself, always.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001145–149-142">[140]</a> The Bhagavata Purana manuscripts also exist in many versions, in numerous Indian languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986138–149-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007112-89">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> is considered as the incarnation of Krishna in <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_datings_and_historicity">Proposed datings and historicity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vedic-Puranic_chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic-Puranic chronology">Vedic-Puranic chronology</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History of Hinduism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG/170px-RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG/255px-RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG/340px-RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>14th-century <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> of <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Udaipur" title="Udaipur">Udaipur</a>, Rajasthan</figcaption></figure> The date of Krishna's birth is celebrated every year as <a href="/wiki/Janmashtami" class="mw-redirect" title="Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnott2000-147">[145]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] According to Guy Beck, "most scholars of Hinduism and Indian history accept the historicity of Krishna – that he was a real male person, whether human or divine, who lived on Indian soil by at least 1000 BCE and interacted with many other historical persons within the cycles of the epic and puranic histories." Yet, Beck also notes that there is an "enormous number of contradictions and discrepancies surrounding the chronology of Krishna's life as depicted in the Sanskrit canon".<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Some scholars believe that, among others, the detailed description of Krishna's peace mission in the 5th Book of the Mahabharata (Udyogaparvan) is likely to be based on real events. The epic's translator J.A.B. van Buitenen in this context assumes “that there was some degree of verisimilitude in the Mahabharata’s depictions of life.”<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy_and_theology">Philosophy and theology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12th-century_Krishna_playing_flute_with_gathered_living_beings_lost_in_music_at_Shaivism_Hindu_temple_Hoysaleswara_arts_Halebidu_Karnataka_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/12th-century_Krishna_playing_flute_with_gathered_living_beings_lost_in_music_at_Shaivism_Hindu_temple_Hoysaleswara_arts_Halebidu_Karnataka_India.jpg/220px-12th-century_Krishna_playing_flute_with_gathered_living_beings_lost_in_music_at_Shaivism_Hindu_temple_Hoysaleswara_arts_Halebidu_Karnataka_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/12th-century_Krishna_playing_flute_with_gathered_living_beings_lost_in_music_at_Shaivism_Hindu_temple_Hoysaleswara_arts_Halebidu_Karnataka_India.jpg/330px-12th-century_Krishna_playing_flute_with_gathered_living_beings_lost_in_music_at_Shaivism_Hindu_temple_Hoysaleswara_arts_Halebidu_Karnataka_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/12th-century_Krishna_playing_flute_with_gathered_living_beings_lost_in_music_at_Shaivism_Hindu_temple_Hoysaleswara_arts_Halebidu_Karnataka_India.jpg/440px-12th-century_Krishna_playing_flute_with_gathered_living_beings_lost_in_music_at_Shaivism_Hindu_temple_Hoysaleswara_arts_Halebidu_Karnataka_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="3913" /></a><figcaption>12th-century art depicting Krishna playing flute with gathered living beings at <a href="/wiki/Hoysaleswara_Temple" title="Hoysaleswara Temple">Hoysaleswara temple</a>, Karnataka</figcaption></figure> A wide range of theological and philosophical ideas are presented through Krishna in Hindu texts. The teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> can be considered, according to <a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Hardy" title="Friedhelm Hardy">Friedhelm Hardy</a>, as the first Krishnaite system of theology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-25">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a>, a Hindu theologian and philosopher whose works were influential in <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-KulkeRothermund2004p149-150">[148]</a> presented him in terms of qualified <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">nondualism</a> (namely <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a> school).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007329–334_(Francis_X_Clooney)-151">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a>, a philosopher whose works led to the founding of <a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a> tradition of Vaishnavism,<a href="#cite_note-SharmaB-152">[150]</a> presented Krishna in the framework of <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Dualism (Indian philosophy)">dualism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007358–365_(Deepak_Sarma)-153">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a> – a group of schools, which teaches that the individual self is both different and not different from the ultimate reality – predates the positions of monism and dualism. Among medieval Bhedabheda thinkers are <a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Kumara Sampradaya</a> (Dvaitadvaita philosophical school),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014-154">[152]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a>, a saint from <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnava school</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> who described Krishna theology in terms of Bhakti yoga and <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007373–378_(Satyanarayana_Dasa)-156">[154]</a> Krishna theology is presented in a pure monism (<a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a>) framework by <a href="/wiki/Vallabha_Acharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabha Acharya">Vallabha Acharya</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushti</a> sect of Vaishnavism.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007479–480_(Richard_Barz)-158">[156]</a> Madhusudana Sarasvati, an India philosopher,<a href="#cite_note-David_1996-159">[157]</a> presented Krishna theology in nondualism-monism framework (<a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>), while <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, credited with unifying and establishing the main currents of thought in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> mentioned Krishna in his early eighth-century discussions on <a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007313–318_(Lance_Nelson)-163">[161]</a> The Bhagavata Purana synthesizes an Advaita, Samkhya, and Yoga framework for Krishna, but it does so through loving devotion to Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar_Das2006172–173-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1983553–557-166">[164]</a> Bryant describes the synthesis of ideas in Bhagavata Purana as: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The philosophy of the Bhagavata is a mixture of Vedanta terminology, Samkhyan metaphysics, and devotionalized Yoga praxis. (...) The tenth book promotes Krishna as the highest absolute personal aspect of godhead – the personality behind the term <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a> and the ultimate aspect of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Edwin Bryant, Krishna: A Sourcebook<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007114-4">[4]</a></cite></div></blockquote> While Sheridan and Pintchman both affirm Bryant's view, the latter adds that the Vedantic view emphasized in the Bhagavata is <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">non-dualist</a> with a difference. In conventional nondual Vedanta, all reality is interconnected and one, the Bhagavata posits that the reality is interconnected and plural.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan198617–21-168">[166]</a> Across the various theologies and philosophies, the common theme presents Krishna as the essence and symbol of divine love, with human life and love as a reflection of the divine. The longing and love-filled legends of Krishna and the gopis, his playful pranks as a baby,<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> as well as his later dialogues with other figures, are philosophically treated as metaphors for the human longing for the divine and for meaning, and the play between the universals and the human soul.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Krishna's lila is a theology of love-play. According to John Koller, "love is presented not simply as a means to salvation, it is the highest life". Human love is God's love.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> Other texts that include Krishna such as the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> have attracted numerous <a href="/wiki/Bhasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasya">bhasya</a> (commentaries) in the Hindu traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Juanxxvi-174">[172]</a> Though only a part of the Hindu epic Mahabharata, it has functioned as an independent spiritual guide. It allegorically raises the ethical and moral dilemmas of human life through Krishna and Arjuna. It then presents a spectrum of answers, addressing the ideological questions on human freedoms, choices, and responsibilities towards self and others.<a href="#cite_note-Juanxxvi-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-feuersteinix-175">[173]</a> This Krishna dialogue has attracted numerous interpretations, from being a metaphor for inner human struggle that teaches non-violence to being a metaphor for outer human struggle that advocates a rejection of quietism and persecution.<a href="#cite_note-Juanxxvi-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-feuersteinix-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusudana Sarasvati</a>, known for his contributions to classical Advaita Vedanta, was also a devout follower of Krishna and expressed his devotion in various verses within his works, notably in his Bhagavad Gita commentary, Bhagavad Gita Gudarthadipika. In his works, Krishna is often interpreted as representing nirguna Brahman, leading to a transtheistic understanding of deity, where Krishna symbolizes the nondual Self, embodying Being, Consciousness, and Bliss, and the pure Existence underlying all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007315-177">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_temple_de_Chennakesava_(Somanathapura,_Inde)_(14466110935).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Le_temple_de_Chennakesava_%28Somanathapura%2C_Inde%29_%2814466110935%29.jpg/220px-Le_temple_de_Chennakesava_%28Somanathapura%2C_Inde%29_%2814466110935%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Le_temple_de_Chennakesava_%28Somanathapura%2C_Inde%29_%2814466110935%29.jpg/330px-Le_temple_de_Chennakesava_%28Somanathapura%2C_Inde%29_%2814466110935%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Le_temple_de_Chennakesava_%28Somanathapura%2C_Inde%29_%2814466110935%29.jpg/440px-Le_temple_de_Chennakesava_%28Somanathapura%2C_Inde%29_%2814466110935%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1179" /></a><figcaption>Relief from the <a href="/wiki/Chennakeshava_Temple,_Somanathapura" title="Chennakeshava Temple, Somanathapura">Chennakeshava Temple</a> of Krishna with flute with humans and cows listening, 1258 CE.</figcaption></figure> The worship of Krishna is part of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, a major tradition within Hinduism. Krishna is considered a full avatar of Vishnu, or one with Vishnu himself.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> However, the exact relationship between Krishna and Vishnu is complex and diverse,<a href="#cite_note-Beck-179">[177]</a> with Krishna of <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaite</a> sampradayas considered an independent deity and supreme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knott55-180">[178]</a> Vaishnavas accept many incarnations of Vishnu, but Krishna is particularly important. Their theologies are generally centered either on Vishnu or an avatar such as Krishna as supreme. The terms <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a> and Vishnuism have sometimes been used to distinguish the two, the former implying that Krishna is the transcendent Supreme Being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996117-181">[179]</a> Some scholars, as <a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Hardy" title="Friedhelm Hardy">Friedhelm Hardy</a>, do not define Krishnaism as a sub-order or offshoot of Vaishnavism, considering it a parallel and no less ancient current of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-25">[23]</a> All Vaishnava traditions recognise Krishna as the eighth avatar of Vishnu; others identify Krishna with Vishnu, while Krishnaite traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-McDaniel-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1925-183">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam Sampraday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Vallabha Sampradaya</a> regard Krishna as the <a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a>, the original form of Lord or the same as the concept of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-KK-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-VaisnavaInstitute1956-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Delmonico-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-De1960-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gitagovinda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gitagovinda">Gitagovinda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a> considers Krishna to be the supreme lord while the ten incarnations are his forms. <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan Sampradaya</a>, also worshipped Krishna as God himself. "Greater Krishnaism" corresponds to the second and dominant phase of Vaishnavism, revolving around the cults of the <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a>, Krishna, and <a href="/wiki/Gopal_(Krishna)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopal (Krishna)">Gopala</a> of the late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Today the faith has a significant following outside of India as well.<a href="#cite_note-Princeton-189">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_traditions">Early traditions</h4></div> The deity <a href="/wiki/Krishna-Vasudeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna-Vasudeva">Krishna-Vasudeva</a> (kṛṣṇa vāsudeva "Krishna, the son of <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_Anakadundubhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasudeva Anakadundubhi">Vasudeva Anakadundubhi</a>") is historically one of the earliest forms of worship in <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cultofgopal-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-bryant4-74">[72]</a> It is believed to be a significant tradition of the early history of Krishna religion in antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> Thereafter, there was an amalgamation of various similar traditions. These include ancient <a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a>, the cult of <a href="/wiki/Gopala" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopala">Gopala</a>, of "Krishna Govinda" (cow-finding Krishna), of <a href="/wiki/Bala_Krishna" title="Bala Krishna">Balakrishna</a> (baby Krishna) and of "Krishna Gopivallabha<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a>" (Krishna the lover).<a href="#cite_note-kk20072-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> According to Andre Couture, the <a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a> contributed to the synthesis of various figures as aspects of Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Already in the early Middle Ages, Jagannathism (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odia</a> Vaishnavism) originated as the cult of the god <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> ''Lord of the Universe'') – an abstract form of Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEschmannKulkeTripathi1978Hardy1987387–392Starza1993Miśra2005chapter_9._Jagannāthism-195">[193]</a> Jagannathism was a regional temple-centered version of <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-25">[23]</a> where Jagannath is understood as a principal god, <a href="/wiki/Purushottama" title="Purushottama">Purushottama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Para Brahman</a>, but can also be regarded as a non-sectarian syncretic Vaishnavite and all-Hindu cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiśra200597chapter_9._Jagannāthism-196">[194]</a> According to the Vishnudharma Purana (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4th century), Krishna is woshipped in the form of Purushottama in Odia (Odisha).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarza199376-197">[195]</a> The notable <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannath temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a>, Odisha has been particularly significant within the tradition since about 800 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007139–141-198">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhakti_tradition">Bhakti tradition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meerabai_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg/170px-Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg/255px-Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg/340px-Meerabai_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Krishna has been a major part of the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>. One of the key devotees was <a href="/wiki/Meera" class="mw-redirect" title="Meera">Meera</a> (pictured).</figcaption></figure> The use of the term bhakti, meaning devotion, is not confined to any one deity. However, Krishna is an important and popular focus of the devotionalism tradition within Hinduism, particularly among the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaite</a> sects.<a href="#cite_note-McDaniel-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier1974-199">[197]</a> Devotees of Krishna subscribe to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Lila_(divine_play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lila (divine play)">lila</a>, meaning 'divine play', as the central principle of the universe. It is a form of bhakti yoga, one of three types of yoga discussed by Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy1925-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobsen-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-chapple-201">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h4></div> The bhakti movements devoted to Krishna became prominent in southern India in the 7th to 9th centuries CE. The earliest works included those of the <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvar</a> saints of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vaudeville1962-202">[200]</a> A major collection of their works is the <a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a>. Alvar <a href="/wiki/Andal" title="Andal">Andal</a>'s popular collection of songs <a href="/wiki/Tiruppavai" title="Tiruppavai">Tiruppavai</a>, in which she conceives of herself as a gopi, is the most famous of the oldest works in this genre.<a href="#cite_note-cassel-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Radhak1975-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-histor-205">[203]</a> The movement originated in South India during the 7th century CE, spreading northwards from Tamil Nadu through Karnataka and Maharashtra; by the 15th century, it was established in Bengal and northern India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomerMcLeod19871–2-206">[204]</a> Early <a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaite</a> Bhakti pioneers included <a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a> (7th century CE),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014323-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[note 3]</a> and his disciple <a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a> but most emerged later, including <a href="/wiki/Vallabhacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabhacharya">Vallabhacharya</a> (15th century CE) and <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a>. They started their own schools, namely <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallabha_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabha Sampradaya">Vallabha Sampradaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a>, with Krishna and Radha as the supreme gods. In addition, since the 15th century, flourished <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> variety of Krishnaism, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a>, is linked to the Bengali poet <a href="/wiki/Chandidas" title="Chandidas">Chandidas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasu1932-210">[207]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, saint poets of the <a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a> sect such as <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janabai" title="Janabai">Janabai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a> promoted the worship of <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a>,<a href="#cite_note-vithoba-106">[104]</a> a local form of Krishna, from the 13th to 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Mahony1987-22">[20]</a> Before the Warkari tradition, Krishna devotion became well established in Maharashtra due to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava Sampradaya</a> founded by Sarvajna <a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pranami" title="Pranami">Pranami Sampradaya</a> emerged in the 17th century in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, based on the Krishna-focussed syncretist Hindu-<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> teachings of Devchandra Maharaj and his famous successor, Mahamati Prannath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToffin2012249–254-212">[209]</a> In southern India, <a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanakadasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakadasa">Kanakadasa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> composed songs devoted to the Krishna image of <a href="/wiki/Udupi" title="Udupi">Udupi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a> of Gaudiya Vaishnavism has compiled a comprehensive summary of bhakti called Bhakti-rasamrita-sindhu.<a href="#cite_note-Klostermaier1974-199">[197]</a> In South India, the acharyas of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Sampradaya</a> have written reverently about Krishna in most of their works, including the <a href="/wiki/Thiruppavai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppavai">Tiruppavai</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andal" title="Andal">Andal</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gopalavimshati" title="Gopalavimshati">Gopalavimshati</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala states have many major Krishna temples, and <a href="/wiki/Janmashtami" class="mw-redirect" title="Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a> is one of the widely celebrated festivals in South India.<a href="#cite_note-Maithily-215">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outside_Asia">Outside Asia</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radhakrishna_manor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Radhakrishna_manor.JPG/170px-Radhakrishna_manor.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Radhakrishna_manor.JPG/255px-Radhakrishna_manor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Radhakrishna_manor.JPG/340px-Radhakrishna_manor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Krishna (left) with Radha at <a href="/wiki/Bhaktivedanta_Manor" title="Bhaktivedanta Manor">Bhaktivedanta Manor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a>, England</figcaption></figure> By 1965, the Krishna-bhakti movement had spread outside India after <a href="/wiki/Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a> (as instructed by his <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati_Thakura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura</a>) travelled from his homeland in West Bengal to New York City. A year later, in 1966, after gaining many followers, he was able to form the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a> (ISKCON), popularly known as the Hare Krishna movement. The purpose of this movement was to write about Krishna in English and to share the <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaudiya Vaishnava">Gaudiya Vaishnava</a> philosophy with people in the Western world by spreading the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a>. In the biographies of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, the mantra he received when he was given <a href="/wiki/Diksha" title="Diksha">diksha</a> or initiation in <a href="/wiki/Gaya,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya, India">Gaya</a> was the six-word verse of the <a href="/wiki/Kali-Sa%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%AD%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad">Kali-Santarana Upanishad</a>, namely "Hare Krishna Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna Hare Hare; Hare Rama Hare Rama, Rama Rama Hare Hare". In the Gaudiya tradition, it is the maha-mantra, or great mantra, about Krishna <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200442-216">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> Its chanting was known as hari-nama sankirtana.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> The maha-mantra gained the attention of <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> fame,<a href="#cite_note-charlesbrooks83-219">[216]</a> and Harrison produced a 1969 recording of the mantra by devotees from the London <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna_Temple" title="Radha Krishna Temple">Radha Krishna Temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> Titled "<a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Mantra_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna Mantra (song)">Hare Krishna Mantra</a>", the song reached the top twenty on the UK music charts and was also successful in West Germany and Czechoslovakia.<a href="#cite_note-charlesbrooks83-219">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarke308-221">[218]</a> The mantra of the Upanishad thus helped bring Bhaktivedanta and ISKCON ideas about Krishna into the West.<a href="#cite_note-charlesbrooks83-219">[216]</a> ISKCON has built many Krishna temples in the West, as well as other locations such as South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna,_Khuong_My,_7th-8th_century,_Quang_Nam_-_Museum_of_Cham_Sculpture_-_Danang,_Vietnam_-_DSC01580.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Krishna%2C_Khuong_My%2C_7th-8th_century%2C_Quang_Nam_-_Museum_of_Cham_Sculpture_-_Danang%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC01580.JPG/220px-Krishna%2C_Khuong_My%2C_7th-8th_century%2C_Quang_Nam_-_Museum_of_Cham_Sculpture_-_Danang%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC01580.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Krishna%2C_Khuong_My%2C_7th-8th_century%2C_Quang_Nam_-_Museum_of_Cham_Sculpture_-_Danang%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC01580.JPG/330px-Krishna%2C_Khuong_My%2C_7th-8th_century%2C_Quang_Nam_-_Museum_of_Cham_Sculpture_-_Danang%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC01580.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Krishna%2C_Khuong_My%2C_7th-8th_century%2C_Quang_Nam_-_Museum_of_Cham_Sculpture_-_Danang%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC01580.JPG/440px-Krishna%2C_Khuong_My%2C_7th-8th_century%2C_Quang_Nam_-_Museum_of_Cham_Sculpture_-_Danang%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC01580.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Krishna lifts "<a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Hill" title="Govardhan Hill">Govardhan</a>" mountain, a 7th-century artwork from a <a href="/wiki/Danang" class="mw-redirect" title="Danang">Da Nang</a>, Vietnam, archaeological site<a href="#cite_note-John2014p17-223">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a></figcaption></figure> Krishna is found in Southeast Asian history and art, but to a far lesser extent than <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(bull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (bull)">Nandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>. In temples (candi) of the archaeological sites in hilly volcanic <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, Indonesia, temple reliefs do not portray his pastoral life or his role as the erotic lover, nor do the historic Javanese Hindu texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijke_J._Klokke200019–23-225">[222]</a> Rather, either his childhood or the life as a king and Arjuna's companion have been more favored. The most elaborate temple arts of Krishna is found in a series of Krsnayana reliefs in the Prambanan Hindu temple complex near <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>. These are dated to the 9th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijke_J._Klokke200019–23-225">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> Krishna remained a part of the Javanese cultural and theological fabric through the 14th century, as evidenced by the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Penataran" title="Penataran">Penataran</a> reliefs along with those of the Hindu god Rama in east Java, before Islam replaced Buddhism and Hinduism on the island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijke_J._Klokke200019–23,_for_reliefs_details_see_24–41-228">[225]</a> The medieval era arts of Vietnam and Cambodia feature Krishna. The earliest surviving sculptures and reliefs are from the 6th and 7th centuries, and these include Vaishnavism iconography.<a href="#cite_note-John2014p17-223">[220]</a> According to John Guy, the curator and director of Southeast Asian arts at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, the Krishna Govardhana art from 6th/7th-century Vietnam at <a href="/wiki/Danang" class="mw-redirect" title="Danang">Danang</a>, and 7th-century Cambodia at <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Da" class="mw-redirect" title="Phnom Da">Phnom Da</a> cave in <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Borei_District" title="Angkor Borei District">Angkor Borei</a>, are some of the most sophisticated of this era.<a href="#cite_note-John2014p17-223">[220]</a> Krishna's iconography has also been found in Thailand, along with those of <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. For example, a large number of sculptures and icons have been found in the Si Thep and Klangnai sites in the <a href="/wiki/Phetchabun_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phetchabun Province">Phetchabun</a> region of northern Thailand. These are dated to about the 7th and 8th centuries, from both the Funan and Zhenla period archaeological sites.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_arts">Performance arts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance_and_culture">Dance and culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:62px;max-width:62px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuse_de_Kuchipudi_jouant_Krishna_(mus%C3%A9e_Guimet).