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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Disponível em 54 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="روبرت هولي — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت هولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89_(%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="روبرت هولى (عالم كيمياء حيويه من امريكا) — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت هولى (عالم كيمياء حيويه من امريكا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88._%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رابرت دبلیو. هالی — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رابرت دبلیو. هالی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Роберт Холі — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роберт Холі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Робърт Холи — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт Холи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89._%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="রবার্ট ডব্লিউ. হোলি — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রবার্ট ডব্লিউ. হোলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ڕۆبێرت ویلیام ھۆلی — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆبێرت ویلیام ھۆلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Holley" title="Robert Holley — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert Holley" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Holley" title="Robert William Holley — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robert William Holley" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88._%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رابرت دبلیو. هالی — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت دبلیو. هالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Holley" title="Robert Holley — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Holley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Holley" title="Robert Holley — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Robert Holley" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99" title="רוברט הולי — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט הולי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Holley" title="Robert William Holley — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert William Holley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Holley" title="Robert William Holley — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert William Holley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BBW%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="ロバート・W・ホリー — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・W・ホリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ ჰოლი — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობერტ ჰოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Роберт Холли — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роберт Холли" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_W._%ED%99%80%EB%A6%AC" title="로버트 W. 홀리 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 W. 홀리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82._%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="रॉबर्ट डब्ल्यू. हॉली — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉबर्ट डब्ल्यू. हॉली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88._%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رابرت دبلیو. هالی — mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رابرت دبلیو. هالی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Holley" title="Robert William Holley — baixo-alemão" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Robert William Holley" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo-alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Holley" title="Robert William Holley — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert William Holley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="رابرٹ ہولر — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رابرٹ ہولر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Холли, Роберт — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холли, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_V._Holi" title="Robert V. Holi — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert V. Holi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_V._Holi" title="Robert V. Holi — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Robert V. Holi" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Holley" title="Robert Holley — suaíli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Robert Holley" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaíli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9._%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="รอเบิร์ต ดับเบิลยู. ฮอลลีย์ — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รอเบิร์ต ดับเบิลยู. ฮอลลีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Holley" title="Robert William Holley — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robert William Holley" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D2%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Роберт Һолли — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Роберт Һолли" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Роберт Вільям Голлі — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Вільям Голлі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رابرٹ ڈبلیو ہولی — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رابرٹ ڈبلیو ہولی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ ჰოლი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რობერტ ჰოლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley — ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7W%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9" title="羅伯特·W·霍利 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅伯特·W·霍利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108891#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Holley" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discuss%C3%A3o:Robert_Holley" rel="discussion" title="Discussão sobre o conteúdo da página [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mudar a variante da língua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">português</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistas"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Holley"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta página [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar código-fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&action=history" title="Edições anteriores desta página. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ver histórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ferramentas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mais opções" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Operações </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected 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href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_afluentes/Robert_Holley" title="Lista de todas as páginas que contêm hiperligações para esta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páginas afluentes</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Altera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_relacionadas/Robert_Holley" rel="nofollow" title="Mudanças recentes nas páginas para as quais esta contém hiperligações [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Alterações relacionadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Carregar_ficheiro" title="Carregar ficheiros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Carregar ficheiro</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_especiais" title="Lista de páginas especiais [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páginas especiais</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&oldid=67416466" title="Hiperligação permanente para esta revisão desta página"><span>Hiperligação permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&action=info" title="Mais informações sobre esta página"><span>Informações da página</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Robert_Holley&id=67416466&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informação sobre como citar esta página"><span>Citar esta página</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRobert_Holley"><span>Obter URL encurtado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRobert_Holley"><span>Descarregar código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir/exportar </div> <div 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_Holley" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108891" title="Hiperligação para o elemento do repositório de dados [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspeto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspeto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellpadding="3" border="0" style="width: 270px; font-size: 88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; background-color:transparent; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;"><span class="">Robert Holley</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Robert_Holley-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Holley"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Robert_Holley-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>Robert Holley</figcaption></figure></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nascimento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/28_de_janeiro#Nascimentos" title="28 de janeiro">28 de janeiro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Urbana_(Illinois)" title="Urbana (Illinois)">Urbana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/11_de_fevereiro" title="11 de fevereiro">11 de fevereiro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a> (71 anos)<br /><a href="/wiki/Los_Gatos" title="Los Gatos">Los Gatos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nacionalidade </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Povo_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Povo dos Estados Unidos">estadunidense</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Prêmios </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Albert_Lasker_de_Pesquisa_M%C3%A9dica_B%C3%A1sica" title="Prêmio Albert Lasker de Pesquisa Médica Básica">Prêmio Albert Lasker de Pesquisa Médica Básica</a> (1965)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_Fisiologia_ou_Medicina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina">Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina</a> (1968)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Campo(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bioqu%C3%ADmica" title="Bioquímica">bioquímica</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Robert William Holley</b> (<a href="/wiki/Urbana_(Illinois)" title="Urbana (Illinois)">Urbana</a>, <a href="/wiki/28_de_janeiro" title="28 de janeiro">28 de janeiro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a> — <a href="/wiki/Los_Gatos" title="Los Gatos">Los Gatos</a>, <a href="/wiki/11_de_fevereiro" title="11 de fevereiro">11 de fevereiro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a>) foi um <a href="/wiki/Bioqu%C3%ADmico" title="Bioquímico">bioquímico</a> <a href="/wiki/Povo_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Povo dos Estados Unidos">estadunidense</a>. Compartilhou o <a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_Fisiologia_ou_Medicina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina">Prêmio Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina</a> em 1968 (com <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" class="mw-redirect" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a>) por descrever a estrutura do <a href="/wiki/%C3%81cido_ribonucleico" title="Ácido ribonucleico">RNA</a> de transferência de <a href="/wiki/Alanina" title="Alanina">alanina</a>, ligando o <a href="/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico">DNA</a> e a <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADntese_de_prote%C3%ADnas" class="mw-redirect" title="Síntese de proteínas">síntese de proteínas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vida">Vida</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Vida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Vida"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holley nasceu em <a href="/wiki/Urbana_(Illinois)" title="Urbana (Illinois)">Urbana, Illinois</a>, e se formou na Urbana High School em 1938. Ele passou a estudar química na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Illinois_em_Urbana-Champaign" title="Universidade de Illinois em Urbana-Champaign">Universidade de Illinois em Urbana-Champaign</a>, graduando-se em 1942 e iniciando seus estudos de PhD em química orgânica na Cornell University. Durante a <a href="/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial">Segunda Guerra Mundial</a>, Holley passou dois anos trabalhando com o professor Vincent du Vigneaud no <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Cornell" title="Universidade Cornell">Cornell University</a> Medical College, onde esteve envolvido na primeira síntese química da penicilina. Holley concluiu seus estudos de PhD em 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Após seus estudos de graduação, Holley continuou associado a Cornell. Ele se tornou professor assistente de química orgânica em 1948 e foi nomeado professor de bioquímica em 1962. Ele começou sua pesquisa sobre RNA depois de passar um ano sabático (1955-1956) estudando com James F. Bonner no <a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Tecnologia_da_Calif%C3%B3rnia" title="Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia">Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia</a>. </p><p>A pesquisa de Holley sobre o RNA se concentrou primeiro no isolamento do RNA de transferência (tRNA) e, posteriormente, na determinação da sequência e estrutura do tRNA da alanina, a molécula que incorpora o aminoácido alanina nas proteínas. A equipe de pesquisadores de Holley determinou a estrutura do <a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a> usando duas <a href="/wiki/Ribonuclease" title="Ribonuclease">ribonucleases</a> para dividir a molécula de tRNA em pedaços. Cada enzima divide a molécula em pontos de localização para nucleotídeos específicos. Por um processo de "confundir" a estrutura das peças divididas pelas duas enzimas diferentes e, em seguida, comparando as peças de ambas as divisões de enzimas, a equipe acabou determinando toda a estrutura da molécula. O grupo de pesquisadores inclui Elizabeth Beach Keller, que desenvolveu o modelo em folha de trevo que descreve o RNA de transferência, durante o curso da pesquisa.