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<span>Toggle Properties and morphological categories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties_and_morphological_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grammatical_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Grammatical terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatical_number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Grammatical number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cases_of_declined_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cases_of_declined_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Cases of declined words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cases_of_declined_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nouns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noun_modification_by_numeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_modification_by_numeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Noun modification by numeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_modification_by_numeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Declension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Typology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grouping_by_a_syllable_nucleus_of_a_pre-desinential_syllable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grouping_by_a_syllable_nucleus_of_a_pre-desinential_syllable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Grouping by a syllable nucleus of a pre-desinential syllable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grouping_by_a_syllable_nucleus_of_a_pre-desinential_syllable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adjectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declension_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declension_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Declension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declension_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degrees_of_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degrees_of_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Degrees of comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degrees_of_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pronouns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflexive_pronoun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflexive_pronoun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reflexive pronoun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflexive_pronoun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Verbs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Active_voice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_voice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Active voice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_voice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indicative_mood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indicative_mood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Indicative mood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indicative_mood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Present_tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.1</span> <span>Present tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.2</span> <span>Past tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_iterative_tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_iterative_tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.3</span> <span>Past iterative tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_iterative_tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.4</span> <span>Future tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_tenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_tenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.5</span> <span>Compound tenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_tenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perfect_tenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perfect_tenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.5.1</span> <span>Perfect tenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perfect_tenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inchoative_tenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inchoative_tenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.5.2</span> <span>Inchoative tenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inchoative_tenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indirect_mood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirect_mood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Indirect mood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirect_mood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperative_mood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperative_mood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Imperative mood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperative_mood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditional_mood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditional_mood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Conditional mood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditional_mood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive_voice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive_voice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Passive voice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_voice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Participles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adjectival_participles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectival_participles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Adjectival participles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectival_participles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbial_participles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbial_participles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Adverbial participles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbial_participles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatical_aspect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_aspect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Grammatical aspect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_aspect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_prefixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_prefixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Verb prefixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_prefixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_usage_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_usage_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>General usage notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_usage_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress_retraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress_retraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Stress retraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress_retraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stem_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stem_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Stem classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stem_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-suffixed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-suffixed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Non-suffixed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-suffixed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffixed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffixed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>Suffixed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffixed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prepositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prepositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Prepositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prepositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Used_with_genitive_form_of_noun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Used_with_genitive_form_of_noun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Used with genitive form of noun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Used_with_genitive_form_of_noun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Used_with_instrumental_form_of_noun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Used_with_instrumental_form_of_noun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Used with instrumental form of noun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Used_with_instrumental_form_of_noun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Used_with_accusative_form_of_noun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Used_with_accusative_form_of_noun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Used with accusative form of noun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Used_with_accusative_form_of_noun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjunctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjunctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Conjunctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjunctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithuanian grammar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A0tica_lituana" title="Gramàtica lituana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gramàtica lituana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatik_der_litauischen_Sprache" title="Grammatik der litauischen Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grammatik der litauischen Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammaire_du_lituanien" title="Grammaire du lituanien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grammaire du lituanien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika_litavskog_jezika" title="Gramatika litavskog jezika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gramatika litavskog jezika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica_lituana" title="Grammatica lituana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grammatica lituana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietuvi%C5%B3_kalbos_gramatika" title="Lietuvių kalbos gramatika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lietuvių kalbos gramatika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litvanca_dilbilgisi" title="Litvanca dilbilgisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Litvanca dilbilgisi" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lithuanian+grammar%22">"Lithuanian grammar"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lithuanian+grammar%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lithuanian+grammar%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lithuanian+grammar%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lithuanian+grammar%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lithuanian+grammar%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should <b>specify the language</b> of its non-English content, using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for transliterated languages, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lithuanian grammar</b> retains many archaic features from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> that have been lost in other <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties_and_morphological_categories">Properties and morphological categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties and morphological categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammatical_terminology">Grammatical terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grammatical terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Category </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Language </th></tr> <tr> <th>Lithuanian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="11" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lexical_category" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical category">Parts of speech</a> </th> <td>daiktavardis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>būdvardis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>veiksmažodis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>skaitvardis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numeral</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>įvardis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>prieveiksmis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dalelytė</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>prielinksnis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>jungtukas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">conjunction</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>jaustukas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjection</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ištiktukas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Verbal_interjection" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbal interjection">verbal interjection</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7" scope="row">Main <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a> (liñksniai) </th> <td>vardininkas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kilmininkas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>naudininkas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>galininkas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>įnagininkas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>vietininkas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">inessive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>šauksmininkas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" scope="row">Locative cases </th> <td>iliatyvas, kryptininkas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">illative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>aliatyvas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">allative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>adesyvas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">adessive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Number</a> (skaĩčiai) </th> <td>vienaskaita</td> <td>singular </td></tr> <tr> <td>dviskaita</td> <td>dual </td></tr> <tr> <td>daugiskaita</td> <td>plural </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_comparison" class="mw-redirect" title="Degrees of comparison">Degrees of comparison</a> (láipsniai) </th> <td>nelyginamasis</td> <td>positive </td></tr> <tr> <td>aukštesnysis</td> <td>comparative </td></tr> <tr> <td>aukščiausiasis</td> <td>superlative </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Genders</a> (gìminės) </th> <td>vyriškoji</td> <td>masculine </td></tr> <tr> <td>moteriškoji</td> <td>feminine </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tenses</a> (laikaĩ) </th> <td>esamasis</td> <td>present </td></tr> <tr> <td>būtasis kartinis</td> <td>past </td></tr> <tr> <td>būtasis dažninis</td> <td>past iterative </td></tr> <tr> <td>būsimasis</td> <td>future </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_moods" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical moods">Moods</a> (núosakos) </th> <td>tiesioginė</td> <td>indicative </td></tr> <tr> <td>netiesioginė</td> <td>indirect </td></tr> <tr> <td>tariamoji</td> <td>conditional (subjunctive) </td></tr> <tr> <td>liepiamoji</td> <td>imperative </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">Voices</a> (rū́šys) </th> <td>veikiamoji</td> <td>active </td></tr> <tr> <td>neveikiamoji</td> <td>passive </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Aspects</a> (veikslaĩ) </th> <td>įvykio</td> <td>perfective </td></tr> <tr> <td>eigos</td> <td>continuous, progressive </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lithuanian nouns are classified into one of two <a href="/wiki/Gender_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender (linguistics)">genders</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine gender">masculine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine gender">feminine</a></li></ul> <p>Lithuanian adjectives, numerals, pronouns and participles are classified into one of three <a href="/wiki/Gender_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender (linguistics)">genders</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine gender">masculine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine gender">feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral gender">neuter</a></li></ul> <p>Since no noun can have a neutral gender, it is used with <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subjects</a> of neutral or undefined gender: </p> <ul><li>Ji (<abbr title="feminine">fem.</abbr>) yra graži (<abbr title="feminine">fem.</abbr>) – She is beautiful.</li> <li>Mokytojas (<abbr title="masculine">masc.</abbr>) bus pasirengęs (<abbr title="masculine">masc.</abbr>) – The teacher will be ready.</li> <li>Skaityti buvo įdomu (<i>neuter</i>) – Reading was interesting.</li></ul> <p>The gender of a pronoun <b>kas</b> – 'who? what?', personal pronouns <b>aš</b> / <b>mes</b> – 'I' / 'we', <b>tu</b> / <b>jūs</b> – 'you (singular) / you (plural)' and a <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive pronoun</a> <b>savęs</b> is indefinite, it means any of the genders. The word <i>kas</i> uses masculine inflections, the other pronouns have their own specific paradigm. The nouns of the indefinite gender have feminine form inflections. </p><p>The masculine gender is also the <a href="/wiki/Gender_(linguistics)#Contextual_determination_of_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender (linguistics)">indeterminate gender</a> as in many other Indo-European languages. This means that for an entire mixed group of objects belonging to masculine and feminine genders, the masculine gender is used.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The masculine as the indeterminate gender differs from the indefinite gender, which allows treatment of the word in two ways. </p><p>Note that there are many nouns that use masculine or feminine genders without any reason of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">biological gender</a>, for instance, words that denote inanimate objects. The masculine or feminine usage of these words is stable (with few exceptions) and doesn't depend on the will of a speaker. </p><p>Lithuanian grammatical genders are similar to, for instance, Latin: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="line-height: 1.4em;"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td><i>nominative   <br /><br />genitive</i></td> <td>vilkas<br /><small>wolf</small><br />vilko</td> <td>kalba<br /><small>language</small><br />kalbos</td> <td>prekė<br /><small>commodity</small><br />prekės<br /></td> <td>pilis<br /><small>castle</small><br />pilies</td> <td>viršus<br /><small>top</small><br />viršaus<br /></td> <td>akmuo<br /><small>stone</small><br />akmens</td> <td>girdė́tas, girdė́ta, girdė́ta<br /><small>heard; gender sequence: <abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr>, <abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr>, <abbr title="neuter">n.</abbr></small><br />girdė́to, girdė́tos<br /><small>from girdė́ti – to hear (continuing, imperfective action)</small></td> <td>ìšgirstas, išgirstà, ìšgirsta<br /><small>heard</small><br />ìšgirsto, išgirstõs<br /><small>from išgir̃sti – to hear (one-time, perfective action)</small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><i>nominative   <br /><br />genitive</i></td> <td>lupus<br /><small>wolf</small><br />lupī</td> <td>lingua<br /><small>language</small><br />linguae</td> <td>rēs<br /><small>thing</small><br />reī</td> <td>turris<br /><small>tower</small><br />turris</td> <td>frūctus<br /><small>fruit</small><br />frūctūs</td> <td>acūmen <abbr title="neuter">n.</abbr><br /><small>sharp point</small><br />acūminis<br /></td> <td>audītus, audīta, audītum<br /><small>heard, listened; from audīre <a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/audio#Latin">[1]</a> – to hear, listen</small><br />audītī, audītae, audītī </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammatical_number">Grammatical number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grammatical number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lithuanian language has two main <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singular_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Singular number">singular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plural_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural number">plural</a>. It has also a <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual number</a>, which is used in certain dialects, such as <a href="/wiki/Samogitian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Samogitian dialect">Samogitian</a>. Some words in the standard language retain their dual forms (for example <i>du</i> ("two") and <i>abu</i> ("both"), an indefinite number and super-plural words (<i>dauginiai žodžiai</i> in Lithuanian). Dual forms of pronouns used in the standard language are also optional. </p><p>The singular number indicates that the denoted thing is one or indivisible (as in méilė – love, smė̃lis – sand, píenas – milk). The plural number, when it can be in contrast with the singular, indicates that there are many of the things denoted by the word. But sometimes, when a word doesn't have the singular number, being a <a href="/wiki/Plurale_tantum" title="Plurale tantum">plurale tantum</a> noun, the plural form doesn't indicate real singularity or plurality of the denoted object(s). </p><p>Adjectives and numerals also have the singular-plural distinction. Their number depends on that of the noun they are attributed to. </p><p>The dual number indicates a pair of things. Historically, the dual number has been a full grammatical number, participating as the third element in singular-dual – plural distinction. During the last century,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the dual was used more or less sporadically in Lithuanian, sometimes reaching the status of a full number for agreement purposes, meaning the dual of noun required dual agreement in its adjectives or the dual of the subject required the dual of the verb. But in many more cases the dual was reduced to a nominal category explicitly indicating a pair of things, but not requiring dual agreement of adjectives or verbs. Presently, the dual is mostly used as a declension paradigm for numbers du – two, abu – both (and a variant abudu – idem) and with personal pronouns aš – I, mùdu <abbr title="dual">du.</abbr> – we two (mẽs <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – we) and tu <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr> – you, jùdu <abbr title="dual">du.</abbr> – you two (jū̃s <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – you). </p> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4">dual</td> <td></td> <td colspan="4">plural </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>present</i></td> <td><i>past</i></td> <td><i>future</i></td> <td><i>imperative</i></td> <td></td> <td><i>present</i></td> <td><i>past</i></td> <td><i>future</i></td> <td><i>imperative</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eĩnava – we two are going; we two go</td> <td>ė̃jova</td> <td>eĩsiva</td> <td>eĩkiva – let us two go</td> <td></td> <td>eĩname</td> <td>ė̃jome</td> <td>eĩsime</td> <td>eĩkime – let us go </td></tr> <tr> <td>eĩnata – you two are going; you two go</td> <td>ė̃jota</td> <td>eĩsita</td> <td>eĩkita – you two go</td> <td></td> <td>eĩnate</td> <td>ė̃jote</td> <td>eĩsite</td> <td>eĩkite </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"></td> <td></td> <td colspan="4">singular </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2"></td> <td></td> <td>einù</td> <td>ėjaũ</td> <td>eĩsiu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>einì</td> <td>ėjaĩ</td> <td>eĩsi</td> <td>eĩk – go </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>The indefinite number indicates that the same form of the word can be understood singular or plural, depending both on situation and on other words in the sentence. There are only few words that demonstrate indefinite number, and the indefinite number doesn't have its own forms in Lithuanian. These words are pronouns <i>kas</i> – 'who? what?', <i>kažkas</i> – 'something, somebody' and <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive pronoun</a> <i>savęs</i>. All of them use inflections of the singular. </p><p>The super-plural words are a few numbers and pronouns that indicate a counting not of separate things, but of groups of things. </p> <dl><dd>keleri – 'several (groups of)'</dd> <dd>abeji – 'both (groups of)'</dd> <dd>(vieneri – 'one (group of)')</dd> <dd>dveji – 'two (groups of)'</dd> <dd>treji – 'three (groups of)'</dd> <dd>ketveri – 'four (groups of)'</dd> <dd>penkeri – 'five (groups of)'</dd> <dd>šešeri – 'six (groups of)'</dd> <dd>septyneri – 'seven (groups of)'</dd> <dd>aštuoneri – 'eight (groups of)'</dd> <dd>devyneri – 'nine (groups of)'</dd></dl> <p>These words are also used with plurale tantum nouns instead of plural words (<i>keli</i>, <i>abu</i>, <i>du</i>, <i>trys</i> and so on), in which case they indicate not the plural of groups, but just the semantic plural or singular (a word <i>vieneri</i> – 'one' only) of the noun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cases_of_declined_words">Cases of declined words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cases of declined words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_declension" title="Lithuanian declension">Lithuanian declension</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">Nominative</a> – vardininkas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">Genitive</a> – kilmininkas; it also functions similarly to the <a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">ablative</a> case in other languages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a> – naudininkas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a> – galininkas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> – įnagininkas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative cases:</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">Locative</a> (inessive) – vietininkas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illative" class="mw-redirect" title="Illative">Illative</a> – (iliatyvas, sometimes referred as kryptininkas); dialectal, without clear status in the standard Lithuanian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allative" class="mw-redirect" title="Allative">Allative</a>; obsolete, the singular is reduced to adverbs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Adessive">Adessive</a>; extinct</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">Vocative</a> – šauksmininkas</li></ul> <p>Examples of the locative cases: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inessive">inessive</a> is fully used locative case (and the only one of Indo-European origin, the following three being borrowed to Uralic). An example: nãmas – a house, namè – in a house, vyruose – in men. It is also used for a temporal meaning in some words: vakarè <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vɐkɐrʲˈɛ]</span> – in the evening (vãkaras <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈväːkɐrɐs̪]</span> <abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr> 'an evening'). But more nouns are used in accusative for the latter meaning: vãsarą – in summer, rùdenį – in autumn, trẽčią vãlandą – in three o'clock. This accusative form also means duration: trečią dieną kepina <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtʲrʲæːt͡ʃʲæː<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdʲiən̪äː<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkʲæːpʲɪn̪ɐ]</span> (kepina is idiomatic or slang in such meaning) – it is the third day when it (sun) sizzles (its heat). Plural forms for temporal "locatives" are expressed by instrumental: vakaraĩs – in / by evenings, vãsaromis – in / by summers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illative" class="mw-redirect" title="Illative">illative</a> is used sparingly. Some terms are normal, for example, in law: patráukti baudžiamõjon atsakomýbėn – to prosecute; literally: to draw, pull, move to penal amenability (not į (<i>to</i>) baudžiamają atsakomybę <abbr title="accusative">acc.</abbr>, not (<i>for</i>) baudžiamajai atsakomybei <i>dative</i>). Other examples: singular káiman – to(wards) the village, miškañ – to(wards) a forest, and forms of the common language į káimą, į mìšką; plural káimuos-na, miškúos-na and common forms į káimus, į miškùs;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allative" class="mw-redirect" title="Allative">allative</a>. Examples: namop – up to the home. Today it is used only in a few idiomic expressions like vakaróp – about nightfall, velnióp – to hell with smth.; šuniop – down the drain (about dog, to a dog); galóp – ultimately; nuteisti myriop – to send to the scaffold;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Adessive">adessive</a>. Examples: laukíe-p <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr> – beside the field, at the field, namíe-p <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr>. It is a historical or dialectal case, extinct in modern standard Lithuanian, but it is preserved in the adverbs: namie – at home, netoli(e) – not far, toli(e) – far, arti(e) – nearby, vienaip ar kitaip – anyway, savaip – in one's own fashion/way, tavaip – in your (<abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr>) fashion/way, visaip – diversely. etc.</li></ul> <p>The later three locatives are adverb-forming cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nouns">Nouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_declension" title="Lithuanian declension">Lithuanian declension</a></div> <p>Lithuanian grammar makes a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Noun#Proper_nouns_and_common_nouns" title="Noun">proper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noun#Proper_nouns_and_common_nouns" title="Noun">common nouns</a>. Only proper nouns are capitalized. Some nouns, for example sun and moon, can be both proper and common. There are no articles in Lithuanian. </p><p>The genders of nouns are <a href="/wiki/Masculine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine gender">masculine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine gender">feminine</a>. A rough rule of thumb is that almost all masculine nouns in nominative case end in <i>-s</i> and most feminine in <i>-(i)a</i> or <i>-ė</i>. There are no strict rules governing the gender. For example, upė – river, is feminine, but upelis – rivulet, is masculine. There is no neuter gender ("<a href="/wiki/It_(pronoun)" title="It (pronoun)">it</a> gender"), but there are a few words that can be applied to both genders equally. They mostly describe people, have negative connotations, and end in <i>-a</i>, for example vė́pla – dummy, el̃geta – beggar, naktìbalda – night-lumberer, a person who does not sleep at night, but mėmė̃ – gawk. </p><p>There are no separate declension paradigms for animate and inanimate nouns in Lithuanian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number">Number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most nouns have <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural numbers</a>. There are some words that have only singular (e.g., pienas – <i>milk</i>, auksas – <i>gold</i>, gripas – <i>flu</i>, laimė – <i>happiness</i>) or only plural (e.g., lubos – <i>ceiling</i>, miltai – <i>flour</i>, kelnės – <i>trousers</i>) forms. Most such words are abstract (i.e., represent concepts like <i>luck</i> or <i>love</i> and not tangible things such as <i>table</i> or <i>house</i>), describe material or name a disease. However, in some instances, for example poetic language, it is possible to use singular nouns in plural form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun_modification_by_numeral">Noun modification by numeral</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Noun modification by numeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Lithuanian, unlike in Romance / Germanic languages, and like Slavic languages but in a different way, the form of a <a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">count noun</a> depends on <i>final digits</i> of the number. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number ends with </th> <th>Form </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 (excluding 11) </td> <td>Singular </td> <td>31 <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_litas" title="Lithuanian litas">litas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2–9 (excluding 12–19) </td> <td>Plural </td> <td>25 litai </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>0 or 11–19 </td> <td><b>Special case:</b> <br />Singular + noun<br /> in plural genitive </td> <td>110 litų <p>111 litų </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Note: Plural or singular without the case means that the word or words can be declined in any case in plural or singular respectively, but Plural genitive means that the second word remains undeclined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declension">Declension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Declension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_declension" title="Lithuanian declension">Lithuanian declension</a></div> <p>Nouns in Lithuanian language have 12 declension paradigms, in scholar grammar corresponding to five <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declensions</a> which are defined by the <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> in singular nominative and genitive cases. Only few borrowed words, like taksì – taxi, kupė – compartment (in a train), coupe, are not subject to declension rules. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr valign="top" style="background: #efefef;"> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2">Inflection in singular cases</td> <td colspan="3" width="300px">Examples</td> <td rowspan="2">Notes </td></tr> <tr style="background: #efefef;"> <td width="80px">Nominative</td> <td width="80px">Genitive</td> <td width="80px">Nominative</td> <td width="80px">Genitive</td> <td width="160px">Meaning </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>I</td> <td>-as, -is, -ys</td> <td>-o</td> <td>výras<br />mẽdis<br />traukinỹs<br />kẽlias</td> <td>výro<br />mẽdžio<br />tráukinio<br />kẽlio</td> <td>man, male; husband<br />tree<br />train<br />road</td> <td>Main pattern for masculine nouns. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>II</td> <td>-a, -i<sup>1</sup>, -ė</td> <td>-os, -ės</td> <td>žmonà<br />šviesà<br />várna<br />pradžià<br />sáulė</td> <td>žmonõs<br />šviesõs<br />várnos<br />pradžiõs<br />sáulės</td> <td>wife<br />light<br />crow<br />beginning<br />sun</td> <td>Main pattern for feminine nouns; few masculine exceptions. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>III</td> <td>-is<sup>2</sup></td> <td>-ies</td> <td>móteris<sup>3</sup> <abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr><br />pilìs <abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr><br />avìs <abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr><br />dantìs <abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr></td> <td>móteries<br />piliẽs<br />aviẽs<br />dantiẽs</td> <td>woman, female<br />castle<br />sheep<br />tooth</td> <td>Rarer; feminine nouns; fewer masculine exceptions. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>IV</td> <td>-us</td> <td>-aus</td> <td>žmogùs<br />sūnùs<br />medùs<br />skaĩčius</td> <td>žmogaũs<br />sūnaũs<br />medaũs<br />skaĩčiaus</td> <td>man (human being)<br />son<br />honey<br />number</td> <td>Rare; masculine nouns. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>V</td> <td>-uo, -ė<sup>3</sup></td> <td>-en-s, -er-s <abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr></td> <td>vanduõ<br />akmuõ<br />skaitmuõ<br />sesuõ<br />duktė̃</td> <td>vandeñs<br />akmeñs<br />skaitmeñs<br />seser̃s<br />dukter̃s</td> <td>water<br />stone<br />digit<br />sister<br />daughter</td> <td>Very rare; masculine nouns; four<sup>3</sup> feminine; all are suffixed by -en- <abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr> and -er- <abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr>. </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ol><li>There are only two nouns ending in -i: pati 'wife' and marti 'daughter-in-law'. Their declension is the same to the second adjective feminine declension and similar to a second feminine noun palatalized declension. The noun pati is the same to a pronoun pati 'herself; myself <abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr>; itself (for feminine nouns)'</li> <li>Exception: petys <abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr> – shoulder, peties, etc., after this declensional pattern. The third declension is very similar to the fifth declension.</li> <li>Duktė 'daughter' is the only word of the fifth declension, not having an ending uo. A word moteris 'woman, female' often has a genitive móters; the plural genitive of moteris is moterų (not palatalized -ių); it is the only normal form for the fifth declension and one of the two (the main is -ių) for the third. The more two words, obelis <abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr> – apple tree and dieveris <abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr> – (older) brother-in-law, are the same declensional case as moteris, but dieveris, being masculine possibly has a <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr> <abbr title="instrumental">inst.</abbr> -iu. Dieveris is also the only -er- masculine case.</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typology">Typology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the table below the numbers of nouns, received by the statistical analysis of the data in the Dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian language (Dabartinės Lietuvių kalbos žodynas; the fourth issue, 2000), are given grouped by the patterns of declension and accentuation.<sup id="cite_ref-Types_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Types-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data does not include verbal abstracts ending in -imas, -ymas, -umas (for instance, metimas 'a throwing; a throw' from mesti 'to throw'), 18,700 in total (12,000 of the first accentuation paradigm, 6,000 of the second), because they can be made from any verb. There may be some inaccuracies due to some specific features, for instance, there are homonyms which differ only in an accent: síetas 1 – sieve (related to sijóti – to sieve), siẽtas 2 – tether, leash (related to siẽti – to tie, bond; saĩtas – bond; leash), and the possibility exists that in some of such cases the two words were taken as one. </p><p>Words with a suffix -men-, are attributed to the third declensional pattern in these tables, but they are of the fifth, the singular (can be used for all, but is not usual for all) <abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr> is -uo: for example, ãšmenys <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> 3b – blade, sė́dmenys <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> 3a – buttocks, nates, sėdmuõ <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr>, nẽšmenys <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> 3b – silts, sediments carried by a water stream. The singular instrumental is -imi, like in the third declension, while for masculine words of the fifth declension the proper ending is chosen to be -iu; but -imi can also be chosen for the words of the fifth declension. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="line-height: 1.1em; text-align: right; background: #FFFFFF;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50"></td> <td></td> <td width="30">1</td> <td width="30">2</td> <td width="30">3</td> <td width="30">3a</td> <td width="30">3b</td> <td width="30">34a</td> <td width="30">34b</td> <td width="30">4</td> <td width="30">alt.</td> <td width="30">all </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">-as</td> <td rowspan="5"></td> <td>1907</td> <td>3499</td> <td>90</td> <td>35</td> <td>393</td> <td>48</td> <td>5</td> <td>340</td> <td>94</td> <td>6411 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left">-j-as</td> <td rowspan="2">921</td> <td rowspan="2">16</td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td>4</td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2">944 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">-ias</td> <td>1</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">-is</td> <td>3085</td> <td>2188</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>22</td> <td>5295 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">-ys</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>16</td> <td>192</td> <td>581</td> <td>48</td> <td>25</td> <td>282</td> <td>102</td> <td>1246 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="3" align="left">-a</td> <td align="left"><abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr></td> <td>1571</td> <td>635</td> <td>19</td> <td>58</td> <td>369</td> <td>16</td> <td>1</td> <td>405</td> <td>26</td> <td>3100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr></td> <td>1</td> <td>11</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">c</td> <td>207</td> <td>32</td> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>16</td> <td>1</td> <td>266 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left">-j-a</td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2">1821</td> <td rowspan="2">114</td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2">22</td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2">43</td> <td rowspan="2">5</td> <td rowspan="2">2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">-ia </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="3" align="left">-ė</td> <td align="left"><abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr></td> <td>2668</td> <td>2895</td> <td>14</td> <td>30</td> <td>125</td> <td>14</td> <td>1</td> <td>202</td> <td>59</td> <td>6008 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr></td> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">c</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>7</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left" rowspan="3">-is</td> <td align="left"><abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr></td> <td>50</td> <td>2</td> <td>7</td> <td>10</td> <td>76</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td>99</td> <td>10</td> <td>255 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr></td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>10</td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">c</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>3</td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">-us</td> <td rowspan="3"></td> <td></td> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>10</td> <td></td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left">-j-us</td> <td>184</td> <td rowspan="2">314</td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2">1</td> <td rowspan="2">504 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">-ius</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">-uo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>23</td> <td>38</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td>63 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 2em;"> <p>The numbers in the upper row mean <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_accentuation#Nouns" title="Lithuanian accentuation">accentuation types</a>. For the third type the additional information is given in dictionaries. The mark 3 without the letter added, is for words, stressed in the next-to-last syllable. The letter after is for polysyllabic words and says what type of stress the syllable has in those cases where the stress falls on the stem (other cases receive it on the ending) and how distant from the ending the syllable stressed is. The letter <i>a</i> is for a start-firm (tvirtapradė priegaidė) accent and the letter <i>b</i> – for an end-firm (tvirtagalė priegaidė) and short stressed vowel. The single digit with a letter means that the stress falls on the third syllable from the ending; if the stress falls on the fourth syllable from the ending, the mark is 34a or 34b, there are also nouns having stress in the fifth (35a, 35b) and sixth (36b) syllable from the ending. Here are a few examples of nouns of the third accentuation pattern, the singular nominative and the plural dative and accusative cases: akmuõ, akmenìms, ãkmenis; áugalas, augaláms, áugalus; žándas, žandáms, žándus. The first declension also includes nouns stressed in a syllable more distant from the ending than the next-to-last, but their stress is steady throughout the cases and is always clear from the nominative singular.   </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>In the left column the nominative singular endings of words, grouped by declensional paradigms, are given: -as, -is, -ys, -ias (masculine gender) – the first; -a (-ia), -ė (feminine gender; some other) – II; -is (feminine, some other) – III; -us (-ius) (masculine) – IV; -uo (masculine; two feminine) – V. The palatalized variants of -as, -a, -us types, that is, -ias, -ia, -ius, are counted together with those having -j- before the inflectional ending: -j-as, -j-a, -j-us. </p><p>The letters <abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr>, <abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr>, <abbr title="common">c.</abbr> mean gender: <abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr> – feminine, <abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr> – masculine, <abbr title="common">c.</abbr> – common (is understood as either of the genders). The column under the abbreviation alt. is for alternative forms, for instance, a word grobuonis 2, 3a <abbr title="common">c.</abbr> – predator (of the third declension), can be accentuated in two types: (2) grobuõnis, grobuõnies, grobuõniui; (3a) grobuonìs, grobuoniẽs, gróbuoniui. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="background: #FFFFFF;"> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td width="200"><b>-as</b></td> <td width="140"><b>-j-as</b></td> <td width="180"><b>-is</b></td> <td width="130"><b>-ys</b></td> <td width="100"><b>-ias</b> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1.</td> <td>výras – man, male, pienas – milk, skruostas – cheek</td> <td>vė́jas – wind, šilójas – heather, ling; veikė́jas – character, actor, vartótojas – consumer</td> <td>brólis – brother, sotis – satiety, gruodis – December, kūjis – hammer, dilbis – forearm, jautis – bull, ox, pojūtis – sense, sensation</td> <td> –</td> <td>élnias – deer (also accented el̃nias 2) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2.</td> <td>sõdas – garden, metas – specific time (to do smth, for smth), padas – sole, metatarsus, ginklas – weapon, varžtas – screw, kuras – fuel</td> <td>galvijas – cow (cattle); yahoo, šalavijas – salvia, sage</td> <td>žõdis – word, skonis – taste, lygis – level, kelis – knee, medis – tree, valgis – dish, meal, karštis – heat</td> <td> –</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>3.</td> <td>stógas – roof, óras – weather, žándas – face part down from cheekbone, kalnas – mountain, beržas – birch, aidas – echo, augalas – plant</td> <td> –</td> <td> –</td> <td>arklỹs – horse, pavyzdỹs – example, obuolỹs – apple</td> <td>(1) vélnias – devil </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>4.</td> <td>krãštas – region; edge, strazdas – trush, ledas – ice, penas – food, pabulum, sniegas – snow, vardas – name, kulnas – heel, laikas – time, dugnas – bottom</td> <td>(4) kraũjas – blood, pelėsiaĩ <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – molds (fungi), kapojaĩ <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – chaffed fodder, klijaĩ <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – glue</td> <td> –</td> <td>kepsnỹs – roast, fry, genỹs – woodpecker, vabzdỹs – insect</td> <td>(2) kẽlias – road, svẽčias – guest </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="background: #FFFFFF;"> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td width="380"><b>-a (-ia)</b></td> <td width="390"><b>-ė</b> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1.</td> <td>vė́tra – windstorm, scud, pė́da 3 – foot, lova – bed, lūpa – lip, líepa – linden, July; duona – bread, spurga – doughnut, kaina – price, koja – leg, pérėja – crosswalk, vartótoja – user</td> <td>dróbė – linen, dìldė – rasp, nail file, kárvė – cow, pagálvė – pillow, vaivórykštė – rainbow, daržóvė – vegetable </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2.</td> <td>rankà – hand, arm, putà – froth, vietà – place, valià – will, galià – power</td> <td>brãškė – strawberry, žẽmė – earth, prẽkė – commodity, piẽnė – sowthistle, vìrvė – rope, raidė (3, 4) – letter, ùpė – river, bìtė – bee, pùsė – side, half, striùkė – jacket </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>3.</td> <td>galvà – head, burnà – mouth, pėdà 1 – foot, apačià – bottom, underpart</td> <td>versmė̃ – fount, spring, varškė̃ – curd, aikštė̃ – square, plaza </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>4.</td> <td>vėsà – chill, dienà – day, lentà – board, wood cut, dainà – song, pradžià – beginning</td> <td>srovė̃ – stream, kėdė̃ – chair, dėžė̃ – box, vertė̃ – value, erdvė̃ – space, eilė̃ – queue, row </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="background: #FFFFFF;"> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td width="150px"><b>-is</b></td> <td width="150px"><b>-uo</b></td> <td width="150px"><b>-us</b></td> <td width="150px"><b>-ius</b></td> <td width="150px"><b>-j-us</b> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1.</td> <td>nósis – nose, krósnis; <i>masculine</i>: (1) gẽležuonys <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – adenitis equorum, strangle</td> <td>rė́muo 1 (also rėmuo 3a) – waterbrash</td> <td>there is one proper word: Jė́zus – Jesus</td> <td>(2) ámžius – age, stálčius – drawer (furniture); there is also one proper word: Vìlnius</td> <td>rytójus – tomorrow, kritèrijus – criterion </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2.</td> <td>dùrys <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – door, gaĩštis – dallying; <i>masculine</i>: (1) pirmuõnys <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> (also deguõnis – oxygen; deguonis 3b is a rarer variant)</td> <td> –</td> <td>(7) Tur̃gus – market place, cùkrus – sugar</td> <td>sõdžius – village, vaĩsius – fruit, bal̃džius – furniture maker</td> <td>pavõjus – danger </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>3.</td> <td>širdìs – heart, obelìs – apple tree, smegenys <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – brain; <i>masculine</i>: (19) debesìs – cloud, žvėrìs – beast</td> <td>akmuõ – stone 3b, vanduõ – water 3a</td> <td>(2) sūnùs – son, lietùs – rain</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>4.</td> <td>naktìs – night, žuvìs – fish, sritìs – area, district, vinìs – nail, spike, pirtìs -, šalìs, griñdys – floor, flooring; <i>masculine</i>: (3) dantìs – tooth, petỹs – shoulder, ropuonìs – reptile (used word is roplỹs 4)</td> <td>(1) šuõ – dog</td> <td>(10) medùs, alùs, viršùs, vidùs, piẽtūs <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – dinner; the south</td> <td> –</td> <td> – </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dt>The first declension, -as, -is, -ys, -ias.</dt></dl> <ul><li>Names of -as type have vocative -ai instead of -e of common nouns: Jõnas – Jõnai, Tòmas – Tòmai. Common nouns sometimes have this ending, it is usual for a word tė́vas: tė́vai and tė́ve.</li> <li>Words having -j- before the ending -as (vė́jas – wind, naudótojas – user) have two differences of declensional cases from other -as words; -j- is soft sound and the locative for these words is like in soft -is / -ys / -ias type (mẽdyje, kepsnyjè, kelyjè), but with a vowel changed where needed for an easier pronunciation: vė́jyje, but naudótojuje. Vocative is also different: vėjau, naudótojau (naudotoje would sound the same as naudótoja, which is feminine (nominative and vocative) form of the same word. The vocative is similar for -as <abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr> and -ė <abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr> words: ą́žuolas – oak : ą́žuole and ẽglė – spruce : ẽgle). This form is sometimes present in other cases: <abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr> brólis : voc. bróli and brolaũ, vélnias : vélniau. Many of these -j- words are made with an actors (personal, not for things) suffix -ėjas <abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr>, -ėja <abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr>, -t-ojas <abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr>, -t-oja <abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr>: veĩkti 'to act, affect; operate' – veikė́jas 'actor, character'; naudóti 'to use' – naudótojas 'user'.</li> <li>There are only a few -ias words, they are declined like -ys words, except some cases: nominative for kẽlias, nominative and vocative for elnias – elni, and vélnias – vélniau.</li> <li>-is and -ys words differ in that -is words (with the short i sound) are stressed on the stem (I, II accentuation patterns) and -ys words (with the same sound, but long) are stressed on the ending (III, IV accentuation patterns). In the -is type almost half of the nouns have consonants t, d in the stem ending. These consonants change when palatalized: mẽdis <abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr> – mẽdžio <abbr title="genitive">gen.</abbr> etc. (in the -as paradigm, on the other hand, there are no cases with palatalization: vardas – vardo etc.). In the -ys type about 12% of nouns have t, d as stem ending.</li></ul> <dl><dt>The second, -a (-ia), -ė (<abbr title="genitive">gen.</abbr> <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr> -ės)</dt></dl> <ul><li>a type; twelve nouns are of masculine gender: viršilà 2 – warrant-officer, sergeant, barzdylà 2 – bearded one (person) (<abbr title="genitive">gen.</abbr> barzdỹlos; it can also be heard barzdýla 1, barzdýlos; this is either a mistake and outcome of nivellation of accents or a type of word formation without changing an accent, compare adjectives, for example, ausýlas <abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr>, -a <abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr> 'sharp-eard'), vaivadà – voivode (historical office) (it is attributed to be of the 2 accentuation type in vocabularies, but it is of 3 or 1 if used in language: vaivadà 3, <abbr title="dative">dat.</abbr> vaĩvadai or vaĩvada 1), maršálka 1 – historical office: mareschalus, marshal. 265 – of common gender: mušeikà 2 (1) – scrapper, bruiser, personà 2 – personage, nebrendilà 2 – immaturely behaving person (in language can also be heard nebrendýla 1, nebrendylà 2), nekláužada 1 – tinker (kid), namìsėda 1 – home-keeping, who sits at home. Two words have -i ending: martì 4 – daughter-in-law, patì 4 – wife (more like older).</li> <li>ė type; four nouns are masculine: dė̃dė 2 – uncle, tė̃tė 2 (more used or equal variant is tė̃tis 2) – dad, dailìdė 2 – carpenter, woodworker and ciùcė 2 – doggy (in kid speech). 19 words are of common gender: garsenýbė 1 – renowned (person, thing), tauškalỹnė 2 – wind-bag, gasser, mėmė̃ 4 – gawk, spiegėlė̃ 3b – who shrieks too much (the latter word, for example, is not very likely to be heard, a word spieglỹs, -ė̃ 4 would probably occur). The t, d stems in -ė are present in the following percentage through the four accentuation paradigms: I – 15%, II – 35%, III – 23%, IV – 12%.</li></ul> <dl><dt>The third, -is</dt></dl> <ul><li>There were 245 feminine and 24 masculine nouns in this class. 6 nouns have common gender: (the first three can also be attributed to masculine gender<sup id="cite_ref-Types_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Types-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) palikuõnis 2, 34b 'progeny, offspring', grobuõnis 2, 3a 'predator', žiniuõnis 2, 4 'knower; witchdoctor', delsuonìs 3b 'who is dallying', giežuonìs 3b 'tiresome, sour (person)', vagìs 4 'thief'. Some other -uonis words are attributed to a masculine gender, for example, geluonìs 3b (2) – sting, deguõnis 2 (3b) (here in the table given as 3b, while 2 accentuation pattern is probably more used) – oxygen. A word vinìs <abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr>, <abbr title="common">c.</abbr> 4 'nail, spike' is also sometimes understood as of common gender. The singular dative is -iui for the common gender, like in masculine nouns. The biggest part of these words have -t- stem. The second accentuation pattern is the rarest, among its examples are: durys <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> 2 'door', slistis 2 (4) 'simulation', gaištis 2, 4 'dallying' (the two latter can also be accentuated in the fourth paradigm), masculine: pirmuõnys <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – protozoa, deguõnis (3b) – oxygen. Words with a suffix -men-, for example, ãšmenys <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> 3b – blade, sė́dmenys <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> 3a – buttocks, nates, nẽšmenys <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> 3b – silts, sediments carried by a water stream, are attributed to the third declensional pattern here, but they are of the fifth: the singular (can be used for all, but is not usual for all) <abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr> is -uo: sėdmuõ – buttock. The singular instrumental is -imi, like in the third declension, while for masculine words of the fifth declension the proper ending is given to be -iu; but -imi can also be and is chosen for the words of the fifth declension.</li></ul> <dl><dt>The fourth, -us, -ius</dt></dl> <ul><li>There are only 19 words with a non-palatalized ending, and more -j-us, and -ius words.</li></ul> <dl><dt>The fifth, -uo, -ė (<abbr title="genitive">gen.</abbr> <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr> -ers)</dt></dl> <ul><li>The number of words of this class is small. The words are of the third accentuation pattern; one word, šuõ – dog, is of the fourth and has <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr> <abbr title="instrumental">inst.</abbr> -imì. One word, or maybe even some more, is of the first accentuation pattern, rė́muo – waterbrash (it can also be accentuated in the third pattern).</li></ul> <p>About 45% of all nouns are feminine, 55% – masculine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grouping_by_a_syllable_nucleus_of_a_pre-desinential_syllable">Grouping by a syllable nucleus of a pre-desinential syllable</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Grouping by a syllable nucleus of a pre-desinential syllable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the tables below the possibilities of syllable nucleus of the next-to-last syllable and their accent is shown. The different sound of a next-to-last syllable makes no grammatical distinction, for example, words nóras – wish and kū́nas – body, are of the same declensional and accentuation patterns. But there are a few certain differences in the accentuation features of the nucleus sounds of the next-to-last syllable. Most of the vocals and diphthongs can have either of the accents: a start-firm or an end-firm. Short a, e sounds, when they are in a stem of a word and stressed, lengthen and have always an end-firm accent; i, u are short and there is no accentual differentiation in their stress. Mixed diphthongs (a, e) + (l, m, n, r) have the first element lengthened when stressed in a start-firm accent, when in (i, u) + (l, m, n, r) and a diphthong ui the first element remains short in the same case. The words having ą, ę in a pre-desinential syllable are not included here because of the lack of declensional types. Some examples: rą̃stas 2 – balk, timber; žąsìs 4 – goose; ąsà 4 – handle; kę́sas 3 – hassock. </p><p>The four different accentuation patterns are distinguished by two different colors in the rows of the table, their sequence is from the top to the bottom – I, II, III, IV. The words of each accentuation type are given in the following sequence of the declensional types: </p> <ul><li>The first declension (masculine)</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>-as,</li> <li>-is (I–II accentuational pattern) / -ys (III–IV accentuational patterns) and a few -ias words. Their genitive singular is -io.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>The second declension (feminine)</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>-a (-ia)</li> <li>-ė</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>The third declension (mostly feminine, few masculine): -is; genitive singular is -ies</li> <li>The fourth declension (masculine): -us (-ius)</li></ul> <p>Some spaces of the tables are not filled, but this does not mean that there are no words which would fit. The sounds a, e (end-firm when stressed) and i, u (short) can not be start-firm and consequently the word having them in the next-to-last stressed syllable can not be of the first and the third accentuation pattern. Some of the declensional types include few words, for example there are only two words of the third accentuation pattern in the fifth declension: sūnùs and lietùs. The number of words (Dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian language / Dabartinės Lietuvių kalbos žodynas; the fourth issue, 2000) of the declensional patterns can be checked in the section above. </p><p>After some of the words in the tables, a number is added. It indicates an alternative existent accentuation pattern and is given only for some of the words that have an alternative accentuation in a language. Notice that the type of accentuation of a word is shown by the place in the table and the number added means only an alternative accentuation type, which is not necessarily the main one. Some of the alternative accentuation patterns of a word are used equally often (then they are given not in brackets here), some are known from dialects, not preferred (then they are given in brackets). </p><p>Here are some illustrations of the alternative accentuation: a word nykštỹs 3 is also commonly said nýkštis 1; zýlė 1 is also known as zylė̃ 3 in some dialects, but this form is used more narrowly and not shown here. Similarly, a word rýkštė 1 is also known as rykštė̃ 4; this is shown in the table. In the case of šálmas 3 – helmet, the variant šal̃mas 4 is also very common. The alternative forms are most usually present between the 1–3 and 2–4 accentuation patterns, same in the type of accent. But there are also different cases, for example, rýkštė 1 and rykštė̃ 4. The fourth accentuation paradigm can be the result of a shift of the third paradigm. The shift can happen following nivellation of the two accents, a loss of accentual contrast. In the case of nivellation of the start-firm and end-firm accents, the distinction between the 3–4 and 1–2 loses its ground, because in a place of the stress the 1 with the 2, the 3 with the 4 acentuation groups differ only in a few cases. </p><p>Among the words given in the table, some are older, for example, ver̃pstė 2 – distaff, sker̃džius 2 – chief cowherd, butcher, and some other. Some words are borrowings: bánkas 1 – bank, tánkas 1 – tank, dùrpės – peat, turf and some other. Old borrowings: vỹnas 2 (4) – wine, blỹnas 2 – pancake, rõžė 2 – rose, rūtà 2 (4) – rue, slyvà 2 (4) – plum, vyšnià 2 (1) – cherry, and some other. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; line-height: 1.3em;"> <tbody><tr> <td>o</td> <td>ė</td> <td>y</td> <td>ū</td> <td>i.e.</td> <td>uo </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>nóras – wish<br />plótas – area, stretch<br />sóstas – throne, stool</td> <td>vė́jas – wind</td> <td>výras – man, male<br />týrai <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – large empty stretches<br />sývai <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – liquid part of smth.</td> <td>kū́nas – body<br />liū́nas – bog</td> <td>píenas <small>(<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> 1, 3)</small> – milk<br />svíestas (3) – butter</td> <td>púodas – pot<br />šúoras – gust, air-blast<br />skrúostas – cheek </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>brólis – brother<br />sótis – satiety<br />klónis – dene, hollow<br />mólis – clay</td> <td>pavė́sis – cooler place <br />in a shade</td> <td>blýksnis – flash<br />nýkštis 3 – thumb</td> <td>sū́ris – cheese<br />kū́jis – hammer<br />kū́gis – cone <small>(geometry)</small></td> <td>kíetis – artemisia <small>(plants)</small></td> <td>šúolis – jump<br />slúoksnis – layer<br />súopis – buzzard<br />rúonis – seal <small>(animal)</small><br />úošvis – father-in-law </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>kója – leg<br />lóva – bed</td> <td>vė́tra - windstorm, scud<br />lė́šos <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – fund, means<br />pė́da 3 – foot</td> <td>gýsla – thread, vas<br />ýda – defect, vice</td> <td>lū́pa – lip<br />kū́dra – pond, mere</td> <td>líepa – linden<br />píeva – meadow<br />síena – wall</td> <td>úoga – berry<br />dúona – bread<br />kúosa – jackdaw </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>dróbė – linen, cloth<br />rópė – turnip</td> <td></td> <td>zýlė – tit <small>(birds)</small><br />rýkštė (4) – rod, switch<br />lýsvė – bed <small>(agriculture)</small></td> <td></td> <td>kíelė (3) – wagtail</td> <td>úošvė – mother-in-law </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>nósis – nose<br />krósnis – stove, furnace<br />tóšis – upper layer<br /> of birch bark</td> <td>klė́tis – barn, granary</td> <td>nýtys <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – harness for <br />warp</td> <td>lū́šis – lynx<br />rū́šis (3) – sort; species<br />kliū́tis (4) – obstacle; hurdle</td> <td>íetis – spear, javelin</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>sõdas – garden<br />skrõblas – hornbeam</td> <td>dė̃klas - encasement<br />kė̃nis – fir (abies)</td> <td>sklỹpas 4 – plot, parcel<br />vỹnas – wine<br />blỹnas – pancake</td> <td>bū̃das – mode; nature</td> <td></td> <td>luõtas (1) – dugout, cockleshell </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>žõdis – word<br />skõnis – taste<br />lõbis – treasure</td> <td>vė̃sis – cool<br />bė̃giai – metal, railing<br />smė̃lis – sand</td> <td>lỹgis – level<br />skỹstis – liquid, fluid; liquidity</td> <td>bū̃vis – state, existence<br />dū̃ris – prick<br />smū̃gis - punch; thwack<br />rū̃gštis – sourness</td> <td>kiẽtis – hardness<br />viẽnis – oneness<br />miẽžis – barley<br />sriẽgis – screw thread</td> <td>guõlis – lying place;<br /> bearing <small>(mechanical)</small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>kopà – dune</td> <td></td> <td>vyšnià – cherry<br />slyvà – plum</td> <td>rūtà – rue (plant)</td> <td>vietà – place</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>rõžė – rose</td> <td>nė̃gė – lamprey (fish)</td> <td></td> <td>lū̃gnė – nuphar</td> <td>piẽnė – sowthistle</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(krū̃tis) <small>4</small> - breast <small>(women's)</small></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>sõdžius – village<br />rõjus – paradise</td> <td></td> <td>skỹrius – department; chapter</td> <td></td> <td>spiẽčius – close cluster, swarm <br /><small>(often for insects)</small></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>stógas – roof<br />kótas – shaft, handle<br />óras – air; weather</td> <td>krė́slas 1 – easy chair<br />pė́das – sheaf</td> <td>rýtas – morning</td> <td>grū́das – grain</td> <td>stíebas – stipe<br />dríežas – lizzard</td> <td>lúobas – thick peel<br />úodas – mosquito </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>lokỹs – bear</td> <td>vėžỹs (4) – crayfish</td> <td>nykštỹs (1) – thumb</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td></td> <td>pėdà 1 – foot</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>skiedrà (4) – sliver, shingle</td> <td>(kuopà) 1 – company (military) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td></td> <td>brėkšmė̃ – dusk, break <br /><small>(around sunset or before sunrise)</small></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>rūgštìs (1) – acid<br />(rūšìs) 1 – sort; species</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>sūnùs – son</td> <td>lietùs – rain </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>lõpas – patch</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>rū̃kas – fog</td> <td>sniẽgas – snow<br />kiẽmas – yard<br />šiẽnas – hay</td> <td>kuõlas – stake, picket </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>lovỹs – trough, chamfer<br />korỹs – honeycomb</td> <td>vėžlỹs – turtle</td> <td>ryšỹs – link, bond<br />plyšỹs – interstice, opening</td> <td>būrỹs – squad; huddle<br />rūsỹs – cellar, vault</td> <td>kvietỹs 3 – wheat</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>žmonà – wife<br />tvorà – fence<br />vorà – queue, file</td> <td>vėsà – cool<br />bėdà – trouble, grief<br />mėsà – meat</td> <td>bylà – lawsuit, cause<br />tylà – silence</td> <td>pūgà – blizzard<br />stūmà – repulsion <small>(physics)</small></td> <td>dienà – day<br />šviesà – light<br />liepsnà – flame</td> <td>puotà – feast; beanfeast<br />uolà – rock </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>srovė̃ – current, stream</td> <td>gėlė̃ – flower<br />kėdė̃ – chair<br />dėžė̃ – box</td> <td>skylė̃ – hole, slot</td> <td>žūklė̃ – fishing</td> <td>miẽlės <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – yeast<br />rievė̃ – notch, groove</td> <td>duobė̃ (3) – pit, hollow<br />uoslė̃ – smell; scent </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td></td> <td>lytìs – sex, gender<br />vytìs – switch, rod</td> <td>krūtìs <small>(2)</small> – breast <small>(womans')</small><br />griūtìs - avalanche, fall</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>žmogùs – man (human)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>piẽtūs <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – dinner; south</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; line-height: 1.3em;"> <tbody><tr> <td>au</td> <td>ai</td> <td>ei</td> <td>a</td> <td>e</td> <td>i</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>šáukštas – spoon</td> <td>káimas – village, countryside</td> <td>véidas – face</td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>jáutis – bull, ox</td> <td>stáibis 2 – <small>dial.</small> shin; forearm<br />for birds: tarsus</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>sáuja – palmfull</td> <td>káina – price</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>sáulė – sun<br />kriáušė – pear</td> <td>váišė – regale<br />láimė – luck, happiness<br />báimė – fear</td> <td>méilė – love </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>gaũbtas – hood<br />skliaũtas 4 – vault <small>(architecture)</small><br />aũlas 4 – bootleg; <small>sheatheable thing</small></td> <td>saĩtas 4 – bond; leash<br />žaĩzdras 4 – forge, hearth</td> <td>pleĩštas 1 – wedge, shim<br />reĩdas – raid</td> <td>pãdas – sole, metatarsus<br />žãbas – switch, stick<br />lãbas – good, welfare</td> <td>mẽtas – specific time <br /><small>(to do smth.; of smth.)</small></td> <td>sprìgtas – flip, flick</td> <td>bùtas – flat<br />kùras – fuel </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>paũkštis – bird<br />plaũtis – lung<br />kriaũšis <small>(4m, 4f)</small> – steep slope</td> <td>raĩštis – band, tie<br />kaĩštis – spile, plug</td> <td>peĩlis – knife</td> <td>vãris – copper</td> <td>kẽlis – knee<br />mẽdis – tree<br />sẽnis – old</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>balà – puddle</td> <td></td> <td>girià – forest (large)</td> <td>putà – froth </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>raũdė – rudd<br />kiaũlė – pig<br />(kriaũšė) – steep slope</td> <td>raĩdė 4 – letter<br />skaĩdrė (4) – slide, transparency</td> <td>kreĩvė (4) – curve, graph</td> <td>brãškė – strawberry</td> <td>žẽmė – earth, ground<br />prẽkė – commodity, item<br />kẽkė – raceme, cluster</td> <td>bìtė – bee</td> <td>ùpė – river<br />pùsė – half, side<br />striùkė – jacket </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td>gaĩštis 4 – dallying, waste of time</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>slìstis (4) – simulation</td> <td>dùrys <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – door </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td>vaĩsius – fruit; growth<br />skaĩčius – number; digit</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>cùkrus – sugar </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>šiáudas – straw<br />máuras – slime, algae</td> <td>dáiktas – thing (material)<br />láiškas – letter (message)<br />áidas – echo</td> <td>méistras – master <small>(artist)</small>; craftsman</td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td></td> <td>aikštė̃ – square, field</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>sraũtas – flow, torrent<br />laukas – field; outside<br />džiaugsmas – joy<br />kraũjas – blood</td> <td>maĩstas – food<br />žaĩbas – thunder<br />žaĩslas – toy<br />laĩkas – time<br />laĩdas – cable, lead</td> <td>veĩksmas – act, action</td> <td>krãštas – edge; country<br />smãkras – chin<br />kãras – war</td> <td>lẽdas – ice<br />pẽnas – pabulum<br />kẽras – plant sinuous<br /> ramification</td> <td>klijaĩ <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – glue</td> <td>dùgnas – floor, bottom </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>šaulỹs – rifleman, shooter<br />straublỹs – trunk, proboscis<br />(kriaušỹs <small>2m 4f</small>) – steep slope</td> <td>gaidỹs – rooster</td> <td></td> <td>dagỹs – thistle<br />vabzdỹs – insect</td> <td>kepsnỹs – roast, fry<br />krepšỹs – basket, bag<br />genỹs - woodpecker<br />kẽlias – road<br />svẽčias – guest</td> <td></td> <td>drugỹs – butterfly, moth; shake, shiver </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>briaunà – edge, brow<br />klausà – hearing (sense)</td> <td>dainà – song<br />gaivà – fresh</td> <td>šeimà – family</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>girà – kvass</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>šaulė̃ – shooter<br />raukšlė̃ – pucker</td> <td>raidė̃ 2 – slide, transparency</td> <td>eilė̃ – row</td> <td>katė̃ – cat</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>skruzdė̃ – ant </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>ausìs – ear<br />šlaunìs – thigh<br />(kriaušìs <small>2m 4m</small>) – steep slope</td> <td>gaištìs 2 – dallying, waste of time</td> <td></td> <td>naktìs – night<br />šalìs – country</td> <td></td> <td>sritìs – area<br />vinìs – nail, spike</td> <td>ugnìs – fire<br />pusnìs – snowdrift<br />žuvìs – fish </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>alùs – beer</td> <td>medùs – honey</td> <td>vidùs – inside<br />midùs – mead (drink)</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; line-height: 1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <td>al</td> <td>el</td> <td>am</td> <td>em</td> <td>an</td> <td>en </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>káltas – chisel, boaster</td> <td>kéltas – ferryboat<br />méldas – bulrush</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>bánkas – bank<br />tánkas – tank</td> <td>lénkas – Pole </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td></td> <td></td> <td>sámtis – ladle (spoon)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>málka – firewood billet<br />dálba – pole, stick</td> <td>gélda – trough, tub</td> <td>bámba – navel<br />támsta – address to a person (formal)</td> <td>lémpa – lamp</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>kálvė – smithery, forge</td> <td>kélnės <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – trousers<br />pélkė – swamp</td> <td></td> <td>pémpė - lapwing</td> <td></td> <td>néndrė – reed<br />ménkė – cod </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>váltis – boat</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pántis – tether<br />ántis – duck<br />ánkštis – pod, pulse</td> <td>péntis – thick side of a sharp implement </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>stálčius – drawer (furniture)</td> <td></td> <td>ámžius – age</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>bal̃dai <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – furniture</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>gañdras 4 – stork</td> <td>beñdras – confederate,<br /> companion; accomplice </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>val̃gis – meal, dish, food<br />al̃ksnis – alder<br />dal̃gis – scythe</td> <td></td> <td>kam̃štis – plug, cork<br />sam̃tis – ladling <small>(action)</small></td> <td></td> <td>skrañdis – stomach<br />añtis – slash of garment at the bosom; place inside it to the girdle<br />añkštis – lack of space</td> <td>sleñkstis – threshold </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>valkà – draught (air)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>rankà – hand; arm</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>pal̃vė – flat place in terrene side behind shore dunes</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>šveñtė – feast, celebration<br />skleñdė 4 – latch<br />beñdrė – see bendras </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>bal̃džius – furniture maker (person)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>kálnas – mountain<br />šálmas 4 – helmet</td> <td>délnas – palm, flat of a hand<br />kélmas – stump, stool</td> <td></td> <td>kémsas – hassock</td> <td>žándas – face side below a cheekbone<br />lángas – window</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>galvà – head</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>bal̃nas – saddle<br />val̃ksmas – haul of a fishing net; <br />track of lumber dragging</td> <td>pel̃nas – profit</td> <td>kam̃pas – angle; corner</td> <td></td> <td>lañkas – bow (weapon)<br />gañdas – hearsay, rumour<br />krañtas <small>(dial. 2, 1)</small> – waterside, shore</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>žaltỹs (3) – grass snake; colubrid</td> <td></td> <td>kamblỹs – stipe; squat ending<br />dramblys – elephant</td> <td>kremblỹs – gnarly tree</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>kalbà – language<br />spalvà – colour<br />algà – salary<br />valkà – puddle</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>lankà – meadow, hollow<br />dangà – covering<br />bandà – herd; loaf (food)</td> <td>lentà – board; wood cut </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>kaltė̃ – guilt; fault</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>templė̃ – elastic string <small>(of a bow etc.)</small></td> <td>tankmė̃ – thicket</td> <td>sklendė̃ (2) – valve; latch </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>dantìs – tooth</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>dangùs – sky</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; line-height: 1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <td>ar</td> <td>er</td> <td>ir</td> <td>ur </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>tárpas – gap<br />tvártas – cattle-shed<br />žárdas <small>(3 2)</small> – rack from poles</td> <td></td> <td>ìrklas – oar, paddle</td> <td>dùrklas – dagger </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td></td> <td></td> <td>žvìrblis – sparrow<br />vìržis – heather, ling<br />žìrnis – pea</td> <td>gùrkšnis – swallow, gulp<br />kùrmis – mole (animal) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>várna – crow<br />žárna 3 – bowel; hose</td> <td></td> <td>stìrna – roe, hind<br />gìrna – millstone</td> <td>spùrga – doughnut </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>kárvė – cow</td> <td>šnérvė 4 – nostril<br />kérpė – lichen<br />šérpė – burr, tear off</td> <td></td> <td>dùrpės – peat </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>kártis – long slender pole</td> <td></td> <td>kìrkšnis 3 (4) – groin<br />svìrtis (4, 3, 2) – lever; shaduf</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>var̃žtas – screw<br />var̃tai <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – gate<br />kar̃tas – time (instance <br />or occurrence)</td> <td>ner̃štas – spawning<br />sver̃tas – lever; <i>fig.</i> leverage</td> <td>skir̃pstas – field elm</td> <td>Tur̃tas – wealth, property<br />pur̃slas 4 (1) – spatter, spray </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>kar̃štis – heat<br />kar̃šis – bream</td> <td>ver̃šis – calf</td> <td>tvir̃tis – strength of material, toughness</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td></td> <td>virkščià – stem of some <br />gramineous plants (pea, potato)<br /> pirkià (4) – <small>dial.</small> house, cottage (traditional)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>gar̃dė – barrier wood cut <br />in a side of a horse carriage</td> <td>ver̃pstė – distaff</td> <td>vir̃vė – rope</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td>der̃lius – yield, harvest<br />sker̃džius – chief cowherd; butcher</td> <td></td> <td>Tur̃gus – market, mart </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>dárbas – work</td> <td>bérnas – boy, lad; <br /><small>(older)</small> hind, hired hand<br />béržas – birch<br />šérnas (4) – wild boar</td> <td>spìrgas – crackling (food)<br />žìrgas (4) – riding horse</td> <td>spùrgas – hop cone; bud; catkin<br />ùrvas – cave; burrow </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>arklỹs – horse</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>burnà – mouth </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>varškė̃ – curd</td> <td>versmė̃ – fount, spring</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td></td> <td></td> <td>širdìs – heart<br />kirkšnìs 1 (4) – groin</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>var̃das – name<br />gar̃sas – sound<br />kar̃klas 2 – willow, osier<br />gar̃das – animal stall</td> <td>šer̃kšnas – hoarfrost, rime<br />ver̃slas – trade, enterprice, business<br />ver̃ksmas – cry</td> <td>vir̃bas – rod, switch<br />dir̃žas – belt (clothing); strap<br />pir̃štas – finger</td> <td>pur̃vas – mud, dirt </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>siurblỹs – pump; (dulkių siurblys) vacuum cleaner<br />čiurlỹs – swift </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>varžà – resistance; impedance (physics)<br />barzdà – beard</td> <td>skerlà – sliver, shiver</td> <td></td> <td>purkšnà – mizzle, spraying </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>tarmė̃ – dialect<br />dermė̃ – tone, fitness<br />varlė̃ – frog</td> <td>vertė̃ – value<br />erdvė̃ – space<br />veržlė̃ – nut (hardware)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>tartìs – pronunciation, utterance</td> <td>šerdìs (3 1) – core</td> <td>pirtìs – steambath</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td></td> <td>viršùs – top</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; line-height: 1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <td>il</td> <td>ul</td> <td>im</td> <td>um</td> <td>in</td> <td>un </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>tìltas – bridge<br />miltai <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – flour</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>tùntas 4 – swarm, flock </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>dìlbis – forearm<br />ìltis – fang</td> <td>mùlkis – ninny, gull, noodle<br />stùlgis – <small>(older)</small> dagger<br />kùlšis – haunch, thigh <small>(mostly used for chicken meat)</small></td> <td></td> <td>kùmštis – fist</td> <td>vìngis (2) – winding, curve<br />lìnkis – bend, curvature</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>smìlga – bentgrass<br />vìlna – wool</td> <td></td> <td>tìmpa – elastic string<br />drìmba 2 – ponderous person (derisive)</td> <td></td> <td>vìnkšna – elm (ulmus laevis)<br />spìnta – cabinet <small>(furniture)</small><br />kìnka – rare side of a leg about a knee level</td> <td>plùnksna – feather </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>dìldė – rasp</td> <td>tùlpė – tulip<br />dùlkė – particle of dust, mote<br />bùlvė – potato</td> <td></td> <td>dùmplės <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> – bellows</td> <td>pìnklės <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> (2) – trap, gin</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>skìltis (3) – segment<br /> of a fruit, vegetable;<br />section in a recurring<br /> print</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pìntis – amadou</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td>dul̃ksmas 4 – dust rise</td> <td></td> <td>stum̃bras – wisent<br />dum̃blas 4 – silt</td> <td>iñdas – dishware, utensil<br />tiñklas – net<br />giñklas – weapon</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>skil̃vis – gizzard</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>kum̃pis – ham</td> <td>skliñdis – pancake<br />liñksnis – (case) inflection, case (grammar)</td> <td>suñkis – gravitation </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>rinkà – market</td> <td>sunkà – strained juice </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td>gul̃bė – swan</td> <td></td> <td>drum̃zlė 4 – sediment</td> <td>bliñdė (4) – great willow</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>vil̃nis 4 – wave</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>skiltìs 1 – (see 1)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>vil̃kas – wolf<br />pil̃vas – belly</td> <td>stul̃pas – pole, shaft, pillar<br />kul̃nas – heel<br />pul̃kas – regiment; swarm</td> <td>rim̃bas – knout; whip</td> <td>gum̃bas – knag; lumb</td> <td></td> <td>tuñtas 1 – swarm, flock </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>skilvỹs 2 – gizzard</td> <td>stulgỹs – great snipe</td> <td></td> <td>krumplỹs (2) – knuckle; cog</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td>dulksnà – drizzle</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>sunkà 2 – strained juice </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>drumzlė̃ 2 - sediment</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #F0F2F5"> <td>vilnìs 2 – wave</td> <td>kulkšnìs (1) – ankle</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the same case as in nouns the adjectives may be formed by adding a suffix, e.g., <i>-inis</i>, <i>-ingas</i> (full in), <i>-iškas</i> (alike), <i>-klus</i> etc. A further noun iš formed by changing the ending of the adjectives to <i>-is</i> (<i>-ys</i>), <i>-ė</i>. The genitive case is many times used instead of the <i>-inis</i>, e.g. <i>medžio dirbinys</i> - an artwork from wood, <i>šokių muzikos gabalas</i> - dance music piece (<i>šokinis</i> would sound awkward). The dative may also used, e.g. <i>užtiesalas lovai</i> - a cloth for bed. The adjectival suffix <i>-inis</i> may easily become a noun (also <i>-inys</i> then), for example, <i>kosmetinė rankinė (terba / tašė)</i>, <i>psichochroninė ligoninė (įstaiga)</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declension_2">Declension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Declension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_declension" title="Lithuanian declension">Lithuanian declension</a></div> <p>In Lithuanian, adjectives have three declensions determined by the singular and plural nominative case inflections. Adjectives agree with nouns in number, gender, and case. Unlike nouns, which have two genders – masculine and feminine, adjectives have three (except -is, -ė adjectives), but the neuter adjectives (the third example in the table) have only one form and are not inflected. The neuter gender is formed simply by eliminating the last consonant <b>-s</b> from the masculine gender forms. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr valign="top" style="background: #efefef;"> <td rowspan="2">Declension </td> <td colspan="2">Singular <abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr> inflection </td> <td colspan="2">Plural <abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr> inflection </td> <td rowspan="2">Examples </td></tr> <tr style="background: #efefef;"> <td>Masculine</td> <td>Feminine</td> <td>Masculine</td> <td>Feminine </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>-(i)as</td> <td>-(i)a</td> <td>-i</td> <td>-(i)os</td> <td>šáltas, šaltà, (šálta) – cold; šlápias, šlapià, (šlápia) – wet, soppy; </td></tr> <tr> <td>II</td> <td>-us</td> <td>-i</td> <td>-ūs</td> <td>-ios</td> <td>gražùs, gražì, (gražù) – pretty, beautiful; malonùs, malonì, (malonù) – pleasant; </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">III</td> <td>-is</td> <td>-ė</td> <td>-iai</td> <td>-ės</td> <td>varìnis, varìnė – copper; laukìnis, laukìnė – wild; </td></tr> <tr> <td>-is</td> <td>-ė</td> <td>-i</td> <td>-ės</td> <td>dìdelis, dìdelė – big; dešinỹs, dešinė̃ – right; kairỹs, kairė̃ – left. </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>All the adjectives (except most <b>-inis</b> type adjectives) can have pronominal (definite) forms that cannot acquire the neuter form: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr valign="top" style="background: #efefef;"> <td rowspan="2">Declension </td> <td colspan="2">Singular <abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr> inflection </td> <td colspan="2">Plural <abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr> inflection </td> <td rowspan="2">Examples </td></tr> <tr style="background: #efefef;"> <td>Masculine</td> <td>Feminine</td> <td>Masculine</td> <td>Feminine </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>-(i)asis</td> <td>-(i)oji</td> <td>-ieji</td> <td>-(i)osios</td> <td>šaltàsis, šaltóji – the cold; šlapiàsis, šlapióji – the wet; </td></tr> <tr> <td>II</td> <td>-usis</td> <td>-ioji</td> <td>-ieji</td> <td>-iosios</td> <td>gražùsis, gražióji – the pretty, the beautiful; malonùsis, malonióji – the pleasant; </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">III</td> <td>-is</td> <td>-ė</td> <td>-iai</td> <td>-ės</td> <td>― </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ysis</td> <td>-ioji</td> <td>-ieji</td> <td>-iosios</td> <td>didỹsis, didžióji – the big, the great; dešinỹsis, dešinióji – the right; kairỹsis, kairióji – the left. </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>The pronominal adjectives historically have developed from the combination of the simple adjectives and the respective pronominal forms <b>jis, ji</b> (he, she), that is, <b>gẽras</b> + <b>jìs</b> = <b>geràsis</b>; an example in locative case (feminine gender): <b>gražiosè</b> + <b>josè</b> = <b>gražiósiose</b>. They have their own separate declension paradigms. </p><p>Pronominal adjectives have a variety of purposes in modern Lithuanian. One of them is the definitiveness, that is, these adjectives can sometimes act like an equivalent of the definite article in English: <i>Suvalgiau raudoną obuolį</i> – <i>I've eaten a red apple</i>; <i>Suvalgiau raudoną<b>jį</b> obuolį</i> – <i>I've eaten <b>the</b> red apple</i>. But they are rarely used this way, as demonstrative pronouns serve better for this purpose. Pronominal adjectives often indicate something unique, thus they are usually used with proper names: <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Juodoji jūra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vytautas" title="Vytautas">Vytautas Didysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">Naujoji Zelandija</a>. Another use (and a very common) is scientific terminology: <a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">kvapusis mairūnas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spotted_owl" title="Spotted owl">dėmėtoji pelėda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">standusis diskas</a> etc. In almost all of these cases, a simple adjective can be used, but it will mean a completely different thing: <i>juoda jūra</i> (instead of <i>Juodoji jūra</i>) means any sea that is black (not necessarily the particular sea in Eastern Europe); <i>dėmėta pelėda</i> (instead of <i>dėmėtoji pelėda</i>) means any owl that has dots on its plumage (not necessarily an owl of the <i>Strix occidentalis</i> species) etc. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Most of the first type adjectives of the third declension are with the suffix -in-. These are easily made from other parts of speech by adding the suffix -in-. When made from verbs, they are mostly made from a past passive participle: vìrti – to boil, vìrtas – boiled, virtìnis – which is boiled, made by boiling. Consequently, the suffix is -t-in- for such adjectives. Such variants of verbal derivation easily become nouns (declined in noun declension paradigm), in this case it is a noun <a href="/wiki/Kalduny" title="Kalduny">virtìnis</a> – dumpling (with mushrooms; curd; etc.; but dumplings with meat are called koldūnai).</li> <li>Two adjectives of the third declension have long -ys: dešinỹs – right, kairỹs – left; plural nominative is dešinì, kairì; plural dative: dešiníems, kairíems. A short form of dìdelis, dìdelė is dìdis, didì (similar to pats, pati). Dešinys, kairys, didis have neuter gender of the u pattern: dešinu, kairu, didu. Pronominal forms: didỹsis, didžióji, dešinỹsis, dešinióji. An adjective didelis, didelė hasn't pronominal forms. The word didis has more mingled forms: nominative is sometimes didus; genitive <abbr title="masculine">masc.</abbr>: didžio / didaus; accusative: didį (/ didų); plural <abbr title="masculine">masc.</abbr> <abbr title="nominative">nom.</abbr> didūs; other forms are of the regular pattern.</li> <li>Some other forms having variations in a standard language: pė́sčias, pėsčià, pė́sčia – pedestrian, afoot; pėsčiàsis, pėsčióji and pėstỹsis, pėsčióji (adjectival and substantival meanings).