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuse_de_Kuchipudi_jouant_Krishna_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg/60px-Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuse_de_Kuchipudi_jouant_Krishna_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuse_de_Kuchipudi_jouant_Krishna_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg/90px-Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuse_de_Kuchipudi_jouant_Krishna_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuse_de_Kuchipudi_jouant_Krishna_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg/120px-Flickr_-_dalbera_-_Danseuse_de_Kuchipudi_jouant_Krishna_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1413" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rasa_Lila_in_Manipuri_dance_style.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rasa_Lila_in_Manipuri_dance_style.jpg/153px-Rasa_Lila_in_Manipuri_dance_style.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rasa_Lila_in_Manipuri_dance_style.jpg/230px-Rasa_Lila_in_Manipuri_dance_style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rasa_Lila_in_Manipuri_dance_style.jpg/306px-Rasa_Lila_in_Manipuri_dance_style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2919" data-file-height="1665" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishnanattam_(th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_rituel_du_Kerala).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Krishnanattam_%28th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_rituel_du_Kerala%29.jpg/117px-Krishnanattam_%28th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_rituel_du_Kerala%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Krishnanattam_%28th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_rituel_du_Kerala%29.jpg/176px-Krishnanattam_%28th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_rituel_du_Kerala%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Krishnanattam_%28th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_rituel_du_Kerala%29.jpg/234px-Krishnanattam_%28th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_rituel_du_Kerala%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Krishna legends in the Bhagavata Purana have inspired many performance arts repertoire, such as <a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishnanattam" title="Krishnanattam">Krishnanattam</a> (right).<a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_Valpey_2013-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-ML_Varadpande_1987-28">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rasa_lila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa lila">Rasa Lila</a> where Krishna plays with the gopis in <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri dance</a> style (center)</div></div></div></div> Indian dance and music theatre traces its origins and techniques to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama Veda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natyasastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Natyasastra">Natyasastra</a> texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1993107–108-230">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> The stories enacted and the numerous choreographic themes are inspired by the legends in Hindu texts, including Krishna-related literature such as <a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradpande198792–94-232">[229]</a> The Krishna stories have played a key role in the history of Indian theatre, music, and dance, particularly through the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Rasa_leela" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa leela">Rasaleela</a>. These are dramatic enactments of Krishna's childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. One common scene involves Krishna playing flute in Rasa Leela, only to be heard by certain gopis (cowherd maidens), which is theologically supposed to represent divine call only heard by certain enlightened beings.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> Some of the text's legends have inspired secondary theatre literature such as the eroticism in <a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> Krishna-related literature such as the Bhagavata Purana accords a metaphysical significance to the performances and treats them as a religious ritual, infusing daily life with spiritual meaning, thus representing a good, honest, happy life. Similarly, Krishna-inspired performances aim to cleanse the hearts of faithful actors and listeners. Singing, dancing, and performing any part of Krishna Lila is an act of remembering the dharma in the text, as a form of para bhakti (supreme devotion). To remember Krishna at any time and in any art, asserts the text, is to worship the good and the divine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradpande198795–97-235">[232]</a> Classical dance styles such as <a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odissi_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Odissi dance">Odissi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a> in particular are known for their <a href="/wiki/Krishna_legends_in_Kathak" title="Krishna legends in Kathak">Krishna-related performances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradpande198798-236">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Krisnattam" class="mw-redirect" title="Krisnattam">Krisnattam</a> (Krishnattam) traces its origins to Krishna legends, and is linked to another major classical Indian dance form called <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli2000-237">[234]</a> Bryant summarizes the influence of Krishna stories in the Bhagavata Purana as, "[it] has inspired more derivative literature, poetry, drama, dance, theatre and art than any other text in the history of Sanskrit literature, with the possible exception of the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007118-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher2004-238">[235]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Palliyodam" title="Palliyodam">Palliyodam</a>, a type of large boat built and used by <a href="/wiki/Aranmula_Parthasarathy_Temple" title="Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple">Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple</a> in Kerala for the annual water processions of <a href="/wiki/Aranmula_Boat_Race" title="Aranmula Boat Race">Uthrattathi Jalamela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valla_Sadhya" title="Valla Sadhya">Valla Sadhya</a> has the legend that it was designed by Krishna and were made to look like <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Sheshanaga</a>, the serpent on which Vishnu rests.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Films">Films</h4></div> <ul><li>In the 1933 Bengali film <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna_(1933_film)" title="Radha Krishna (1933 film)">Radha Krishna</a>, Krishna was portrayed by Shreemati Lakshmi.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a></li> <li>In the 1957 Telugu-Tamil film <a href="/wiki/Mayabazar" title="Mayabazar">Mayabazar</a>, the 1966, 1967 and 1971 Telugu films <a href="/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Tulabharam_(1966_film)" title="Sri Krishna Tulabharam (1966 film)">Sri Krishna Tulabharam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Krishnavataram" title="Sri Krishnavataram">Sri Krishnavataram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Vijayamu" title="Sri Krishna Vijayamu">Sri Krishna Vijayamu</a> respectively, Krishna was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao" title="N. T. Rama Rao">N. T. Rama Rao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a></li> <li>In the 1971 Hindi film <a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Leela" title="Shri Krishna Leela">Shri Krishna Leela</a>, Krishna was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Sachin_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachin (actor)">Sachin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a></li> <li>In the 1986 Hindi film <a href="/wiki/Krishna-Krishna" title="Krishna-Krishna">Krishna-Krishna</a>, Krishna was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Biswajeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Biswajeet">Biswajeet</a>.</li> <li>In the 2012 Hindi animated film <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Aur_Kans" title="Krishna Aur Kans">Krishna Aur Kans</a>, Krishna was voiced by <a href="/wiki/Prachi_Save_Saathi" title="Prachi Save Saathi">Prachi Save Saathi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/B._R._Chopra" title="B. R. Chopra">B. R. Chopra</a>'s 1988 series <a href="/wiki/Mahabharat_(1988_TV_series)" title="Mahabharat (1988 TV series)">Mahabharat</a>, Krishna was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Nitish_Bharadwaj" title="Nitish Bharadwaj">Nitish Bharadwaj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ramanand_Sagar" title="Ramanand Sagar">Ramanand Sagar</a>'s 1993 series <a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_(1993_TV_series)" title="Shri Krishna (1993 TV series)">Shri Krishna</a>, Krishna was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Sarvadaman_D._Banerjee" title="Sarvadaman D. Banerjee">Sarvadaman D. Banerjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swapnil_Joshi" title="Swapnil Joshi">Swapnil Joshi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashok_Kumar_(Tamil_actor)" title="Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)">Ashok Kumar Balkrishnan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a></li> <li>In the 2008 series <a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Krishna_(TV_series)" title="Jai Shri Krishna (TV series)">Jai Shri Krishna</a>, Krishna was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Meghan_Jadhav" title="Meghan Jadhav">Meghan Jadhav</a>, Dhriti Bhatia and <a href="/wiki/Pinky_Rajput" title="Pinky Rajput">Pinky Rajput</a>.</li> <li>In the 2008 series <a href="/wiki/Kahaani_Hamaaray_Mahaabhaarat_Ki" title="Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki">Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki</a>, Krishna was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Mrunal_Jain" title="Mrunal Jain">Mrunal Jain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a></li> <li>In the 2011 series <a href="/wiki/Dwarkadheesh_Bhagwan_Shree_Krishn" title="Dwarkadheesh Bhagwan Shree Krishn">Dwarkadheesh Bhagwan Shree Krishn</a> and the 2019 series <a href="/wiki/Dwarkadheesh_Bhagwan_Shree_Krishn_%E2%80%93_Sarvkala_Sampann" title="Dwarkadheesh Bhagwan Shree Krishn – Sarvkala Sampann">Dwarkadheesh Bhagwan Shree Krishn – Sarvkala Sampann</a>, Krishna was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Vishal_Karwal" title="Vishal Karwal">Vishal Karwal</a>.</li> <li>In the 2013 series <a href="/wiki/Mahabharat_(2013_TV_series)" title="Mahabharat (2013 TV series)">Mahabharat</a> , Krishna was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Saurabh_Raj_Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Saurabh Raj Jain">Saurabh Raj Jain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a></li> <li>In the 2017 series <a href="/wiki/Vithu_Mauli" title="Vithu Mauli">Vithu Mauli</a>, Krishna was portrayed by Ajinkya Raut.</li> <li>In the 2017 series <a href="/wiki/Paramavatar_Shri_Krishna" title="Paramavatar Shri Krishna">Paramavatar Shri Krishna</a>, Krishna was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Sudeep_Sahir" title="Sudeep Sahir">Sudeep Sahir</a> and Nirnay Samadhiya.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a></li> <li>In the 2018 series <a href="/wiki/RadhaKrishn" title="RadhaKrishn">RadhaKrishn</a>, Krishna was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Sumedh_Mudgalkar" title="Sumedh Mudgalkar">Sumedh Mudgalkar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himanshu_Soni" title="Himanshu Soni">Himanshu Soni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a></li> <li>In the 2019 series <a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Bhagwat_Mahapuran" title="Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran">Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran</a>, Krishna was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_Duggal" title="Rajneesh Duggal">Rajneesh Duggal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a></li> <li>In the 2021 series <a href="/wiki/Jai_Kanhaiya_Lal_Ki_(2021_TV_series)" title="Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2021 TV series)">Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki</a>, Krishna was portrayed by Hazel Gaur.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a></li> <li>In the 2022 series <a href="/wiki/Brij_Ke_Gopal" title="Brij Ke Gopal">Brij Ke Gopal</a>, Krishna was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Paras_Arora" title="Paras Arora">Paras Arora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_temples">Major temples</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha_Sree_Krishna_Swamy_Temple" title="Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Swamy Temple">Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Swamy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banke_Bihari_Temple" title="Banke Bihari Temple">Banke Bihari Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkadhish_Temple" title="Dwarkadhish Temple">Dwarkadhish Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Dev_Ji_Temple" title="Govind Dev Ji Temple">Govind Dev Ji Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple" title="Guruvayur Temple">Guruvayur Temple</a>, Kerala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Golden_Temple" title="Hare Krishna Golden Temple">Hare Krishna Golden Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Temple,_Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON Temple, Bangalore">ISKCON Temple, Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Temple,_Chennai" title="ISKCON Temple, Chennai">ISKCON Temple, Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Temple,_Delhi" title="ISKCON Temple, Delhi">ISKCON Temple, Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Temple,_Pune" title="ISKCON Temple, Pune">ISKCON Temple, Pune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Temple,_Vrindavan" title="ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan">ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Vrindaban,_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="New Vrindaban, West Virginia">New Vrindaban, West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavan_Chandrodaya_Temple" title="Vrindavan Chandrodaya Temple">Vrindavan Chandrodaya Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannath Temple, Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantajew_Temple" title="Kantajew Temple">Kantajew Temple</a>, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmasthan_Temple_Complex" title="Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex">Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Temple,_Karauli" title="Madan Mohan Temple, Karauli">Madan Mohan Temple, Karauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthasarathy_Temple,_Chennai" title="Parthasarathy Temple, Chennai">Parthasarathy Temple, Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Mandir,_Vrindavan" title="Prem Mandir, Vrindavan">Prem Mandir, Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg#Sevā" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg Haveli-Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkadhish_Kankroli" title="Dwarkadhish Kankroli">Dwarkadhish Kankroli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkadhish_Temple,_Mathura" title="Dwarkadhish Temple, Mathura">Dwarkadhish Temple, Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji_Temple" title="Shrinathji Temple">Shrinathji Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathdwara" title="Nathdwara">Nathdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vraj_Hindu_Temple" title="Vraj Hindu Temple">Vraj Hindu Temple, Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Damodar_Temple,_Junagadh" title="Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh">Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Damodar_Temple,_Vrindavan" title="Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan">Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna_Vivah_Sthali,_Bhandirvan" title="Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan">Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Madan_Mohan_Temple,_Vrindavan" title="Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan">Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Madhab_Temple" title="Radha Madhab Temple">Radha Madhab Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Raman_Temple,_Vrindavan" title="Radha Raman Temple, Vrindavan">Radha Raman Temple, Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Temple,_Vrindavan" title="Radha Vallabh Temple, Vrindavan">Radha Vallabh Temple, Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajagopalaswamy_Temple,_Mannargudi" title="Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi">Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakor" title="Dakor">Ranchodrai Temple, Dakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shree_Govindajee_Temple" title="Shree Govindajee Temple">Shree Govindajee Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Kunj_Bihari_Temple" title="Sri Kunj Bihari Temple">Sri Kunj Bihari Temple</a>, Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir,_Dholera" title="Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera">Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Mandir,_Gadhada" title="Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada">Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichambaram_Temple" title="Trichambaram Temple">Trichambaram Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thaliparamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaliparamba">Thaliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Sri_Krishna_Matha" title="Udupi Sri Krishna Matha">Udupi Sri Krishna Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba_Temple" title="Vithoba Temple">Vithoba Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandarpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandarpur">Pandarpur</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Hinduism">Outside Hinduism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> tradition lists 63 <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aal%C4%81k%C4%81puru%E1%B9%A3a" title="Śalākāpuruṣa">Śalākāpuruṣa</a> or notable figures which, amongst others, includes the twenty-four <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankaras</a> (spiritual teachers) and nine sets of triads. One of these triads is Krishna as the Vasudeva, <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Balabhadra" title="Balabhadra">Baladeva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jarasandha" title="Jarasandha">Jarasandha</a> as the Prati-Vasudeva. In each age of the Jain cyclic time is born a Vasudeva with an elder brother termed the Baladeva. Between the triads, Baladeva upholds the principle of non-violence, a central idea of Jainism. The villain is the Prati-vasudeva, who attempts to destroy the world. To save the world, Vasudeva-Krishna has to forsake the non-violence principle and kill the Prati-Vasudeva.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> The stories of these triads can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Harivamsa_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa Purana">Harivamsa Purana</a> (8th century CE) of <a href="/wiki/Jinasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinasena">Jinasena</a> (not be confused with its namesake, the addendum to Mahābhārata) and the Trishashti-shalakapurusha-charita of <a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh201626-256">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jer-257">[254]</a> The story of Krishna's life in the Puranas of Jainism follows the same general outline as those in the Hindu texts, but in details, they are very different: they include Jain Tirthankaras as figures in the story, and generally are polemically critical of Krishna, unlike the versions found in the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana, and the Vishnu Purana.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> For example, Krishna loses battles in the Jain versions, and his gopis and his clan of Yadavas die in a fire created by an ascetic named Dvaipayana. Similarly, after dying from the hunter Jara's arrow, the Jaina texts state Krishna goes to the <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">third hell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a>, while his brother is said to go to the <a href="/wiki/Svarga_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Svarga (Jainism)">sixth heaven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glasenapp1999p317-259">[256]</a> Vimalasuri is attributed to be the author of the Jain version of the Harivamsa Purana, but no manuscripts have been found that confirm this. It is likely that later Jain scholars, probably Jinasena of the 8th century, wrote a complete version of Krishna legends in the Jain tradition and credited it to the ancient Vimalasuri.<a href="#cite_note-Cort1993-260">[257]</a> Partial and older versions of the Krishna story are available in Jain literature, such as in the Antagata Dasao of the <a href="/wiki/Svetambara" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetambara">Svetambara</a> Agama tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Cort1993-260">[257]</a> In other Jain texts, Krishna is stated to be a cousin of the twenty-second Tirthankara, Neminatha. The Jain texts state that Neminatha taught Krishna all the wisdom that he later gave to Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita. According to <a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a>, a professor of religion known for his publications on Jainism, this connection between Krishna and Neminatha has been a historic reason for Jains to accept, read, and cite the Bhagavad Gita as a spiritually important text, celebrate Krishna-related festivals, and intermingle with Hindus as spiritual cousins.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibetan_Krishna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetan_Krishna.jpg/220px-Tibetan_Krishna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetan_Krishna.jpg/330px-Tibetan_Krishna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetan_Krishna.jpg/440px-Tibetan_Krishna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Krishna playing the flute, mural of <a href="/wiki/Bhutia_Busty_Monastery" title="Bhutia Busty Monastery">Bhutia Busty Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling district</a>, India</figcaption></figure> The story of Krishna occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Jataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Jataka">Jataka</a> tales in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> The Vidhurapandita Jataka mentions Madhura (Sanskrit: Mathura), the Ghata Jataka mentions Kamsa, Devagabbha (Sk: Devaki), Upasagara or Vasudeva, Govaddhana (Sk: Govardhana), Baladeva (Balarama), and Kanha or Kesava (Sk: Krishna, Keshava).<a href="#cite_note-Law1941-263">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaiswal-264">[261]</a> Like the Jain versions of the Krishna legends, the Buddhist versions such as one in Ghata Jataka follow the general outline of the story,<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> but are different from the Hindu versions as well.<a href="#cite_note-Law1941-263">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20076-81">[79]</a> For example, the Buddhist legend describes Devagabbha (Devaki) to have been isolated in a palace built upon a pole after she is born, so no future husband could reach her. Krishna's father similarly is described as a powerful king, but who meets up with Devagabbha anyway, and to whom Kamsa gives away his sister Devagabbha in marriage. The siblings of Krishna are not killed by Kamsa, though he tries. In the Buddhist version of the legend, all of Krishna's siblings grow to maturity.<a href="#cite_note-Francis314-266">[263]</a> Krishna and his siblings' capital becomes Dvaravati. The Arjuna and Krishna interaction is missing in the Jataka version. A new legend is included, wherein Krishna laments in uncontrollable sorrow when his son dies, and a Ghatapandita feigns madness to teach Krishna a lesson.<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> The Jataka tale also includes internecine destruction among his siblings after they all get drunk. Krishna also dies in the Buddhist legend by the hand of a hunter named Jara, but while he is traveling to a frontier city. Mistaking Krishna for a pig, Jara throws a spear that fatally pierces his feet, causing Krishna great pain and then his death.<a href="#cite_note-Francis314-266">[263]</a> At the end of this Ghata-Jataka discourse, the Buddhist text declares that <a href="/wiki/Sariputta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sariputta">Sariputta</a>, one of the revered disciples of the Buddha in the Buddhist tradition, was incarnated as Krishna in his previous life to learn lessons on grief from the Buddha in his prior rebirth: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Then he [Master] declared the Truths and identified the Birth: "At that time, Ananda was Rohineyya, Sariputta was Vasudeva [Krishna], the followers of the Buddha were the other persons, and I myself was Ghatapandita."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jataka Tale No. 454, Translator: W. H. D. Rouse<a href="#cite_note-cowell57-268">[265]</a></cite></div></blockquote> While the Buddhist Jataka texts co-opt Krishna-Vasudeva and make him a student of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> in his previous life,<a href="#cite_note-cowell57-268">[265]</a> the Hindu texts co-opt the Buddha and make him an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, the figure of Krishna has been amalgamated and merged with that of <a href="/wiki/Nalakuvara" title="Nalakuvara">Nalakuvara</a> to influence the formation of the god <a href="/wiki/Nezha" title="Nezha">Nezha</a>, who has taken on iconographic characteristics of Krishna such as being presented as a divine god-child and slaying a <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">nāga</a> in his youth.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> Krishna's life is written about in "Krishna Avtar" of the <a href="/wiki/Chaubis_Avtar" title="Chaubis Avtar">Chaubis Avtar</a>, a composition in Dasam Granth traditionally and historically attributed to <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> Within the Sikh-derived 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a> movement, the followers of its founder <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Dayal_Singh" title="Shiv Dayal Singh">Shiv Dayal Singh</a> used to consider him the <a href="/wiki/Living_Master" title="Living Master">Living Master</a> and incarnation of God (Krishna/Vishnu).<a href="#cite_note-275">[note 4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a> believe that Krishna was a "<a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Manifestation of God</a>", or one in a line of prophets who have revealed the Word of God progressively for a gradually maturing humanity. In this way, Krishna shares an exalted station with <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a>, and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>, a 20th-century Islamic movement, consider Krishna as one of their ancient prophets.<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> Ghulam Ahmad stated that he was himself a prophet in the likeness of prophets such as Krishna, Jesus, and Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> who had come to earth as a latter-day reviver of religion and morality. Krishna worship or reverence has been adopted by several <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New religious movements">new religious movements</a> since the 19th century, and he is sometimes a member of an eclectic pantheon in <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> texts, along with <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a>, and even historical figures.<a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> For instance, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Schur%C3%A9" title="Édouard Schuré">Édouard Schuré</a>, an influential figure in <a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">perennial philosophy</a> and occult movements, considered Krishna a Great Initiate, while <a href="/wiki/Theosophist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophist">Theosophists</a> regard Krishna as an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Maitreya_(Theosophy)" title="Maitreya (Theosophy)">Maitreya</a> (one of the <a href="/wiki/Ascended_master" title="Ascended master">Masters of the Ancient Wisdom</a>), the most important spiritual teacher for humanity along with Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-Schure-283">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-Others-284">[280]</a> Krishna was canonised by <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a> and is recognised as a saint of <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica_Catholica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica">Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_Mass" title="Gnostic Mass">Gnostic Mass</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1092331828"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> The number of Krishna's children varies from one interpretation to another. According to some scriptures like the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, Krishna had 10 children from each of his wives (16,008 wives and 160,080 children)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Radha is seen as Krishna's lover-consort (although in some beliefs Radha is considered to be Krishna's married consort). On the other hand, Rukmini and others are already married to him. Krishna had eight chief wives, known as Ashtabharyas. Regional texts vary in the identity of Krishna's wives (consorts), some presenting them as Rukmini, some as Radha, all gopis, and some identifying all as different aspects or manifestations of Devi Lakshmi.<a href="#cite_note-hawley12-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007443-12">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> "The first Kṛṣṇaite sampradāya was developed by Nimbārka."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-25">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> "Various branches of Radhasoami have argued about the incarnationalism of Satguru (<a href="/wiki/David_C._Lane" title="David C. Lane">Lane</a>, 1981). Guru Maharaj Ji has accepted it and identifies with Krishna and other incarnations of Vishnu."<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200420–25,_quote:_"Three_Dimensions_of_Krishna's_Divinity_(...)_divine_majesty_and_supremacy,_(...)_divine_tenderness_and_intimacy,_(...)_compassion_and_protection.,_(...,_p._24)_Krishna_as_the_God_of_Love"-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200420–25,_quote:_"Three_Dimensions_of_Krishna's_Divinity_(...)_divine_majesty_and_supremacy,_(...)_divine_tenderness_and_intimacy,_(...)_compassion_and_protection.,_(...,_p._24)_Krishna_as_the_God_of_Love"_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200420–25,_quote:_"Three_Dimensions_of_Krishna's_Divinity_(...)_divine_majesty_and_supremacy,_(...)_divine_tenderness_and_intimacy,_(...)_compassion_and_protection.,_(...,_p._24)_Krishna_as_the_God_of_Love"_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryantEkstrand2004">Bryant & Ekstrand 2004</a>, pp. 20–25, quote: "Three Dimensions of Krishna's Divinity (...) divine majesty and supremacy, (...) divine tenderness and intimacy, (...) compassion and protection., (..., p. 24) Krishna as the God of Love". </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwami_Sivananda1964" class="citation book cs1">Swami Sivananda (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oKiGPRGChjYC">Sri Krishna</a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Krishna&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Swami+Sivananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoKiGPRGChjYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/religious-discourse-krishna-the-yogeshwara/article6405504.ece">"Krishna the Yogeshwara"</a>. The Hindu. 12 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Krishna+the+Yogeshwara&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Freligion%2Freligious-discourse-krishna-the-yogeshwara%2Farticle6405504.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007114-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007114_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007114_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-KK-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KK_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KK_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Klostermaier1997" class="citation book cs1">K. Klostermaier (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_0UAAAAIAAJ&q=Svayam+bhagavan&pg=PA109">The Charles Strong Trust Lectures, 1972–1984</a>. Crotty, Robert B. Brill Academic Pub. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07863-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07863-5"><bdi>978-90-04-07863-5</bdi></a>. <q>(...) After attaining to fame eternal, he again took up his real nature as <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. The most important among Visnu's avataras is undoubtedly Krsna, the black one, also called Syama. For his worshippers he is not an avatara in the usual sense, but Svayam Bhagavan, the Lord himself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Charles+Strong+Trust+Lectures%2C+1972%E2%80%931984&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Pub&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07863-5&rft.au=K.+Klostermaier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF_0UAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DSvayam%2Bbhagavan%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raychaudhuri_1972124-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Raychaudhuri_1972124_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaychaudhuri1972">Raychaudhuri 1972</a>, p. 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck380-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck380_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck380_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck380_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiana_L._Eck2012" class="citation book cs1">Diana L. Eck (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uD_0P6gS-vMC&pg=PA380">India: A Sacred Geography</a>. Harmony. pp. 380–381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53190-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53190-0"><bdi>978-0-385-53190-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+Sacred+Geography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E380-%3C%2Fspan%3E381&rft.pub=Harmony&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-385-53190-0&rft.au=Diana+L.+Eck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuD_0P6gS-vMC%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Krishna was shot through the foot, hand, and heart by the single arrow of a hunter named Jara. Krishna was reclining there, so they say, and Jara mistook his reddish foot for a deer and released his arrow. There Krishna died." </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaravane1987" class="citation book cs1">Naravane, Vishwanath S. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZTXAAAAMAAJ&q=+eighty+sons+">A Companion to Indian Mythology: Hindu, Buddhist & Jaina</a>. Thinker's Library, Technical Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Indian+Mythology%3A+Hindu%2C+Buddhist+%26+Jaina&rft.pub=Thinker%27s+Library%2C+Technical+Publishing+House&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Naravane&rft.aufirst=Vishwanath+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzZTXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2Beighty%2Bsons%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha1950" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Purnendu Narayana (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OveYh2v-1roC&q=sons+of+krishna&pg=PT691">A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism</a>. Library of Alexandria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-2506-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-2506-2"><bdi>978-1-4655-2506-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+the+Bhagavata+Purana%3A+Or%2C+Esoteric+Hinduism&rft.pub=Library+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-1-4655-2506-2&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Purnendu+Narayana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOveYh2v-1roC%26q%3Dsons%2Bof%2Bkrishna%26pg%3DPT691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hawley12-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hawley12_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hawley12_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Stratton_Hawley,_Donna_Marie_Wulff1982" class="citation book cs1">John Stratton Hawley, Donna Marie Wulff (1982). The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-102-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-102-8"><bdi>978-0-89581-102-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Consort%3A+R%C4%81dh%C4%81+and+the+Goddesses+of+India&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publisher&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-89581-102-8&rft.au=John+Stratton+Hawley%2C+Donna+Marie+Wulff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007443-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007443_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007443_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007443_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 443. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/krishna">"Krishna"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-15"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/323556/Krishna">"Krishna"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online. 26 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Krishna&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2023-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F323556%2FKrishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scharfstein1993p166-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Scharfstein1993p166_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ami_Scharfstein1993" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ineffabilityfail0000scha">Ineffability: The Failure of Words in Philosophy and Religion</a>. State University of New York Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ineffabilityfail0000scha/page/166">166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1347-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1347-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-1347-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ineffability%3A+The+Failure+of+Words+in+Philosophy+and+Religion&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1347-0&rft.au=Ben-Ami+Scharfstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fineffabilityfail0000scha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreda_Matchett2001" class="citation book cs1">Freda Matchett (2001). Krishna, Lord Or Avatara?. Psychology Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1281-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1281-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1281-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%2C+Lord+Or+Avatara%3F&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1281-6&rft.au=Freda+Matchett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Krishna/#:~:text=One%20day%20Vishnu%2C%20the%20great,his%20earthly%20father%20being%20Vasudeva.">"Krishna"</a>. World History Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FKrishna%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOne%2520day%2520Vishnu%252C%2520the%2520great%2Chis%2520earthly%2520father%2520being%2520Vasudeva.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iskconbangalore.org/sri-krishna-janmashtami">"Krishna Janmashtami"</a>. International Society for Krishna Consciousness. 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Society+for+Krishna+Consciousness&rft.atitle=Krishna+Janmashtami&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iskconbangalore.org%2Fsri-krishna-janmashtami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p314-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p314_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n436">314</a>–315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=314-315&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Thompson,_Ph.D.1994" class="citation web cs1">Richard Thompson, Ph.D. (December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110104040530/http://content.iskcon.com/icj/1_2/12thompson.html">"Reflections on the Relation Between Religion and Modern Rationalism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.iskcon.com/icj/1_2/12thompson.html">the original</a> on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+the+Relation+Between+Religion+and+Modern+Rationalism&rft.date=1994-12&rft.au=Richard+Thompson%2C+Ph.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.iskcon.com%2Ficj%2F1_2%2F12thompson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahony1987-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahony1987_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahony1987_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahony,_W._K.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Mahony, W. K. (1987). "Perspectives on Krsna's Various Personalities". History of Religions. 26 (3): 333–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463085">10.1086/463085</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2710">0018-2710</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062381">1062381</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164194548">164194548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Perspectives+on+Krsna%27s+Various+Personalities&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0018-2710&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164194548%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1062381%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463085&rft.au=Mahony%2C+W.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> Quote: "Krsna's various appearances as a divine hero, alluring god child, cosmic prankster, perfect lover, and universal supreme being (...)". </li> <li id="cite_note-Knott2000-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Knott2000_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnott2000">Knott 2000</a>, pp. 15, 36, 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cultofgopal-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cultofgopal_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cultofgopal_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHein1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hein, Norvin (1986). "A Revolution in Kṛṣṇaism: The Cult of Gopāla". History of Religions. 25 (4): 296–317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463051">10.1086/463051</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062622">1062622</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162049250">162049250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=A+Revolution+in+%3Cspan+title%3D%22International+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22sa-Latn%22%3EK%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87aism%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3A+The+Cult+of+Gop%C4%81la&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E296-%3C%2Fspan%3E317&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162049250%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1062622%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463051&rft.aulast=Hein&rft.aufirst=Norvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_25-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_25-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy1987387–392_25-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFHardy1987">Hardy 1987</a>, pp. 387–392. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenneth_Valpey_2013-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_Valpey_2013_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_Valpey_2013_26-1">b</a> Ravi Gupta and Kenneth Valpey (2013), The Bhagavata Purana, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231149990" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231149990">978-0231149990</a>, pp. 185–200 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007118-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007118_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007118_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-ML_Varadpande_1987-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ML_Varadpande_1987_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ML_Varadpande_1987_28-1">b</a> ML Varadpande (1987), History of Indian Theatre, Vol 1, Abhinav, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170172215" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170172215">978-8170172215</a>, pp. 98–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawley2020-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawley2020_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHawley2020">Hawley 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiśra2005-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiśra2005_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiśra2005">Miśra 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Gordon_Melton2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&pg=PA330">Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations</a>. ABC-Clio. pp. 330–331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-205-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-205-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-205-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E330-%3C%2Fspan%3E331&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-205-0&rft.au=J.+Gordon+Melton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKDU30Ae4S4cC%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCynthia_Packert2010" class="citation book cs1">Cynthia Packert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyTgMt4AQl4C&pg=PA181">The Art of Loving Krishna: Ornamentation and Devotion</a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 5, 70–71, 181–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22198-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22198-8"><bdi>978-0-253-22198-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Loving+Krishna%3A+Ornamentation+and+Devotion&rft.pages=5%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E71%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22198-8&rft.au=Cynthia+Packert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyTgMt4AQl4C%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20073-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20073_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavanya_Vemsani2016" class="citation book cs1">Lavanya Vemsani (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA112">Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 112–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-211-3&rft.au=Lavanya+Vemsani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4fw2DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bare_url-35"><a href="#cite_ref-bare_url_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelengut1996" class="citation journal cs1">Selengut, Charles (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710005633/http://content.iskcon.com/icj/4_2/4_2charisma.html">"Charisma and Religious Innovation: Prabhupada and the Founding of ISKCON"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Communications_Journal" title="ISKCON Communications Journal">ISKCON Communications Journal</a>. 4 (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.iskcon.com/icj/4_2/4_2charisma.html">the original</a> on 10 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISKCON+Communications+Journal&rft.atitle=Charisma+and+Religious+Innovation%3A+Prabhupada+and+the+Founding+of+ISKCON&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Selengut&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.iskcon.com%2Ficj%2F4_2%2F4_2charisma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionaries-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dictionaries_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionaries_36-1">b</a> *<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0306-kRzanAvat.jpg">Monier Williams Sanskrit–English Dictionary (2008 revision)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018224028/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanjpg%2Fmw0306-kRzanAvat.jpg">Archived</a> 18 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:1423.apte">Apte Sanskrit–English Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916122511/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:1423.apte">Archived</a> 16 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiemstra2011" class="citation web cs1">Hiemstra, Gabe (19 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/krishna#hinduism-general">"Krishna, Kṛṣṇā, Kṛṣṇa: 74 definitions"</a>. Wisdomlib. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240926154943/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/krishna#hinduism-general">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisdomlib&rft.atitle=Krishna%2C+K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%81%2C+K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a%3A+74+definitions&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft.aulast=Hiemstra&rft.aufirst=Gabe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fkrishna%23hinduism-general&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Monier Monier Williams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0300/mw__0399.html">Go-vinda</a>, Sanskrit English Dictionary and Etymology, Oxford University Press, p. 336, 3rd column </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hilt-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Hilt_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiltebeitel,_Alf2001" class="citation book cs1">Hiltebeitel, Alf (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rethinkingmahabh0000hilt">Rethinking the Mahābhārata: a reader's guide to the education of the dharma king</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rethinkingmahabh0000hilt/page/n130">251</a>–253, 256, 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34054-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34054-8"><bdi>978-0-226-34054-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+the+Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata%3A+a+reader%27s+guide+to+the+education+of+the+dharma+king&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=251-253%2C+256%2C+259&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-34054-8&rft.au=Hiltebeitel%2C+Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frethinkingmahabh0000hilt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._M._Misra2007" class="citation book cs1">B. M. Misra (2007). Orissa: Shri Krishna Jagannatha: the Mushali parva from Sarala's Mahabharata. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6"><bdi>978-0-19-514891-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orissa%3A+Shri+Krishna+Jagannatha%3A+the+Mushali+parva+from+Sarala%27s+Mahabharata&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514891-6&rft.au=B.+M.+Misra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007139-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007139_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> For the historic Jagannath temple in Ranchi, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Bradley_Bradley-Birt1989" class="citation book cs1">Francis Bradley Bradley-Birt (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W0x74TZB3eoC&pg=PA61">Chota Nagpur, a Little-known Province of the Empire</a>. Asian Educational Services (Orig: 1903). pp. 61–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1287-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1287-7"><bdi>978-81-206-1287-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chota+Nagpur%2C+a+Little-known+Province+of+the+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services+%28Orig%3A+1903%29&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1287-7&rft.au=Francis+Bradley+Bradley-Birt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW0x74TZB3eoC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GDF119-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GDF119_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GDF119_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GDF119_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GDF119_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GDF119_44-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/119">119</a>–120 </li> <li id="cite_note-US-45"><a href="#cite_ref-US_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA437">A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</a>. Pearson Education India. pp. 436–438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E436-%3C%2Fspan%3E438&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC%26pg%3DPA437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Osmund_Bopearachchi" title="Osmund Bopearachchi">Osmund Bopearachchi</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25807197">Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence</a>, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-BRILL-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BRILL_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BRILL_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA215">Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</a>. Brill. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10758-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10758-8&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bopearachchi-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bopearachchi_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bopearachchi_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bopearachchi_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bopearachchi_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bopearachchi_48-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsmund_Bopearachchi2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Osmund_Bopearachchi" title="Osmund Bopearachchi">Osmund Bopearachchi</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25807197">"Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emergence+of+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u+and+%C5%9Aiva+Images+in+India%3A+Numismatic+and+Sculptural+Evidence&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Osmund+Bopearachchi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25807197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Audouin, Rémy, and Paul Bernard, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_1974_num_6_16_1062">Trésor de monnaies indiennes et indo-grecques d'Aï Khanoum (Afghanistan). II. Les monnaies indo-grecques.</a>" Revue numismatique 6, no. 16 (1974), pp. 6–41 (in French). </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Nilakanth Purushottam Joshi, Iconography of Balarāma, Abhinav Publications, 1979, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5vd-lKzyFg0C&pg=PA22">p. 22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-allchin309-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allchin309_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allchin309_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allchin309_51-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._R._AllchinGeorge_Erdosy1995" class="citation book cs1">F. R. Allchin; George Erdosy (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C&pg=PA309">The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 309–310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37695-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37695-2"><bdi>978-0-521-37695-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Early+Historic+South+Asia%3A+The+Emergence+of+Cities+and+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37695-2&rft.au=F.+R.+Allchin&rft.au=George+Erdosy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5kI02_zW70C%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> L. A. Waddell (1914), Besnagar Pillar Inscription B Re-Interpreted, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, pp.  1031–1037 </li> <li id="cite_note-salomon265-53"><a href="#cite_ref-salomon265_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Salomon1998" class="citation book cs1">Richard Salomon (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC">Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 265–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535666-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535666-3"><bdi>978-0-19-535666-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Study+of+Inscriptions+in+Sanskrit%2C+Prakrit%2C+and+the+other+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E267&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535666-3&rft.au=Richard+Salomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYrG07qQDxkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamín_Preciado-Solís1984" class="citation book cs1">Benjamín Preciado-Solís (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JvCaWvjGDVEC&pg=PA34">The Kṛṣṇa Cycle in the Purāṇas: Themes and Motifs in a Heroic Saga</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-226-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-226-1"><bdi>978-0-89581-226-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+Cycle+in+the+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87as%3A+Themes+and+Motifs+in+a+Heroic+Saga&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-89581-226-1&rft.au=Benjam%C3%ADn+Preciado-Sol%C3%ADs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJvCaWvjGDVEC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhare1967-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhare1967_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhare1967">Khare 1967</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrwin1974169–176_with_Figure_2_and_3-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrwin1974169–176_with_Figure_2_and_3_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIrwin1974">Irwin 1974</a>, pp. 169–176 with Figure 2 and 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESusan_V_MishraHimanshu_P_Ray20175-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESusan_V_MishraHimanshu_P_Ray20175_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSusan_V_MishraHimanshu_P_Ray2017">Susan V Mishra & Himanshu P Ray 2017</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurjor_Avari2016" class="citation book cs1">Burjor Avari (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTaTDAAAQBAJ">India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from C. 7000 BCE to CE 1200</a>. Routledge. pp. 165–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-23673-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-23673-3"><bdi>978-1-317-23673-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+The+Ancient+Past%3A+A+History+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent+from+C.+7000+BCE+to+CE+1200&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-23673-3&rft.au=Burjor+Avari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTaTDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Salomon1998" class="citation book cs1">Richard Salomon (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ">Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509984-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509984-3"><bdi>978-0-19-509984-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Study+of+Inscriptions+in+Sanskrit%2C+Prakrit%2C+and+the+Other+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509984-3&rft.au=Richard+Salomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt-4RDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vardpande6-60"><a href="#cite_ref-vardpande6_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManohar_Laxman_Varadpande1982" class="citation book cs1">Manohar Laxman Varadpande (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TaF603WEv4IC&pg=PA6">Krishna Theatre in India</a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-151-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-151-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-151-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+Theatre+in+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-151-5&rft.au=Manohar+Laxman+Varadpande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTaF603WEv4IC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1922" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Lionel David (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173123">Hindu Gods and Heroes: Studies in the History of the Religion of India</a>. J. Murray. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173123/page/n92">93</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Gods+and+Heroes%3A+Studies+in+the+History+of+the+Religion+of+India&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Lionel+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.173123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puri1968-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Puri1968_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuri,_B._N.1968" class="citation book cs1">Puri, B. N. (1968). India in the Time of Patanjali. Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Time+of+Patanjali&rft.pub=Bhartiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Puri%2C+B.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> p. 51: The coins of Rajuvula have been recovered from the Sultanpur District...the Brahmi inscription on the Mora stone slab, now in the Mathura Museum, </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoris_Srinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Doris Srinivasan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC">Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</a>. Broll Academic. pp. 214–215 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10758-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10758-4"><bdi>90-04-10758-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=214-215+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Broll+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10758-4&rft.au=Doris+Srinivasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_Neelis2010" class="citation book cs1">Jason Neelis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC">Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia</a>. Btill Academic. pp. 271–272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18159-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18159-5"><bdi>978-90-04-18159-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Transmission+and+Trade+Networks%3A+Mobility+and+Exchange+Within+and+Beyond+the+Northwestern+Borderlands+of+South+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E272&rft.pub=Btill+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18159-5&rft.au=Jason+Neelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGB-JV2eOr2UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KCIA-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KCIA_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KCIA_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KCIA_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya1996" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharya, Sunil Kumar (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyyNIL7Ug2kC&pg=PA27">Krishna-cult in Indian Art</a>. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7533-001-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7533-001-6"><bdi>978-81-7533-001-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna-cult+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7533-001-6&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Sunil+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyyNIL7Ug2kC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wendy Doniger (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-357806/Mahabharata">"Britannica: Mahabharata"</a>. encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 13 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Britannica%3A+Mahabharata&rft.btitle=encyclopedia&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Ftopic-357806%2FMahabharata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_67-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstrong, Karen</a> (1996). A History of God: The 4000-year Quest of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred A. Knopf Inc">Alfred A. Knopf Inc</a>. pp. 85–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42600-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42600-4"><bdi>978-0-679-42600-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+God%3A+The+4000-year+Quest+of+Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf+Inc&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-679-42600-4&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Maurice Winternitz (1981), History of Indian Literature, Vol. 1, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0836408010" title="Special:BookSources/978-0836408010">978-0836408010</a>, pp. 426–431 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200423-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200423_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNatubhai_Shah2004">Natubhai Shah 2004</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller316-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller316_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller316_70-1">b</a> Max Müller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/48/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad 3.16–3.17</a>, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pp. 50–53 with footnotes </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Edwin Bryant and Maria Ekstrand (2004), The Hare Krishna Movement, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231122566" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231122566">978-0231122566</a>, pp. 33–34 with note 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ShandilyaBhaktiSutra/shandilya_bhakti_sutras#page/n0/mode/2up">Sandilya Bhakti Sutra</a> SS Rishi (Translator), Sree Gaudia Math (Madras) </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> WG Archer (2004), The Loves of Krishna in Indian Painting and Poetry, Dover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486433714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486433714">978-0486433714</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-bryant4-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bryant4_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bryant4_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Sunil Kumar Bhattacharya Krishna-cult in Indian Art. 1996 M. D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7533-001-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7533-001-5">81-7533-001-5</a> p. 128: Satha-patha-brahmana and Aitareya-<a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a> with reference to first chapter. </li> <li id="cite_note-kurukshetra.nic.in-76"><a href="#cite_ref-kurukshetra.nic.in_76-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://kurukshetra.nic.in/museum-website/archeologicaltreasure.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217161420/http://kurukshetra.nic.in/museum-website/archeologicaltreasure.html">Archived</a> 17 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Pâṇ. IV. 3. 98, Vâsudevârjunâbhyâm vun. See Bhandarkar, Vaishnavism and Śaivism, p. 3 and J.R.A.S. 1910, p. 168. Sûtra 95, just above, appears to point to bhakti, faith or devotion, felt for this Vâsudeva. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Sunil Kumar Bhattacharya Krishna-cult in Indian Art. 1996 M. D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7533-001-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7533-001-5">81-7533-001-5</a> p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20075-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20075_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20075_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20075_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20075_79-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20075–6-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20075–6_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant20076-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20076_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant20076_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Hemacandra Abhidhânacintâmani, Ed. Boehtlingk and Rien, p. 128, and Barnett's translation of the Antagada Dasāo, pp. 13–15, 67–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal1990" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada">India through the ages</a>. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/73">73</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+through+the+ages&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiathroughages00mada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkman1986-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Elkman1986_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkman,_S._M.Gosvami,_J.1986" class="citation book cs1">Elkman, S. M.; Gosvami, J. (1986). Jiva Gosvamin's Tattvasandarbha: A Study on the Philosophical and Sectarian Development of the Gaudiya Vaisnava Movement. Motilal Banarsidass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jiva+Gosvamin%27s+Tattvasandarbha%3A+A+Study+on+the+Philosophical+and+Sectarian+Development+of+the+Gaudiya+Vaisnava+Movement&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Elkman%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Gosvami%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198618,_49–53,_245–249-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198618,_49–53,_245–249_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 18, 49–53, 245–249. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Bailey2003" class="citation book cs1">Gregory Bailey (2003). Arvind Sharma (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC">The Study of Hinduism</a>. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 141–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-449-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-449-7"><bdi>978-1-57003-449-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-449-7&rft.au=Gregory+Bailey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnpCKSUUQYEIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-barbaraholdrege109-87"><a href="#cite_ref-barbaraholdrege109_87-0">^</a> Barbara Holdrege (2015), Bhakti and Embodiment, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415670708" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415670708">978-0415670708</a>, pp. 109–110 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Richard Thompson (2007), The Cosmology of the Bhagavata Purana 'Mysteries of the Sacred Universe, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120819191" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120819191">978-8120819191</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007112-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007112_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007112_89-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001127–137-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001127–137_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>, pp. 127–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher2004The_Krishna_of_Painting-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher2004The_Krishna_of_Painting_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArcher2004">Archer 2004</a>, The Krishna of Painting. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Richard_Blurton1993" class="citation book cs1">T. Richard Blurton (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC&pg=PA134">Hindu Art</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 133–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39189-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39189-5"><bdi>978-0-674-39189-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Art&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39189-5&rft.au=T.+Richard+Blurton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJ-lzU_nj_MC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy,_John2014" class="citation book cs1">Guy, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA222">Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 222–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-524-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-524-5"><bdi>978-1-58839-524-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Kingdoms%3A+Hindu-Buddhist+Sculpture+of+Early+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E222-%3C%2Fspan%3E223&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-524-5&rft.au=Guy%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvO_-AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> [a] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooler1978" class="citation journal cs1">Cooler, Richard M. (1978). "Sculpture, Kingship, and the Triad of Phnom Da". Artibus Asiae. 40 (1): 29–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249812">10.2307/3249812</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249812">3249812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=Sculpture%2C+Kingship%2C+and+the+Triad+of+Phnom+Da&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3249812&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3249812%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cooler&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988">; [b] Bertrand Porte (2006), "La statue de Kṛṣṇa Govardhana du Phnom Da du Musée National de Phnom Penh." UDAYA, Journal of Khmer Studies, Volume 7, pp. 199–205 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVishvanatha2011" class="citation book cs1">Vishvanatha, Cakravarti Thakura (2011). Sarartha-darsini (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhanu_Swami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhanu Swami (page does not exist)">Bhanu Swami</a> ed.). Sri Vaikunta Enterprises. p. 790. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89564-13-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89564-13-1"><bdi>978-81-89564-13-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarartha-darsini&rft.pages=790&rft.edition=Bhanu+Swami&rft.pub=Sri+Vaikunta+Enterprises&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-89564-13-1&rft.aulast=Vishvanatha&rft.aufirst=Cakravarti+Thakura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grolier-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Grolier_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaamer30grol/page/589">The Encyclopedia Americana</a>. [s.l.]: Grolier. 1988. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaamer30grol/page/589">589</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-0119-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-0119-8"><bdi>978-0-7172-0119-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.place=%5Bs.l.%5D&rft.pages=589&rft.pub=Grolier&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7172-0119-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaamer30grol%2Fpage%2F589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton,_William1974" class="citation book cs1">Benton, William (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G8YqAAAAMAAJ&q=Krsna+blue+skin+deity">The New Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 885. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-290-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-290-7"><bdi>978-0-85229-290-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=885&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-290-7&rft.au=Benton%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG8YqAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DKrsna%2Bblue%2Bskin%2Bdeity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarle,_J._C.1994" class="citation book cs1">Harle, J. C. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/410">The art and architecture of the Indian subcontinent</a>. New Haven, Conn: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/410">410</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5"><bdi>978-0-300-06217-5</bdi></a>. <q>figure 327. Manaku, Radha's messenger describing Krishna standing with the cow-girls, gopi from Basohli.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+and+architecture+of+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06217-5&rft.au=Harle%2C+J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartarchitectureo00harl%2Fpage%2F410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiana_L._Eck1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Eck" title="Diana L. Eck">Diana L. Eck</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J57C4d8Bv6UC">Banaras, City of Light</a>. 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Oxford University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2"><bdi>978-0-19-971825-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strides+of+Vishnu%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971825-2&rft.au=Ariel+Glucklich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtLScrjrWiAC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._A._Gopinatha_Rao1993" class="citation book cs1">T. A. 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Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 210–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0878-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Hindu+iconography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0878-2&rft.au=T.+A.+Gopinatha+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJD-KresBwIC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hawley3-102"><a href="#cite_ref-hawley3_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Stratton_Hawley2014" class="citation book cs1">John Stratton Hawley (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncb_AwAAQBAJ">Krishna, The Butter Thief</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 3–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5540-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5540-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-5540-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%2C+The+Butter+Thief&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5540-7&rft.au=John+Stratton+Hawley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dncb_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoibergRamchandani,_Indu2000" class="citation book cs1">Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kEj-2a7pmVMC&q=Bala+Krishna&pg=PA251">Students' Britannica India</a>. Popular Prakashan. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5"><bdi>978-0-85229-760-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-760-5&rft.aulast=Hoiberg&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft.au=Ramchandani%2C+Indu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkEj-2a7pmVMC%26q%3DBala%2BKrishna%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatsvarupa_dasa_Goswami1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satsvarupa_dasa_Goswami" title="Satsvarupa dasa Goswami">Satsvarupa dasa Goswami</a> (1998). The Qualities of Sri Krsna. GNPress. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911233-64-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911233-64-3"><bdi>978-0-911233-64-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qualities+of+Sri+Krsna&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=GNPress&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-911233-64-3&rft.au=Satsvarupa+dasa+Goswami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart_Cary_Welch1985" class="citation book cs1">Stuart Cary Welch (1985). India: Art and Culture, 1300–1900. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-006114-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-006114-1"><bdi>978-0-03-006114-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+Art+and+Culture%2C+1300%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-03-006114-1&rft.au=Stuart+Cary+Welch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vithoba-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vithoba_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vithoba_106-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a> is not only viewed as a form of Krishna. He is also by some considered that of Vishnu, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> according to various traditions. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelkar,_Ashok_R.2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kelkar, Ashok R. (2001) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&q=vithoba&pg=PA4179">"Sri-Vitthal: Ek Mahasamanvay (Marathi) by R. C. Dhere"</a>. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature. Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 4179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126012213" title="Special:BookSources/978-8126012213"><bdi>978-8126012213</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sri-Vitthal%3A+Ek+Mahasamanvay+%28Marathi%29+by+R.+C.+Dhere&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+literature&rft.pages=4179&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-8126012213&rft.au=Kelkar%2C+Ashok+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKnPoYxrRfc0C%26q%3Dvithoba%26pg%3DPA4179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMokashi,_Digambar_BalkrishnaEngblom,_Philip_C.1987" class="citation book cs1">Mokashi, Digambar Balkrishna; Engblom, Philip C. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgLZGFH1ZTIC&q=Palkhi:+a+pilgrimage+to+Pandharpur&pg=PA14">Palkhi: a pilgrimage to Pandharpur – translated from the Marathi book Pālakhī by Philip C. Engblom</a>. Albany: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-461-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-461-6"><bdi>978-0-88706-461-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palkhi%3A+a+pilgrimage+to+Pandharpur+%E2%80%93+translated+from+the+Marathi+book+P%C4%81lakh%C4%AB+by+Philip+C.+Engblom&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-461-6&rft.au=Mokashi%2C+Digambar+Balkrishna&rft.au=Engblom%2C+Philip+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgLZGFH1ZTIC%26q%3DPalkhi%3A%2Ba%2Bpilgrimage%2Bto%2BPandharpur%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTryna_Lyons2004" class="citation book cs1">Tryna Lyons (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cKnGJGOEQukC">The Artists of Nathdwara: The Practice of Painting in Rajasthan</a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 16–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34417-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34417-5"><bdi>978-0-253-34417-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Artists+of+Nathdwara%3A+The+Practice+of+Painting+in+Rajasthan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34417-5&rft.au=Tryna+Lyons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcKnGJGOEQukC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunissery_Ramakrishnier_Vaidyanathan1992" class="citation book cs1">Kunissery Ramakrishnier Vaidyanathan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1XLXAAAAMAAJ">Sri Krishna, the Lord of Guruvayur</a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 2–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Krishna%2C+the+Lord+of+Guruvayur&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Kunissery+Ramakrishnier+Vaidyanathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1XLXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._A._Gopinatha_Rao1993" class="citation book cs1">T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC&pg=PA200">Elements of Hindu iconography</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 201–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0878-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Hindu+iconography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0878-2&rft.au=T.+A.+Gopinatha+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJD-KresBwIC%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._A._Gopinatha_Rao1993" class="citation book cs1">T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC&pg=PA204">Elements of Hindu iconography</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 204–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0878-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Hindu+iconography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0878-2&rft.au=T.+A.+Gopinatha+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJD-KresBwIC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amit-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Amit_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmit_Guha" class="citation cs2">Amit Guha, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210102202220/https://www.aishee.org/krishnalila-in-terracotta-temples">Krishnalila in Terracotta Temples</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aishee.org/krishnalila-in-terracotta-temples">the original</a> on 2 January 2021, retrieved 2 January 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishnalila+in+Terracotta+Temples&rft.au=Amit+Guha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aishee.org%2Fkrishnalila-in-terracotta-temples&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001145-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001145_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmUssUXUFFYC&pg=PA359">The Poems of Sūradāsa</a>. Abhinav publications. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170173694" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170173694"><bdi>978-8170173694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poems+of+S%C5%ABrad%C4%81sa&rft.pub=Abhinav+publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8170173694&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqmUssUXUFFYC%26pg%3DPA359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yashoda-114"><a href="#cite_ref-yashoda_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013214426/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/07/sss/ho_1982.220.8.htm">"Yashoda and Krishna"</a>. Metmuseum.org. 10 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/07/sss/ho_1982.220.8.htm">the original</a> on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yashoda+and+Krishna&rft.pub=Metmuseum.org&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fho%2F07%2Fsss%2Fho_1982.220.8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tkk-115"><a href="#cite_ref-tkk_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanghi2012" class="citation book cs1">Sanghi, Ashwin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UiwMRwcT-kC">The Krishna key</a>. Chennai: Westland. p. Key7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9381626689" title="Special:BookSources/978-9381626689"><bdi>978-9381626689</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Krishna+key&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pages=Key7&rft.pub=Westland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9381626689&rft.aulast=Sanghi&rft.aufirst=Ashwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-UiwMRwcT-kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Lok_Nath_Soni-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Lok_Nath_Soni_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLok_Nath_Soni2000" class="citation book cs1">Lok Nath Soni (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wT-BAAAAMAAJ">The Cattle and the Stick: An Ethnographic Profile of the Raut of Chhattisgarh</a>. Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture, Delhi: Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture, 2000 Original from the University of Michigan. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8185579573" title="Special:BookSources/978-8185579573"><bdi>978-8185579573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cattle+and+the+Stick%3A+An+Ethnographic+Profile+of+the+Raut+of+Chhattisgarh&rft.place=Anthropological+Survey+of+India%2C+Government+of+India%2C+Ministry+of+Tourism+and+Culture%2C+Department+of+Culture%2C+Delhi&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Anthropological+Survey+of+India%2C+Government+of+India%2C+Ministry+of+Tourism+and+Culture%2C+Department+of+Culture%2C+2000+Original+from+the+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8185579573&rft.au=Lok+Nath+Soni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwT-BAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 124–130, 224 </li> <li id="cite_note-MW-118"><a href="#cite_ref-MW_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynne_Gibson1999" class="citation book cs1">Lynne Gibson (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. p. 503.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=503&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Lynne+Gibson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweig,_G._M.2005" class="citation book cs1">Schweig, G. M. (2005). Dance of divine love: The Rasa Lila of Krishna from the Bhagavata Purana, India's classic sacred love story. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, Princeton, NJ; Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11446-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11446-0"><bdi>978-0-691-11446-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+of+divine+love%3A+The+Rasa+Lila+of+Krishna+from+the+Bhagavata+Purana%2C+India%27s+classic+sacred+love+story.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press%2C+Princeton%2C+NJ%3B+Oxford&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11446-0&rft.au=Schweig%2C+G.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Largen-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Largen_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Largen_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Largen_120-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLargen2011" class="citation book cs1">Largen, Kristin Johnston (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7_gveSP6-sC">God at Play: Seeing God Through the Lens of the Young Krishna</a>. India: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608330188" title="Special:BookSources/978-1608330188"><bdi>978-1608330188</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1030901369">1030901369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+at+Play%3A+Seeing+God+Through+the+Lens+of+the+Young+Krishna&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1030901369&rft.isbn=978-1608330188&rft.aulast=Largen&rft.aufirst=Kristin+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7_gveSP6-sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lacma-121"><a href="#cite_ref-lacma_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716040855/http://collections.lacma.org/node/203163">"Krishna Rajamannar with His Wives, Rukmini and Satyabhama, and His Mount, Garuda | LACMA Collections"</a>. collections.lacma.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.lacma.org/node/203163">the original</a> on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krishna+Rajamannar+with+His+Wives%2C+Rukmini+and+Satyabhama%2C+and+His+Mount%2C+Garuda+%26%23124%3B+LACMA+Collections&rft.pub=collections.lacma.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.lacma.org%2Fnode%2F203163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 290 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2005" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Shanta Rameshwar (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ747fOWTRMC&pg=PA1">Krishna</a>. New Delhi: Orient Longman. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8125026969" title="Special:BookSources/978-8125026969"><bdi>978-8125026969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8125026969&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Shanta+Rameshwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNJ747fOWTRMC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudson2008-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Hudson2008_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD_Dennis_Hudson2008" class="citation book cs1">D Dennis Hudson (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C&pg=PA264">The Body of God : An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 263–264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970902-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970902-1"><bdi>978-0-19-970902-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Body+of+God+%3A+An+Emperor%27s+Palace+for+Krishna+in+Eighth-Century+Kanchipuram%3A+An+Emperor%27s+Palace+for+Krishna+in+Eighth-Century+Kanchipuram&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E264&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-970902-1&rft.au=D+Dennis+Hudson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIMCxbOezDi4C%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD_Dennis_Hudson2008" class="citation book cs1">D Dennis Hudson (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C&pg=PA264">The Body of God : An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 102–103, 263–273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970902-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970902-1"><bdi>978-0-19-970902-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Body+of+God+%3A+An+Emperor%27s+Palace+for+Krishna+in+Eighth-Century+Kanchipuram%3A+An+Emperor%27s+Palace+for+Krishna+in+Eighth-Century+Kanchipuram&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E103%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-970902-1&rft.au=D+Dennis+Hudson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIMCxbOezDi4C%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Mason_Williams2008" class="citation book cs1">George Mason Williams (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA188">Handbook of Hindu Mythology</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 188, 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2"><bdi>978-0-19-533261-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Hindu+Mythology&rft.pages=188%2C+222&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533261-2&rft.au=George+Mason+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7LOZfwCDpEC%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen2006">Rosen 2006</a>, p. 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-hawley13-128"><a href="#cite_ref-hawley13_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Stratton_Hawley,_Donna_Marie_Wulff1982" class="citation book cs1">John Stratton Hawley, Donna Marie Wulff (1982). The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-102-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-102-8"><bdi>978-0-89581-102-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Consort%3A+R%C4%81dh%C4%81+and+the+Goddesses+of+India&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publisher&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-89581-102-8&rft.au=John+Stratton+Hawley%2C+Donna+Marie+Wulff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> Quote: "The regional texts vary in the identity of Krishna's wife (consort), some presenting it as Rukmini, some as Radha, some as Svaminiji, some adding all gopis, and some identifying all to be different aspects or manifestation of one <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> Lakshmi." </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita, by Robert N. Minor in <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 77–79 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeaneane_D._Fowler2012" class="citation book cs1">Jeaneane D. Fowler (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHX5XwAACAAJ">The Bhagavad Gita: A Text and Commentary for Students</a>. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-520-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-520-5"><bdi>978-1-84519-520-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita%3A+A+Text+and+Commentary+for+Students&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-520-5&rft.au=Jeaneane+D.+Fowler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdHX5XwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEknath_Easwaran2007" class="citation book cs1">Eknath Easwaran (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bcnJAAAAQBAJ">The Bhagavad Gita: (Classics of Indian Spirituality)</a>. Nilgiri Press. pp. 21–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58638-019-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58638-019-9"><bdi>978-1-58638-019-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita%3A+%28Classics+of+Indian+Spirituality%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=Nilgiri+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58638-019-9&rft.au=Eknath+Easwaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbcnJAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 148 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mani,_Vettam_1975_429-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Mani,_Vettam_1975_429_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMani,_Vettam1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vettam_Mani" title="Vettam Mani">Mani, Vettam</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft">Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature</a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/429">429</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0"><bdi>978-0-8426-0822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puranic+Encyclopaedia%3A+A+Comprehensive+Dictionary+With+Special+Reference+to+the+Epic+and+Puranic+Literature&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0&rft.au=Mani%2C+Vettam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuranicencyclopa00maniuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2003417-418-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2003417-418_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2003">Bryant 2003</a>, p. 417-418. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLargen2011" class="citation book cs1">Largen, Kristin Johnston (2011). Baby Krishna, Infant Christ: A Comparative Theology of Salvation. Orbis Books. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60833-018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60833-018-8"><bdi>978-1-60833-018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baby+Krishna%2C+Infant+Christ%3A+A+Comparative+Theology+of+Salvation&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60833-018-8&rft.aulast=Largen&rft.aufirst=Kristin+Johnston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett20019–14,_145–149-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett20019–14,_145–149_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>, pp. 9–14, 145–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamín_Preciado-Solís1984" class="citation book cs1">Benjamín Preciado-Solís (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JvCaWvjGDVEC&pg=PA40">The Kṛṣṇa Cycle in the Purāṇas: Themes and Motifs in a Heroic Saga</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-226-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-226-1"><bdi>978-0-89581-226-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+Cycle+in+the+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87as%3A+Themes+and+Motifs+in+a+Heroic+Saga&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-89581-226-1&rft.au=Benjam%C3%ADn+Preciado-Sol%C3%ADs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJvCaWvjGDVEC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Within a period of four or five centuries [around the start of the common era], we encounter our major sources of information, all in different versions. The Mahabharata, the Harivamsa, the Visnu Purana, the Ghata Jataka, and the Bala Carita all appear between the first and the fifth century AD, and each of them represents a tradition of a Krsna cycle different from the others". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett200144–49,_63–64,_145-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett200144–49,_63–64,_145_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>, pp. 44–49, 63–64, 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett200189–104,_146-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett200189–104,_146_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>, pp. 89–104, 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198618,_245–249-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198618,_245–249_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 18, 245–249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001108–115,_146–147-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001108–115,_146–147_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>, pp. 108–115, 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001145–149-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatchett2001145–149_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatchett2001">Matchett 2001</a>, pp. 145–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986138–149-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986138–149_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 138–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/gaura-purnima-mahotsava-by-international-society-for-krishna-consciousness-iskcon/">"Gaura Purnima Mahotsava By International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)"</a>. City: Guwahati. Sentinelassam. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sentinelassam&rft.atitle=Gaura+Purnima+Mahotsava+By+International+Society+for+Krishna+Consciousness+%28ISKCON%29&rft.date=2019-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sentinelassam.com%2Fnews%2Fgaura-purnima-mahotsava-by-international-society-for-krishna-consciousness-iskcon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telanganatoday.com/alfred-ford-on-mission-to-fund-biggest-temple">"Alfred Ford on mission to fund biggest temple"</a>. City: Hyderabad. Telanganatoday. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telanganatoday&rft.atitle=Alfred+Ford+on+mission+to+fund+biggest+temple&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelanganatoday.com%2Falfred-ford-on-mission-to-fund-biggest-temple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Benjamin E. Zeller (2010), Prophets and Protons, New York University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814797211" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814797211">978-0814797211</a>, pp. 77–79 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnott2000-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnott2000_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnott2000">Knott 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2012" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0XqbG0LKBUC&pg=PA4">Alternative Krishnas: Regional And Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</a>. Suny Press. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8341-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8341-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-8341-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+And+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Suny+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8341-1&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0XqbG0LKBUC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> J.A.B. van Buitenen, The Mahabharata, vol. 3, University of Chicago 1978, p.134 </li> <li id="cite_note-KulkeRothermund2004p149-150"><a href="#cite_ref-KulkeRothermund2004p149_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_KulkeDietmar_Rothermund2004" class="citation book cs1">Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&pg=PA149">A History of India</a>. Routledge. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0"><bdi>978-0-415-32920-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32920-0&rft.au=Hermann+Kulke&rft.au=Dietmar+Rothermund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRoW9GuFJ9GIC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007329–334_(Francis_X_Clooney)-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007329–334_(Francis_X_Clooney)_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 329–334 (Francis X Clooney). </li> <li id="cite_note-SharmaB-152"><a href="#cite_ref-SharmaB_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaB._N._Krishnamurti2000" class="citation book cs1">Sharma; B. N. Krishnamurti (2000). A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 514–516. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120815759" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120815759"><bdi>978-8120815759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Dvaita+School+of+Ved%C4%81nta+and+Its+Literature&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E514-%3C%2Fspan%3E516&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8120815759&rft.au=Sharma&rft.au=B.+N.+Krishnamurti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007358–365_(Deepak_Sarma)-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007358–365_(Deepak_Sarma)_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 358–365 (Deepak Sarma). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamnarace2014">Ramnarace 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripurari" class="citation web cs1">Tripurari, Swami. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130324101939/http://harmonist.us/2009/12/the-life-of-sri-jiva-goswami/">"The Life of Sri Jiva Goswami"</a>. Harmonist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harmonist.us/2009/12/the-life-of-sri-jiva-goswami/">the original</a> on 24 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harmonist&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+Sri+Jiva+Goswami&rft.aulast=Tripurari&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharmonist.us%2F2009%2F12%2Fthe-life-of-sri-jiva-goswami%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007373–378_(Satyanarayana_Dasa)-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007373–378_(Satyanarayana_Dasa)_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 373–378 (Satyanarayana Dasa). </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJindel,_Rajendra1976" class="citation book cs1">Jindel, Rajendra (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=175zjT9bStcC&q=nathdwara">Culture of a Sacred Town: A Sociological Study of Nathdwara</a>. Popular Prakashan. pp. 34, 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8171540402" title="Special:BookSources/978-8171540402"><bdi>978-8171540402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+of+a+Sacred+Town%3A+A+Sociological+Study+of+Nathdwara&rft.pages=34%2C+37&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-8171540402&rft.au=Jindel%2C+Rajendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D175zjT9bStcC%26q%3Dnathdwara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007479–480_(Richard_Barz)-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007479–480_(Richard_Barz)_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 479–480 (Richard Barz). </li> <li id="cite_note-David_1996-159"><a href="#cite_ref-David_1996_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_R._Pinch1996" class="citation book cs1">William R. Pinch (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC&pg=PA156">"Soldier Monks and Militant Sadhus"</a>. In David Ludden (ed.). Contesting the Nation. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 148–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1585-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1585-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-1585-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soldier+Monks+and+Militant+Sadhus&rft.btitle=Contesting+the+Nation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1585-4&rft.au=William+R.+Pinch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjEUdPqYQjhoC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Johannes de Kruijf and Ajaya Sahoo (2014), Indian Transnationalism Online: New Perspectives on Diaspora, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-1913-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-1913-2">978-1-4724-1913-2</a>, p. 105, Quote: "In other words, according to Adi Shankara's argument, the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta stood over and above all other forms of Hinduism and encapsulated them. This then united Hinduism; (...) Another of Adi Shankara's important undertakings which contributed to the unification of Hinduism was his founding of a number of monastic centers." </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Shankara, Student's Encyclopædia Britannica – India (2000), Volume 4, Encyclopædia Britannica (UK) Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5">978-0-85229-760-5</a>, p. 379, Quote: "Shankaracharya, philosopher and theologian, most renowned exponent of the Advaita Vedanta school of philosophy, from whose doctrines the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived."; David Crystal (2004), The Penguin Encyclopedia, Penguin Books, p. 1353, Quote: "[Shankara] is the most famous exponent of Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy and the source of the main currents of modern Hindu thought." </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Christophe Jaffrelot (1998), The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10335-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10335-0">978-0-231-10335-0</a>, p. 2, Quote: "The main current of Hinduism – if not the only one – which became formalized in a way that approximates to an ecclesiastical structure was that of Shankara". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007313–318_(Lance_Nelson)-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007313–318_(Lance_Nelson)_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 313–318 (Lance Nelson). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan19861–2,_17–25_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan 1986</a>, pp. 1–2, 17–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar_Das2006172–173-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar_Das2006172–173_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKumar_Das2006">Kumar Das 2006</a>, pp. 172–173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1983553–557-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1983553–557_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1983">Brown 1983</a>, pp. 553–557. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Tracy Pintchman (1994), The rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791421123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791421123">978-0791421123</a>, pp. 132–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan198617–21-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan198617–21_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheridan1986">Sheridan 1986</a>, pp. 17–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Stratton_Hawley2014" class="citation book cs1">John Stratton Hawley (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncb_AwAAQBAJ">Krishna, The Butter Thief</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 10, 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5540-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5540-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-5540-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%2C+The+Butter+Thief&rft.pages=10%2C+170&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5540-7&rft.au=John+Stratton+Hawley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dncb_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Krishna-Hindu-deity">Krishna: Hindu Deity</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica (2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M_Koller2016" class="citation book cs1">John M Koller (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgg3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA210">The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India</a>. Routledge. pp. 210–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-50740-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-50740-8"><bdi>978-1-315-50740-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Way%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophies+%26+Religions+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-50740-8&rft.au=John+M+Koller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlgg3DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaudeville1962" class="citation journal cs1">Vaudeville, Ch. (1962). "Evolution of Love-Symbolism in Bhagavatism". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 82 (1): 31–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F595976">10.2307/595976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/595976">595976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Love-Symbolism+in+Bhagavatism&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F595976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F595976%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vaudeville&rft.aufirst=Ch.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M_Koller2016" class="citation book cs1">John M Koller (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgg3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA210">The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India</a>. Routledge. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-50740-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-50740-8"><bdi>978-1-315-50740-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Way%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophies+%26+Religions+of+India&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-50740-8&rft.au=John+M+Koller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlgg3DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juanxxvi-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Juanxxvi_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Juanxxvi_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Juanxxvi_174-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_Mascaró1962" class="citation book cs1">Juan Mascaró (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UZEKghCNbVIC">The Bhagavad Gita</a>. Penguin. pp. xxvi–xxviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044918-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044918-1"><bdi>978-0-14-044918-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exxvi-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxviii&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044918-1&rft.au=Juan+Mascar%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUZEKghCNbVIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-feuersteinix-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-feuersteinix_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-feuersteinix_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_FeuersteinBrenda_Feuerstein2011" class="citation book cs1">Georg Feuerstein; Brenda Feuerstein (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V0exkVFiyvcC">The Bhagavad-Gita: A New Translation</a>. Shambhala Publications. pp. ix–xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-893-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-893-6"><bdi>978-1-59030-893-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad-Gita%3A+A+New+Translation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Eix-%3C%2Fspan%3Exi&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59030-893-6&rft.au=Georg+Feuerstein&rft.au=Brenda+Feuerstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV0exkVFiyvcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_F._Gier2004" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas F. Gier (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVLt99uleLwC&pg=PA36">The Virtue of Nonviolence: From Gautama to Gandhi</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 36–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5949-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5949-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-5949-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virtue+of+Nonviolence%3A+From+Gautama+to+Gandhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5949-2&rft.au=Nicholas+F.+Gier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtVLt99uleLwC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007315-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007315_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Dowson2003" class="citation book cs1">John Dowson (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6JB-KOXy5k8C&q=Vishnu+Sahasranama+Krishna&pg=PA361">Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History and Literature</a>. Kessinger Publishing. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-7589-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-7589-1"><bdi>978-0-7661-7589-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Dictionary+of+Hindu+Mythology+and+Religion%2C+Geography%2C+History+and+Literature&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-7589-1&rft.au=John+Dowson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6JB-KOXy5k8C%26q%3DVishnu%2BSahasranama%2BKrishna%26pg%3DPA361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Beck-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Beck_179-0">^</a> See Beck, Guy, "Introduction" in <a href="#CITEREFBeck2005">Beck 2005</a>, pp. 1–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-Knott55-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Knott55_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnott2000">Knott 2000</a>, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996117-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996117_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-McDaniel-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDaniel_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDaniel_182-1">b</a> See McDaniel, June, Folk Vaishnavism and Ṭhākur Pañcāyat: Life and status among village Krishna statues in <a href="#CITEREFBeck2005">Beck 2005</a>, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy1925-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1925_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy1925_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy,_M._T.1925" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, M. T. (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.24847">The Chaitanya Movement: A Study of the Vaishnavism of Bengal</a>. H. Milford, Oxford university press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chaitanya+Movement%3A+A+Study+of+the+Vaishnavism+of+Bengal&rft.pub=H.+Milford%2C+Oxford+university+press&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+M.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpli.kerala.rare.24847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VaisnavaInstitute1956-184"><a href="#cite_ref-VaisnavaInstitute1956_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yEMB3RBwjTsC">Indian Philosophy & Culture, Volume 20</a>. Institute of Oriental Philosophy (Vrindāvan, India), Institute of Oriental Philosophy, Vaishnava Research Institute, contributors. The Institute. 1975. p. 148. <q>On the touch-stone of this definition of the final and positive characteristic of Sri Krsna as the Highest Divinity as Svayam-rupa Bhagavan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Philosophy+%26+Culture%2C+Volume+20&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=The+Institute&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyEMB3RBwjTsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Delmonico-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Delmonico_185-0">^</a> Delmonico, N., The History Of Indic Monotheism And Modern Chaitanya Vaishnavism in <a href="#CITEREFBryantEkstrand2004">Bryant & Ekstrand 2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-De1960-186"><a href="#cite_ref-De1960_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe,_S._K.1960" class="citation book cs1">De, S. K. (1960). Bengal's contribution to Sanskrit literature & studies in Bengal Vaisnavism. KL Mukhopadhyaya.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%27s+contribution+to+Sanskrit+literature+%26+studies+in+Bengal+Vaisnavism&rft.pub=KL+Mukhopadhyaya&rft.date=1960&rft.au=De%2C+S.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> p. 113: "The Bengal School identifies the Bhagavat with Krishna depicted in the Shrimad-Bhagavata and presents him as its highest personal God." </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, p. 381 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212183626/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/vaish.html">"Vaishnava"</a>. encyclopedia. Division of Religion and Philosophy University of Cumbria. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/vaish.html">the original</a> on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vaishnava&rft.btitle=encyclopedia&rft.pub=Division+of+Religion+and+Philosophy+University+of+Cumbria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiltar.ucsm.ac.uk%2Fencyclopedia%2Fhindu%2Fdevot%2Fvaish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988">, University of Cumbria website Retrieved 21 May 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-Princeton-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham_M._Schweig2005" class="citation book cs1">Graham M. Schweig (2005). Dance of Divine Love: The Rڄasa Lڄilڄa of Krishna from the Bhڄagavata Purڄa. na, India's classic sacred love story. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Front Matter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11446-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11446-0"><bdi>978-0-691-11446-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+of+Divine+Love%3A+The+R%DA%84asa+L%DA%84il%DA%84a+of+Krishna+from+the+Bh%DA%84agavata+Pur%DA%84a.+na%2C+India%27s+classic+sacred+love+story&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=Front+Matter&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11446-0&rft.au=Graham+M.+Schweig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Bhattacharya, Gouriswar: Vanamala of Vasudeva-Krsna-Visnu and Sankarsana-Balarama. In: Vanamala. Festschrift A. J. Gail. Serta Adalberto Joanni Gail LXV. diem natalem celebranti ab amicis collegis discipulis dedicata. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isha.sadhguru.org/in/en/wisdom/article/gopala-understanding-essence-krishna-cowherd">"Gopala: Understanding the Essence of Krishna as a Cowherd"</a>. Isha Sadhguru. 5 August 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Isha+Sadhguru&rft.atitle=Gopala%3A+Understanding+the+Essence+of+Krishna+as+a+Cowherd&rft.date=2014-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisha.sadhguru.org%2Fin%2Fen%2Fwisdom%2Farticle%2Fgopala-understanding-essence-krishna-cowherd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kk20072-192"><a href="#cite_ref-kk20072_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier,_Klaus_K.2005" class="citation book cs1">Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyhinduismth00klos">A Survey of Hinduism</a>. State University of New York Press; 3 edition. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyhinduismth00klos/page/n221">203</a>–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7081-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7081-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-7081-7</bdi></a>. <q>Present-day Krishna worship is an amalgam of various elements. According to historical testimonies, Krishna-Vasudeva worship already flourished in and around Mathura several centuries before Christ. A second important element is the cult of Krishna Govinda. Still later is the worship of Bala-Krishna, the Child Krishna – a quite prominent feature of modern Krishnaism. The last element seems to have been Krishna Gopijanavallabha, Krishna the lover of the Gopis, among whom Radha occupies a special position. In some books, Krishna is presented as the founder and first teacher of the Bhagavata religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=203-204&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press%3B+3+edition&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7081-7&rft.au=Klostermaier%2C+Klaus+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurveyhinduismth00klos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasham1968" class="citation journal cs1">Basham, A. L. (May 1968). "Review: Krishna: Myths, Rites, and Attitudes. by Milton Singer; Daniel H. H. Ingalls". The Journal of Asian Studies. 27 (3): 667–670. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2051211">10.2307/2051211</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2051211">2051211</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161458918">161458918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Krishna%3A+Myths%2C+Rites%2C+and+Attitudes.+by+Milton+Singer%3B+Daniel+H.+H.+Ingalls&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E667-%3C%2Fspan%3E670&rft.date=1968-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161458918%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2051211%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2051211&rft.aulast=Basham&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouture,_André2006" class="citation journal cs1">Couture, André (2006). "The emergence of a group of four characters (Vasudeva, Samkarsana, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha) in the Harivamsa: points for consideration". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 34 (6): 571–585. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10781-006-9009-x">10.1007/s10781-006-9009-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170133349">170133349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+emergence+of+a+group+of+four+characters+%28Vasudeva%2C+Samkarsana%2C+Pradyumna%2C+and+Aniruddha%29+in+the+Harivamsa%3A+points+for+consideration&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E571-%3C%2Fspan%3E585&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10781-006-9009-x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170133349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Couture%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEschmannKulkeTripathi1978Hardy1987387–392Starza1993Miśra2005chapter_9._Jagannāthism-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEschmannKulkeTripathi1978Hardy1987387–392Starza1993Miśra2005chapter_9._Jagannāthism_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEschmannKulkeTripathi1978">Eschmann, Kulke & Tripathi 1978</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHardy1987">Hardy 1987</a>, pp. 387–392; <a href="#CITEREFStarza1993">Starza 1993</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMiśra2005">Miśra 2005</a>, chapter 9. Jagannāthism. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiśra200597chapter_9._Jagannāthism-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiśra200597chapter_9._Jagannāthism_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiśra2005">Miśra 2005</a>, p. 97, chapter 9. Jagannāthism. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarza199376-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarza199376_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStarza1993">Starza 1993</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2007139–141-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2007139–141_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2007">Bryant 2007</a>, pp. 139–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-Klostermaier1974-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier1974_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klostermaier1974_199-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier,_K.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Klostermaier, K. (1974). "The Bhaktirasamrtasindhubindu of Visvanatha Cakravartin". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 94 (1): 96–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F599733">10.2307/599733</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/599733">599733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Bhaktirasamrtasindhubindu+of+Visvanatha+Cakravartin&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F599733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F599733%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Klostermaier%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobsen-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobsen_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2005" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Knut A., ed. (2005). Theory And Practice of Yoga: Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14757-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14757-7"><bdi>978-90-04-14757-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+And+Practice+of+Yoga%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Gerald+James+Larson&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14757-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chapple-201"><a href="#cite_ref-chapple_201-0">^</a> Christopher Key Chapple (Editor) and Winthrop Sargeant (Translator), The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438428420" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438428420">978-1438428420</a>, pp. 302–303, 318 </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaudeville1962-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Vaudeville1962_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaudeville,_C.1962" class="citation journal cs1">Vaudeville, C. (1962). "Evolution of Love-Symbolism in Bhagavatism". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 82 (1): 31–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F595976">10.2307/595976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/595976">595976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Love-Symbolism+in+Bhagavatism&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F595976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F595976%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Vaudeville%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cassel-203"><a href="#cite_ref-cassel_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen,_Paul1998" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/themesissuesinhi0000unse/page/64">Themes and issues in Hinduism</a>. London: Cassell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/themesissuesinhi0000unse/page/64">64–65</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-33851-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-33851-1"><bdi>978-0-304-33851-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Themes+and+issues+in+Hinduism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-304-33851-1&rft.au=Bowen%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthemesissuesinhi0000unse%2Fpage%2F64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radhak1975-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Radhak1975_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrisnasarma,_C.1975" class="citation book cs1">Radhakrisnasarma, C. (1975). Landmarks in Telugu Literature: A Short Survey of Telugu Literature. Lakshminarayana Granthamala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landmarks+in+Telugu+Literature%3A+A+Short+Survey+of+Telugu+Literature&rft.pub=Lakshminarayana+Granthamala&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Radhakrisnasarma%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-histor-205"><a href="#cite_ref-histor_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisir_Kumar_Das2005" class="citation book cs1">Sisir Kumar Das (2005). A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From Courtly to the Popular. Sahitya Akademi. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-2171-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-2171-0"><bdi>978-81-260-2171-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature%2C+500%E2%80%931399%3A+From+Courtly+to+the+Popular&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-260-2171-0&rft.au=Sisir+Kumar+Das&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomerMcLeod19871–2-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchomerMcLeod19871–2_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchomerMcLeod1987">Schomer & McLeod (1987)</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014323-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamnarace2014323_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamnarace2014">Ramnarace 2014</a>, p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nimbarka-Indian-philosopher">Nimbarka</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasu1932-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasu1932_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBasu1932">Basu 1932</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> The religious system of the Mahānubhāva sect, by Anne Feldhaus, Manohar publications: Delhi, 1983. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToffin2012249–254-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToffin2012249–254_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToffin2012">Toffin 2012</a>, pp. 249–254. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/tpv/">"Thiruppavai"</a>. Ibiblio. Retrieved 24 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ibiblio&rft.atitle=Thiruppavai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fsripedia%2Febooks%2Ftpv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesika" class="citation web cs1">Desika, Vedanta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/vdesikan/gopala_vimsati/index.html">"Gopala Vimshati"</a>. Ibiblio, Sripedia. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ibiblio%2C+Sripedia&rft.atitle=Gopala+Vimshati&rft.aulast=Desika&rft.aufirst=Vedanta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fsripedia%2Febooks%2Fvdesikan%2Fgopala_vimsati%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maithily-215"><a href="#cite_ref-Maithily_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaganathan2005" class="citation book cs1">Jaganathan, Maithily (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xcIrkKUJH9QC">"Sri Krishna Jayanti"</a>. South Indian Hindu festivals and traditions (1st ed.). New Delhi: Abhinav Publication. pp. 104–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-415-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-415-8"><bdi>978-81-7017-415-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sri+Krishna+Jayanti&rft.btitle=South+Indian+Hindu+festivals+and+traditions&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publication&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-415-8&rft.aulast=Jaganathan&rft.aufirst=Maithily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxcIrkKUJH9QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200442-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryantEkstrand200442_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryantEkstrand2004">Bryant & Ekstrand 2004</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Alanna Kaivalya (2014), Sacred Sound: Discovering the Myth and Meaning of Mantra and Kirtan, New World, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608682430" title="Special:BookSources/978-1608682430">978-1608682430</a>, pp. 153–154 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Srila Prabhupada – He Built a House in which the whole world can live in peace, Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami, Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89213-133-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89213-133-0">0-89213-133-0</a> p. xv </li> <li id="cite_note-charlesbrooks83-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charlesbrooks83_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charlesbrooks83_219-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charlesbrooks83_219-2">c</a> Charles Brooks (1989), The Hare Krishnas in India, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120809390" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120809390">978-8120809390</a>, pp. 83–85 </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Peter Lavezzoli (2006), The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, Continuum, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-2819-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-2819-3">0-8264-2819-3</a>, p. 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke308-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Clarke308_221-0">^</a> Peter Clarke (2005), Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415267076" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415267076">978-0415267076</a>, p. 308 Quote: "There they captured the imagination of The Beatles, particularly George Harrison who helped them produce a chart-topping record of the Hare Krishna mantra (1969) and ...". </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_A._Hatcher2015" class="citation book cs1">Brian A. Hatcher (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdeoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118">Hinduism in the Modern World</a>. Routledge. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04631-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04631-6"><bdi>978-1-135-04631-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-135-04631-6&rft.au=Brian+A.+Hatcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIdeoCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John2014p17-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John2014p17_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John2014p17_223-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John2014p17_223-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Guy2014" class="citation book cs1">John Guy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ">Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 17, 146–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-524-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-524-5"><bdi>978-1-58839-524-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Kingdoms%3A+Hindu-Buddhist+Sculpture+of+Early+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=17%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-524-5&rft.au=John+Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvO_-AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne-Valérie_SchweyerPaisarn_Piemmettawat2011" class="citation book cs1">Anne-Valérie Schweyer; Paisarn Piemmettawat (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mSrsUuIxZXkC&pg=PA388">Viêt Nam ancien: histoire arts archéologie</a>. Editions Olizane. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88086-396-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88086-396-8"><bdi>978-2-88086-396-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%C3%AAt+Nam+ancien%3A+histoire+arts+arch%C3%A9ologie&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Editions+Olizane&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2-88086-396-8&rft.au=Anne-Val%C3%A9rie+Schweyer&rft.au=Paisarn+Piemmettawat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmSrsUuIxZXkC%26pg%3DPA388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijke_J._Klokke200019–23-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarijke_J._Klokke200019–23_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarijke_J._Klokke200019–23_225-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarijke_J._Klokke2000">Marijke J. Klokke 2000</a>, pp. 19–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubhadradis_Diskul_(M.C.)Jean_Boisselier1997" class="citation book cs1">Subhadradis Diskul (M.C.); <a href="/wiki/Jean_Boisselier" title="Jean Boisselier">Jean Boisselier</a> (1997). Natasha Eilenberg; Robert L. Brown (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=--m5oQEACAAJ">Living a life in accord with Dhamma: papers in honor of professor Jean Boisselier on his eightieth birthday</a>. Silpakorn University. pp. 191–204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+a+life+in+accord+with+Dhamma%3A+papers+in+honor+of+professor+Jean+Boisselier+on+his+eightieth+birthday&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.pub=Silpakorn+University&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Subhadradis+Diskul+%28M.C.%29&rft.au=Jean+Boisselier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D--m5oQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriguṇa_(Mpu.)Suwito_Santoso1986" class="citation book cs1">Triguṇa (Mpu.); Suwito Santoso (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=341kAAAAMAAJ">Krĕṣṇāyana: The Krĕṣṇa Legend in Indonesia</a>. IAIC. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15488486">15488486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kr%C4%95%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%81yana%3A+The+Kr%C4%95%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+Legend+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=IAIC&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15488486&rft.au=Trigu%E1%B9%87a+%28Mpu.%29&rft.au=Suwito+Santoso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D341kAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarijke_J._Klokke200019–23,_for_reliefs_details_see_24–41-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarijke_J._Klokke200019–23,_for_reliefs_details_see_24–41_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarijke_J._Klokke2000">Marijke J. Klokke 2000</a>, pp. 19–23, for reliefs details see 24–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_GuyPierre_BaptisteLawrence_Becker2014" class="citation book cs1">John Guy; Pierre Baptiste; Lawrence Becker; et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gCw_AwAAQBAJ">Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 222–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20437-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20437-7"><bdi>978-0-300-20437-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Kingdoms%3A+Hindu-Buddhist+Sculpture+of+Early+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E222-%3C%2Fspan%3E223&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-300-20437-7&rft.au=John+Guy&rft.au=Pierre+Baptiste&rft.au=Lawrence+Becker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgCw_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1993107–108-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1993107–108_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeck1993">Beck 1993</a>, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> PV Kane, History of Sanskrit Poetics, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120802742" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120802742">978-8120802742</a> (2015 Reprint), pp. 10–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradpande198792–94-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaradpande198792–94_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaradpande1987">Varadpande 1987</a>, pp. 92–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVemsani2016" class="citation book cs1">Vemsani, Lavanya (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ">"Music and Krishna"</a>. Krishna in history thought and culture. California: ABC-Clio LLC. pp. 179–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-210-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-210-6"><bdi>978-1-61069-210-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music+and+Krishna&rft.btitle=Krishna+in+history+thought+and+culture&rft.place=California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.pub=ABC-Clio+LLC&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-210-6&rft.aulast=Vemsani&rft.aufirst=Lavanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4fw2DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Graham Schweig (2007), Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions (Editor: Yudit Kornberg Greenberg), Volume 1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851099801" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851099801">978-1851099801</a>, pp. 247–249 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradpande198795–97-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaradpande198795–97_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaradpande1987">Varadpande 1987</a>, pp. 95–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradpande198798-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaradpande198798_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVaradpande1987">Varadpande 1987</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zarrilli2000-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Zarrilli2000_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarrilli,_P._B.2000" class="citation book cs1">Zarrilli, P. B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr00zarr">Kathakali Dance-Drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr00zarr/page/n262">246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathakali+Dance-Drama%3A+Where+Gods+and+Demons+Come+to+Play&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Zarrilli%2C+P.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkathakalidancedr00zarr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher2004-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher2004_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArcher2004">Archer 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/explained-what-palliyodam-and-why-kerala-actor-was-arrested-photoshoot-it-155155">"Explained: What is a Palliyodam, and why a Kerala actor was arrested for photoshoot on it"</a>. thenewsminute. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=thenewsminute&rft.atitle=Explained%3A+What+is+a+Palliyodam%2C+and+why+a+Kerala+actor+was+arrested+for+photoshoot+on+it&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained-what-palliyodam-and-why-kerala-actor-was-arrested-photoshoot-it-155155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmistha_Gooptu2010" class="citation book cs1">Sharmistha Gooptu (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DcUtCgAAQBAJ&q=Radha+Krishna+1933&pg=PA69">Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation'</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136912177" title="Special:BookSources/9781136912177"><bdi>9781136912177</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengali+Cinema%3A+%27An+Other+Nation%27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-11&rft.isbn=9781136912177&rft.au=Sharmistha+Gooptu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDcUtCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DRadha%2BKrishna%2B1933%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNag2012" class="citation web cs1">Nag, Kushali (23 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104003336/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120523/jsp/entertainment/story_15519255.jsp#.VjlScWQrIxc">"Mayabazar is an interplay of illusions and reality"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120523/jsp/entertainment/story_15519255.jsp">the original</a> on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Mayabazar+is+an+interplay+of+illusions+and+reality&rft.date=2012-05-23&rft.aulast=Nag&rft.aufirst=Kushali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1120523%2Fjsp%2Fentertainment%2Fstory_15519255.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurlapati1966" class="citation news cs1">Thurlapati (4 September 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiancine.ma/documents/GSW/0,39,2550,1689">"శ్రీ కృష్ణ తులాభారం"</a> [Sri Krishna Tulabharam]. <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Jyothi" title="Andhra Jyothi">Andhra Jyothi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230826223537/https://indiancine.ma/documents/GSW/0,39,2550,1689">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Andhra+Jyothi&rft.atitle=%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80+%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3+%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82&rft.date=1966-09-04&rft.au=Thurlapati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiancine.ma%2Fdocuments%2FGSW%2F0%2C39%2C2550%2C1689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrikanth1967" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Srikanth (15 October 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiancine.ma/documents/GVM/0,0,2550,1650">"సినిమా: శ్రీ కృష్ణ అవతారం"</a> [Cinema: Sri Krishnavataram]. <a href="/wiki/Visalaandhra" title="Visalaandhra">Visalaandhra</a> (in Telugu). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114130711/https://indiancine.ma/documents/GVM/0,0,2550,1650">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visalaandhra&rft.atitle=%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%3A+%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80+%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3+%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82&rft.date=1967-10-15&rft.au=Srikanth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiancine.ma%2Fdocuments%2FGVM%2F0%2C0%2C2550%2C1650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Goble" class="citation web cs1">Alan Goble. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citwf.com/film318824.htm">"Shri Krishna Leela"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Complete_Index_to_World_Film" title="Complete Index to World Film">Complete Index to World Film</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-26/news/32869469_1_gokulathil-kannan-movie-in-different-languages-english-movie">the original</a> on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+economic+times&rft.atitle=%27Krishna+Aur+Kans%27+set+for+widest+ever+domestic+release+of+an+Indian+animation+movie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2012-07-26%2Fnews%2F32869469_1_gokulathil-kannan-movie-in-different-languages-english-movie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/31-years-of-mahabharat-on-doordarshan-know-interesting-facts-about-one-of-most-popular-tv-shows-ever/1724556/">"31 years of Mahabharat on Doordarshan: Interesting facts about one of most popular TV shows ever"</a>. The Financial Express. 2 October 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=31+years+of+Mahabharat+on+Doordarshan%3A+Interesting+facts+about+one+of+most+popular+TV+shows+ever&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Fentertainment%2F31-years-of-mahabharat-on-doordarshan-know-interesting-facts-about-one-of-most-popular-tv-shows-ever%2F1724556%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/after-ramayan-and-mahabharat-now-shri-krishna-is-returning-to-doordarshan/articleshow/75400171.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst">"After 'Ramayan' and 'Mahabharat', now 'Shri Krishna' is returning to Doordarshan"</a>. The Economic Times. 27 April 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389">0013-0389</a>. Retrieved 30 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=After+%27Ramayan%27+and+%27Mahabharat%27%2C+now+%27Shri+Krishna%27+is+returning+to+Doordarshan&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft.issn=0013-0389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpanache%2Fafter-ramayan-and-mahabharat-now-shri-krishna-is-returning-to-doordarshan%2Farticleshow%2F75400171.cms%3Futm_source%3Dcontentofinterest%26utm_medium%3Dtext%26utm_campaign%3Dcppst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Mahabharata-interpreted-differently/article15308422.ece">"Mahabharata interpreted differently"</a>. The Hindu. 23 September 2008 – via www.thehindu.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Mahabharata+interpreted+differently&rft.date=2008-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-newdelhi%2FMahabharata-interpreted-differently%2Farticle15308422.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishi_Tiwari" class="citation news cs1">Nishi Tiwari. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-mahabharat-so-far-so-good-tv/20130917.htm">"Review: Mahabharat, so far so good"</a>. Rediff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501105830/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-mahabharat-so-far-so-good-tv/20130917.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Mahabharat%2C+so+far+so+good&rft.au=Nishi+Tiwari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fmovies%2Freport%2Freview-mahabharat-so-far-so-good-tv%2F20130917.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ssudeep-sahir-to-play-grown-up-krishna-in-paramavatar-shri-krishna/articleshow/69411657.cms">"Ssudeep Sahir to play grown-up Krishna in 'Paramavatar Shri Krishna'"</a>. The Times of India. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ssudeep+Sahir+to+play+grown-up+Krishna+in+%27Paramavatar+Shri+Krishna%27&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fhindi%2Fssudeep-sahir-to-play-grown-up-krishna-in-paramavatar-shri-krishna%2Farticleshow%2F69411657.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mallika-singh-and-sumedh-mudgalkar-we-feel-fortunate-its-a-blessing-to-portray-radha-and-krishna/articleshow/80886998.cms">"Mallika Singh and Sumedh Mudgalkar: We feel fortunate, it's a blessing to portray Radha and Krishna"</a>. The Times of India. 13 February 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Mallika+Singh+and+Sumedh+Mudgalkar%3A+We+feel+fortunate%2C+it%27s+a+blessing+to+portray+Radha+and+Krishna&rft.date=2021-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fhindi%2Fmallika-singh-and-sumedh-mudgalkar-we-feel-fortunate-its-a-blessing-to-portray-radha-and-krishna%2Farticleshow%2F80886998.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/shrimad-bhagwat-mahapuran-shri-uddhav-thackeray-extends-his-best-wishes-to-the-team-of-colors-show-1004181">"Uddhav Thackeray extends his best wishes to the team of Color's 'Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran'! SEE PICS"</a>. ABP News. 2 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABP+News&rft.atitle=Uddhav+Thackeray+extends+his+best+wishes+to+the+team+of+Color%27s+%27Shrimad+Bhagwat+Mahapuran%27%21+SEE+PICS&rft.date=2019-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abplive.com%2Fentertainment%2Ftelevision%2Fshrimad-bhagwat-mahapuran-shri-uddhav-thackeray-extends-his-best-wishes-to-the-team-of-colors-show-1004181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/star-bharat-announces-the-launch-of-haathi-ghoda-paal-ki-jai-kanhaiya-laal-ki-283568">"Star Bharat announces the launch of 'Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki'"</a>. Tribune India. Retrieved 11 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune+India&rft.atitle=Star+Bharat+announces+the+launch+of+%27Jai+Kanhaiya+Lal+Ki%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Flifestyle%2Fstar-bharat-announces-the-launch-of-haathi-ghoda-paal-ki-jai-kanhaiya-laal-ki-283568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/videos/tv-news/manul-chudasama-paras-arora-to-play-radha-and-krishna-in-the-new-historical-show-brij-ke-gopal-video-90714091/amp?">"Manul Chudasama & Paras Arora to play Radha and Krishna in the new historical show Brij Ke Gopal"</a>. Zoom TV Entertainment. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zoom+TV+Entertainment&rft.atitle=Manul+Chudasama+%26+Paras+Arora+to+play+Radha+and+Krishna+in+the+new+historical+show+Brij+Ke+Gopal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoomtventertainment.com%2Fvideos%2Ftv-news%2Fmanul-chudasama-paras-arora-to-play-radha-and-krishna-in-the-new-historical-show-brij-ke-gopal-video-90714091%2Famp%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Jaini, P. S.</a> (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC&pg=PA207">Jaina Puranas: A Puranic Counter Tradition</a>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1381-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1381-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-1381-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina+Puranas%3A+A+Puranic+Counter+Tradition&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1381-4&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=P.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kZFzHCuiFAC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh201626-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh201626_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUpinder_Singh2016">Upinder Singh 2016</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jer-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Jer_257-0">^</a> See Jerome H. Bauer "Hero of Wonders, Hero in Deeds: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&pg=PA151">"Vasudeva Krishna in Jaina Cosmohistory</a>" in <a href="#CITEREFBeck2005">Beck 2005</a>, pp. 167–169 </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCort1993" class="citation cs2">Cort, J. E. (1993), Wendy Doniger (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC&pg=PA191">An Overview of the Jaina Puranas, in Purana Perennis</a>, SUNY Press, pp. 220–233, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0136-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0136-2"><bdi>978-1-4384-0136-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Overview+of+the+Jaina+Puranas%2C+in+Purana+Perennis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E220-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-0136-2&rft.aulast=Cort&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kZFzHCuiFAC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glasenapp1999p317-259"><a href="#cite_ref-Glasenapp1999p317_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmuth_von_Glasenapp1999" class="citation book cs1">Helmuth von Glasenapp (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&pg=PA317">Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 316–318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1376-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1376-2"><bdi>978-81-208-1376-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Indian+Religion+of+Salvation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E316-%3C%2Fspan%3E318&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1376-2&rft.au=Helmuth+von+Glasenapp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzEzXDk0v6sC%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cort1993-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cort1993_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cort1993_260-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCort1993" class="citation cs2">Cort, J. E. 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Cartoon and Animation Studies. 