</li></ul> </div> <p>In the following examples of <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_declension#Table_of_noun_declension_endings" title="Lithuanian declension">noun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_declension#Table_of_adjective_declension_endings" title="Lithuanian declension">adjective</a> matching, gatvė – street and kelias – road are matched with tiesus – straight: </p> <ul><li>Ties<b>i</b> gatv<b>ė</b> vs. ties<b>ios</b> gatv<b>ės</b> (singular vs. plural)</li> <li>Ties<b>i</b> gatv<b>ė</b> vs. ties<b>us</b> kel<b>ias</b> (feminine vs. masculine)</li> <li>Ties<b>i</b> gatv<b>ė</b> vs. ties<b>ią</b> gatv<b>ę</b> (nominative vs. accusative case)</li></ul> <p>This does not apply in case of the neuter gender adjectives because nouns do not have neuter gender. Such adjectives are used in combination with other parts of speech having no gender (infinitive, some pronouns) or in zero subject sentences and tend to describe a general environment. For example, <i>rūsyje buvo <b>vėsu</b></i> (zero subject sentence) – it was cool in the cellar; <i><b>gera</b> tave matyti</i> (the gender neutral infinitive (<i>matyti</i>) is the subject) – it's good to see you. Moreover, adjectives in neuter can be used as an object (and in some cases – as a subject) as well (a rough equivalent of English "that which is" + adjective): <i>jis matė <b>šilta</b> ir <b>šalta</b></i> – he saw [that which is] cold and hot (he went through fire and water). Adjectives that end in <i>-is</i> do not have the neuter gender. Most of the time neuter gender adjectives are written just like feminine adjectives. However, vocally, neuter gender is distinct by different <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressing</a>. Also neuter gender does not have any numbers or cases, and it is mostly used for <a href="/wiki/Predicative_(adjectival_or_nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicative (adjectival or nominal)">predicatives</a>. Usage in the role of object (like in "jis matė šilta ir šalta") is rare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degrees_of_comparison">Degrees of comparison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Degrees of comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lithuanian language has five <a href="/wiki/Three_degrees_of_comparison" class="mw-redirect" title="Three degrees of comparison">degrees of comparison</a>. The three main degrees are the same as in English language. Note that there are no irregular adjectives and all adjectives have the same <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>. All such adjectives still need to match the nouns in terms of case, number, and gender. Neuter gender comparative degree is the same as adjective comparative degree. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Gender</th> <th>positive </th> <th colspan="2">comparative </th> <th colspan="2">superlative </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Lithuanian</td> <td>Masculine</td> <td>Gẽr<b>as</b></td> <td>Ger<b>ėlèsnis</b></td> <td>Ger<b>èsnis</b></td> <td>Ger<b>iáusias</b></td> <td>Pàts/visų̃ ger<b>iáusias</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Feminine</td> <td>Ger<b>à</b></td> <td>Ger<b>ėlèsnė</b></td> <td>Ger<b>èsnė</b></td> <td>Ger<b>iáusia</b></td> <td>Patì/visų̃ ger<b>iáusia</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neuter</td> <td>Gẽr<b>a</b></td> <td>Ger<b>ėliaũ</b></td> <td>Ger<b>iaũ</b></td> <td>Ger<b>iáusia</b></td> <td>Visų̃ ger<b>iáusia</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>English</td> <td></td> <td>Good</td> <td>A tiny bit better</td> <td>Better</td> <td>Best</td> <td>The very best </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Lithuanian</td> <td>Masculine</td> <td>Graž<b>ùs</b></td> <td>Graž<b>ėlèsnis</b></td> <td>Graž<b>èsnis</b></td> <td>Graž<b>iáusias</b></td> <td>Pats/visų graž<b>iáusias</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Feminine</td> <td>Graž<b>ì</b></td> <td>Graž<b>ėlèsnė</b></td> <td>Graž<b>èsnė</b></td> <td>Graž<b>iáusia</b></td> <td>Patì/visų̃ graž<b>iáusia</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neuter</td> <td>Graž<b>ù</b></td> <td>Graž<b>ėliaũ</b></td> <td>Graž<b>iaũ</b></td> <td>Graž<b>iáusia</b></td> <td>Visų̃ graž<b>iáusia</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>English</td> <td></td> <td>Beautiful</td> <td>A tiny bit more beautiful</td> <td>More beautiful</td> <td>Most beautiful</td> <td>The most beautiful </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Adjectives of different degrees can also have their pronominal forms: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Gender</th> <th>positive </th> <th>comparative </th> <th>superlative </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Lithuanian</td> <td>Masculine</td> <td>Ger<b>àsis</b></td> <td>Ger<b>esnỹsis</b></td> <td>Ger<b>iáusiasis</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Feminine</td> <td>Ger<b>óji</b></td> <td>Ger<b>esnióji</b></td> <td>Ger<b>iáusioji</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neuter</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>English</td> <td></td> <td>The good</td> <td>The better</td> <td>The very best </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Lithuanian</td> <td>Masculine</td> <td>Graž<b>ùsis</b></td> <td>Graž<b>esnỹsis</b></td> <td>Graž<b>iáusiasis</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Feminine</td> <td>Graž<b>ióji</b></td> <td>Graž<b>esnióji</b></td> <td>Graž<b>iáusioji</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neuter</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>English</td> <td></td> <td>The beautiful</td> <td>The more beautiful</td> <td>The most beautiful </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_declension#Pronouns" title="Lithuanian declension">Lithuanian declension § Pronouns</a></div> <p>Lithuanian has no grammatical category of <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animacy</a>. Pronouns (including personal ones <i>jis, ji, jie, jos</i> (he, she, they)) replace any noun, regardless if it is not animate (people, animals, objects etc.). <i><b>Whom</b> did you see?</i> and <i><b>What</b> did you see?</i> both translate as <i><b>Ką</b> tu matei?</i>; <i><b>Something</b> is there</i> and <i><b>Somebody</b> is there</i> both translate as <i>Ten <b>kažkas</b> yra</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personal pronouns <i>aš</i> (I), <i>tu</i> (you) <i>jis</i> (he, it), <i>ji</i> (she, it) are declined as follows: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"></th> <th>Nominative</th> <th>Genitive</th> <th>Dative</th> <th>Accusative</th> <th>Instrumental</th> <th>Locative </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Singular</th> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <td>aš</td> <td>manęs</td> <td>man</td> <td>mane</td> <td>manimi</td> <td>manyje </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td>tu</td> <td>tavęs</td> <td>tau</td> <td>tave</td> <td>tavimi</td> <td>tavyje </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person</th> <th>Masculine </th> <td>jis</td> <td>jo</td> <td>jam</td> <td>jį</td> <td>juo</td> <td>jame </td></tr> <tr> <th>Feminine </th> <td>ji</td> <td>jos</td> <td>jai</td> <td>ją</td> <td>ja</td> <td>joje </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">Reflexive pronoun </th> <td>–</td> <td>savęs</td> <td>sau</td> <td>save</td> <td>savimi</td> <td>savyje </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Plural </th> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <td>mes</td> <td>mūsų</td> <td>mums</td> <td>mus</td> <td>mumis</td> <td>mumyse </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td>jūs</td> <td>jūsų</td> <td>jums</td> <td>jus</td> <td>jumis</td> <td>jumyse </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person</th> <th>Masculine </th> <td>jie</td> <td>jų</td> <td>jiems</td> <td>juos</td> <td>jais</td> <td>juose </td></tr> <tr> <th>Feminine </th> <td>jos</td> <td>jų</td> <td>joms</td> <td>jas</td> <td>jomis</td> <td>jose </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflexive_pronoun">Reflexive pronoun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reflexive pronoun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive pronoun</a> <i>savęs</i> is declined like <i>tu</i> (<i>savęs</i> – <i>sau</i> – <i>save</i> ...), but it does not have the singular nominative and plural cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbs">Verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every Lithuanian verb belongs to one of three different conjugations: </p> <ul><li>The first conjugation is the most commonly found in Lithuanian, encompassing those verbs whose infinite form ends in <b>-ati</b>, <b>-oti</b>, <b>-auti</b>, <b>-uoti</b> or <b>a consonant followed by -ti</b> (e.g. <b>dirbti</b>). This conjugation also has the highest occurrence of irregularity of all the Lithuanian verb cases.</li> <li>The second conjugation refers to those verbs whose infinitive form ends in <b>-ėti</b>. There are hardly any instances of irregularity for this conjugation. An exception: verbs that have <b>-ėja</b> in the Present Tense (like did<b>ėti</b> / did<b>ėja</b> / did<b>ėjo</b> 'to increase') belong to the first conjugation.</li> <li>The third conjugation consists of those verbs whose infinitive form ends in <b>-yti</b>. An exception: verbs that have <b>-ija</b> in the Present Tense (like rūd<b>yti</b> / rūd<b>ija</b> / rūd<b>ijo</b> 'to rust') belong to the first conjugation.</li></ul> <p>In Lithuanian every single verbal form can be derived from three stems: infinitive, 3rd person present tense and 3rd person past tense. </p><p>Lithuanian verbs belong to one of the following stem types: </p> <ul><li>primary (verbs without suffixes: <i>pykti, pyksta, pyko</i> ʽto be angry’). This group encompasses most of the verbs with irregular or unpredictable forms;</li> <li>mixed (verbs with suffixes in certain forms: <i>myl<b>ė</b>ti, myli, myl<b>ė</b>jo</i> ʽto love’);</li> <li>suffixal (verbs with suffixes in all forms: <i>did<b>ė</b>ti, did<b>ė</b>ja, did<b>ė</b>jo</i> ʽto increase’).</li></ul> <p>The 3rd person of every <b>conjugatable</b> verbal form in Lithuanian has no distinction between numbers: all the singular, dual and plural forms have merged into one single form. <i>Declinable</i> forms (such as compound tenses and passive structures), however, must match according to gender and number. This is a shared feature with its closest relative, the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian language</a>. </p><p>Modern Lithuanian grammarians no longer consider the 3rd person as having an ending, instead it is now called the "final stem vowel" to which a personal ending is attached in order to make the 1st and the 2nd persons: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="2">Simple </th> <th colspan="2">Reflexive </th></tr> <tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="1">Singular </th> <th colspan="1">Plural </th> <th colspan="1">Singular </th> <th colspan="1">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1st </td> <td align="center">u </td> <td align="center">me </td> <td align="center">uosi </td> <td align="center">mės </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2nd </td> <td align="center">i </td> <td align="center">te </td> <td align="center">iesi </td> <td align="center">tės </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3rd </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">∅ </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">∅ + si </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>In reality, however, the attachment of the respective ending to the 3rd person stem is not straightforward and requires additional conversion, e. g. if the 3rd person stem ends in <i>-a</i>, the attachment of the ending <i>-u</i> to make the 1st person form produces <i>-u</i> instead of the expected <i>-au</i>. Moreover, certain notable forms have dropped the final vowel in the 3rd person (future tense, <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional mood</a>), however, the forms for other persons are still composed having the stem vowel in mind (dirbti <i>to work</i> → dirbs <i>he will work</i> → dirbs<b>i</b>me <i>we will work</i>). Each one of these conversions are being represented in the following conjugation tables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active_voice">Active voice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Active voice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The active voice in Lithuanian has four moods: </p> <ul><li>Indicative</li> <li>Indirect</li> <li>Imperative</li> <li>Conditional</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indicative_mood">Indicative mood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Indicative mood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the active voice, the indicative mood contains 4 simple and 7 compound tenses. </p><p>In each tense five examples are given: three belonging to each conjugation group (<b>dirbti, norėti, skaityti</b>), one reflexive (<b>praustis</b>) and <b>būti</b> – the only auxiliary verb in Lithuanian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Present_tense">Present tense</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Present tense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is the basic tense in Lithuanian which describes present or ongoing actions or, sometimes, actions without definite tense. Its forms and stress patterns are always derived from the 3rd person of the Present tense. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="1">dìrbti – to work </th> <th colspan="1">norė́ti – to want </th> <th colspan="1">skaitýti – to read </th> <th colspan="1">praũstis – to wash oneself </th> <th colspan="1">bū́ti – to be (<i>es-</i> stem) </th> <th colspan="1">bū́ti – to be (<i>būn-</i> stem) </th> <th colspan="1">bū́ti – to be (<i>būv-</i> stem) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>I</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>u</b> </td> <td>nór<b>iu</b> </td> <td>skait<b>aũ</b> </td> <td>praus<b>iúosi</b> </td> <td>es<b>ù</b> </td> <td>būn<b>ù</b> </td> <td>būv<b>ù</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (singular)</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>i</b> </td> <td>nór<b>i</b> </td> <td>skait<b>aĩ</b> </td> <td>praus<b>íesi</b> </td> <td>es<b>ì</b> </td> <td>būn<b>ì</b> </td> <td>būv<b>ì</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>He/She/It</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>a</b> </td> <td>nór<b>i</b> </td> <td>skaĩt<b>o</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>iasi</b> </td> <td>yr<b>à</b> / ẽs<b>ti</b> </td> <td>bū̃n<b>a</b> </td> <td>bū̃v<b>a</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>We</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>ame</b> </td> <td>nór<b>ime</b> </td> <td>skaĩt<b>ome</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>iamės</b> </td> <td>ẽs<b>ame</b> </td> <td>bū̃n<b>ame</b> </td> <td>bū̃v<b>ame</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (plural)</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>ate</b> </td> <td>nór<b>ite</b> </td> <td>skaĩt<b>ote</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>iatės</b> </td> <td>ẽs<b>ate</b> </td> <td>bū̃n<b>ate</b> </td> <td>bū̃v<b>ate</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>They</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>a</b> </td> <td>nór<b>i</b> </td> <td>skaĩt<b>o</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>iasi</b> </td> <td>yr<b>à</b> / ẽs<b>ti</b> </td> <td>bū̃n<b>a</b> </td> <td>bū̃v<b>a</b> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>E.g. <b>dirbu</b> = 'I work', (tu) <b>nori</b> = 'You want', <b>skaitome</b> = 'We read' (present tense). </p><p>The auxiliary verb <b>bū́ti</b> has two conjugations in the Present tense: an irregular one (based on <i>es-</i>/<i>yr-</i> stems) and a regular one (based on the <i>būn-</i> / <i>būv-</i> stem). The difference is that the stem <b>bū̃n-</b>/<b>bū̃v-</b> has an iterative meaning (to be frequently): <i>Mokiniaĩ yrà pasiruõšę</i> – <i>The pupils are ready</i>; <i>Mokiniaĩ bū̃na pasiruõšę</i> – <i>The pupils are often ready</i>. The 3rd person form <i>ẽsti</i> is semantically equivalent to <i>bū̃na</i> or <i>bū̃va</i>, but is rarely used in modern Lithuanian. The <i>bū̃v-</i> stem is very rare in modern Lithuanian. </p><p>In the <i>-i</i> conjugation type, the 1st person of singular loses the final stem vowel <i>-i</i>, but the last stem consonant becomes palatalized (the sound [ɪ] is absent in <i>nóriu</i> [n̪ôːrʲʊ], the letter <i>i</i> merely denotes palatalization). If the stem ends with a consonant <i>-d</i>, it becomes <i>-dž</i>: <i>girdėti</i> to hear → <i>girdi</i> he hears → <i>girdžiu</i> I hear. </p><p>The accentuation of all persons always corresponds to the accentuation of the 3rd person. The only exception is when its accented syllable is penultimate (excluding the reflexive formant <b>-si</b>) and has a short vowel (<b>bìjo</b> – he is afraid) or a rising tone (<b>skaĩto</b> – he reads, <b>praũsiasi</b> – he washes himself): in that case the <b>1st and the 2nd persons of singular</b> move the stress to the ending: <b>bijaũ, bijaĩ; skaitaũ, skaitaĩ; prausiúosi, prausíesi</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Past_tense">Past tense</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Past tense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is the basic tense in Lithuanian which describes past actions (ongoing or complete). Its forms and stress patterns are always derived from the 3rd person of the Past tense. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="1">dìrbti – to work </th> <th colspan="1">norė́ti – to want </th> <th colspan="1">skaitýti – to read </th> <th colspan="1">praũstis – to wash oneself </th> <th colspan="1">bū́ti – to be </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>I</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>au</b> </td> <td>nor<b>ė́jau</b> </td> <td>skaič<b>iaũ</b> </td> <td>praus<b>iaũsi</b> </td> <td>buv<b>aũ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (singular)</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>ai</b> </td> <td>nor<b>ė́jai</b> </td> <td>skait<b>eĩ</b> </td> <td>praus<b>eĩsi</b> </td> <td>buv<b>aĩ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>He/She/It</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>o</b> </td> <td>nor<b>ė́jo</b> </td> <td>skaĩt<b>ė</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>ėsi</b> </td> <td>bùv<b>o</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>We</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>ome</b> </td> <td>nor<b>ė́jome</b> </td> <td>skaĩt<b>ėme</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>ėmės</b> </td> <td>bùv<b>ome</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (plural)</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>ote</b> </td> <td>nor<b>ė́jote</b> </td> <td>skaĩt<b>ėte</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>ėtės</b> </td> <td>bùv<b>ote</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>They</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>o</b> </td> <td>nor<b>ė́jo</b> </td> <td>skaĩt<b>ė</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>ėsi</b> </td> <td>bùv<b>o</b> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>E.g. <b>dirbau</b> = 'I worked', <b>norėjai</b> = 'You wanted', <b>skaitėme</b> = 'We read' (past tense) </p><p>In the <i>-ė</i> conjugation type, the last stem consonant becomes palatalized. If the stem ends with a consonant <i>-t</i> or <i>-d</i>, in the 1st person of singular it becomes <i>-č</i> or <i>-dž</i> respectively: <i>kęsti</i> to suffer → <i>kentė</i> he suffered → <i>kenčiau</i> I suffered; <i>melsti</i> to beg → <i>meldė</i> he begged → <i>meldžiau</i> I begged. </p><p>The accentuation of all persons always corresponds to the accentuation of the 3rd person. The only exception is when its accented syllable is penultimate (excluding the reflexive formant <b>-si</b>) and has a short vowel (<b>bùvo</b> – he was) or a rising tone (<b>skaĩtė</b> – he read, <b>praũsėsi</b> – he washed himself): in that case the <b>1st and the 2nd persons of singular</b> move the stress to the ending: <b>buvaũ, buvaĩ; skaičiaũ, skaiteĩ; prausiaũsi, prauseĩsi</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Past_iterative_tense">Past iterative tense</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Past iterative tense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic meaning of this tense translates as "used to" in English. Its construction is simple: </p> <ul><li>Remove the infinitive ending <b>-ti</b> (the stress pattern is always the same as the infinitive).</li> <li>Add the suffix <b>-dav-</b> to the stem.</li> <li>Finally, add the corresponding ending of the past tense for the first conjugation.</li></ul> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="1">dìrbti – to work </th> <th colspan="1">norė́ti – to want </th> <th colspan="1">skaitýti – to read </th> <th colspan="1">praũstis – to wash oneself </th> <th colspan="1">bū́ti – to be </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>I</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>davau</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>davau</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>davau</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>davausi</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>davau</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (singular)</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>davai</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>davai</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>davai</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>davaisi</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>davai</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>He/She/It</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>davo</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>davo</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>davo</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>davosi</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>davo</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>We</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>davome</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>davome</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>davome</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>davomės</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>davome</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (plural)</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>davote</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>davote</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>davote</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>davotės</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>davote</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>They</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>davo</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>davo</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>davo</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>davosi</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>davo</b> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>E.g. <b>dirbdavau</b> = 'I used to work', <b>norėdavai</b> = 'You used to want', <b>skaitydavome</b> = 'We used to read' </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Future_tense">Future tense</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Future tense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This tense basically describes what will happen in the future. It is relatively simple to form: </p> <ul><li>Remove the <b>-ti</b> ending from the infinitive form of the verb.</li> <li>Add the <b>-s-</b> suffix which is used to form the Future Tense. Note, that <b>...š</b> or <b>...ž</b> + <b>-s-</b> assimilates to <b>š</b> without the final <i>s</i> (the infinitive <b>vežti</b> 'to transport' gives ve<b>šiu</b>, ve<b>ši</b>, ve<b>š</b> etc. in the Future Tense). In case the stem itself ends with a final <b>...s</b>, it is eliminated as well: <b>kąsti</b> (to bite) → <b>kąs</b>.</li> <li>Add the appropriate ending.</li> <li>All the persons in this tense are completely regular (and retain the stress position and intonation of the infinitive), except for the 3rd one. The latter of this tense changes depending on several rules:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>If the 3rd person's form is stressed in the final or the only syllable with a falling tone (without the inclusion of the reflexive formant <b>-is</b>), it is systematically replaced with a rising tone (<b>kalbė́ti</b> (to speak) → <b>kalbė̃s</b>, <b>pramogáuti</b> (to entertain oneself) → <b>pramogaũs</b>; <b>aukótis</b> (to sacrifice oneself) → <b>aukõsis</b> (the reflexive formant does not count)). This rule does not apply to cases when there the last syllable is not stressed (<b>sáugoti</b> (to protect) → <b>sáugos</b>).</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li>Primary verbs acquire a short vowel <b>i</b> or <b>u</b> (instead of long <b>y</b> or <b>ū</b>) when the infinitive and the present tense has a long vowel, but the past tense has a short vowel: (<b>lýti</b> (to rain): <b>lỹja</b>, <b>lìjo</b> → <b>lìs</b>; <b>pū́ti</b> (to rot): <b>pū̃va</b>, <b>pùvo</b> → <b>pùs</b>, most importantly: <b>bū́ti</b> (to be): <b>bū̃na</b>, <b>bùvo</b> → <b>bùs</b>).</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="1">dìrbti – to work </th> <th colspan="1">norė́ti – to want </th> <th colspan="1">skaitýti – to read </th> <th colspan="1">praũstis – to wash oneself </th> <th colspan="1">bū́ti – to be </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>I</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>siu</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>siu</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>siu</b> </td> <td>praũ<b>siuosi</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>siu</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (singular)</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>si</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>si</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>si</b> </td> <td>praũ<b>siesi</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>si</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>He/She/It</b> </td> <td>dir̃b<b>s</b> </td> <td>norė̃<b>s</b> </td> <td>skaitỹ<b>s</b> </td> <td>praũ<b>sis</b> </td> <td>bù<b>s</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>We</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>sime</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>sime</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>sime</b> </td> <td>praũ<b>simės</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>sime</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (plural)</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>site</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>site</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>site</b> </td> <td>praũ<b>sitės</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>site</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>They</b> </td> <td>dir̃b<b>s</b> </td> <td>norė̃<b>s</b> </td> <td>skaitỹ<b>s</b> </td> <td>praũ<b>sis</b> </td> <td>bù<b>s</b> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>E.g. <b>dirbsiu</b> = 'I shall work', <b>norėsi</b> = 'You will want', <b>skaitysime</b> = 'We shall read' </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Compound_tenses">Compound tenses</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Compound tenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compound tenses are periphrastic structures having temporal meanings usually relative to actions indicated by other verbs. Two groups of such tenses exist in modern Lithuanian: Perfect and Inchoative. All of them require an auxiliary verb <b>būti</b> (to be) in its respective form and an active voice participle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Perfect_tenses">Perfect tenses</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Perfect tenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four perfect tenses in Lithuanian (present, past, past iterative and future) which are all formed using the verb <b>būti</b> in its respective tense and person as well as the active <b>past simple</b> participle in its respective number and gender: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="1">Present perfect </th> <th colspan="1">Past perfect </th> <th colspan="1">Past iterative perfect </th> <th colspan="1">Future perfect </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>I</b> </td> <td>esu skaĩtęs / skaĩčiusi </td> <td>buvau skaitęs / skaičiusi </td> <td>būdavau skaitęs / skaičiusi </td> <td>būsiu skaitęs / skaičiusi </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (singular)</b> </td> <td>esi skaitęs / skaičiusi </td> <td>buvai skaitęs / skaičiusi </td> <td>būdavai skaitęs / skaičiusi </td> <td>būsi skaitęs / skaičiusi </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>He/She/It</b> </td> <td>yra skaitęs / skaičiusi </td> <td>buvo skaitęs / skaičiusi </td> <td>būdavo skaitęs / skaičiusi </td> <td>bus skaitęs / skaičiusi </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>We</b> </td> <td>esame skaĩtę / skaĩčiusios </td> <td>buvome skaitę / skaičiusios </td> <td>būdavome skaitę / skaičiusios </td> <td>būsime skaitę / skaičiusios </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (plural)</b> </td> <td>esate skaitę / skaičiusios </td> <td>buvote skaitę / skaičiusios </td> <td>būdavote skaitę / skaičiusios </td> <td>būsite skaitę / skaičiusios </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>They</b> </td> <td>yra skaitę / skaičiusios </td> <td>buvo skaitę / skaičiusios </td> <td>būdavo skaitę / skaičiusios </td> <td>bus skaitę / skaičiusios </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>These tenses (except for present perfect) correspond roughly to equivalent English perfect tenses (I had read / I will have read). They are used in various contexts for very different meanings, but they usually indicate an action that happened before another action said with another verb, noun or similar: <i>Tos knygos neėmiau, nes jau ją <b>buvau skaitęs</b></i> – <i>I didn't take that book because I <b>had already read</b> it</i>; <i>Po kelionės vaikai <b>bus labai pasiilgę</b> tėvų</i> – <i>After the trip the children <b>will have badly missed</b> their parents</i>. </p><p>They are also used for a generalized meaning not associated with a specific event (equivalent of English "Have you ever done it?"): <i>Ar esi buvęs Paryžiuje?</i> – <i>Have you ever been to Paris [any time in your life]?</i>; <i>Esu skaitęs, kad vaistai nuo peršalimo nepadeda</i> – <i>I read [some time ago] that pharmaceuticals are useless against common cold</i>. </p><p>Compare phrases: <i>Ar buvai Paryžiuje?</i> – <i>Were you in Paris [that day]?</i>; <i>Skaičiau, kad vaistai nuo peršalimo nepadeda</i> – <i>I read [that day, at a specific moment in my life] that pharmaceuticals are useless against common cold</i>. </p><p>The perfect tenses are a common feature of the Lithuanian language and are often used in all types of spoken and written speech. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Inchoative_tenses">Inchoative tenses</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Inchoative tenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three inchoative tenses in Lithuanian (past, past iterative and future) which are all formed using the verb <b>būti</b> in its respective tense and person, as well as the active <b>present</b> simple participle in its respective number and gender, complemented with the prefix <b>be-</b>. Note the absence of the present inchoative tense. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="1">Past inchoative </th> <th colspan="1">Past iterative inchoative </th> <th colspan="1">Future inchoative </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>I</b> </td> <td>buvau beskaitąs / beskaitanti </td> <td>būdavau beskaitąs / beskaitanti </td> <td>būsiu beskaitąs / beskaitanti </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (singular)</b> </td> <td>buvai beskaitąs / beskaitanti </td> <td>būdavai beskaitąs / beskaitanti </td> <td>būsi beskaitąs / beskaitanti </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>He/She/It</b> </td> <td>buvo beskaitąs / beskaitanti </td> <td>būdavo beskaitąs / beskaitanti </td> <td>bus beskaitąs / beskaitanti </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>We</b> </td> <td>buvome beskaitą / beskaitančios </td> <td>būdavome beskaitą / beskaitančios </td> <td>būsime beskaitą / beskaitančios </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (plural)</b> </td> <td>buvote beskaitą / beskaitančios </td> <td>būdavote beskaitą / beskaitančios </td> <td>būsite beskaitą / beskaitančios </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>They</b> </td> <td>buvo beskaitą / beskaitančios </td> <td>būdavo beskaitą / beskaitančios </td> <td>bus beskaitą / beskaitančios </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>These tenses mostly indicate an action that was interrupted by another action said with another verb. They correspond roughly to English "...was about to do something, when": <i>Tėvas <b>buvo beskaitąs</b> laikraštį, bet kažkas paskambino</i> – <i>The father <b>was about to read</b> a newspaper, but someone called</i>. </p><p>They can also indicate an action that have started and is still going on during another action (equivalent of English continuous tenses), but they are almost never used in such a way: <i>Kai grįši namo, motina <b>bus bemieganti</b></i> – <i>When you will get back home, the mother <b>will be sleeping</b></i>. </p><p>Inchoative tenses are not a part of common Lithuanian speech, their use is limited to literary language and even there only past inchoative tense is ever used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indirect_mood">Indirect mood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Indirect mood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The indirect mood in Lithuanian has all and the same tenses (including compound tenses) as the indicative mood, but is not conjugated. Instead of being composed of a conjugatable verb, they are made of pure active participle in nominative case, thus they must match the gender and number of the subject. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="1">Singular </th> <th colspan="1">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Present </th> <td>skaitą̃s, skaĩtanti </td> <td>skaitą̃, skaitančios </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past </th> <td>skaĩtęs, skaĩčiusi </td> <td>skaĩtę, skaĩčiusios </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past iterative </th> <td>skaitýdavęs, skaitýdavusi </td> <td>skaitýdavę, skaitýdavusios </td></tr> <tr> <th>Future </th> <td>skaitýsiąs, skaitýsianti </td> <td>skaitýsią, skaitýsiančios </td></tr> <tr> <th>Present perfect </th> <td>esą̃s skaĩtęs, ẽsanti skaĩčiusi </td> <td>esą̃ skaĩtę, ẽsančios skaĩčiusios </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past perfect </th> <td>bùvęs skaitęs, bùvusi skaĩčiusi </td> <td>bùvę skaitę, bùvusios skaĩčiusios </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past iterative perfect </th> <td>bū́davęs skaĩtęs, bū́davusi skaĩčiusi </td> <td>bū́davę skaĩtę, bū́davusios skaĩčiusios </td></tr> <tr> <th>Future perfect </th> <td>bū́siąs skaĩtęs, bū́sianti skaĩčiusi </td> <td>bū́sią skaĩtę, bū́siančios skaĩčiusios </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past inchoative </th> <td>bùvęs beskaitą̃s, bùvusi beskaĩtanti </td> <td>bùvę beskaitą̃, bùvusios beskaĩtančios </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past iterative inchoative </th> <td>bū́davęs beskaitą̃s, bū́davusi beskaĩtanti </td> <td>bū́davę beskaitą̃, bū́davusios beskaĩtančios </td></tr> <tr> <th>Future inchoative </th> <td>bū́siąs beskaitą̃s, bū́sianti beskaĩtanti </td> <td>bū́sią beskaitą̃, bū́siančios beskaĩtančios </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>The indirect mood of passive voice is also used. It is composed of an auxiliary active participle formed from the verb <i>būti</i> 'to be' and passive participle which is the main one. So, indirect mood of passive voice can only be compound. Both present and past passive participles are used. The indirect mood of passive voice has the following tenses: present (<i>esąs skaitomas</i>), present perfect (<i>esąs skaitytas</i>), past (<i>buvęs skaitomas</i>), past perfect (<i>buvęs skaitytas</i>), past iterative (<i>būdavęs skaitomas</i>), past iterative perfect (<i>būdavęs skaitytas</i>), future (<i>būsiąs skaitomas</i>), future perfect (<i>būsiąs skaitytas</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-žinynas_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-žinynas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The indirect mood, sometimes called "participle speech", has multiple uses, but primarily denote actions not experienced directly by the speaker and bearing a high degree of uncertainty: <i>Čia kažkada <b>stovėjusi</b> tvirtovė</i> – [I'm not really sure, it seems like] some time ago there <b>stood</b> a fortress here. </p><p>Another widely known use of the indirect mood is describing actions in fictional literature (especially folklore) (could be considered as an equivalent of French <a href="/wiki/Pass%C3%A9_simple" title="Passé simple">Passé simple</a>, except that in Lithuanian it is not limited to the past): <i>Kartą <b>gyvenęs</b> kalvis, kuris <b>turėjęs</b> du sūnus</i> – Once there <b>lived</b> a smith who <b>had</b> two sons. </p><p>In modern Lithuanian this mood is not very widely used, because other ways of expressing uncertainty and fictional events exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperative_mood">Imperative mood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Imperative mood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative mood</a> has three forms or tenses (simple, perfect and inchoative). The simple form of the 2nd person of singular, the 1st and the 2nd persons of plural is very regular: </p> <ul><li>Remove the infinitive ending -ti (the stress pattern is always the same as the infinitive).</li> <li>Add the suffix -k- to the stem.</li> <li>Finally, add the corresponding ending.</li></ul> <p>The 3rd person imperative is sometimes called the "optative mood" and has numerous equivalent forms: </p> <ul><li>By adding a simple grammatical prefix <b>te-</b> to the 3rd person of the present tense (<b>tedìrba</b> – let him work). Used moderately often.</li> <li>By adding a simple grammatical prefix <b>te-</b> to the 3rd person of the present tense and replacing the ending with <b>-ie</b> or <b>-ai</b> (<b>tedirbiẽ</b> – let him work, <b>teskaĩtai</b> – let him read). Obsolete / rare.</li> <li>By adding one of the particles <b>tè, tegùl, tegù, laĩ</b> before the 3rd person of the present tense (or sometimes the future tense): <b>tegùl dìrba</b> – let him work, <b>laĩ skaĩto</b> – let him read. Used very often.</li></ul> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="1">dìrbti – to work </th> <th colspan="1">norė́ti – to want </th> <th colspan="1">skaitýti – to read </th> <th colspan="1">praũstis – to wash oneself </th> <th colspan="1">bū́ti – to be </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>I</b> </td> <td colspan="5">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (singular)</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>k</b>(i) </td> <td>norė́<b>k</b>(i) </td> <td>skaitý<b>k</b>(i) </td> <td>praũs<b>kis</b> </td> <td>bū<b>k</b>(i) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>He/She/It</b> </td> <td><b>te</b>dirb<b>iẽ</b> / <b>te</b>dìrb<b>a</b> </td> <td><b>te</b>nor<b>iẽ</b> / <b>te</b>nór<b>i</b> </td> <td><b>te</b>skaĩt<b>ai</b> / <b>te</b>skaĩt<b>o</b> </td> <td><b>te</b>sipraus<b>iẽ</b> / <b>te</b>sipraũs<b>ia</b> </td> <td><b>te</b>es<b>iẽ</b> / <b>te</b>būn<b>iẽ</b> / <b>te</b>bùs </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>We</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>kime</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>kime</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>kime</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>kimės</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>kime</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (plural)</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>kite</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>kite</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>kite</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>kitės</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>kite</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>They</b> </td> <td><b>te</b>dirb<b>iẽ</b> / <b>te</b>dìrb<b>a</b> </td> <td><b>te</b>nor<b>iẽ</b> / <b>te</b>nór<b>i</b> </td> <td><b>te</b>skaĩt<b>ai</b> / <b>te</b>skaĩt<b>o</b> </td> <td><b>te</b>sipraus<b>iẽ</b> / <b>te</b>sipraũs<b>ia</b> </td> <td><b>te</b>es<b>iẽ</b> / <b>te</b>būn<b>iẽ</b> / <b>te</b>bùs </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>The imperative mood is used to describe an action that the speaker wants another person to do: <i><b>Duok</b> pinigų!</i> – Give me some money! <i>Iš pradžių <b>įleiskime</b> svečius.</i> – <b>Let us</b> at first <b>invite</b> the guests in. This mood is actively used in modern Lithuanian. </p><p>The 2nd person of singular has its ending <b>-i</b> only in poetry / fictional literature. The usage of this ending is usually an indication of poetic style. </p><p>The perfect and inchoative forms are composed of the auxiliary verb <b>būti</b> in its simple imperative form and of an active participle of the main verb, matched according to gender and number of the person: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="1">Perfect </th> <th colspan="1">Inchoative </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>I</b> </td> <td colspan="5">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (singular)</b> </td> <td>būk skaitęs / skaičiusi </td> <td>būk beskaitąs / beskaitainti </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>He/She/It</b> </td> <td>tebūnie skaitęs / skaičiusi </td> <td>tebūnie beskaitąs / beskaitainti </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>We</b> </td> <td>būkime skaitę / skaičiusios </td> <td>būkime beskaitą / beskaitainčios </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (plural)</b> </td> <td>būkite skaitę / skaičiusios </td> <td>būkite beskaitą / beskaitainčios </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>They</b> </td> <td>tebūnie skaitę / skaičiusios </td> <td>tebūnie beskaitą / beskaitančios </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Imperative perfect means an instruction of the speaker that has to be completed before some other event: <i>Pirmadienį jau <b>būkite apsisprendę</b></i> – Please <b>already have</b> your decision <b>made</b> by Monday. This form is actively used in modern Lithuanian. </p><p>Imperative inchoative means an instruction of the speaker that has to be started before some other event and continued afterwards: <i>Kai grįšiu, <b>būkite bedirbą</b></i> – When I'll come back, please <b>be working</b>. This form is obsolete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conditional_mood">Conditional mood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Conditional mood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conditional mood has three forms or tenses (simple, perfect and inchoative). It is very regular to form: </p> <ul><li>Remove the infinitive suffix -ti (the stress pattern is always the same as the infinitive).</li> <li>Add the respective suffix and ending.</li></ul> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="1">dìrbti – to work </th> <th colspan="1">norė́ti – to want </th> <th colspan="1">skaitýti – to read </th> <th colspan="1">praũstis – to wash oneself </th> <th colspan="1">bū́ti – to be </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>I</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>čiau</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>čiau</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>čiau</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>čiausi</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>čiau</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (singular)</b><sup>1</sup> </td> <td>dìrb<b>tum(ei)</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>tum(ei)</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>tum(ei)</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>tumeisi</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>tum(ei)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>He/She/It</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>tų</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>tų</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>tų</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>tųsi</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>tų</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>We</b><sup>2</sup> </td> <td>dìrb<b>tu(mė)me</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>tu(mė)me</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>tu(mė)me</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>tu(mė)mės</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>tu(mė)me</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (plural)</b><sup>2,3</sup> </td> <td>dìrb<b>tu(mė)te</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>tu(mė)te</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>tu(mė)te</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>tu(mė)tės</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>tu(mė)te</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>They</b> </td> <td>dìrb<b>tų</b> </td> <td>norė́<b>tų</b> </td> <td>skaitý<b>tų</b> </td> <td>praũs<b>tųsi</b> </td> <td>bū́<b>tų</b> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><sup>1</sup>The longer form with the ending <b>-ei</b> is used very rarely in modern Lithuanian.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><sup>2</sup>In modern colloquial speech the shorter forms actually retain the <b>-mė-</b> syllable, but remove the final <b>-e</b> (except for reflexive verbs): <b>dirbtumėm, skaitytumėt</b>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><sup>3</sup>A shorter form without <b>-mė-</b> does exist, but is used very rarely.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>This mood is actively used in modern Lithuanian and one of its functions corresponds to the English conditional mood. The conditional mood is used to describe a hypothetical action that could take place if certain conditions were met (hence the name) or a desired action in present or in future: <i>Panaikinus muitus, <b>sumažėtų</b> prekių kainos</i> – Having eliminated customs duties, prices <b>would go</b> down. Conditional mood is used in conditional (<i>if</i>) sentences; this usage requires conditional mood in subordinate and main clauses if both actions are perceived as hypothetical: <i>Visi <b>laimėtų</b>, jeigu <b>priimtumėte</b> šį pasiūlymą.</i> – There <b>would be</b> a win-win situation for everyone if you <b>accepted</b> this offer. </p><p>Another very important function of conditional mood is the expression of purpose in <a href="/wiki/Final_clause" title="Final clause">final clauses</a> (corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">Subjunctive mood</a> in English): <i>Dirbu viršvalandžius, kad <b>uždirbčiau</b> daugiau.</i> – I work extra hours so that I <b>earn</b> more. </p><p>The third function of conditional mood is the expression of politeness: <i><b>Siūlyčiau</b> panagrinėti šią temą kitu kampu.</i> – <b>I would like to suggest</b> to examine this topic from a different angle. </p><p>The perfect and inchoative forms are composed of the auxiliary verb <b>būti</b> in its simple conditional form and of an active participle of the main verb, matched according to gender and number of the person: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th colspan="1">Perfect </th> <th colspan="1">Inchoative </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>I</b> </td> <td>būčiau skaitęs / skaičiusi </td> <td>būčiau beskaitąs / beskaitainti </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (singular)</b> </td> <td>būtum skaitęs / skaičiusi </td> <td>būtum beskaitąs / beskaitainti </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>He/She/It</b> </td> <td>būtų skaitęs / skaičiusi </td> <td>būtų beskaitąs / beskaitainti </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>We</b> </td> <td>būtume skaitę / skaičiusios </td> <td>būtume beskaitą / beskaitainčios </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>You (plural)</b> </td> <td>būtumėte skaitę / skaičiusios </td> <td>būtumėte beskaitą / beskaitainčios </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>They</b> </td> <td>būtų skaitę / skaičiusios </td> <td>būtų beskaitą / beskaitančios </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Conditional perfect is actively used in modern Lithuanian. It means a hypothetical action in the past that would have taken place if certain conditions had been met (corresponds to the semantically equivalent <a href="/wiki/Conditional_perfect#English" title="Conditional perfect">form in English</a>): <i>Vadovas <b>būtų pritaręs</b> renginiui, bet niekas nerodė iniciatyvos.</i> – The leader <b>would have approved</b> the event, but nobody showed initiative. </p><p>Inchoative conditional means an action that could have started in the past and continued until present if certain conditions were met: <i>Jei jis būtų paklaũsęs mano patarimo, šiandien <b>būtų besimáudąs</b> turtuose.</i> – If he had listened to my advice, today he <b>would be rolling</b> in money. This form is obsolete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive_voice">Passive voice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Passive voice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Lithuanian, passive voice is always analytical and structured differently from the active voice. Passive voice has no <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect tense</a> and no <a href="/wiki/Inchoative_aspect" title="Inchoative aspect">inchoative aspect</a>, because similar semantic relationships can be expressed by the present or past passive participle dichotomy. </p><p>Passive voice is always composed of the auxiliary verb <b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C5%ABti#Lithuanian">būti</a></b> in its respective tense or person and either a <b>present passive participle</b> or a <b>past passive participle</b> that must match the gender and number of the subject. Sometimes the necessity participle can be used as well. In order to avoid redundancy, the following table only includes the masculine third person, singular. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>  </th> <th colspan="1">Present passive </th> <th colspan="1">Past passive </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Indicative mood </th> <th>Present </th> <td>yra baigiamas </td> <td>yra baigtas </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past </th> <td>bùvo baĩgiamas </td> <td>buvo baigtas<sup>1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past iterative </th> <td>bū́davo baigiamas </td> <td>būdavo baigtas </td></tr> <tr> <th>Future </th> <td>bùs baigiamas </td> <td>bus baigtas </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Indirect mood </th> <th>Present </th> <td>esą̃s baigiamas </td> <td>esąs baigtas </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past </th> <td>bùvęs baigiamas </td> <td>buvęs baigtas<sup>1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past iterative </th> <td>bū́davęs baigiamas </td> <td>būdavęs baigtas </td></tr> <tr> <th>Future </th> <td>bū́siąs baigiamas </td> <td>būsiąs baigtas </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Imperative mood </th> <td>tebūnie baigiamas </td> <td>tebūnie baigtas </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Conditional mood </th> <td>būtų baigiamas </td> <td>būtų baigtas </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><sup>1</sup>This form for all persons can expressed using the passive (invariable) neuter gender participle <b>bū́ta</b> instead of the active participle <b>bùvęs</b>, usually for intransitive verbs: <i>Prieš tai mes <b>buvome [buvę] apsilankę</b> muziejuje → Prieš tai mūsų <b>būta apsilankyta</b> muziejuje.</i> – Before that we <b>had gone</b> to a museum → Before that <b>it had been gone</b> by us to a museum. This structure is rarely used in modern Lithuanian.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>The subject of the active voice is converted to the passive voice using its <b>possessive</b> genitive form (hence <b>aš, tu</b> (I, you) converts not into <b>manęs, tavęs</b>, but <b>mano, tavo</b>): <i>Vaikus pagimdei <b>tu</b>, bet užauginau <b>aš</b> → Vaikai buvo <b>tavo</b> pagimdyti, bet <b>mano</b> užauginti.</i> – <b>You</b> gave birth to the children, but <b>I</b> raised them → The children were given birth by <b>you</b>, but raised by <b>me</b>. The possessive adjectives are indeclinable.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passive voice structures with <b>present</b> participle are the passive equivalents of active voice <b>simple</b> tenses: <i>Mokslininkai atranda tolimas planetas → Tolimos planetos yra mokslininkų atrandamos</i> – Scientists discover distant planets → Distant planets are being discovered by scientists. <i>Kaime bijodavo vilkų → Kaime būdavo bijoma vilkų</i> – Village [people] used to fear wolves → Wolves used to be feared by village [people]. </p><p>Passive voice structures with <b>past</b> participle are the passive equivalents of active voice <b>perfect</b> tenses: <i>Siuntinį paštas bus pristatęs iki Kalėdų → Siuntys bus pašto pristatytas iki Kalėdų</i> – The post office will have delivered the parcel until Christmas → The parcel will have been delivered by the post office until Christmas. <i>Už tokį poelgį tave būtų pagerbę → Už tokį poelgį būtum pagerbtas</i> – One would have praised you for such a behaviour → You would have been praised for such a behaviour. </p><p>Because of the flexibility offered by the neuter gender, in Lithuanian most active voice structures can be converted into passive voice, including intransitive, reflexive and even impersonal verbs. A transitive example (some or most of the English translations are literal, do not make sense in English and are shown only to give an idea): </p> <ul><li><i>Tinginys valgo duoną → Duona yra tinginio valgoma</i> – A lazy one is eating bread → Bread is being eaten by a lazy one.</li> <li>An intransitive example: <i>Vaikai smagiai pažais ir nueis miegoti → Vaikų bus smagiai pažaista ir nueita miegoti</i> – Children will play pleasantly and then go to sleep → It we be played pleasantly and then gone to sleep by children.</li> <li>A reflexive example: <i>Šeimos pykdavosi dėl menkniekių → Šeimose būdavo pykstamasi dėl menkniekių</i> – The families used to quarrel for nothing → It used to be quarrelled in the families for nothing.</li> <li>An impersonal example: <i>Po vakarykštės audros daug prilijo → Po vakarykštės audros daug prilyta</i> – There is a lot of rain water after yesterday's storm – It has been a lot of rain water after yesterday's storm.</li></ul> <p>Generally in modern Lithuanian absence of the subject has a very limited use (except for impersonal verbs). In cases where an active voice structure would have no subject or there is no need for it (except for impersonal verbs), a passive voice equivalent is used instead: <i>Čia nerūko! → Čia nerūkoma!</i> – [Nobody] smokes here! → No smoking here! (The subject would be too broad). <i>Skubiai išnuomoja dviejų kambarių butą. → Skubiai išnuomojamas dviejų kambarių butas.</i> [Someone] is urgently renting a two-room apartment. → A two-room apartment is urgently for rent. (The subject is not necessary). </p><p>The opposite case is true as well. If a passive voice structure has an agent expressed in the genitive case, an active voice structure is preferred: <i>Pilietinė visuomenė turi būti skatinama vyriausybės.</i> → (more common) <i>Vyriausybė turi skatinti pilietinę visuomenę.</i> – A civil society should be promoted by the government. → The government should promote a civil society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participles">Participles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Participles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lithuanian retains a rich system of participles, fourteen in total. In contrast English contains just two: the present participle ("the eating cow") and the past participle ("the eaten cow"). </p><p>Adjectival participles decline as adjectives, while adverbial participles are not declined.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1984_3/84_3_05.htm">[2]</a>. </p><p>In Lithuanian participles are very important part of every type of speech. All of them have their own function, but not all are used equally often. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adjectival_participles">Adjectival participles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Adjectival participles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjectival participles have all the adjectival characteristics: three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), pronominal forms, mostly identical declension and sometimes even degrees of comparison. Their primary function is to describe a nominal part of speech (usually a noun), like any adjective would in their position, hence they are matched by gender, case and number with the noun they are describing. </p><p>They can be <b>active</b> or <b>passive</b>. In the following tables only nominative case forms are given. </p><p>The verb used is <b>baĩgti</b> (to finish). </p><p><b>Active</b> (non pronominal forms): </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="3">Simple </th> <th colspan="3">Reflexive </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Feminine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Feminine</th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Present </th> <td>baigią̃s / baĩgiantis</td> <td>baĩgianti</td> <td>baigią̃</td> <td>besibaigią̃s / besibaĩgiantis / baĩgiąsis</td> <td>besibaĩgianti / baĩgiantis</td> <td>besibaigią̃ / baigią̃si </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past </th> <td>baĩgęs</td> <td>baĩgusi</td> <td>baĩgę</td> <td>baĩgęsis</td> <td>baĩgusis</td> <td>baĩgęsi </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past iterative </th> <td>baĩgdavęs</td> <td>baĩgdavusi</td> <td>baĩgdavę</td> <td>baĩgdavęsis</td> <td>baĩgdavusis</td> <td>baĩgdavęsi </td></tr> <tr> <th>Future </th> <td>baigsią̃s / baĩgsiantis</td> <td>baĩgsianti</td> <td>baigsią̃</td> <td>baĩgsiąsis</td> <td>baĩgsiantis</td> <td>baĩgsiąsi </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><b>Active</b> (pronominal counterparts): </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="3">Simple </th> <th colspan="3">Reflexive </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Feminine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Feminine</th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Present </th> <td>baigiantỹsis</td> <td>baigiančióji</td> <td>–</td> <td>besibaigiantỹsis</td> <td>besibaigiančióji</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past </th> <td>baigusỹsis</td> <td>baigusióji</td> <td>–</td> <td>(pa)sibaigusỹsis<sup>1</sup></td> <td>(pa)sibaigusióji<sup>1</sup></td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past iterative </th> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Future </th> <td>baigsiantỹsis</td> <td>baigsiančióji</td> <td>–</td> <td>(pa)sibaigsiantỹsis<sup>1</sup></td> <td>(pa)sibaigsiančióji<sup>1</sup></td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><sup>1</sup>This form only exists for verbs with prefixes (except for <b>be-</b>).</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>One of the main functions of active participles is to describe a characteristic of a noun related to some ongoing, past or future action in which the said noun is the agent: <i>migruojantys paukščiai</i> – migrating birds, <i>nepatyręs vairuotojas</i> – inexperienced driver, <i>pablogėsiančios darbo sąlygos</i> – working conditions that will worsen. Only present, past simple and future active participles can fulfill this function.</li> <li>Another function of active participles is to describe a <b>secondary action</b> performed by the <b>sentence subject</b> before the main action: <i><b>Atidariusi</b> langą mergina grožėjosi tekančia saule.</i> – Having opened the window, the girl admired the sunrise. This function is limited to the past simple participle and is one of its most common uses. If there is a need to describe a secondary action performed <b>by the sentence subject</b> <b>at the same time</b> as the main action, the <i>pusdalyvis</i> must be used instead (present active participle does not have this function): <i><b>Atidarydama</b> langą mergina grožėjosi tekančia saule.</i> – While opening the window, the girl admired the sunrise. See "Adverbial participles" for further explanation.</li> <li>The third, a somewhat rarer, function is to explain (precise) another verb by indicating a secondary action of which the subject is the agent: <i>Kaltinamasis prisipažįsta <b>padaręs</b> nusikaltimą ir labai dėl to gailisi.</i> – The defendant confesses <b>having committed</b> the crime and sincerely regrets it. If the subject is not the agent <b>expressed in the nominative case of a noun or a pronoun</b>, an adverbial participle must be used instead.</li></ul> <p><b>Passive</b> (non pronominal forms): </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="3">Simple </th> <th colspan="3">Reflexive </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Feminine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Feminine</th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Present </th> <td>baĩgiamas</td> <td>baigiamà</td> <td>baĩgiama</td> <td>(už)sibaĩgiamas<sup>2</sup></td> <td>(už)sibaigiamà<sup>2</sup></td> <td>baĩgiamasi </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past </th> <td>baĩgtas</td> <td>baigtà</td> <td>baĩgta</td> <td>(už)sìbaigtas<sup>2</sup></td> <td>(už)sibaigtà<sup>2</sup></td> <td>baĩgtasi </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past iterative </th> <td colspan="6" style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Future </th> <td>baĩgsimas</td> <td>baigsimà</td> <td>baĩgsima</td> <td>(už)sibaĩgsimas<sup>2</sup></td> <td>(už)sibaigsimà<sup>2</sup></td> <td>baĩgsimasi </td></tr> <tr> <th>Necessity </th> <td>baĩgtinas</td> <td>baigtinà</td> <td>baĩgtina</td> <td>(už)sibaĩgtinas<sup>2</sup></td> <td>(už)sibaigtinà<sup>2</sup></td> <td>baĩgtinasi </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p><b>Passive</b> (pronominal counterparts): </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="3">Simple </th> <th colspan="3">Reflexive </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Feminine</th> <th>Neuter</th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Feminine</th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Present </th> <td>baigiamàsis</td> <td>baigiamóji</td> <td>–</td> <td>(už)sibaigiamàsis<sup>2</sup></td> <td>(už)sibaigiamóji<sup>2</sup></td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past </th> <td>baigtàsis</td> <td>baigtóji</td> <td>–</td> <td>(už)sibaigtàsis<sup>2</sup></td> <td>(už)sibaigtóji<sup>2</sup></td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past iterative </th> <td colspan="6" style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Future </th> <td>baigsimàsis</td> <td>baigsimóji</td> <td>–</td> <td>(už)sibaigsimàsis<sup>2</sup></td> <td>(už)sibaigsimóji<sup>2</sup></td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Necessity </th> <td>baigtinàsis</td> <td>baigtinóji</td> <td>–</td> <td>(už)sibaigtinàsis<sup>2</sup></td> <td>(už)sibaigtinóji<sup>2</sup></td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><sup>2</sup>This form only exists for transitive verbs with prefixes (except for <b>be-</b>). In Lithuanian reflexive verbs can be transitive: <i>susipinti plaukus</i> – to plait one's hair [to oneself].</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Passive voice present participles and the necessity participles can acquire degrees of comparison if their meaning allows it: <b>mėgti</b> (to like) → <b>liked</b> (favourite), <b>mėgstamesnis</b> (more liked), <b>mėgstamiausias</b> (most liked/favorite); <b>būti</b> (to be) → <b>būtinas</b> (necessary), <b>būtinesnis</b> (more necessary), <b>būtiniausias</b> (the most necessary). </p><p>The necessity participles are used to describe something that has to be done: <i><b>Įsidėmėtinos</b> rašybos atvejis</i> – A spelling case <b>one has to pay special attention to</b>. <i><b>Abejotina</b>, ar mums pavyks</i> – <b>It is to be doubted</b> if we succeed. Mostly limited to official styles, but certain participles are actively used in colloquial speech as well, some of them being considered more adjectives than verbs: <i>Jis suimtas už <b>pasibaisėtiną</b> elgesį su gyvūnais</i> – He was arrested for an <b>appalling</b> behaviour with animals. (Pasibaisėtinas = one that has to be detested). </p><p>Main passive participles mainly denote actions that have impact upon nouns they describe: <i>statomas namas</i> – a house that is being built, <i>iškeltas klausimas</i> – a question that has been raised, <i>vykdysimas įsakymas</i> – an order that will be obeyed. Future passive participles are rare in modern speech. </p><p>Present passive participles very often have an active meaning, especially if the verb is intransitive, and are one of the terminology building tools: <i>kuliamoji mašina</i> – a <a href="/wiki/Threshing_machine" title="Threshing machine">threshing machine</a>, <i>taupomasis bankas</i> – a <a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">savings bank</a>, <i>grįžtamasis ryšys</i> – a <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a>. If the verb is transitive, it can be used in its intransitive meaning in form of a present passive participle: <i>gydomasis vanduo</i> – healing water. Compare: <i>geriamasis vanduo</i> – drinking water. The difference in those cases is only semantic (water cannot be <i>healed</i>, thus it is accepted that <i>gydomasis vanduo</i> denotes <i>water having healing properties</i>, but not <i>water being healed</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adverbial_participles">Adverbial participles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Adverbial participles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the name suggests, adverbial participles have the characteristics of an adverb and are used to describe the verb instead of the subject. There are three types of such participles: <i>padalyvis</i> ("sub-participle"), <i>pusdalyvis</i> ("half-participle") and <i>būdinys</i> ("descriptive participle"). These forms are not conjugatable, although the <i>pusdalyvis</i> has feminine and masculine genders for both singular and plural. These forms do not have equivalents in English or other languages (except Latvian), the given translations of these names are <i>ad hoc</i>. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Simple </th> <th>Reflexive </th></tr> <tr> <th>Present <i>padalyvis</i> </th> <td>baĩgiant</td> <td>baĩgiantis </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past <i>padalyvis</i> </th> <td>baĩgus</td> <td>baĩgusis </td></tr> <tr> <th>Past iterative <i>padalyvis</i> </th> <td>baĩgdavus</td> <td>baĩgdavusis </td></tr> <tr> <th>Future <i>padalyvis</i> </th> <td>baĩgsiant</td> <td>baĩgsiantis </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>Pusdalyvis</i> </th> <td>baĩgdamas (<abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr> <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr>), baigdamà (<abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr> <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr>)</td> <td>baĩgdamasis (<abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr> <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr>), baĩgdamasi (<abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr> <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>baigdamì (<abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr> <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>), baĩgdamos (<abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr> <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>)</td> <td>baĩgdamiesi (<abbr title="masculine">m.</abbr> <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>), baĩgdomosi (<abbr title="feminine">f.</abbr> <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Būdinys</i> (I) </th> <td>baigtè</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Būdinys</i> (II) </th> <td>baigtinaĩ</td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ul><li>The primary function of the <i>padalyvis</i> is to indicate an action that is happening at the same time (present <i>padalyvis</i>) or before (past <i>padalyvis</i>) the event said with the main verb, <b>of which the sentence subject is not the agent</b>: <i>Lauko darbus mes dirbome saulei <b>šviečiant</b></i> (present <i>padalyvis</i>) – We were doing the field works <b>the sun shining</b>; <i>Skaniai <b>pavalgius</b> malonu pamiegoti</i> (past <i>padalyvis</i>) – <i><b>Having eaten</b> a delicious meal, it is pleasant to take a nap</i>.</li> <li>The primary function of the <i>pusdalyvis</i> is to indicate a simultaneous, but secondary action <b>done by the sentence subject</b> in nominative case (it must be matched according to gender and number with the said subject): <i>Lauko darbus <b>mes</b> dirbome <b>dainuodami</b></i> – We were doing the field works <b>while singing</b>. In this case the present <i>padalyvis</i> participle can be used as well: <i>Lauko darbus <b>mes</b> dirbome <b>dainuojant</b></i>, but this time the sentence will mean: We were doing the field works <b>while someone else was singing</b>. A secondary action done previously <b>by the sentence subject</b> can be expressed with adjectival past simple participle: <i>Lauko darbus <b>mes</b> dirbome <b>padainavę</b></i> – We were doing the field works <b>having sung</b>. When used with the preposition <i>prieš</i> (<i>before</i>), <i>pusdalyvis</i> and <i>padalyvis</i> denote a secondary action in future: <i>Lauko darbus <b>mes</b> dirbome <b>prieš dainuodami</b></i>. – We were doing the field works <b>before singing</b>. <i>Lauko darbus <b>mes</b> dirbome <b>prieš dainuojant</b></i>. – We were doing the field works <b>before someone else started to sing</b>.</li></ul> <p>This table shows the participle usage in temporal <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_phrase" title="Adverbial phrase">adverbial phrases</a>: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Past action </th> <th>Simultaneous action </th> <th>Future action </th></tr> <tr> <th>Sentence subject is the agent </th> <td>Past simple adjectival participle </td> <td><i>Pusdalyvis</i> </td> <td>Prieš + <i>pusdalyvis</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sentence subject is not the agent </th> <td>Past <i>padalyvis</i> </td> <td>Present <i>padalyvis</i> </td> <td>Prieš + <i>padalyvis</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ul><li>Another function of the <i>padalyvis</i> is to explain (precise) another verb by indicating a secondary action <b>of which the subject is not the agent</b>: <i>Vartydamas seną albumą, prisiminiau mus šiame ežere <b>maudydavusis</b></i> – While seing an old photo album, I remembered us <b>having used to swim</b> in this lake. If the subject <i>is the agent</i>, an adjectival participle must be used instead.</li></ul> <p>This table shows the participle usage as an <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Simultaneous action </th> <th>Past action </th> <th>Multiple actions in the past </th> <th>Future action </th></tr> <tr> <th>Sentence subject is the agent </th> <td>Present adjectival active participle </td> <td>Past simple adjectival active participle </td> <td>Past iterative adjectival active participle </td> <td>Future adjectival active participle </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sentence subject is not the agent </th> <td>Present <i>padalyvis</i> </td> <td>Past <i>padalyvis</i> </td> <td>Past iterative <i>padalyvis</i> </td> <td>Future <i>padalyvis</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <i>būdinys</i> (the descriptive or intensifying participle) reinforces the meaning of the verb being described: <i><b>Šaukte</b> šaukiausi pagalbos, niekas neatsiliepė</i> – I was shouting <b>loudly</b> for help, nobody answered. Type I <i>būdinys</i> is used relatively often in some written and colloquial speech. Type II <i>būdinys</i> is very rare and can only be found in literary language. Their primary function is the same. In some grammars they are not considered verbs, but adverbs derived from verbs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammatical_aspect">Grammatical aspect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Grammatical aspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Lithuanian verbs can be characterized by their <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> which can be either perfective or imperfective. Nevertheless, this important dichotomy is semantical, rather than expressed by purely grammatical means.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formally distinguishing an imperfective verb from its perfective counterpart is not possible, since those forms are not mutually exclusive or interdependent. Moreover, certain grammatical categories (like past iterative tense) automatically negate any perfectiveness a certain verb might have in infinitive or in other tenses. The opposite is true as well: a different tense (like an inchoative or perfect tense) of an otherwise imperfective verb automatically grants a perfective meaning. Contrary to <a href="/wiki/Slavonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavonic languages">modern Slavonic languages</a>, each and every Lithuanian verb, in spite of its aspect, has all tenses and forms described in previous chapters of this article. </p><p>Nevertheless, certain very general rules can be laid down to detect the aspect of a verb in Lithuanian. </p><p>The <b>imperfective aspect</b> of a verb means the continuity of an action or a repetitiveness of a completed action. The imperfective aspect can sometimes be implied by: </p> <ul><li>The absence of a prefix for certain verbs: <b>dìrbti</b> – to be working, <b>šaũkti</b> – to be shouting, <b>krìsti</b> – to be falling.</li> <li>The presence of a suffix (except for <i>-er(ė)ti</i>, <i>-el(ė)ti</i>) combined with the absence of a prefix for certain verbs: <b>maldáuti</b> – to be begging, <b>mė́tyti</b> – to be throwing [multiple times], <b>šokinė́ti</b> – to be jumping [constantly, multiple times].</li> <li>The impossibility for certain verbs to be used without a prefix: <b>užgaulióti</b> – to be bullying, <b>pãsakoti</b> – to be telling a story.</li> <li>The complete or partial change of meaning for certain prefixed verbs: <b>priklausýti</b> – to be in possession (from <b>klausýti</b> – to listen), <b>pakę̃sti</b> – to tolerate (from <b>kę̃sti</b> – to suffer), <b>atsidúoti</b> – to be stinking (from <b>dúoti</b> – to give).</li> <li>For some prefixed verbs that merely indicate the ability to do something: <b>panèšti</b> – to be able to carry, <b>nusėdė́ti</b> – to be able to sit.</li></ul> <p>The <b>perfective aspect</b> of a verb means the completeness of an action. The perfective aspect can sometimes be implied by: </p> <ul><li>The presence of a prefix for certain verbs: <b>padìrbti</b> – to work for a certain amount of time, <b>pašaũkti</b> – to call, <b>nukrìsti</b> – to fall. There are very few perfective prefixed verbs that would distinguish themselves from their imperfective unprefixed counterparts only by their perfective meaning, since any prefix almost always has a semantical nuance.</li> <li>The presence of the suffix <i>-er(ė)ti</i> or <i>-el(ė)ti</i>: <b>dìrsterėti</b> – to take a glimpse, <b>kúoktelėti</b> – to become insane.</li></ul> <p>In other cases the aspect is contextual. This might sometimes be implied by: </p> <ul><li>The absence of a suffix and a prefix for certain verbs:</li></ul> <dl><dd>– <b>mèsti</b> – to throw:</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Vakar mečiau darbą</i> – I quit my job yesterday. (perfective)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Visas senas knygas jis metė į šiukšlių dėžę</i> – He was throwing all the old books to the trash bin. (imperfective)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>– <b>grį̃žti</b> – to come back:</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Grįžęs namo, virtuvėje rasi sriubos.</i> – Having come back home, you'll find some soup in the kitchen. (perfective)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Grįžtu namo, kol saulė dar nenusileido</i> – I'm going home as the sun is not yet down. (imperfective)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>A specific tense in some other cases:</li></ul> <dl><dd>– <b>laimė́ti</b> – to win:</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Kol kas mūsų komanda laimi</i> – For the meantime our team is winning. (present tense, imperfective)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>mūsų komanda laimėjo dideliu skirtumu</i> – Our team [has] won by a big difference. (past simple tense, perfective)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_prefixes">Verb prefixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Verb prefixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_usage_notes">General usage notes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: General usage notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prefixes are added to verbs to make new verbs that have different color of the primary verb's meaning. The new verb and the primary verb are considered different words, taking different positions in vocabularies. However their meanings are related, often showing similarity to being forms of a single verb. In many instances a prefixed verb has no apparent semantical relationship with the primary verb. Prefixes have mostly restrictive sense, so they restrict the meaning of the primary not prefixed verb to certain direction, amount or limit of time. </p> <ul><li><b>ap-</b> round (direction, perfective), about, around</li> <li><i>api-</i> is a variant of <i>ap-</i> before <i>b</i> or <i>p</i></li> <li><b>at-</b> off; from, from somewhere (direction; place, perfective); at (with 'moving towards' verbs)</li> <li><i>ati-</i> is a variant of <i>at-</i> before <i>d</i> or <i>t</i></li> <li><b>į-</b> in (direction, perfective), into, be able to (imperfective)</li> <li><b>iš-</b> out (direction, perfective), ex-</li> <li><b>nu-</b> away (direction), from the start place (action with some direction, perfective); down</li> <li><b>pa-</b> sub-, under (direction, perfective); definite, terminating on continuous (< after), a bit, slightly, some time (time or amount, imperfective), till end (for single actions, cf <i>su-</i>, time or amount, perfective) <ul><li>ima - 'it takes'</li> <li>pa-ima - 'it takes and finishes it'</li> <li>ėmė - 'it was taking', 'it has been taking', 'it had been taking'</li> <li>pa-ėmė - 'it took'</li></ul></li> <li><b>par-</b> back, similar to English (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>) <i>re-</i> (with some differences; perfective)</li> <li><b>per-</b> through (place, perfective), over, across, thoroughly, completely (perfective)</li> <li><b>pra-</b> by (direction, perfective), through, between, starting (time, perfective rarely)</li> <li><b>pri-</b> up, to (direction or place, perfective), close to, to the place (of the action) (place, perfective), much, many (amount, sometimes perfective)</li> <li><b>su-</b> together (place, perfective), from everywhere (direction), till end (time, perfective), completely (long or complex action, perfective)</li> <li><b>už-</b> on (direction or place), completely (short action, cf. <i>su-</i>, perfective)</li> <li><b>už-</b> behind (direction, perfective), in (for limited time, cf <i>į-</i>) (direction and time, perfective), suddenly, unexpectedly (time, perfective)</li></ul> <p>There are also three special modifying prefixes that can be used with other prefixed or unprefixed (including reflexive) verbs. They define different forms of the same verb, rather than a new verb: </p> <ul><li><i>ne-</i> is a prefix that makes <a href="/wiki/Negative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative mood">negative form</a> of a verb: <b>turiù</b> – I have, <b>neturiù</b> – I haven't.</li> <li><i>be-</i> says that an action of a verb:</li></ul> <dl><dd>– takes an undefined amount of time: <i>Šitaip bedirbant galima susigadinti sveikatą</i> – Working [for a long time] like that one can damage one's health. This function allows <i>be-</i> to be used as a dummy prefix for reflexive present tense participles. In that case the reflexive formant moves right after the prefix, thus avoiding the formation of a complex reflexive ending: <i>džiaũgtis</i> – to rejoice → <i>džiaũgiantisis</i> – the one (<abbr title="masculine">masc.</abbr>, <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr> nominative) who rejoices, but more commonly: <i>besidžiaũgiantis</i>. Other forms besides nominative (<i>džiaũgiančiasis</i> – the ones (<abbr title="feminine">fem.</abbr>, <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> accusative) who rejoice) are not used at all in favour of <i>besidžiaũgiančias</i> etc.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>– may be interrupted (see "<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Inchoative_tenses">Inchoative tenses</a>");</dd></dl> <dl><dd>– is restrictive (a combination of English "only" and "still"): <i>Ligoninėje jį motina beaplanko</i> – Only his mother still visits him to the hospital.</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>te-</i> indicates:</li></ul> <dl><dd>– that an action of a verb is restrictive (equivalent of English "only"): <i>Ligoninėje jį motina teaplanko</i> – Only his mother visits him to the hospital;</dd></dl> <dl><dd>– the 3rd person of the imperative mood (see "<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Imperative_mood">Imperative mood</a>").</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>tebe-</i> indicates that an action of a verb is still ongoing (equivalent of English "still"): <i>Ligoninėje jį motina tebeaplanko</i> – His mother still visits him to the hospital.</li> <li><i>nebe-</i> indicates that an action of a verb is no longer ongoing (equivalent of English "no longer"): <i>Ligoninėje jo motina nebeaplanko</i> – His mother no longer visits him to the hospital.</li> <li>A verb cannot acquire more than one prefix, except for <i>ne-</i>, <i>te-</i>, <i>be-</i>, <i>nebe-</i> or <i>tebe-</i>. Only very few words are exception from this.</li> <li>The indicator of <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">reflexion</a> <i>-si</i> is used between the prefix and the root if the verb is prefixed, e. g.</li></ul> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p> <i>nẽšasi</i> but <i>nusìneša</i>, <i>atsìneša</i><br />  <i>laikýtis</i> but <i>susilaikýti</i>, <i>pasilaikýti</i><br />  <i>teiráutis</i> but <i>pasiteiráuti</i> </p> </div></blockquote> <ul><li>The same rule is applied, when <i>ne-</i>, <i>be-</i>, <i>nebe-</i>, <i>te-</i> or <i>tebe-</i> is added:</li></ul> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p> <i>nẽšasi</i> but <i>nesìneša</i>, <i>nebesìneša</i>, also <i>nenusìneša</i>, <i>neatsìneša</i>, <i>tebeatsìneša</i><br />  <i>laikýtis</i>, but <i>nesilaikýti</i>, also <i>nesusilaikýti</i>, <i>nepasilaikýti</i><br />  <i>teiráutis</i> but <i>nesiteiráuti</i>, also <i>nepasiteiráuti</i> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stress_retraction">Stress retraction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Stress retraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain Lithuanian verbs have the ability to move their stress to the last prefixed element they acquire. General stress retraction principles are laid down below. </p><p>All prefixes (including <i>ne-</i> type, but not including the prefix <i>per-</i>) acquire the stress only in: </p> <ul><li><b>past simple</b> tense forms of <b>primary (monosyllabic stem) verbs</b>. This always happens when the 3rd person has an <i>-ė</i> ending, its stress would normally fall on its penultimate syllable and this syllable has a short vowel or a rising tone:</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>baũsti</i> (to punish, monosyllabic stem verb) → <i>baũdė</i> (stress on the penultimate, rising tone) → <i><b>nù</b>baudė</i>, <i><b>nebenù</b>baudė</i> etc.</dd> <dd><i>vìrti</i> (to boil, monosyllabic stem verb) → <i>vìrė</i> (stress on the penultimate, short vowel) → <i><b>ìš</b>virė</i>, <i>nebeiš<b>sì</b>virė</i> etc.</dd> <dd><i>kláusti</i> (to ask, monosyllabic stem verb) → <i>kláusė</i> (stress on the penultimate, <b>falling tone, the rule does not apply</b>) → <i>pakláusė</i></dd> <dd><i>darýti</i> (to ask, <b>suffixal verb, the rule does not apply</b>) → <i>dãrė</i> (stress on the penultimate, rising tone) → <i>padãrė</i></dd></dl> <ul><li>Some <b>present tense</b> forms (primary or mixed stem), but only if the stress of the 3rd person falls on its penultimate syllable, this syllable <b>is not a suffix</b> and has a short vowel or a rising tone:</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>kalbė́ti</i> (to speak, suffixal verb) → <i>kal̃ba</i> (stress on the penultimate, no suffix, rising tone) → <i><b>sù</b>kalba</i>, <i><b>tebesì</b>kalba</i> etc.</dd> <dd><i>sukti</i> (to turn, primary verb) → <i>sùka</i> (stress on the penultimate, no suffix, short vowel) → <i><b>pà</b>suka</i>, <i><b>nè</b>suka</i> etc.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Past simple accent retraction is regular, present tense accent retraction is sporadic. If a particular verb retracts its accent in one tense, it does not mean that the other tense will follow suit.</li> <li>The accent retraction does not depend on a particular prefix (except for <i>per-</i>) and will systematically happen with every other prefixed structure (a prefix, a <i>ne-</i> type prefix or a reflexive formant). It means that even if dictionaries never include <i>ne-</i> type prefixes, the stress retraction can be deduced from other prefixed forms that dictionaries do include:</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>plaũkti</i> (to swim) → <i>išplaũkti</i> (to swim out) → <i>išplaũkia</i> (no retraction, hence: <i>neišplaũkia</i>, <i>teišplaũkia</i> etc.)</dd> <dd><i>riñkti</i> (to gather) → <i>suriñkti</i> (to gather them all) → <i>sùrenka</i> (retraction does happen, hence: <i>nèrenka</i>, <i>tèrenka</i> etc.)</dd></dl> <ul><li>The latter rule has two exceptions:</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>turė́ti</i> (to have) → <i>suturė́ti</i> (to restrain) → <i>sùturi</i> (retraction does happen, but not for <i>ne-</i> type prefixes of the non-prefixed verbs: <i>netùri</i>, <i>tetùri</i> etc.)</dd> <dd><i>galė́ti</i> (to be able) → <i>išgalė́ti</i> (to afford) → <i>ìšgali</i> (retraction does happen, but not for <i>ne-</i> type prefixes of the non-prefixed verbs: <i>negãli</i>, <i>begãli</i> etc.)</dd></dl> <ul><li>The prefix <i>pér-</i> always has the falling tone and takes the stress in all parts of speech of that word, ignoring all the other accentuation rules: <i>pérduoti</i> – to transmit, <i>nebepérsivalgymas</i> – the inability to overeat.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stem_classes">Stem classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Stem classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The below given tables are not a full collection of types of conjugation, there can be types in language not included here. </p><p>Consonants d, t become s before t in any case in language. In verbs this occurs before a desinence -ti of the infinitive, desinence with -t- of the past passive participle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-suffixed">Non-suffixed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Non-suffixed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="line-height: 1.2em; background: #FFFFFF;"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="2">infinitive</td> <td colspan="3">present tense</td> <td colspan="3">past tense</td> <td rowspan="2">meaning </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="first person">1p.</abbr> <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="second person">2p.</abbr> <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="third person">3p.</abbr> <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr>, <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="first person">1p.</abbr> <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="second person">2p.</abbr> <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="third person">3p.</abbr> <abbr title="singular">sg.</abbr>, <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8"><b>Consonantal non-palatalized stems</b> (it is palatalized in the <abbr title="second person">2p.</abbr> form of the present, but not in the remaining forms). Sounds of a stem do not change in conjugation, except for a common pre-desinential alternation between historically nasal vowels (in the infinitive) and nasal diphthongs. </td></tr> <tr> <td>áugti</td> <td>áugu</td> <td>áugi</td> <td>áuga</td> <td>áugau</td> <td>áugai</td> <td>augo</td> <td>to grow </td></tr> <tr> <td>bė́gti</td> <td>bė́gu</td> <td>bė́gi</td> <td>bė́ga</td> <td>bė́gau</td> <td>bė́gai</td> <td>bė́go</td> <td>to run </td></tr> <tr> <td>šókti</td> <td>šóku</td> <td>šóki</td> <td>šóka</td> <td>šókau</td> <td>šókai</td> <td>šóko</td> <td>to jump, spring, leap; hop in, out; dance </td></tr> <tr> <td>dìrbti</td> <td>dìrbu</td> <td>dìrbi</td> <td>dìrba</td> <td>dìrbau</td> <td>dìrbai</td> <td>dìrbo</td> <td>to work </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>sė́sti</td> <td>sė́du</td> <td>sė́di</td> <td>sė́da</td> <td>sė́dau</td> <td>sė́dai</td> <td>sė́do</td> <td>to sit down, sit up; mount, get on (car, plain etc.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>grū́sti</td> <td>grū́du</td> <td>grū́di</td> <td>grū́da</td> <td>grū́dau</td> <td>grū́dai</td> <td>grū́do</td> <td>to thrust; hustle; pestle; tamp </td></tr> <tr> <td>žį́sti</td> <td>žìndu</td> <td>žìndi</td> <td>žìnda</td> <td>žìndau</td> <td>žìndai</td> <td>žìndo</td> <td>to suck, nurse (at) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ką́sti</td> <td>kándu</td> <td>kándi</td> <td>kánda</td> <td>kándau</td> <td>kándai</td> <td>kándo</td> <td>to bite </td></tr> <tr> <td>galą́sti</td> <td>galándu</td> <td>galandi</td> <td>galánda</td> <td>galándau</td> <td>galandai</td> <td>galándo</td> <td>to sharpen, hone </td></tr> <tr> <td>lìpti</td> <td>lipù</td> <td>lipì</td> <td>lìpa</td> <td>lipaũ</td> <td>lipaĩ</td> <td>lìpo</td> <td>to mount; tread (on); scale, climb </td></tr> <tr> <td>kìšti</td> <td>kišù</td> <td>kišì</td> <td>kìša</td> <td>kišaũ</td> <td>kišaĩ</td> <td>kìšo</td> <td>to put, slip, poke, stick in </td></tr> <tr> <td>rìsti</td> <td>ritù</td> <td>ritì</td> <td>rìta</td> <td>ritaũ</td> <td>ritaĩ</td> <td>rìto</td> <td>to roll, bowl </td></tr> <tr> <td>sukti</td> <td>suku</td> <td>suki</td> <td>suka</td> <td>sukau</td> <td>sukai</td> <td>suko</td> <td>to turn; bear (to); spin; wrap </td></tr> <tr> <td>supti</td> <td>supu</td> <td>supi</td> <td>supa</td> <td>supau</td> <td>supai</td> <td>supo</td> <td>to swing, sway, rock </td></tr> <tr> <td>lupti</td> <td>lupu</td> <td>lupi</td> <td>lupa</td> <td>lupau</td> <td>lupai</td> <td>lupo</td> <td>to peel; flay; swinge, thrash </td></tr> <tr> <td>skùsti</td> <td>skutù</td> <td>skutì</td> <td>skùta</td> <td>skutaũ</td> <td>skutaĩ</td> <td>skùto</td> <td>to shave; scale, peel, scrape; run fast </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="10">There is a frequent verb with its final stem consonant palatalized in the present tense. </td></tr> <tr> <td>léisti</td> <td>léidžiu</td> <td>leidi</td> <td>leidžia</td> <td>leidau</td> <td>leidai</td> <td>leido</td> <td>to let, allow; spend </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8">Alternation between pre-desinential e of the present tense and i of the other forms. Possible only when the syllable contains a mixed diphthong (a, e, i, u + sonorant) and is stressed in the end-firm accent. </td></tr> <tr> <td>sir̃gti</td> <td>sergù</td> <td>sergì</td> <td>ser̃ga</td> <td>sirgaũ</td> <td>sirgaĩ</td> <td>sir̃go</td> <td>to be ill </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>kirsti</td> <td>kertu</td> <td>kerti</td> <td>kerta</td> <td>kirtau</td> <td>kirtai</td> <td>kirto</td> <td>to cut, fell (by axe); cross, traverse; strike, smite; pitch in (food) </td></tr> <tr> <td>vilkti</td> <td>velku</td> <td>velki</td> <td>velka</td> <td>vilkau</td> <td>vilkai</td> <td>vilko</td> <td>to pull, trail, drag </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>tilpti</td> <td>telpu</td> <td>telpi</td> <td>telpa</td> <td>tilpau</td> <td>tilpai</td> <td>tilpo</td> <td>to get / have enough of space for oneself: be contained, go into </td></tr> <tr> <td>rinkti</td> <td>renku</td> <td>renki</td> <td>renka</td> <td>rinkau</td> <td>rinkai</td> <td>rinko</td> <td>to pick; collect </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>lįsti</td> <td>lendu</td> <td>lendi</td> <td>lenda</td> <td>lindau</td> <td>lindai</td> <td>lindo</td> <td>to be getting into / through smth.; make a pass at, intrude, molest, cavil, meddle </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8">A numerous part of the verbs having any short vowel – a, e, i, u – in a pre-desinential syllable in infinitive receive n, m (the latter when before p, b) after these vowels in the present. </td></tr> <tr> <td>tàpti</td> <td>tampù</td> <td>tampì</td> <td>tam̃pa</td> <td>tapaũ</td> <td>tapaĩ</td> <td>tãpo</td> <td>to become </td></tr> <tr> <td>rasti</td> <td>randu</td> <td>randi</td> <td>rañda</td> <td>radau</td> <td>radai</td> <td>rãdo</td> <td>to find </td></tr> <tr> <td>gesti</td> <td>gendu</td> <td>gendi</td> <td>genda</td> <td>gedau</td> <td>gedai</td> <td>gedo</td> <td>to deteriorate; decay; spoil; corrupt </td></tr> <tr> <td>tikti</td> <td>tinku</td> <td>tinki</td> <td>tinka</td> <td>tikau</td> <td>tikai</td> <td>tiko</td> <td>to fit </td></tr> <tr> <td>tekti</td> <td>tenku</td> <td>tenki</td> <td>tenka</td> <td>tekau</td> <td>tekai</td> <td>teko</td> <td>to go for (property) </td></tr> <tr> <td>apnikti</td> <td>apninku</td> <td>apninki</td> <td>apninka</td> <td>apnikau</td> <td>apnikai</td> <td>apniko</td> <td>to obsess, crowd in </td></tr> <tr> <td>migti</td> <td>mingu</td> <td>mingi</td> <td>minga</td> <td>migau</td> <td>migai</td> <td>migo</td> <td>to be / start falling asleep </td></tr> <tr> <td>lipti</td> <td>limpu</td> <td>limpi</td> <td>limpa</td> <td>lipau</td> <td>lipai</td> <td>lipo</td> <td>to stick, cling </td></tr> <tr> <td>plisti</td> <td>plintu</td> <td>plinti</td> <td>plinta</td> <td>plitau</td> <td>plitai</td> <td>plito</td> <td>to spread, proliferate, circulate </td></tr> <tr> <td>misti</td> <td>mintu</td> <td>minti</td> <td>minta</td> <td>mitau</td> <td>mitai</td> <td>mito</td> <td>to feed on, fare, live on </td></tr> <tr> <td>kisti</td> <td>kintu</td> <td>kinti</td> <td>kinta</td> <td>kitau</td> <td>kitai</td> <td>kito</td> <td>to mutate; vary </td></tr> <tr> <td>švisti</td> <td>švintu</td> <td>švinti</td> <td>švinta</td> <td>švitau</td> <td>švitai</td> <td>švito</td> <td>to begin to light, <i>esp.