58: 159–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7230%2FKOSCAS.2020.58.159">10.7230/KOSCAS.2020.58.159</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1738-009X">1738-009X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219661006">219661006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cartoon+and+Animation+Studies&rft.atitle=Devil+or+God%3A+Image+Transformation+of+Chinese+Mythology+Character+%22Nezha%22%EF%BC%881927%E2%80%932019%EF%BC%89&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.date=2020-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219661006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1738-009X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7230%2FKOSCAS.2020.58.159&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Xuezheng&rft.au=Li%2C+Jingwen&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yunzhuo&rft.au=Liu%2C+Shanshan&rft.au=Hong%2C+Jangsun&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jongyoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbpia.co.kr%2FJournal%2FArticleDetail%2FNODE09330491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810182823/http://www.info-sikh.com/VVPage1.html">"Chaubis Avtar"</a>. info-sikh.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=info-sikh.com&rft.atitle=Chaubis+Avtar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info-sikh.com%2FVVPage1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuPertuis1986" class="citation journal cs1">DuPertuis, Lucy (1986). "How People Recognize Charisma: The Case of Darshan in Radhasoami and Divine Light Mission". Sociological Analysis. 47 (2). Oxford University Press: 111–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3711456">10.2307/3711456</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3711456">3711456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Analysis&rft.atitle=How+People+Recognize+Charisma%3A+The+Case+of+Darshan+in+Radhasoami+and+Divine+Light+Mission&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3711456&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3711456%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=DuPertuis&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/231">"Manifestations of God"</a>. A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/231">231</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6"><bdi>978-1-85168-184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manifestations+of+God&rft.btitle=A+concise+encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-184-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope0000smit%2Fpage%2F231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsslemont,_J._E.1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esslemont" title="John Esslemont">Esslemont, J. E.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/je/BNE/bne-6.html#gr5">Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era</a> (5th ed.). Wilmette, Illinois: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87743-160-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87743-160-2"><bdi>978-0-87743-160-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h+and+the+New+Era&rft.place=Wilmette%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87743-160-2&rft.au=Esslemont%2C+J.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.bahai.org%2Fen%2Ft%2Fje%2FBNE%2Fbne-6.html%23gr5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Siddiq & Ahmad (1995), Enforced Apostasy: Zaheeruddin v. State and the Official Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan, Law & Inequality, Volume 14, pp. 275–324 </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2012" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2012). Ethnic groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 6–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-659-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-659-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Burhani A. N. (2013), Treating minorities with fatwas: a study of the Ahmadiyya community in Indonesia, Contemporary Islam, Volume 8, Issue 3, pp. 285–301 </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCormack2013" class="citation book cs1">Cormack, Margaret (2013). Muslims, and Others in Sacred Space. Oxford University Press. pp. 104–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims%2C+and+Others+in+Sacred+Space&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Cormack&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2003" class="citation journal cs1">Harvey, D. A. (2003). "Beyond Enlightenment: Occultism, Politics, and Culture in France from the Old Regime to the Fin-de-Siècle". <a href="/wiki/The_Historian_(journal)" title="The Historian (journal)">The Historian</a>. 65 (3): 665–694. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1540-6563.00035">10.1111/1540-6563.00035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143606373">143606373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=Beyond+Enlightenment%3A+Occultism%2C+Politics%2C+and+Culture+in+France+from+the+Old+Regime+to+the+Fin-de-Si%C3%A8cle&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E665-%3C%2Fspan%3E694&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1540-6563.00035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143606373%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schure-283"><a href="#cite_ref-Schure_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchure1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Schur%C3%A9" title="Édouard Schuré">Schure, Edouard</a> (1992). Great Initiates: A Study of the Secret History of Religions. Garber Communications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89345-228-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89345-228-5"><bdi>978-0-89345-228-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Initiates%3A+A+Study+of+the+Secret+History+of+Religions&rft.pub=Garber+Communications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-89345-228-5&rft.aulast=Schure&rft.aufirst=Edouard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Others-284"><a href="#cite_ref-Others_284-0">^</a> See for example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanegraaff1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wouter_Hanegraaff" title="Wouter Hanegraaff">Hanegraaff, Wouter J.</a> (1996). New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10696-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10696-3"><bdi>978-90-04-10696-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Age+Religion+and+Western+Culture%3A+Esotericism+in+the+Mirror+of+Secular+Thought&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10696-3&rft.aulast=Hanegraaff&rft.aufirst=Wouter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olav_Hammer" title="Olav Hammer">Hammer, Olav</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/claimingknowledg00hamm_713">Claiming Knowledge: Strategies of Epistemology from Theosophy to the New Age</a>. Brill Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/claimingknowledg00hamm_713/page/n83">62</a>, 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13638-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13638-0"><bdi>978-90-04-13638-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claiming+Knowledge%3A+Strategies+of+Epistemology+from+Theosophy+to+the+New+Age&rft.pages=62%2C+174&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13638-0&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Olav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclaimingknowledg00hamm_713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988">, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllwood1986" class="citation book cs1">Ellwood, Robert S. (1986). Theosophy: A Modern Expression of the Wisdom of the Ages. Quest Books. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0607-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0607-3"><bdi>978-0-8356-0607-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theosophy%3A+A+Modern+Expression+of+the+Wisdom+of+the+Ages&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Quest+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8356-0607-3&rft.aulast=Ellwood&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Crowley associated Krishna with Roman god <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magick_(Aleister_Crowley)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magick (Aleister Crowley)">Magickal formulae</a> IAO, <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">AUM</a> and <a href="/wiki/INRI" class="mw-redirect" title="INRI">INRI</a>. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Crowley, Aleister</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacred-texts.com/oto/aleph_3.htm">Liber Aleph</a>. Weiser Books. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-729-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-729-2"><bdi>978-0-87728-729-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liber+Aleph&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Weiser+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-87728-729-2&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Aleister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsacred-texts.com%2Foto%2Faleph_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Crowley, Aleister</a> (1980). <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lies_(Crowley)" title="The Book of Lies (Crowley)">The Book of Lies</a>. Red Wheels. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-516-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87728-516-8"><bdi>978-0-87728-516-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Lies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Red+Wheels&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87728-516-8&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Aleister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApiryonApiryon1995" class="citation book cs1">Apiryon, Tau; Apiryon (1995). Mystery of Mystery: A Primer of Thelemic Ecclesiastical Gnosticism. Berkeley: Red Flame. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9712376-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9712376-1-2"><bdi>978-0-9712376-1-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystery+of+Mystery%3A+A+Primer+of+Thelemic+Ecclesiastical+Gnosticism&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=Red+Flame&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-9712376-1-2&rft.aulast=Apiryon&rft.aufirst=Tau&rft.au=Apiryon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W.G._Archer" class="mw-redirect" title="W.G. Archer">Archer, W. G.</a> (2004) [1957]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=czLDAgAAQBAJ">The Loves of Krishna in Indian Painting and Poetry</a>. Mineola, NY: Dover Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-43371-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-43371-4"><bdi>0-486-43371-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Loves+of+Krishna+in+Indian+Painting+and+Poetry&rft.place=Mineola%2C+NY&rft.pub=Dover+Publ.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-486-43371-4&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DczLDAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu1932" class="citation book cs1">Basu, M. M. (1932). The Post-Caitanya Sahajiya Cult of Bengal. Calcutta: University of Calcutta Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Post-Caitanya+Sahajiya+Cult+of+Bengal&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta+Press&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1993" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cY1Xw1ZlIeQC">Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound</a>. Studies in Comparative Religion. Columbia, SC: <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press" title="University of South Carolina Press">University of South Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0872498557" title="Special:BookSources/0872498557"><bdi>0872498557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+Theology%3A+Hinduism+and+Sacred+Sound&rft.place=Columbia%2C+SC&rft.series=Studies+in+Comparative+Religion&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0872498557&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcY1Xw1ZlIeQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2005" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C">Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</a>. Albany, NY: <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6415-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-6415-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0SJ73GHSCF8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1983" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, C. Mackenzie (1983). "The Origin and Transmission of the Two "Bhāgavata Purāṇas": A Canonical and Theological Dilemma". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 51 (4): 551–567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Fli.4.551">10.1093/jaarel/li.4.551</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1462581">1462581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+Origin+and+Transmission+of+the+Two+%22Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87as%22%3A+A+Canonical+and+Theological+Dilemma&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E551-%3C%2Fspan%3E567&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Fli.4.551&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1462581%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=C.+Mackenzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryantEkstrand2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bryant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Bryant (author)">Bryant, Edwin F.</a>; Ekstrand, Maria (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC">The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50843-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50843-8"><bdi>978-0-231-50843-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hare+Krishna+Movement%3A+The+Postcharismatic+Fate+of+a+Religious+Transplant&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50843-8&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+F.&rft.au=Ekstrand%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmBMxPdgrBhoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bryant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Bryant (author)">Bryant, Edwin F.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y8Bb0tRW7W4C">Krishna: the beautiful legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191337-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191337-7"><bdi>978-0-14-191337-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+the+beautiful+legend+of+God%3A+Srimad+Bhagavata+Purana&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-191337-7&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy8Bb0tRW7W4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bryant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Bryant (author)">Bryant, Edwin F.</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC">Krishna: A Sourcebook</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514891-6"><bdi>978-0-19-514891-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514891-6&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHVDqCkW1WpUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEschmannKulkeTripathi1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anncharlott_Eschmann" title="Anncharlott Eschmann">Eschmann, Anncharlott</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Kulke, Hermann</a>; Tripathi, Gaya Charan, eds. (1978) [Rev. ed. 2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rnlCAAAAYAAJ">The Cult of Jagannath and the regional tradition of Orissa</a>. South Asian Studies, 8. New Delhi: Manohar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8173046179" title="Special:BookSources/978-8173046179"><bdi>978-8173046179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+Jagannath+and+the+regional+tradition+of+Orissa&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.series=South+Asian+Studies%2C+8&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-8173046179&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrnlCAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Galvin D.</a> (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Galvin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpIWhKnYmF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Hardy" title="Friedhelm Hardy">Hardy, Friedhelm E.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/krsnaism">"Kṛṣṇaism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 8. New York: MacMillan. pp. 387–392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02897-135-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02897-135-3"><bdi>978-0-02897-135-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87aism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E392&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-02897-135-3&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Friedhelm+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fenvironment%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fkrsnaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawley2020" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, John Stratton (2020). Krishna's Playground: Vrindavan in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190123987" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190123987"><bdi>978-0190123987</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%27s+Playground%3A+Vrindavan+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0190123987&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=John+Stratton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin1974" class="citation journal cs1">Irwin, John (1974). "The Heliodorus Pillar at Besanagar". Purātattva. 8. Archaeological Society of India (co-published Art and Archaeology Research Papers, USA): 166–176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pur%C4%81tattva&rft.atitle=The+Heliodorus+Pillar+at+Besanagar&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhare1967" class="citation journal cs1">Khare, M. D. (1967). "Discovery of a Vishnu temple near the Heliodorus pillar, Besnagar, Dist. Vidisha (MP)". Lalit Kala. 13: 21–27. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138838">44138838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lalit+Kala&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+a+Vishnu+temple+near+the+Heliodorus+pillar%2C+Besnagar%2C+Dist.+Vidisha+%28MP%29&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44138838%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Khare&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiśra2005" class="citation book cs1">Miśra, Narayan (2005). Durga Nandan Mishra (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKUkLzqNv64C">Annals and Antiquities of the Temple of Jagannātha</a>. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7625-747-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7625-747-8"><bdi>81-7625-747-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+and+Antiquities+of+the+Temple+of+Jagann%C4%81tha&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=81-7625-747-8&rft.aulast=Mi%C5%9Bra&rft.aufirst=Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKUkLzqNv64C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatubhai_Shah2004" class="citation cs2">Shah, Natubhai (2004) [1998], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC">Jainism: The World of Conquerors</a>, vol. I, <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1938-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1938-2"><bdi>978-81-208-1938-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+The+World+of+Conquerors&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1938-2&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Natubhai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLNQKGcDIhsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpinder_Singh2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Singh, Upinder</a> (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ">A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-325-6996-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-325-6996-6"><bdi>978-93-325-6996-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-325-6996-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPq2iCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li>The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated by <a href="/wiki/Kisari_Mohan_Ganguli" title="Kisari Mohan Ganguli">Kisari Mohan Ganguli</a>, published between 1883 and 1896</li> <li>The Vishnu-Purana, translated by H. H. Wilson, (1840)</li> <li>The Srimad Bhagavatam, translated by <a href="/wiki/A.C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a>, (1988) copyright <a href="/wiki/Bhaktivedanta_Book_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktivedanta Book Trust">Bhaktivedanta Book Trust</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnott2000" class="citation cs2">Knott, Kim (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wv8XK_GU9icC">Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction</a>, Oxford University Press, p. 160, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285387-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285387-5"><bdi>978-0-19-285387-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285387-5&rft.aulast=Knott&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWv8XK_GU9icC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li>The Jataka or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births, edited by E. B. Cowell, (1895)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatchett2001" class="citation book cs1">Matchett, Freda (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1oqTYiPeAxMC">Kṛṣṇa, Lord or Avatāra?</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1281-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1281-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1281-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a%2C+Lord+or+Avat%C4%81ra%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1281-6&rft.aulast=Matchett&rft.aufirst=Freda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1oqTYiPeAxMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangave2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Vilas_Adinath_Sangave" title="Vilas Adinath Sangave">Sangave, Vilas Adinath</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC">Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture</a>, Mumbai: <a href="/wiki/Popular_Prakashan" title="Popular Prakashan">Popular Prakashan</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-839-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-839-2"><bdi>978-81-7154-839-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facets+of+Jainology%3A+Selected+Research+Papers+on+Jain+Society%2C+Religion%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-839-2&rft.aulast=Sangave&rft.aufirst=Vilas+Adinath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQzEQJHWUwXQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_V_MishraHimanshu_P_Ray2017" class="citation book cs1">Susan V Mishra; Himanshu P Ray (2017). The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-67920-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-67920-7"><bdi>978-1-138-67920-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Sacred+Spaces&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-67920-7&rft.au=Susan+V+Mishra&rft.au=Himanshu+P+Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Garuda Pillar of Besnagar, Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report (1908–1909). Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1912, 129.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarijke_J._Klokke2000" class="citation book cs1">Marijke J. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11865-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11865-2"><bdi>978-90-04-11865-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+Sculpture+and+Literary+Traditions+in+South+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11865-2&rft.au=Marijke+J.+Klokke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfx3mpR4uKmkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar_Das2006" class="citation book cs1">Kumar Das, Sisir (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC">A history of Indian literature, 500–1399</a>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-2171-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-2171-0"><bdi>978-81-260-2171-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Indian+literature%2C+500%E2%80%931399&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-260-2171-0&rft.aulast=Kumar+Das&rft.aufirst=Sisir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBC3l1AbPM8sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri1972" class="citation book cs1">Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1972). Political History of Ancient India. 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University of Edinburgh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/26018/Ramnarace2015.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=R%C4%81dh%C4%81-K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a%27s+Ved%C4%81ntic+Debut%3A+Chronology+%26+Rationalisation+in+the+Nimb%C4%81rka+Samprad%C4%81ya&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ramnarace&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.era.lib.ed.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1842%2F26018%2FRamnarace2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Rocher, Ludo</a> (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02522-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02522-5"><bdi>978-3-447-02522-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puranas&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3-447-02522-5&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satyaraja_Dasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyaraja Dasa">Rosen, Steven</a> (2006). Essential Hinduism. New York: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99006-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99006-0"><bdi>978-0-275-99006-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Hinduism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99006-0&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchomerMcLeod1987" class="citation cs2">Schomer, Karine; McLeod, W. H., eds. (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120802773" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120802773"><bdi>978-8120802773</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sants%3A+Studies+in+a+Devotional+Tradition+of+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-8120802773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan1986" class="citation book cs1">Sheridan, Daniel (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrtYYTjYFY8C">The Advaitic Theism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa</a>. Columbia, Mo: South Asia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0179-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0179-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0179-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Advaitic+Theism+of+the+Bh%C4%81gavata+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Mo&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0179-0&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrtYYTjYFY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarza1993" class="citation book cs1">Starza, O. M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v4bV3beb0n8C">The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art and Cult</a>. Studies in South Asian culture, 15. Leiden; New York; Köln: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09673-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09673-6"><bdi>90-04-09673-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jagannatha+Temple+at+Puri%3A+Its+Architecture%2C+Art+and+Cult&rft.place=Leiden%3B+New+York%3B+K%C3%B6ln&rft.series=Studies+in+South+Asian+culture%2C+15&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=90-04-09673-6&rft.aulast=Starza&rft.aufirst=O.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv4bV3beb0n8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToffin2012" class="citation book cs1">Toffin, Gérard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uuuICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT249">"The Power of Boundaries: Transnational Links among Krishna Pranamis of India and Nepal"</a>. In John Zavos; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uuuICwAAQBAJ">Public Hinduisms</a>. New Delhi: Sage Publ. India. pp. 249–254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1696-7"><bdi>978-81-321-1696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+Boundaries%3A+Transnational+Links+among+Krishna+Pranamis+of+India+and+Nepal&rft.btitle=Public+Hinduisms&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.pub=Sage+Publ.+India&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-321-1696-7&rft.aulast=Toffin&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuuuICwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li>History of Indian Theatre By M. L. Varadpande. Chapter Theatre of Krishna, pp. 231–94. Published 1991, Abhinav Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-278-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-278-0">81-7017-278-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradpande1987" class="citation book cs1">Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC">History of Indian theatre</a>. Vol. 3. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-221-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-221-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-221-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+theatre&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-221-5&rft.aulast=Varadpande&rft.aufirst=Manohar+Laxman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyxOHOCVcVkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1953" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Zimmer, Heinrich</a> (1953) [1952], <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Campbell, Joseph</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer">Philosophies Of India</a>, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0739-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0739-6"><bdi>978-81-208-0739-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+Of+India&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Ltd&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0739-6&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPhilosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2014" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Sara Black (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/ethnomusicology.58.3.0454">"Krishna, Christians, and Colors: The Socially Binding Influence of Kirtan Singing at a Utah Hare Krishna Festiva"</a>. Ethnomusicology. 58 (3): 454–480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fethnomusicology.58.3.0454">10.5406/ethnomusicology.58.3.0454</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/ethnomusicology.58.3.0454">10.5406/ethnomusicology.58.3.0454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=Krishna%2C+Christians%2C+and+Colors%3A+The+Socially+Binding+Influence+of+Kirtan+Singing+at+a+Utah+Hare+Krishna+Festiva&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E454-%3C%2Fspan%3E480&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fethnomusicology.58.3.0454&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fethnomusicology.58.3.0454%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Sara+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fethnomusicology.58.3.0454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCase2000" class="citation book cs1">Case, Margaret H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zh7OoTSH5UwC">Seeing Krishna: The Religious World of a Brahman Family in Vrindavan</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513010-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513010-3"><bdi>0-19-513010-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+Krishna%3A+The+Religious+World+of+a+Brahman+Family+in+Vrindavan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-513010-3&rft.aulast=Case&rft.aufirst=Margaret+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZh7OoTSH5UwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrooke1900" class="citation journal cs1">Crooke, W. (March 1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1253142">"The Legends of Krishna"</a>. Folklore. 11 (1): 1–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1900.9720517">10.1080/0015587X.1900.9720517</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1253142">1253142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Legends+of+Krishna&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1900-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.1900.9720517&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1253142%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crooke&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1253142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1980" class="citation journal cs1">Hudson, Dennis (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1509739">"Bathing in Krishna: A Study in Vaiṣṇava Hindu Theology"</a>. The Harvard Theological Review. 73 (3/4): 539–566. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000002315">10.1017/S0017816000002315</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1509739">1509739</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162804501">162804501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Bathing+in+Krishna%3A+A+Study+in+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava+Hindu+Theology&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E539-%3C%2Fspan%3E566&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162804501%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1509739%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000002315&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1509739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrishna" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Krishna at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Krishna" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Krishna">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Krishna" class="extiw" title="q:Krishna">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Krishna" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Krishna">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42891" class="extiw" title="d:Q42891">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/323556">Krishna</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Krishna" title="Template talk:Krishna"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Krishna" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Krishna"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Krishna203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krishna</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_Krishna" title="Category:Forms of Krishna">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bala_Krishna" title="Bala Krishna">Bala Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala-Krishna" title="Gopala-Krishna">Gopala-Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda" title="Govinda">Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva-Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāsudeva-Krishna">Vāsudeva-Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Other names</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/100px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/150px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/200px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Consorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtabharya" title="Ashtabharya">Ashtabharya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambavati" title="Jambavati">Jambavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Kalindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnajiti" title="Nagnajiti">Nagnajiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitravinda" title="Mitravinda">Mitravinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Lakshmana (Krishna's wife)">Lakshmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadra_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Bhadra (Krishna's wife)">Bhadra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_wives_of_Krishna" title="Junior wives of Krishna">Other 16000 - 16100 Junior wives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Rohini (Krishna's wife)">Rohini</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniruddha" title="Aniruddha">Aniruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsa" title="Kamsa">Kamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(Hinduism)" title="Nanda (Hinduism)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyumna" title="Pradyumna">Pradyumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_(Krishna%27s_son)" title="Samba (Krishna's son)">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugrasena" title="Ugrasena">Ugrasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashoda" title="Yashoda">Yashoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_related_to_Krishna" title="Category:People related to Krishna">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Festivals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Mahotsav" title="Gita Mahotsav">Gita Mahotsav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Pilgrimage circuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/48_Kos_Parikrama_of_Kurukshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra">48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vraja_Parikrama" title="Vraja Parikrama">Vraja Parikrama</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Holy sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Associated with Krishna's life <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokul" title="Gokul">Gokul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Hill" title="Govardhan Hill">Govardhan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dvaraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra" title="Kurukshetra">Kurukshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisar" title="Jyotisar">Jyotisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhalka" title="Bhalka">Bhalka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other sites: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple" title="Guruvayur Temple">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathdwara" title="Nathdwara">Nathdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba_Temple,_Pandharpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Krishna_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Udupi Krishna Temple">Udupi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Indian_epigraphy" title="Early Indian epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hathibada_Ghosundi_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions">Hathibada Ghosundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_Well_Inscription" title="Mora Well Inscription">Mora Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naneghat" title="Naneghat">Naneghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasu_Doorjamb_Inscription" title="Vasu Doorjamb Inscription">Vasu Doorjamb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Krishna in the Mahabharata">Krishna's role</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Samhita" title="Brahma Samhita">Brahma Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uddhava_Gita" title="Uddhava Gita">Uddhava Gita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru%E2%80%93shishya_tradition" title="Guru–shishya tradition">Guru–shishya tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Avatars_of_Vishnu680" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:VishnuAvatars" title="Template:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:VishnuAvatars" title="Template talk:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:VishnuAvatars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Avatars_of_Vishnu680" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a> (for example)1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/60px-Vishnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/90px-Vishnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/120px-Vishnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="246" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Other avatars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Kumaras" title="Four Kumaras">Four Kumaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna_(avatar)" title="Yajna (avatar)">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabha_(Hinduism)" title="Rishabha (Hinduism)">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prsnigarbha" title="Prsnigarbha">Prsnigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsa_(bird)" title="Hamsa (bird)">Hamsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div>1 The list of the "ten avatars" varies regionally. Two substitutions[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] involve Balarama, Krishna, and Buddha. Krishna is almost always included; in exceptions, he is considered the source of all avatars.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_deities_and_texts170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_deities_and_texts170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">texts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/50px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/75px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mahabharata285" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mahabharata" title="Template:Mahabharata"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mahabharata" title="Template talk:Mahabharata"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mahabharata" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mahabharata"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mahabharata285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Traditional author and narrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisampayana" title="Vaisampayana">Vaisampayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugrashravas" title="Ugrashravas">Ugrashrava Sauti</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurukshetra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/165px-Kurukshetra.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/248px-Kurukshetra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/330px-Kurukshetra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_18_parvas" class="mw-redirect" title="The 18 parvas">Books (parvas)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Parva" title="Adi Parva">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabha_Parva" title="Sabha Parva">Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vana_Parva" title="Vana Parva">Vana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virata_Parva" title="Virata Parva">Virata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udyoga_Parva" title="Udyoga Parva">Udyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishma_Parva" title="Bhishma Parva">Bhishma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drona_Parva" title="Drona Parva">Drona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karna_Parva" title="Karna Parva">Karna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalya_Parva" title="Shalya Parva">Shalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauptika_Parva" title="Sauptika Parva">Sauptika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stri_Parva" title="Stri Parva">Stri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanti_Parva" title="Shanti Parva">Shanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushasana_Parva" title="Anushasana Parva">Anushasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedhika_Parva" title="Ashvamedhika Parva">Ashvamedhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashramavasika_Parva" title="Ashramavasika Parva">Ashramavasika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausala_Parva" title="Mausala Parva">Mausala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahaprasthanika_Parva" title="Mahaprasthanika Parva">Mahaprasthanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svargarohana_Parva" title="Svargarohana Parva">Svargarohana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsha">Harivamsha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Main tribes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatas_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatas (tribe)">Bharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauravas">Kauravas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavas">Pandavas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadu">Yadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_kingdom" title="Matsya kingdom">Matsya</a></li></ul></li> <li>List of tribes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janapadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Janapadas">Janapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Capitals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hastinapur" title="Hastinapur">Hastinapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indraprastha" title="Indraprastha">Indraprastha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48_kos_parikrama_of_Kurukshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra">48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra" title="Kurukshetra">Kurukshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisar" title="Jyotisar">Jyotisar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Panchagrama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indraprastha" title="Indraprastha">Indraprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panipat" title="Panipat">Pranaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonipat" title="Sonipat">Swarnaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilpat" title="Tilpat">Tilaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghpat" title="Baghpat">Vyagaprastha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshagriha" title="Lakshagriha">Lākṣāgṛha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayasabha" title="Mayasabha">Mayasabha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svayamvara" title="Svayamvara">Svayamvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvarupa" title="Vishvarupa">Vishvarupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmavyuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmavyuha">Chakravyūha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Mahabharata" title="List of characters in the Mahabharata">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhimanyu" title="Abhimanyu">Abhimanyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_(Mahabharata)" title="Amba (Mahabharata)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_(Mahabharata)" title="Ambika (Mahabharata)">Ambika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalika" title="Ambalika">Ambalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashwatthama" title="Ashwatthama">Ashwatthama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babruvahana" title="Babruvahana">Babruvahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahlika_(Mahabharata)" title="Bahlika (Mahabharata)">Bahlika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagadatta" title="Bhagadatta">Bhagadatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Mahabharata)" title="Bharata (Mahabharata)">Bharata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishma" title="Bhishma">Bhishma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhurishravas" title="Bhurishravas">Bhurishravas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitr%C4%81ngada" title="Chitrāngada">Chitrāngada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitr%C4%81ngad%C4%81" title="Chitrāngadā">Chitrāngadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damayanti" title="Damayanti">Damayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrishtadyumna" title="Dhrishtadyumna">Dhrishtadyumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhritarashtra" title="Dhritarashtra">Dhritarashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draupadi" title="Draupadi">Draupadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drona" title="Drona">Drona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupada" title="Drupada">Drupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duhsala" class="mw-redirect" title="Duhsala">Duhsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvasa" title="Durvasa">Durvasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duryodhana" title="Duryodhana">Duryodhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushasana" title="Dushasana">Dushasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushyanta" title="Dushyanta">Dushyanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekalavya" title="Ekalavya">Ekalavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_(Mahabharata)" title="Gandhari (Mahabharata)">Gandhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatotkacha" title="Ghatotkacha">Ghatotkacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidimba" title="Hidimba">Hidimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidimbi" title="Hidimbi">Hidimbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iravan" title="Iravan">Iravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janamejaya_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Janamejaya II">Janamejaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarasandha" title="Jarasandha">Jarasandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadratha" title="Jayadratha">Jayadratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karna" title="Karna">Karna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichaka" title="Kichaka">Kichaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindama" title="Kindama">Kindama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kripa" title="Kripa">Kripa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krishna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Krishna in the Mahabharata">Role in the Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritavarma" title="Kritavarma">Kritavarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomasha" title="Lomasha">Lomasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madri" title="Madri">Madri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahusha" title="Nahusha">Nahusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakula" title="Nakula">Nakula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nala" title="Nala">Nala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandu" title="Pandu">Pandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parikshit" title="Parikshit">Parikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purochana" title="Purochana">Purochana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pururavas" title="Pururavas">Pururavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmi" title="Rukmi">Rukmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahadeva" title="Sahadeva">Sahadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjaya" title="Sanjaya">Sanjaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyaki" title="Satyaki">Satyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyavati" title="Satyavati">Satyavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_and_Satyavan" title="Savitri and Satyavan">Savitri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantanu" title="Shantanu">Shantanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuni" title="Shakuni">Shakuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuntala" title="Shakuntala">Shakuntala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalya" title="Shalya">Shalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikhandi" title="Shikhandi">Shikhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishupala" title="Shishupala">Shishupala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeshna" title="Sudeshna">Sudeshna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulupi" title="Ulupi">Ulupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upapandavas" title="Upapandavas">Upapandavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_(Mahabharata)" title="Uttara (Mahabharata)">Uttara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar%C4%81_(Mahabharata)" title="Uttarā (Mahabharata)">Uttarā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichitravirya" title="Vichitravirya">Vichitravirya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidura" title="Vidura">Vidura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikarna" title="Vikarna">Vikarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virata" title="Virata">Virata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrishaketu" title="Vrishaketu">Vrishaketu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrishasena" title="Vrishasena">Vrishasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayati" title="Yayati">Yayati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuyutsu" title="Yuyutsu">Yuyutsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatars_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Avatars in the Mahabharata">Avatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic India">Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic era">Vedic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati_River" title="Sarasvati River">Sarasvati River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFC569;;background:#FFC569;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Mahabharata" title="Category:Mahabharata">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/18px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/28px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/37px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42891#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1353" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42891#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1353" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42891#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316798233">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118724479">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015096049">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000079550&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810533219505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007316640305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620066906706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118724479">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118724479">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/48806">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishna&oldid=1276106911">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishna&oldid=1276106911</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Akilattirattu_Ammanai" title="Category:Akilattirattu Ammanai">Akilattirattu Ammanai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Avatars_of_Vishnu" title="Category:Avatars of Vishnu">Avatars of Vishnu</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFEsslemont,_J._E.1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF._R._AllchinGeorge_Erdosy1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis_Bradley_Bradley-Birt1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreda_Matchett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG.P._Malalasekera2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorg_FeuersteinBrenda_Feuerstein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Mason_Williams2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopal1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham_M._Schweig2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory_Bailey2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunapala_Piyasena_Malalasekera2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuy,_John2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._T._FrancisE._J._Thomas1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanegraaff1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarle,_J._C.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawley2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHein1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelmuth_von_Glasenapp1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermann_KulkeDietmar_Rothermund2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiemstra2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiltebeitel,_Alf2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoibergRamchandani,_Indu2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrwin1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Gordon_Melton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaganathan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaini1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaiswal,_S.1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJason_Neelis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeaneane_D._Fowler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffery_D._Long2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJindel,_Rajendra1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Dowson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Guy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_GuyPierre_BaptisteLawrence_Becker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_M_Koller2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Stratton_Hawley,_Donna_Marie_Wulff1982\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Stratton_Hawley2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJuan_Mascaró1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Klostermaier1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelkar,_Ashok_R.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy,_M._T.1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhare1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier,_K.1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier,_Klaus_K.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnott2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar_Das2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKunissery_Ramakrishnier_Vaidyanathan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLargen2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLavanya_Vemsani2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw,_B._C.1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLok_Nath_Soni2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynne_Gibson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahony,_W._K.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMani,_Vettam1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManohar_Laxman_Varadpande1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarijke_J._Klokke2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatchett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiśra2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMokashi,_Digambar_BalkrishnaEngblom,_Philip_C.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNag2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaravane1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatubhai_Shah2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas_F._Gier2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNishi_Tiwari\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsmund_Bopearachchi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuri,_B._N.1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrisnasarma,_C.1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamnarace2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaychaudhuri1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Salomon1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Thompson,_Ph.D.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocher1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSangave2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanghi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatsvarupa_dasa_Goswami1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchomerMcLeod1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchure1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweig,_G._M.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelengut1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaB._N._Krishnamurti2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmistha_Gooptu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenLiZhangLiu2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheridan1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinha1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSisir_Kumar_Das2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrikanth1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarza1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuart_Cary_Welch1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubhadradis_Diskul_(M.C.)Jean_Boisselier1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusan_V_MishraHimanshu_P_Ray2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwami_Sivananda1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._A._Gopinatha_Rao1993\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFT._Richard_Blurton1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThurlapati1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToffin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTriguṇa_(Mpu.)Suwito_Santoso1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTripurari\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTryna_Lyons2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpinder_Singh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaradpande1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaudeville,_C.1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaudeville1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVemsani2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVishvanatha2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWendy_Doniger2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_R._Pinch1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarrilli,_P._B.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer1953\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"A.k.a.\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 138,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 20,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 9,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 16,\n [\"Hindu Culture and Epics\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 4,\n [\"IAST\"] = 5,\n [\"IAST3\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 23,\n [\"Infobox deity\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Krishna\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Mahābhārata\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 48,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 75,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 7,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 5,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vaishnavism\"] = 1,\n [\"VishnuAvatars\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","17.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","15.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","4.5"],["gsub","80","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","4.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","3.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","3.4"],["[others]","520","29.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-2d9xr","timestamp":"20250216223430","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Krishna","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Krishna","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q42891","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q42891","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-27T20:23:22Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T22:34:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f1\/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg","headline":"major deity in Hinduism, worshipped as the eighth avatar of Vishnu and also as the Supreme god in his own right"}</script> </body> </html>