</i> to day-light </td></tr> <tr> <td>blukti</td> <td>blunku</td> <td>blunki</td> <td>blunka</td> <td>blukau</td> <td>blukai</td> <td>bluko</td> <td>to fade </td></tr> <tr> <td>klupti</td> <td>klumpu</td> <td>klumpi</td> <td>klumpa</td> <td>klupau</td> <td>klupai</td> <td>klupo</td> <td>to stumble </td></tr> <tr> <td>justi</td> <td>juntu</td> <td>junti</td> <td>junta</td> <td>jutau</td> <td>jutai</td> <td>juto</td> <td>to sense, feel </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8">A small group of verbs has to be written with a <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">nosinė</a> in the present. </td></tr> <tr> <td>balti</td> <td>bąlu</td> <td>bąli</td> <td>bąla</td> <td>balau</td> <td>balai</td> <td>balo</td> <td>to become white, to whiten </td></tr> <tr> <td>šalti</td> <td>šąla</td> <td>šąli</td> <td>šąla</td> <td>šalau</td> <td>šalai</td> <td>šalo</td> <td>to freeze; to cool; to feel cold </td></tr> <tr> <td>karti</td> <td>kąra</td> <td>kąri</td> <td>kąra</td> <td>karau</td> <td>karai</td> <td>karo</td> <td>to incline, bow down (hung things, boughs) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8">For the verbs that have start-firm accented mixed diphthongs -il-, -ir- in the pre-desinential syllable in the infinitive, the vowel i lengthens and receives the end-firm accent in the present tense, if the syllable becomes open. </td></tr> <tr> <td>kìlti</td> <td>kylù</td> <td>kyli</td> <td>kỹla</td> <td>kilau</td> <td>kilai</td> <td>kilo</td> <td>to rise; emerge (e.g. question) </td></tr> <tr> <td>dilti</td> <td>dylu</td> <td>dyli</td> <td>dyla</td> <td>dilau</td> <td>dilai</td> <td>dilo</td> <td>to fray, decay, become dull </td></tr> <tr> <td>birti</td> <td>byru</td> <td>byri</td> <td>byra</td> <td>birau</td> <td>birai</td> <td>biro</td> <td>to pour (solid, no liquid matter), fall apart </td></tr> <tr> <td>irti</td> <td>yru / irstu</td> <td>yri</td> <td>yra</td> <td>irau</td> <td>irai</td> <td>iro</td> <td>to disintegrate, decay, crumble </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8">Cases of alternation between a pre-desinential e of the present tense and i of the other forms in verbs which receive n, m in the present forms. The a-verb likti has ie / i alternation. The a-verb kristi can be conjugated with both -en- and -in- in the present tense. </td></tr> <tr> <td>skristi</td> <td>skrendù</td> <td>skrendi</td> <td>skrenda</td> <td>skridau</td> <td>skridai</td> <td>skrido</td> <td>to fly </td></tr> <tr> <td>bristi</td> <td>brendu</td> <td>brendi</td> <td>brenda</td> <td>bridau</td> <td>bridai</td> <td>brido</td> <td>to wade, go on foot through water, grass etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td>kristi</td> <td>krentu /krintu</td> <td>krenti</td> <td>krinta</td> <td>kritau</td> <td>kritai</td> <td>krito</td> <td>to fall </td></tr> <tr> <td>likti</td> <td>lieku</td> <td>lieki</td> <td>lieka</td> <td>likau</td> <td>likai</td> <td>liko</td> <td>to remain </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8"><b>Stems that are palatalized in the past tense.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ėsti</td> <td>ė́du</td> <td>ėdi</td> <td>ėda</td> <td>ė́džiau</td> <td>ėdei</td> <td>ėdė</td> <td>to eat (for animals); eat like an animal; erode </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>vesti</td> <td>vedù</td> <td>vedi</td> <td>veda</td> <td>vedžiaũ</td> <td>vedei</td> <td>vedė</td> <td>to lead, take smb. to somewhere; marry (for a man; for a woman the a-verb is tekėti, teka, tekėjo) </td></tr> <tr> <td>mèsti</td> <td>metù</td> <td>meti</td> <td>meta</td> <td>mečiau</td> <td>metei</td> <td>metė</td> <td>to throw </td></tr> <tr> <td>vežti</td> <td>vežu</td> <td>veži</td> <td>veža</td> <td>vežiau</td> <td>vežei</td> <td>vežė</td> <td>to carry by means of conveyance, by vehicle </td></tr> <tr> <td>nešti</td> <td>nešu</td> <td>neši</td> <td>neša</td> <td>nešiau</td> <td>nešei</td> <td>nešė</td> <td>to carry (going on foot) </td></tr> <tr> <td>kasti</td> <td>kasu</td> <td>kasi</td> <td>kasa</td> <td>kasiau</td> <td>kasei</td> <td>kasė</td> <td>to dig </td></tr> <tr> <td>lesti</td> <td>lesu</td> <td>lesi</td> <td>lesa</td> <td>lesiau</td> <td>lesei</td> <td>lesė</td> <td>to peck </td></tr> <tr> <td>sekti</td> <td>seku</td> <td>seki</td> <td>seka</td> <td>sekiau</td> <td>sekei</td> <td>sekė</td> <td>to follow; spy (on, upon); tell a tail </td></tr> <tr> <td>kepti</td> <td>kepu</td> <td>kepi</td> <td>kepa</td> <td>kepiau</td> <td>kepei</td> <td>kepė</td> <td>to bake </td></tr> <tr> <td>degti</td> <td>degu</td> <td>degi</td> <td>dega</td> <td>degiau</td> <td>degei</td> <td>degė</td> <td>to be on fire, burn; kiln </td></tr> <tr> <td>megzti</td> <td>mezgu</td> <td>mezgi</td> <td>mezga</td> <td>mezgiau</td> <td>mezgei</td> <td>mezgė</td> <td>to knit </td></tr> <tr> <td>zùiti</td> <td>zujù</td> <td>zuji</td> <td>zuja</td> <td>zujau</td> <td>zujai</td> <td>zujo</td> <td>to pop in and out </td></tr> <tr> <td>kálti</td> <td>kalù</td> <td>kali</td> <td>kala</td> <td>kaliau</td> <td>kalei</td> <td>kalė</td> <td>to hammer, smith, batter; mint; chisel; hit </td></tr> <tr> <td>málti</td> <td>malu</td> <td>mali</td> <td>mala</td> <td>maliau</td> <td>malei</td> <td>malė</td> <td>to grind, mill </td></tr> <tr> <td>bár̃ti</td> <td>barù</td> <td>bari</td> <td>bara</td> <td>bariau</td> <td>barei</td> <td>barė</td> <td>to scold, trim </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8">The a-verb pulti has alternation between u in the infinitive and uo in the present and past tenses. Verbs gimti, mirti have the suffix -st- in the present. </td></tr> <tr> <td>pùlti</td> <td>púolu</td> <td>puoli</td> <td>puola</td> <td>púoliau</td> <td>puolei</td> <td>puolė</td> <td>to attack; fling, throw oneself, make a dive </td></tr> <tr> <td>gìmti</td> <td>gìmstu</td> <td>gimsti</td> <td>gimsta</td> <td>gimiaũ</td> <td>gimei</td> <td>gimė</td> <td>to be born, arrive </td></tr> <tr> <td>mir̃ti</td> <td>mìrštu</td> <td>miršti</td> <td>miršta</td> <td>miriaũ</td> <td>mirei</td> <td>mirė</td> <td>to die, stop living </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8">For the verbs of this group that have start-firm accented mixed diphthongs starting in i – im, in, il, ir – in a pre-desinential syllable in the infinitive, the syllable becomes open and a vowel i lengthens (the accent remains start-firm) in the past tense. </td></tr> <tr> <td>pìlti</td> <td>pilù</td> <td>pili</td> <td>pila</td> <td>pýliau</td> <td>pylei</td> <td>pylė</td> <td>to pour (any non solid material); tip </td></tr> <tr> <td>tirti</td> <td>tiriu</td> <td>tiri</td> <td>tiria</td> <td>tyriau</td> <td>tyrei</td> <td>tyrė</td> <td>to investigate; analyse; research </td></tr> <tr> <td>skinti</td> <td>skinu</td> <td>skini</td> <td>skina</td> <td>skyniau</td> <td>skynei</td> <td>skynė</td> <td>to pluck (fruits, flowers etc.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>pinti</td> <td>pinu</td> <td>pini</td> <td>pina</td> <td>pyniau</td> <td>pynei</td> <td>pynė</td> <td>to plait; weave; pleach </td></tr> <tr> <td>trinti</td> <td>trinu</td> <td>trini</td> <td>trina</td> <td>tryniau</td> <td>trynei</td> <td>trynė</td> <td>to rub </td></tr> <tr> <td>minti</td> <td>minu</td> <td>mini</td> <td>mina</td> <td>myniau</td> <td>mynei</td> <td>mynė</td> <td>to step, tread (on); trample; treadle </td></tr> <tr> <td>ginti</td> <td>ginu</td> <td>gini</td> <td>gina</td> <td>gyniau</td> <td>gynei</td> <td>gynė</td> <td>to defend </td></tr> <tr> <td>im̃ti</td> <td>imù</td> <td>imi</td> <td>ima</td> <td>ėmiaũ</td> <td>ėmeĩ</td> <td>ė̃mė</td> <td>to take </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8">There are some verbs having mixed diphthongs in a pre-desinential syllable that have alternation between pre-desinential e of the present tense and i of the other forms. A sound i of a pre-desinential syllable is not lengthened in the past tense. The a-verb virti has d insterted after -er- in the present tense. </td></tr> <tr> <td>atsimiñti</td> <td>atsìmenu</td> <td>atsimeni</td> <td>atsimena</td> <td>atsìminiau</td> <td>atsiminei</td> <td>atsiminė</td> <td>to remember, recollect </td></tr> <tr> <td>miñti</td> <td>menù</td> <td>meni</td> <td>mena</td> <td>miniaũ</td> <td>minei</td> <td>minė</td> <td>to riddle, ask a riddle </td></tr> <tr> <td>giñti</td> <td>genù</td> <td>geni</td> <td>gena</td> <td>giniau</td> <td>ginei</td> <td>ginė</td> <td>to herd, goad, drive </td></tr> <tr> <td>vìrti</td> <td>vérdu</td> <td>verdi</td> <td>verda</td> <td>viriaũ</td> <td>vireĩ</td> <td>vìrė</td> <td>to boil (<abbr title="figurative">figur.</abbr> as well); cook (by boiling) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8"><b>Consonantal non-palatalized stems that have suffix -st- in the present.</b> There are many verbs in this group. When the suffix is preceded by d, t of a stem, these consonants merge with s and s remains, when it is preceded by ž, š of a stem, the remaining are stem-ending consonants ž, š. </td></tr> <tr> <td>sprógti</td> <td>sprógstu</td> <td>sprogsti</td> <td>sprógsta</td> <td>sprógau</td> <td>sprogai</td> <td>sprogo</td> <td>to explode, burst; eat (get stomach filled) </td></tr> <tr> <td>plýšti</td> <td>plýštu</td> <td>plyšti</td> <td>plyšta</td> <td>plyšau</td> <td>plyšai</td> <td>plyšo</td> <td>to tear, rip, split; (<abbr title="colloquial">coll.</abbr>) get drunk </td></tr> <tr> <td>klysti</td> <td>klystu</td> <td>klysti</td> <td>klysta</td> <td>klydau</td> <td>klydai</td> <td>klydo</td> <td>to mistake, err, be under misapprehension </td></tr> <tr> <td>linkti</td> <td>linkstu</td> <td>linksti</td> <td>linksta</td> <td>linkau</td> <td>linkai</td> <td>linko</td> <td>to bend (itself) </td></tr> <tr> <td>rūgti</td> <td>rūgstu</td> <td>rūgsti</td> <td>rūgsta</td> <td>rūgau</td> <td>rūgai</td> <td>rūgo</td> <td>to sour, become turned </td></tr> <tr> <td>tolti</td> <td>tolstu</td> <td>tolsti</td> <td>tolsta</td> <td>tolau</td> <td>tolai</td> <td>tolo</td> <td>to become remote, distant, to recede </td></tr> <tr> <td>alkti</td> <td>alkstu</td> <td>alksti</td> <td>alksta</td> <td>alkau</td> <td>alkai</td> <td>alko</td> <td>to become, be hungry; to be short of food </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>pažìnti</td> <td rowspan="2">pažį́stu</td> <td rowspan="2">pažįsti</td> <td rowspan="2">pažįsta</td> <td>pažinaũ</td> <td>pažinai</td> <td>pažino</td> <td>to become familiar, to explore; recognize </td></tr> <tr> <td>pažinoti</td> <td>pažinojau</td> <td>pažinojai</td> <td>pažinojo</td> <td>to know smb., be acquaintance with smb. </td></tr> <tr> <td>pỹkti</td> <td>pykstù</td> <td>pyksti</td> <td>pỹksta</td> <td>pykaũ</td> <td>pykai</td> <td>pyko</td> <td>to be angry, annoyed </td></tr> <tr> <td>nykti</td> <td>nykstu</td> <td>nyksti</td> <td>nyksta</td> <td>nykau</td> <td>nykai</td> <td>nyko</td> <td>to dwindle, wither away, vanish, disappear </td></tr> <tr> <td>rausti</td> <td>raustu</td> <td>rausti</td> <td>rausta</td> <td>raudau</td> <td>raudai</td> <td>raudo</td> <td>to become red, to redden; to blush </td></tr> <tr> <td>brangti</td> <td>brangstu</td> <td>brangsti</td> <td>brangsta</td> <td>brangau</td> <td>brangai</td> <td>brango</td> <td>to become expensive </td></tr> <tr> <td>išsigąsti</td> <td>išsigąstu</td> <td>išsigąsti</td> <td>išsigąsta</td> <td>išsigando</td> <td>išsigandai</td> <td>išsigando</td> <td>to get a scare, fright; to lose courage </td></tr> <tr> <td>vargti</td> <td>vargstu</td> <td>vargsti</td> <td>vargsta</td> <td>vargau</td> <td>vargai</td> <td>vargo</td> <td>to have difficulties doing; be in hardship </td></tr> <tr> <td>širsti</td> <td>širstu</td> <td>širsti</td> <td>širsta</td> <td>širdau</td> <td>širdai</td> <td>širdo</td> <td>to be angry (širdis – heart) </td></tr> <tr> <td>dingti</td> <td>dingstu</td> <td>dingsti</td> <td>dingsta</td> <td>dingau</td> <td>dingai</td> <td>dingo</td> <td>to disappear </td></tr> <tr> <td>klimpti</td> <td>klimpstu</td> <td>klimpsti</td> <td>klimpsta</td> <td>klimpau</td> <td>klimpai</td> <td>klimpo</td> <td>to sink (to viscous material) </td></tr> <tr> <td>drįsti</td> <td>drįstu</td> <td>drįsti</td> <td>drįsta</td> <td>drįsau</td> <td>drįsai</td> <td>drįso</td> <td>to dare </td></tr> <tr> <td>grįžti</td> <td>grįžtu</td> <td>grįžti</td> <td>grįžta</td> <td>grįžau</td> <td>grįžai</td> <td>grįžo</td> <td>to come back, return </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8">A small group of stems ending in ž, š, has to be written with an ogonek in the present. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>gesti</td> <td>gęstu</td> <td>gęsti</td> <td>gęsta</td> <td>gesau</td> <td>gesai</td> <td>geso</td> <td>to be stopping (intransitive) shining, burning, working (for light, fire; life; motor) </td></tr> <tr> <td>težti</td> <td>tęžtu</td> <td>tęžti</td> <td>tęžta</td> <td>težau</td> <td>težai</td> <td>težo</td> <td>to become squidgy; wimp out </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8">For a few stems that have a pre-desinential syllable ending in ž or š and with a short i or u in it, the vowels lengthen in the present. For tikšti the forms tykšta and tyška are used in the present tense. </td></tr> <tr> <td>dùžti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>dū̃žta</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>dùžo</td> <td>to smash, chip </td></tr> <tr> <td>gižti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>gyžta</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>gižo</td> <td>to sour, become turned (<abbr title="figurative">figur.</abbr> as well) </td></tr> <tr> <td>tikšti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>tykšta</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>tiško</td> <td>to splash on smth., smb. </td></tr> <tr> <td>tižti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>tyžta</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>tižo</td> <td>to become squidgy; wimp out </td></tr> <tr> <td>ižti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>yžta</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ižo</td> <td>to crack (usual for ice) </td></tr> <tr> <td>nižti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>nyžta</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>nižo</td> <td>to start itching, to itch </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8"><b>Vocalic stems.</b> The consonant n (or j in dialects) is inserted before desinences after a pre-desinential au. The diphthong becomes ov in the past, when start-firm accented. Consonant v is palatalized. </td></tr> <tr> <td>eĩti</td> <td>einù</td> <td>eini</td> <td>eĩna</td> <td>ėjaũ</td> <td>ėjai</td> <td>ė̃jo</td> <td>to go </td></tr> <tr> <td>aũti</td> <td>aunù</td> <td>auni</td> <td>aũna</td> <td>aviaũ</td> <td>avei</td> <td>ãvė</td> <td>to boot, shoe </td></tr> <tr> <td>máuti</td> <td>máunu</td> <td>máuni</td> <td>máuna</td> <td>móviau</td> <td>movei</td> <td>movė</td> <td>to put on, glove, shoe </td></tr> <tr> <td>rauti</td> <td>raunu</td> <td>rauni</td> <td>rauna</td> <td>roviau</td> <td>rovei</td> <td>rovė</td> <td>to tear up </td></tr> <tr> <td>šauti</td> <td>šaunu</td> <td>šauni</td> <td>šauna</td> <td>šoviau</td> <td>šovei</td> <td>šovė</td> <td>to shoot </td></tr> <tr> <td>brautis</td> <td>braunuosi</td> <td>brauniesi</td> <td>braunasi</td> <td>broviausi</td> <td>broveisi</td> <td>brovėsi</td> <td>to intrude; thrust one's way; be breaking in </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>liautis</td> <td>liaujuosi</td> <td>liaujiesi</td> <td>liaujasi</td> <td>lioviausi</td> <td>lioveisi</td> <td>liovėsi</td> <td>to cease, desist </td></tr> <tr> <td>griauti</td> <td>griaunu</td> <td>griauni</td> <td>griauna</td> <td>grioviau</td> <td>griovei</td> <td>griovė</td> <td>to ruin, demolish; unsettle </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8">Consonant v / n is inserted after ū. </td></tr> <tr> <td>griū̃ti</td> <td>griūvù /-nù</td> <td>griūni</td> <td>griū̃va</td> <td>griuvaũ</td> <td>griuvai</td> <td>griùvo</td> <td>to tumble down, fall down; collapse </td></tr> <tr> <td>žūti</td> <td>žūnu /-vu</td> <td>žūni</td> <td>žūva</td> <td>žuvau</td> <td>žuvai</td> <td>žuvo</td> <td>to perish </td></tr> <tr> <td>pūti</td> <td>pūvu /-nu</td> <td>pūni</td> <td>pūva</td> <td>puvau</td> <td>puvai</td> <td>puvo</td> <td>to rot </td></tr> <tr> <td>siūti</td> <td>siuvu /siūnu</td> <td>siuvi</td> <td>siuva</td> <td>siuvau</td> <td>siuvai</td> <td>siuvo</td> <td>to sew, stitch </td></tr> <tr> <td>gáuti</td> <td>gáunu</td> <td>gauni</td> <td>gauna</td> <td>gavaũ</td> <td>gavai</td> <td>gãvo</td> <td>to get </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8">The consonant j is inserted before desinences after other pre-desinential vowels or diphthong 'ie' </td></tr> <tr> <td>móti</td> <td>móju</td> <td>moji</td> <td>moja</td> <td>mójau</td> <td>mojai</td> <td>mojo</td> <td>to motion, wave, sweep </td></tr> <tr> <td>ploti</td> <td>ploju</td> <td>ploji</td> <td>ploja</td> <td>plojau</td> <td>plojai</td> <td>plojo</td> <td>to clap, applaud; flatten; swat </td></tr> <tr> <td>joti</td> <td>joju</td> <td>joji</td> <td>joja</td> <td>jojau</td> <td>jojai</td> <td>jojo</td> <td>to ride on horse </td></tr> <tr> <td>goti</td> <td>goju</td> <td>goji</td> <td>goja</td> <td>gojau</td> <td>gojai</td> <td>gojo</td> <td>(<abbr title="dialectal">dial.</abbr>) to go in a hurry </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>kloti</td> <td>kloju</td> <td>kloji</td> <td>kloja</td> <td>klojau</td> <td>klojai</td> <td>klojo</td> <td>to lay, pave; to tell, report, retail; to make a bed (lovą); </td></tr> <tr> <td>groti</td> <td>groju</td> <td>groji</td> <td>groja</td> <td>grojau</td> <td>grojai</td> <td>grojo</td> <td>to play (musical instrument) </td></tr> <tr> <td>sėti</td> <td>sėju</td> <td>sėji</td> <td>sėja</td> <td>sėjau</td> <td>sėjai</td> <td>sėjo</td> <td>to sow, seed; disseminate </td></tr> <tr> <td>sieti</td> <td>sieju</td> <td>sieji</td> <td>sieja</td> <td>siejau</td> <td>siejai</td> <td>siejo</td> <td>to tie, associate, bond </td></tr> <tr> <td>lieti</td> <td>lieju</td> <td>lieji</td> <td>lieja</td> <td>liejau</td> <td>liejai</td> <td>liejo</td> <td>to pour (liquid); water (plants) </td></tr> <tr> <td>lýti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>lỹja</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>lijo</td> <td>to rain </td></tr> <tr> <td>gýti</td> <td>gyjù</td> <td>gyji</td> <td>gỹja</td> <td>gijaũ</td> <td>gijai</td> <td>gijo</td> <td>to heal, recover </td></tr> <tr> <td>rýti</td> <td>ryjù</td> <td>ryji</td> <td>ryja</td> <td>rijau</td> <td>rijai</td> <td>rijo</td> <td>to swallow; guttle </td></tr> <tr> <td>výti</td> <td>vejù</td> <td>veji</td> <td>veja</td> <td>vijau</td> <td>vijai</td> <td>vijo</td> <td>to strand, twist; chase </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8">Two verbs have d insterted before the desinences in the present forms. </td></tr> <tr> <td>dúoti</td> <td>dúodu</td> <td>duodi</td> <td>dúoda</td> <td>daviaũ</td> <td>davei</td> <td>davė</td> <td>to give </td></tr> <tr> <td>dė́ti</td> <td>dedù</td> <td>dedi</td> <td>dẽda</td> <td>dėjau</td> <td>dė́jai</td> <td>dėjo</td> <td>to put, lay, set; place </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8"><b>Palatalized consonantal stems.</b> Maybe the most numerous group of non-suffixed verbs. </td></tr> <tr> <td>siẽkti</td> <td>siekiù</td> <td>sieki</td> <td>siẽkia</td> <td>siekiaũ</td> <td>siekei</td> <td>siekė</td> <td>to seek, aim (at, for) </td></tr> <tr> <td>griebti</td> <td>griebiu</td> <td>griebi</td> <td>griebia</td> <td>griebiau</td> <td>griebei</td> <td>griebė</td> <td>to grab; snatch </td></tr> <tr> <td>braukti</td> <td>braukiu</td> <td>brauki</td> <td>braukia</td> <td>braukiau</td> <td>braukei</td> <td>braukė</td> <td>to wipe, sweep across; line through </td></tr> <tr> <td>lenkti</td> <td>lenkiu</td> <td>lenki</td> <td>lenkia</td> <td>lenkiau</td> <td>lenkei</td> <td>lenkė</td> <td>to (make it) bend </td></tr> <tr> <td>rausti</td> <td>rausiu</td> <td>rausi</td> <td>rausia</td> <td>rausiau</td> <td>rausei</td> <td>rausė</td> <td>to trench, burrow </td></tr> <tr> <td>kaupti</td> <td>kaupiu</td> <td>kaupi</td> <td>kaupia</td> <td>kaupiau</td> <td>kaupei</td> <td>kaupė</td> <td>to save up, gather, amass </td></tr> <tr> <td>mer̃kti</td> <td>merkiù</td> <td>merkì</td> <td>mer̃kia</td> <td>merkiaũ</td> <td>merkeĩ</td> <td>mer̃kė</td> <td>to soak, dip </td></tr> <tr> <td>dengti</td> <td>dengiu</td> <td>dengi</td> <td>dengia</td> <td>dengiau</td> <td>dengei</td> <td>dengė</td> <td>to cover </td></tr> <tr> <td>tęsti</td> <td>tęsiu</td> <td>tęsi</td> <td>tęsia</td> <td>tęsiau</td> <td>tęsei</td> <td>tęsė</td> <td>to continue, proceed; drag, carry </td></tr> <tr> <td>čiulpti</td> <td>čiulpiu</td> <td>čiulpi</td> <td>čiulpia</td> <td>čiulpiau</td> <td>čiulpei</td> <td>čiulpė</td> <td>to suck </td></tr> <tr> <td>láužti</td> <td>láužiu</td> <td>lauži</td> <td>laužia</td> <td>láužiau</td> <td>laužei</td> <td>laužė</td> <td>to break (transitive) </td></tr> <tr> <td>grėbti</td> <td>grėbiu</td> <td>grėbi</td> <td>grėbia</td> <td>grėbiau</td> <td>grėbei</td> <td>grėbė</td> <td>to rake </td></tr> <tr> <td>grobti</td> <td>grobiu</td> <td>grobi</td> <td>grobia</td> <td>grobiau</td> <td>grobei</td> <td>grobė</td> <td>to plunder; kidnap; usurp, hog </td></tr> <tr> <td>mérkti</td> <td>mérkiu</td> <td>mérki</td> <td>mérkia</td> <td>mérkiau</td> <td>mérkei</td> <td>mérkė</td> <td>to give a wink; to close eyes </td></tr> <tr> <td>melžti</td> <td>melžiu</td> <td>melži</td> <td>melžia</td> <td>melžiau</td> <td>melžei</td> <td>melžė</td> <td>to milk </td></tr> <tr> <td>jùngti</td> <td>jùngiu</td> <td>jungi</td> <td>jungia</td> <td>jungiau</td> <td>jungei</td> <td>jungė</td> <td>to connect, join </td></tr> <tr> <td>keisti</td> <td>keičiu</td> <td>keiti</td> <td>keičia</td> <td>keičiau</td> <td>keitei</td> <td>keitė</td> <td>to change </td></tr> <tr> <td>švęsti</td> <td>švenčiu</td> <td>šventi</td> <td>švenčia</td> <td>švenčiau</td> <td>šventei</td> <td>šventė</td> <td>to celebrate </td></tr> <tr> <td>siųsti</td> <td>siunčiu</td> <td>siunti</td> <td>siunčia</td> <td>siunčiau</td> <td>siuntei</td> <td>siuntė</td> <td>to send </td></tr> <tr> <td>skleisti</td> <td>skleidžiu</td> <td>skleidi</td> <td>skleidžia</td> <td>skleidžiau</td> <td>skleidei</td> <td>skleidė</td> <td>to spread </td></tr> <tr> <td>skų́sti</td> <td>skùndžiu</td> <td>skundi</td> <td>skundžia</td> <td>skundžiau</td> <td>skundei</td> <td>skundė</td> <td>to tell on; tattle; appeal (against) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8">When a pre-desinential syllable having mixed diphthong becomes open in the past, its vowel receives a start-firm accent and lengthens (for a, e, besides lengthening, those vowels are of different quality, o, ė) if stressed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>gérti</td> <td>geriu</td> <td>geri</td> <td>geria</td> <td>gė́riau</td> <td>gėrei</td> <td>gėrė</td> <td>to drink </td></tr> <tr> <td>bérti</td> <td>beriu</td> <td>beri</td> <td>beria</td> <td>bė́riau</td> <td>bėrei</td> <td>bėrė</td> <td>to (make it) pour (solid, no liquid matter), (make it) fall apart </td></tr> <tr> <td>pér̃ti</td> <td>periu</td> <td>peri</td> <td>peria</td> <td>pė́riaũ</td> <td>pėrei</td> <td>pėrė</td> <td>to beat with a leafy, wet birch bunch (in sauna) </td></tr> <tr> <td>kélti</td> <td>keliu</td> <td>keli</td> <td>kelia</td> <td>kėliau</td> <td>kėlei</td> <td>kėlė</td> <td>to raise </td></tr> <tr> <td>rem̃ti</td> <td>remiu</td> <td>remi</td> <td>remia</td> <td>rėmiau</td> <td>rėmei</td> <td>rėmė</td> <td>to prop, bear up; support </td></tr> <tr> <td>kùlti</td> <td>kuliu</td> <td>kuli</td> <td>kulia</td> <td>kū́liau</td> <td>kūlei</td> <td>kūlė</td> <td>to flail </td></tr> <tr> <td>dùrti</td> <td>duriu</td> <td>duri</td> <td>duria</td> <td>dūriau</td> <td>dūrei</td> <td>dūrė</td> <td>to prick, stick </td></tr> <tr> <td>stùmti</td> <td>stumiu</td> <td>stumi</td> <td>stumia</td> <td>stūmiau</td> <td>stūmei</td> <td>stūmė</td> <td>to push, move; thrust, shove; (<abbr title="colloquial">coll.</abbr>) grudge </td></tr> <tr> <td>ìrti</td> <td>iriu</td> <td>iri</td> <td>iria</td> <td>ýriau</td> <td>yrei</td> <td>yrė</td> <td>to row, oar </td></tr> <tr> <td>spìrti</td> <td>spiriu</td> <td>spiri</td> <td>spiria</td> <td>spyriau</td> <td>spyrei</td> <td>spyrė</td> <td>to kick; spring back; press (for), push </td></tr> <tr> <td>kárti</td> <td>kariù</td> <td>kari</td> <td>kãria</td> <td>kóriau</td> <td>korei</td> <td>korė</td> <td>to hang over; execute </td></tr> <tr> <td>árti</td> <td>ariù</td> <td>ari</td> <td>ãria</td> <td>ariaũ</td> <td>areĩ</td> <td>ãrė</td> <td>to plough </td></tr> <tr> <td>tar̃ti</td> <td>tariù</td> <td>tari</td> <td>tãria</td> <td>tariaũ</td> <td>tarei</td> <td>tarė</td> <td>to pronounce; assume </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="8">Alternation between u, e, a in the present and respectively ū, ė, o (long vowels, historically: ū, ē, ā) in the past. A vowel u is short both in stressed and unstressed position, e, a lengthen and are end-firm accented in stressed position in stem (not in desinence). </td></tr> <tr> <td>pū̃sti</td> <td>pučiù</td> <td>puti</td> <td>pùčia</td> <td>pūčiau</td> <td>pūtei</td> <td>pū̃tė</td> <td>to blow; toot </td></tr> <tr> <td>tū̃pti</td> <td>tupiu</td> <td>tupi</td> <td>tupia</td> <td>tūpiau</td> <td>tūpei</td> <td>tūpė</td> <td>to squat; hunker </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>drė̃bti</td> <td>drebiu</td> <td>drebi</td> <td>drẽbia</td> <td>drėbiau</td> <td>drėbei</td> <td>drė̃bė</td> <td>to make fall on (for viscous, thick material); sleet; plonk </td></tr> <tr> <td>krė̃sti</td> <td>krečiu</td> <td>kreti</td> <td>krečia</td> <td>krėčiau</td> <td>krėtei</td> <td>krėtė</td> <td>to shake down </td></tr> <tr> <td>plė̃sti</td> <td>plečiu</td> <td>pleti</td> <td>plečia</td> <td>plėčiau</td> <td>plėtei</td> <td>plėtė</td> <td>to expand, widen, amplify </td></tr> <tr> <td>lė̃kti</td> <td>lekiu</td> <td>leki</td> <td>lekia</td> <td>lėkiau</td> <td>lėkei</td> <td>lėkė</td> <td>to scurry, rip along, fly; fly; fall out, fly away </td></tr> <tr> <td>skė̃sti</td> <td>skečiu</td> <td>sketi</td> <td>skečia</td> <td>skėčiau</td> <td>skėtei</td> <td>skėtė</td> <td>to spread, open out (e.g. arms, legs, umbrella) </td></tr> <tr> <td>tė̃kšti</td> <td>teškiu</td> <td>teški</td> <td>teškia</td> <td>tėškiau</td> <td>tėškei</td> <td>tėškė</td> <td>to splash onto; slap; slam </td></tr> <tr> <td>võgti</td> <td>vagiu</td> <td>vagi</td> <td>vãgia</td> <td>vogiau</td> <td>vogei</td> <td>vogė</td> <td>to steal </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffixed">Suffixed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Suffixed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="line-height: 1.2em; background: #FFFFFF;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="10"><b>-o- suffixed stems.</b> Shorter present tense. The consonant j is inserted between the vocalic stem and the desinence to make pronunciation easier. Historically it is most probably the same type as the full one, there are verbs that are conjugated in both types, for example, saugoti, saugau / saugoju (< saugā(j)u). The a-verb pažinoti – to know (a person), has the same to pažinti – to know, become familiar, -st- suffixed present forms. </td></tr> <tr> <td>žinóti</td> <td>žinaũ</td> <td>žinai</td> <td>žino</td> <td>žinójau</td> <td>žinojai</td> <td>žinojo</td> <td>to know, be aware (of; that) </td></tr> <tr> <td>šypsótis</td> <td>šỹpsaũsi</td> <td>šypsaisi</td> <td>šỹpsosi</td> <td>šypsójausi</td> <td>šypsojaisi</td> <td>šypsojosi</td> <td>to smile </td></tr> <tr> <td>sáugoti</td> <td>sáugau</td> <td>saugai</td> <td>saugo</td> <td>sáugojau</td> <td>saugojai</td> <td>saugojo</td> <td>to protect; keep, save </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="10">Full type of -o- suffixed stems (the suffix is kept the same in conjugation) </td></tr> <tr> <td>naudóti</td> <td>naudóju</td> <td>naudoji</td> <td>naudoja</td> <td>naudójau</td> <td>naudojai</td> <td>naudojo</td> <td>to use </td></tr> <tr> <td>putóti</td> <td>putoju</td> <td>putoji</td> <td>putoja</td> <td>putojau</td> <td>putojai</td> <td>putojo</td> <td>to foam </td></tr> <tr> <td>býlóti</td> <td>byloju</td> <td>byloji</td> <td>byloja</td> <td>bylojau</td> <td>bylojai</td> <td>byloja</td> <td>to speak, purport </td></tr> <tr> <td>sáugoti</td> <td>sáugoju</td> <td>saugoji</td> <td>saugoja</td> <td>saugojau</td> <td>saugojai</td> <td>saugojo</td> <td>to protect; keep, save </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>šakótis</td> <td>šakojuosi</td> <td>šakojiesi</td> <td>šakojasi</td> <td>šakojausi</td> <td>šakojaisi</td> <td>šakojosi</td> <td>to spread boughs: ramify; (<abbr title="colloquial">coll.</abbr>) conflict, put one's own condition over smb.; fork, <a href="/wiki/Divaricate" title="Divaricate">divaricate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>vilióti</td> <td>vilioju</td> <td>vilioji</td> <td>vilioja</td> <td>viliojau</td> <td>viliojai</td> <td>viliojo</td> <td>to attract, seduce, bait </td></tr> <tr> <td>galióti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>galioja</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>galiojo</td> <td>to stand, hold good, be valid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="10">Stems that do not have -o- suffix in the present tense. </td></tr> <tr> <td>miegóti</td> <td>miegù</td> <td>miegi</td> <td>miẽga</td> <td>miegójau</td> <td>miegojai</td> <td>miegojo</td> <td>to sleep </td></tr> <tr> <td>raudóti</td> <td>ráudu</td> <td>raudi</td> <td>ráuda</td> <td>raudójau</td> <td>raudojai</td> <td>raudojo</td> <td>to weep, mourn </td></tr> <tr> <td>giedóti</td> <td>gíedu</td> <td>giedi</td> <td>gieda</td> <td>giedójau</td> <td>giedojai</td> <td>giedojo</td> <td>to chant (religious); warble, crow </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="10"><b>-y- suffixed stems.</b> The present is of the -o- suffixed type. The past forms are historically possibly the same to the full -y- suffixed type, there are verbs that are conjugated in both types, for example, pelnyti, (past) pelniau / pelnijau, pelnė (< pelnē < (possibly) pelni(j)ā) / pelnijo (< pelnijā) (an after a soft consonant is e). </td></tr> <tr> <td>sakýti</td> <td>sakaũ</td> <td>sakai</td> <td>sãko</td> <td>sakiaũ</td> <td>sakei</td> <td>sãkė</td> <td>to say </td></tr> <tr> <td>klausýti</td> <td>klausau</td> <td>klausai</td> <td>klauso</td> <td>klausiau</td> <td>klausei</td> <td>klausė</td> <td>to listen </td></tr> <tr> <td>darýti</td> <td>darau</td> <td>darai</td> <td>daro</td> <td>dariau</td> <td>darei</td> <td>darė</td> <td>to do </td></tr> <tr> <td>matýti</td> <td>matau</td> <td>matai</td> <td>mato</td> <td>mačiau</td> <td>matei</td> <td>matė</td> <td>to see </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>mė́tyti</td> <td>mė́tau</td> <td>mėtai</td> <td>mė́to</td> <td>mė́čiau</td> <td>mėtei</td> <td>mė́tė</td> <td>to throw (one-time: mesti, metu, mečiau) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ródyti</td> <td>rodau</td> <td>rodai</td> <td>rodo</td> <td>rodžiau</td> <td>rodei</td> <td>rodė</td> <td>to show </td></tr> <tr> <td>pelnýti</td> <td>pelnaũ</td> <td>pelnai</td> <td>pel̃no</td> <td>pelniau</td> <td>pelnei</td> <td>pelnė</td> <td>to earn </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>gáudyti</td> <td>gaudau</td> <td>gaudai</td> <td>gaudo</td> <td>gaudžiau</td> <td>gaudei</td> <td>gaudė</td> <td>to catch (one-time: su/pagauti, -gaunu, -gavau) </td></tr> <tr> <td>barstýti</td> <td>barstau</td> <td>barstai</td> <td>barsto</td> <td>barsčiau</td> <td>barstei</td> <td>barstė</td> <td>to pour (multiple times) (<i>iterative</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>lankstýti</td> <td>lankstau</td> <td>lankstai</td> <td>lanksto</td> <td>lanksčiau</td> <td>lankstei</td> <td>lankstė</td> <td>to bend (multiple times) (<i>iterative</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="10">Full type of -y- suffixed stems. The suffix is shortened in conjugation if not stressed and is long or short (both variants are used) in the present if stressed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>pel̃nyti</td> <td>pel̃niju</td> <td>pelniji</td> <td>pelnija</td> <td>pelnijau</td> <td>pelnijai</td> <td>pelnijo</td> <td>(obsolete) to earn </td></tr> <tr> <td>mū́ryti</td> <td>mū́riju</td> <td>mūriji</td> <td>mūrija</td> <td>mūrijau</td> <td>mūrijai</td> <td>mūrijo</td> <td>to lay bricks, set </td></tr> <tr> <td>nuõdyti</td> <td>nuõdiju</td> <td>nuodiji</td> <td>nuodija</td> <td>nuodijau</td> <td>nuodijai</td> <td>nuodijo</td> <td>to poison </td></tr> <tr> <td>trūnýti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>trūnỹja</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>trūnijo</td> <td>to rot, putrefy </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="10"><b>-ė- suffixed stems.</b> Shorter present tense, palatalized ending consonant of a stem. It is possible that historically it would be the same type as the full one, there are words that are conjugated in both types, for example, ryšė́ti – to wear something tied on oneself (rišti – to tie), ryšiù / ryšė́ju. For the a-verb vertėti the mainly used form is subjunctive, <abbr title="third person">3p.</abbr> (present) vertė́tų – it would be worth, for the present tense it is mostly said in a neuter adjective: ver̃ta – it is worth (doing), for the past tense it is said either buvo verta or vertėjo – it was worth (doing). </td></tr> <tr> <td>mylė́ti</td> <td>mýliu</td> <td>mýli</td> <td>mýli</td> <td>mylė́jau</td> <td>mylė́jai</td> <td>mylė́jo</td> <td>to love </td></tr> <tr> <td>norė́ti</td> <td>nóriu</td> <td>nori</td> <td>nori</td> <td>norėjau</td> <td>norėjai</td> <td>norėjo</td> <td>to want </td></tr> <tr> <td>blyksė́ti</td> <td>blýksiu</td> <td>blyksi</td> <td>blyksi</td> <td>blyksėjau</td> <td>blyksėjai</td> <td>blyksėjo</td> <td>to twinkle, blink </td></tr> <tr> <td>švytė́ti</td> <td>švyčiù</td> <td>švyti</td> <td>švyti</td> <td>švytė́jau</td> <td>švytėjai</td> <td>švytėjo</td> <td>to shine, to glow, light brightly </td></tr> <tr> <td>galė́ti</td> <td>galiù</td> <td>galì</td> <td>gãli</td> <td>galė́jau</td> <td>galėjai</td> <td>galėjo</td> <td>to be able </td></tr> <tr> <td>girdė́ti</td> <td>girdžiù</td> <td>girdi</td> <td>girdi</td> <td>girdėjau</td> <td>girdėjai</td> <td>girdėjo</td> <td>to hear </td></tr> <tr> <td>rūpė́ti</td> <td>rūpiù</td> <td>rūpi</td> <td>rūpi</td> <td>rūpėjau</td> <td>rūpėjai</td> <td>rūpėjo</td> <td>to concern, be interesting to smb. </td></tr> <tr> <td>nyrė́ti</td> <td>nyriù</td> <td>nyri</td> <td>nyri</td> <td>nyrėjau</td> <td>nyrėjai</td> <td>nyrėjo</td> <td>to be submerged and still </td></tr> <tr> <td>tikė́ti</td> <td>tikiù</td> <td>tiki</td> <td>tiki</td> <td>tikėjau</td> <td>tikėjai</td> <td>tikėjo</td> <td>to believe </td></tr> <tr> <td>vertė́ti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(verti)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>vertėjo</td> <td>to be worth for being done / to be done </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="10">Full type of -ė- suffixed stems (the suffix is kept the same in conjugation) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>ryškė́ti</td> <td>ryškė́ju</td> <td>ryškėji</td> <td>ryškėja</td> <td>ryškė́jau</td> <td>ryškėjai</td> <td>ryškėjo</td> <td>to grow clear, bold, bright, glowing </td></tr> <tr> <td>šviesė́ti</td> <td>šviesė́ju</td> <td>šviesėji</td> <td>šviesėja</td> <td>šviesė́jau</td> <td>šviesėjai</td> <td>šviesėjo</td> <td>to grow light </td></tr> <tr> <td>tvirtė́ti</td> <td>tvirtėju</td> <td>tvirtėji</td> <td>tvirtėji</td> <td>tvirtėjau</td> <td>tvirtėjai</td> <td>tvirtėjo</td> <td>to stiffen, strengthen, firm up </td></tr> <tr> <td>raudonė́ti</td> <td>raudonėju</td> <td>raudonėji</td> <td>raudonėja</td> <td>raudonėjau</td> <td>raudonėjai</td> <td>raudonėjo</td> <td>to grow red, to redden </td></tr> <tr> <td>púoselėti</td> <td>púoselėju</td> <td>puoselėji</td> <td>puoselėja</td> <td>púoselėjau</td> <td>puoselėjai</td> <td>puoselėjo</td> <td>to foster; cherish </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="10">The stems having the suffix -in-ė-, which is used to make iterative or progressive meaning, are of this type. Varaũ į darbą – I am driving / going to work (or "I am going to drive / go to work", if said before the action happens). Varinėju po miestą – I am driving / going in the town / city here and there. Varau per miestą – I am driving / going through a town / city. Atidarinėju tą dėžutę – I am opening / I am trying to open that can (at the moment) ("atidarau" is also possible as "I am opening"). Lengvai atidarau – I open it easily. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>varinė́ti</td> <td>varinė́ju</td> <td>varinėji</td> <td>varinėja</td> <td>varinė́jau</td> <td>varinėjai</td> <td>varinėjo</td> <td>to drive, direct; drive, go (on foot, by train, etc.); propel, power (not repeated: varyti, varau, variau) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>pardavinėti</td> <td>pardavinėju</td> <td>pardavinėji</td> <td>pardavinėja</td> <td>pardavinėjau</td> <td>pardavinėjai</td> <td>pardavinėjo</td> <td>to sell, market (one-time: parduoti, -duodu, -daviau) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>klausinėti</td> <td>klausinėju</td> <td>klausinėji</td> <td>klausinėja</td> <td>klausinėjau</td> <td>klausinėji</td> <td>klausinėjo</td> <td>to ask (not repeated: klausti, klausiu, klausiau) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="10">Stems that have neither -ė- suffix nor palatalization in the present tense. </td></tr> <tr> <td>kalbė́ti</td> <td>kalbù</td> <td>kalbi</td> <td>kal̃ba</td> <td>kalbė́jau</td> <td>kalbėjai</td> <td>kalbėjo</td> <td>to speak; talk </td></tr> <tr> <td>judė́ti</td> <td>judu</td> <td>judi</td> <td>juda</td> <td>judėjau</td> <td>judėjai</td> <td>judėjo</td> <td>to move, be in motion </td></tr> <tr> <td>žibė́ti</td> <td>žibu</td> <td>žibi</td> <td>žiba</td> <td>žibėjau</td> <td>žibėjai</td> <td>žibėjo</td> <td>to glitter, glint, star </td></tr> <tr> <td>bambė́ti</td> <td></td> <td>bámbì</td> <td>bám̃ba</td> <td></td> <td>bambėjai</td> <td>bambėjo</td> <td>to grouse, be on smb's case </td></tr> <tr> <td>skambė́ti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>skamba</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>skambėjo</td> <td>to tune; sound </td></tr> <tr> <td>skaudė́ti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>skauda</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>skaudėjo</td> <td>to hurt, ache </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>byrė́ti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>byra</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>byrėjo</td> <td>to crumble; fall (small particles, petals) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="10">-au-, -uo- suffixed stems, the suffix is -av- in the past. Verbs of this group are made from nouns, adjectives, etc. Verbs made from borrowings from other languages receive the suffix -uo-, for example, sportuoti – to go in for sports. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>bendráuti</td> <td>bendráuju</td> <td>bendrauji</td> <td>bendrauja</td> <td>bendravaũ</td> <td>bendravai</td> <td>bendravo</td> <td>to associate (with), communicate (with) </td></tr> <tr> <td>kariáuti</td> <td>kariauju</td> <td>kariauji</td> <td>kariauja</td> <td>kariavau</td> <td>kariavai</td> <td>kariavo</td> <td>to be at war, wage war </td></tr> <tr> <td>matúoti</td> <td>matúoju</td> <td>matuoji</td> <td>matuoja</td> <td>matavaũ</td> <td>matavai</td> <td>matavo</td> <td>to measure </td></tr> <tr> <td>dainúoti</td> <td>dainuoju</td> <td>dainuoji</td> <td>dainuoja</td> <td>dainavau</td> <td>dainavai</td> <td>dainavo</td> <td>to sing </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>sapnúoti</td> <td>sapnuoju</td> <td>sapnuoji</td> <td>sapnuoja</td> <td>sapnavau</td> <td>sapnavai</td> <td>sapnavo</td> <td>to dream (sleeping); (coll.) to speak about smth. lacking orientation in it </td></tr> <tr> <td>vėlúoti</td> <td>vėluoju</td> <td>vėluoji</td> <td>vėluoja</td> <td>vėlavau</td> <td>vėlavai</td> <td>vėlavo</td> <td>to be late, to fall behind schedule </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>raudonúoti</td> <td>raudonuoju</td> <td>raudonuoji</td> <td>raudonuoja</td> <td>raudonavau</td> <td>raudonavai</td> <td>raudonavo</td> <td>to blush; to attract attention by being red </td></tr> <tr> <td>sūpúoti</td> <td>sūpuoju</td> <td>sūpuoji</td> <td>sūpuoja</td> <td>sūpavau</td> <td>sūpavai</td> <td>sūpavo</td> <td>to swing, sway, rock </td></tr> <tr> <td>kopijúoti</td> <td>kopijuoju</td> <td>kopijuoji</td> <td>kopijuoja</td> <td>kopijavau</td> <td>kopijavai</td> <td>kopijavo</td> <td>to copy </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:15px;" colspan="10">Some other suffixes, for example, transitivity-forming suffix -in-. The suffix -en- can have a meaning of moderate intensity of action. The suffix -in- is usual for making verbs from foreign words, e.g., (<abbr title="colloquial">coll.</abbr>) kòpinti – to copy, which is used besides longer standard kopijuoti. </td></tr> <tr> <td>rū́pintis</td> <td>rū́pinuosi</td> <td>rūpiniesi</td> <td>rūpinasi</td> <td>rū́pinausi</td> <td>rūpinasi</td> <td>rūpinosi</td> <td>to take care </td></tr> <tr> <td>grãžinti</td> <td>grãžinu</td> <td>gražini</td> <td>gražina</td> <td>grãžinau</td> <td>gražinai</td> <td>gražino</td> <td>to beautify </td></tr> <tr> <td>grąžìnti</td> <td>grąžinù</td> <td>grąžini</td> <td>grąžìna</td> <td>grąžinaũ</td> <td>gražinai</td> <td>grąžino</td> <td>to give back, return </td></tr> <tr> <td>jùdinti</td> <td>jùdinu</td> <td>judini</td> <td>judina</td> <td>jùdinau</td> <td>judinai</td> <td>judino</td> <td>to move, make smth. move </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>lýginti</td> <td>lýginu</td> <td>lygini</td> <td>lygina</td> <td>lýginau</td> <td>lyginai</td> <td>lygino</td> <td>to compare; to level, make level; make smooth; to iron (clothes); to equate </td></tr> <tr> <td>srovénti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>srovẽna</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>srovẽno</td> <td>to stream tranquilly, in small ripples </td></tr> <tr> <td>kuténti</td> <td>kutenù</td> <td>kuteni</td> <td>kutẽna</td> <td>kutenaũ</td> <td>kutenai</td> <td>kutẽno</td> <td>to tickle, titillate </td></tr> <tr> <td>gabenti</td> <td>gabenu</td> <td>gabeni</td> <td>gabena</td> <td>gabenau</td> <td>gabenai</td> <td>gabeno</td> <td>to convey, carry </td></tr> <tr> <td>kūrenti</td> <td>kūrenu</td> <td>kūreni</td> <td>kūrena</td> <td>kūrenau</td> <td>kūrenai</td> <td>kūreno</td> <td>to fire a furnace, heater </td></tr> <tr> <td>ridenti</td> <td>ridenu</td> <td>rideni</td> <td>ridena</td> <td>ridenau</td> <td>ridenai</td> <td>rideno</td> <td>to trundle, wheel, roll, make roll; bowl </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lithuanian has an SVO (subject–verb–object) as the main word order: </p> <dl><dd>Adjunct(s)(temporal, locative, causal) + Subject + Adjunct(s)(other) + Verb + Object(s) + Infinitive + other parts.</dd></dl> <p>At the same time Lithuanian as a highly declined language is often considered to have the free word order. This idea is partially true, and a sentence such as "Today I saw a beautiful girl at the movies" could be said or written in many ways: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Šiandien</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Today</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kin<b>e</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">at the movies</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aš</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mač<b>iau</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">saw</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gražią</p><p style="margin: 0px;">beautiful</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mergaitę.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">girl</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(the main order)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">Šiandien kin<b>e</b> aš mač<b>iau</b> gražią mergaitę.</p><p style="display: none;">Today {at the movies} I saw beautiful girl</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd>Aš mačiau gražią mergaitę kine šiandien.</dd> <dd>Šiandien aš mačiau gražią mergaitę kine.</dd> <dd>Gražią mergaitę mačiau aš kine šiandien.</dd> <dd>Gražią mergaitę aš šiandien mačiau kine.</dd> <dd>Kine šiandien aš mačiau gražią mergaitę.</dd> <dd>Kine gražią mergaitę aš mačiau šiandien.</dd></dl> <p>However, word order isn't a subject of intonation only. Different word orders often have different meanings in Lithuanian. There are also some strict rules and some tendencies in using different word placing. For example, a word that provides new information (<a href="/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93comment" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic–comment">rheme, or comment</a>) has a tendency to be postponed after other words, but not always to the end of the sentence. Adjectives precede nouns like they do in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, but order of adjectives in an adjective group is different from English. If the main word order is followed, a temporal, locative or causal <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">adjunct</a> is put at the beginning of the sentence, while adjuncts of other types go directly before the verb and its objects (see the SVO rule above). </p><p>The word order in Lithuanian can also be described using concepts of <a href="/wiki/Topic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic (linguistics)">theme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93comment" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic–comment">rheme</a>. Looking from this point of view, the structure of a sentence is following: </p> <dl><dd>Initial complementary words or clauses + theme + middle words or clauses + rheme + final complementary words or clauses</dd></dl> <p>The middle words or clauses are more significant words or word groups other than the theme or the rheme, but complementary words or clauses (both the initial and the final) are less significant or secondary. Local, causal or temporal <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">adjuncts</a> are typical parts of the initial complementary words group, while other complementary words are put in the final group. If an adjunct is more significant in a sentence, it should be put in the middle group or even used as theme or as rheme. The same is true considering any other part of sentence, but the Subject and the Verb aren't complementary words typically, and they often serve as the theme and as the rheme respectively. Note that a sentence can lack any part of the structure, except the rheme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prepositions">Prepositions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Prepositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prepositions tell us where an object is or what direction it is going. Some cases of nouns, such as the genitive, accusative and instrumental, take prepositions. Some cases never take prepositions (such as locative and nominative). Certain prepositions are used with certain cases. Below is a list of some common prepositions used in Lithuanian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Used_with_genitive_form_of_noun">Used with genitive form of noun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Used with genitive form of noun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>iš</b> – from, out of</li> <li><b>ant</b> – on</li> <li><b>iki</b> – until</li> <li><b>po</b> – after, past, succeeding</li> <li><b>prie</b> – near, at</li> <li><b>už</b> – behind</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Used_with_instrumental_form_of_noun">Used with instrumental form of noun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Used with instrumental form of noun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>po</b> – under</li> <li><b>su</b> – with</li> <li><b>sulig</b> – up to</li> <li><b>ties</b> – by, over</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Used_with_accusative_form_of_noun">Used with accusative form of noun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Used with accusative form of noun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>į</b> – in</li> <li><b>pas</b> – to, at</li> <li><b>per</b> – across, by, over, through, during, via</li> <li><b>pro</b> – through, past, by</li> <li><b>apie</b> – about</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjunctions">Conjunctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Conjunctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conjunctions are used to link together clauses in a sentence, for example "I thought it would be a nice day <b>but</b> it was raining." Some common conjunctions in Lithuanian are: </p> <ul><li><b>ir</b> – and</li> <li><b>bet</b> – but</li> <li><b>ar</b> – used to start a question, but can also mean "or"</li> <li><b>jei</b> – if</li> <li><b>kad</b> – that (not the demonstrative pronoun)</li> <li><b>kol</b> – until/till</li> <li><b>arba</b> – or/but</li> <li><b>nes</b> – because</li> <li><b>tačiau</b> – however</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_orthography" title="Lithuanian orthography">Lithuanian orthography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some languages like <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> neuter is used in such cases.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Types-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Types_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Types_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=87195CA9-97D7-11DA-8299-005022B04780">"Naujas požiūris į lietuvių kalbos linksniavimo tipus […]"</a>, <i>Acta Linguistica Lithuanica</i> (in Lithuanian): 3, 6–7, 10–16, 17–18, 16, 2004</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Linguistica+Lithuanica&rft.atitle=Naujas+po%C5%BEi%C5%ABris+%C4%AF+lietuvi%C5%B3+kalbos+linksniavimo+tipus+%5B%E2%80%A6%5D&rft.pages=3%2C+6-7%2C+10-16%2C+17-18%2C+16&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Faspx%2Fgetdocument.aspx%3Flogid%3D5%26id%3D87195CA9-97D7-11DA-8299-005022B04780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-žinynas-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-žinynas_3-0">^</a></b></span> 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lietuvi%C5%B3+kalbos+%C5%BEinynas.+9.3+Veiksma%C5%BEod%C5%BEio+form%C5%B3+sistema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xn--altiniai-4wb.info%2Ffiles%2Fkalba%2FKJ00%2FLietuvi%25C5%25B3_kalbos_%25C5%25BEinynas._Veiksma%25C5%25BEod%25C5%25BEio_form%25C5%25B3_sistema.KJ1203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVytautas_Ambrazas" class="citation web cs1">Vytautas Ambrazas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/netiesiogine-nuosaka-8393">"Netiesioginė nuosaka"</a>. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Netiesiogin%C4%97+nuosaka&rft.pub=Visuotin%C4%97+lietuvi%C5%B3+enciklopedija&rft.au=Vytautas+Ambrazas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vle.lt%2FStraipsnis%2Fnetiesiogine-nuosaka-8393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDambriūnas,_Leonardas,_1906–1976.1999" class="citation book cs1">Dambriūnas, Leonardas, 1906–1976. (1999) [1966]. "2.3". <i>Beginner's Lithuanian</i>. Klimas, Antanas, 1924–, Schmalstieg, William R. New York, N.Y.: Hippocrene Books. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-0678-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7818-0678-X"><bdi>0-7818-0678-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40553239">40553239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.3&rft.btitle=Beginner%27s+Lithuanian&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40553239&rft.isbn=0-7818-0678-X&rft.au=Dambri%C5%ABnas%2C+Leonardas%2C+1906%E2%80%931976.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika. Vilnius, 1997, page 288–289</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Lithuanian" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Lithuanian">Lithuanian</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debeselis.net/grammar.php">Lithuanian grammar: categories, conjugation, declension</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babaev.tripod.com/archive/grammar11.html">The Historical Grammar of Lithuanian language</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Lithuanian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ualgiman.dtiltas.lt/bendrieji_kalbos_dalykai.html">Web page on Lithuanian grammar</a>; there are accentuation (kirčiavimas) patterns given here.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1984_3/84_3_05.htm">Some Unique Features of Lithuanian</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Lituanus.org">Lituanus.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1984_1/84_1_04.htm">Some Unsolved Riddles of Lithuanian Linguistics</a> on Lituanus.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verbix.com/languages/lithuanian.shtml">Lithuanian verb conjugation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webapp.lt/lit/">Lithuanian verbs training</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webapp.lt/lit/test.php">Lithuanian verbs test</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_grammar&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDambriūnas,_Leonardas,_1906–1976.1999" class="citation book cs1">Dambriūnas, Leonardas, 1906–1976. (1999) [1966]. "2.3". <i>Beginner's Lithuanian</i>. Klimas, Antanas, 1924–, Schmalstieg, William R. New York, N.Y.: Hippocrene Books. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-0678-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7818-0678-X"><bdi>0-7818-0678-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40553239">40553239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.3&rft.btitle=Beginner%27s+Lithuanian&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40553239&rft.isbn=0-7818-0678-X&rft.au=Dambri%C5%ABnas%2C+Leonardas%2C+1906%E2%80%931976.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithuanian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><i>Lithuanian Grammar</i>, edited by Vytautas Ambrazas. Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://lukashevichus.info/knigi/ambrazas_lithuanian_grammar.pdf">[3]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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href="/wiki/Yiddish_grammar" title="Yiddish grammar">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_grammar" title="Breton grammar">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_grammar" title="Cornish grammar">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_grammar" title="Old Irish grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_grammar" title="Manx grammar">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar" title="Scottish Gaelic grammar">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_grammar" title="Welsh grammar">Welsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">colloquial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_grammar" title="Dalmatian grammar">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar" title="Istro-Romanian grammar">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin</a></li> <li>Lombard <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_grammar" title="Eastern Lombard grammar">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_grammar" title="Western Lombard grammar">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_grammar" title="Venetian grammar">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_grammar" title="Latvian grammar">Latvian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_grammar" title="Belarusian grammar">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_grammar" title="Bulgarian grammar">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language#Grammar" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_grammar" title="Macedonian grammar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_grammar" title="Old Church Slavonic grammar">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar" title="Polish grammar">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_grammar" title="Silesian grammar">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language#Morphology" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_grammar" title="Slovene grammar">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_grammar" title="Slovincian grammar">Slovincian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar" title="Ukrainian grammar">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_grammar" title="Kurdish grammar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_grammar" title="Bhojpuri grammar">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_grammar" title="Maithili grammar">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_grammar" title="Marathi grammar">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language#Grammar" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_grammar" title="Hittite grammar">Hittite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_grammar" title="Estonian grammar">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_grammar" title="Hungarian grammar">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_grammar" title="Ingrian grammar">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_grammar" title="Komi grammar">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_grammar" title="Livonian grammar">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_grammar" title="Udmurt grammar">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli_grammar" title="Meänkieli grammar">Meänkieli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language#Grammar" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_grammar" title="Turkish grammar">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_grammar" title="Turkmen grammar">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_grammar" title="Uyghur grammar">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language#Grammar" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language#Grammar" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language#Grammar" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_grammar" title="Adyghe grammar">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_grammar" title="Basque grammar">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_grammar" title="Kabardian grammar">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_grammar" title="Laz grammar">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_grammar" title="Mingrelian grammar">Mingrelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_grammar" title="Ubykh grammar">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight_grammar" title="Central Atlas Tamazight grammar">Central Atlas Tamazight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hebrew_grammar" title="History of Hebrew grammar">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_grammar" title="Kabyle grammar">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_grammar" title="Levantine Arabic grammar">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_grammar" title="Somali grammar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_grammar" title="Tigrinya grammar">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_grammar" title="Ugaritic grammar">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language#Morphology" title="Fula language">Fula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pular_grammar" title="Pular grammar">Pular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otjiherero_grammar" title="Otjiherero grammar">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_grammar" title="Sesotho grammar">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_grammar" title="Swahili grammar">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_grammar" title="Zulu grammar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar" title="Malayalam grammar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Japanese grammar">Classical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language#Grammar" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">Hachijō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_grammar" title="Burmese grammar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_grammar" title="Dzongkha grammar">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_grammar" title="Kokborok grammar">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_grammar" title="Mizo grammar">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_grammar" title="Khmer grammar">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_grammar" title="Vietnamese grammar">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Has_Hlai_grammar" title="Has Hlai grammar">Has Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_grammar" title="Lao grammar">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language#Grammar" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_grammar" title="Evenki grammar">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_grammar" title="Korean grammar">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language#Grammar" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_grammar" title="Cebuano grammar">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_grammar" title="Hawaiian grammar">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_grammar" title="Ilocano grammar">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_grammar" title="Tagalog grammar">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_grammar" title="Massachusett grammar">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_grammar" title="Munsee grammar">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_grammar" title="Ojibwe grammar">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl_grammar" title="Classical Nahuatl grammar">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawat_grammar" title="Nawat grammar">Nawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language#Grammar" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_grammar" title="Miskito grammar">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_grammar" title="Navajo grammar">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_grammar" title="Otomi grammar">Otomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_grammar" title="Klingon grammar">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_grammar" title="Naʼvi grammar">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenya grammar">Quenya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_grammar" title="Esperanto grammar">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua_grammar" title="Interlingua grammar">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue_grammar" title="Interlingue grammar">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova_grammar" title="Lingua Franca Nova grammar">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Constructed_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed languages">constructed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lojban_grammar" title="Lojban grammar">Lojban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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