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A estrutura foi concluída em 1964,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> e foi uma descoberta importante para explicar a síntese de proteínas a partir do RNA mensageiro. Foi também a primeira sequência de nucleotídeos de um ácido ribonucleico já determinada. Holley recebeu o <a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_Fisiologia_ou_Medicina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina">Prêmio Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina</a> em 1968 por esta descoberta,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> e <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" class="mw-redirect" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marshall_W._Nirenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall W. Nirenberg">Marshall W. Nirenberg</a> também receberam o prêmio naquele ano por contribuições para a compreensão da síntese de proteínas. </p><p>Usando o método da equipe de Holley, outros cientistas determinaram as estruturas dos tRNAs restantes. Alguns anos mais tarde, o método foi modificado para ajudar a rastrear a sequência de nucleotídeos em vários vírus bacterianos, vegetais e humanos. </p><p>Em 1968, Holley tornou-se um membro residente do Instituto Salk de Estudos Biológicos em <a href="/wiki/La_Jolla" title="La Jolla">La Jolla</a>, Califórnia. </p> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">USDA Agricultural Research Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/is/timeline/RNA.htm">«Probing the Mystery of Life»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Holley&rft.au=USDA+Agricultural+Research+Service&rft.btitle=Probing+the+Mystery+of+Life&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fis%2Ftimeline%2FRNA.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1968/holley-bio.html">«Robert W. Holley – Biography»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Holley&rft.au=Nobelprize.org&rft.btitle=Robert+W.+Holley+%93+Biography&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1968%2Fholley-bio.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Thavanathan, R.; Morgan, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/C_holley_expt.html">«Who was the mysterious and possibly dangerous man we call ......Robert W. Holley (1922–1993) ?»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Holley&rft.au=Morgan%2C+S.&rft.au=Thavanathan%2C+R.&rft.btitle=Who+was+the+mysterious+and+possibly+dangerous+man+we+call+......Robert+W.+Holley+%281922%931993%29+%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mun.ca%2Fbiology%2Fscarr%2FC_holley_expt.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Burkhart, Ford (28 de dezembro de 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/28/us/dr-elizabeth-keller-79-dies-biochemist-helped-rna-study.html">«Dr. Elizabeth Keller, 79, Dies; Biochemist Helped RNA Study (Published 1997)»</a>. <i>The New York Times</i> (em inglês). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 12 de novembro de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Holley&rft.atitle=Dr.+Elizabeth+Keller%2C+79%2C+Dies%3B+Biochemist+Helped+RNA+Study+%28Published+1997%29&rft.aufirst=Ford&rft.aulast=Burkhart&rft.date=1997-12-28&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F12%2F28%2Fus%2Fdr-elizabeth-keller-79-dies-biochemist-helped-rna-study.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Holley RW, Everett GA, Madison JT, Zamir A (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/content/240/5/2122.full.pdf">«Nucleotide Sequences In The Yeast Alanine Transfer Ribonucleic Acid»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>J Biol Chem</i>. <b>240</b> (5): 2122–8. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14299636">14299636</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Holley&rft.atitle=Nucleotide+Sequences+In+The+Yeast+Alanine+Transfer+Ribonucleic+Acid&rft.au=Everett%2C+GA&rft.au=Madison%2C+JT&rft.au=Zamir%2C+A&rft.aufirst=RW&rft.aulast=Holley&rft.date=1965&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=J+Biol+Chem&rft.pages=2122-8&rft.volume=240&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcontent%2F240%2F5%2F2122.full.pdf&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14299636&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Holley RW, Apgar J, Everett GA, Madison JT, Marquisee M, Merrill SH, Penswick JR, Zamir A (19 de março de 1965). «Structure Of A Ribonucleic Acid.». <i>Science</i>. <b>147</b> (3664): 1462–5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965Sci...147.1462H">1965Sci...147.1462H</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14263761">14263761</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.147.3664.1462">10.1126/science.147.3664.1462</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Holley&rft.atitle=Structure+Of+A+Ribonucleic+Acid.&rft.au=Apgar%2C+J&rft.au=Everett%2C+GA&rft.au=Madison%2C+JT&rft.au=Marquisee%2C+M&rft.au=Merrill%2C+SH&rft.au=Penswick%2C+JR&rft.au=Zamir%2C+A&rft.aufirst=RW&rft.aulast=Holley&rft.date=1965-03-19&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3664&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1462-5&rft.volume=147&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965Sci...147.1462H&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.147.3664.1462&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14263761&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1968/holley-lecture.pdf">«Holley's Nobel Lecture»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Holley&rft.btitle=Holley%27s+Nobel+Lecture&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1968%2Fholley-lecture.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Holley&rft.btitle=Perfil+no+s%C3tio+oficial+do+Nobel+de+Fisiologia+ou+Medicina+1968&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1968%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p>  </p><table class="toccolours" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Haldan_Hartline" title="Haldan Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a></span> e <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_Fisiologia_ou_Medicina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina">Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina</a></span></b><br /><a href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a><br />com <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Har_Khorana" title="Har Khorana">Har Khorana</a></span> e <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a></span> e <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></span></b></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_Fisiologia_ou_Medicina_(1951_%E2%80%94_1975)&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobel_de_Fisiologia_ou_Medicina_(1951–1975)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_Fisiologia_ou_Medicina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina">Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina (1951–1975)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r57040861">.mw-parser-output .sep-list{font-weight:bold}</style><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs" title="Hans Krebs">Hans Krebs</a> e <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Axel_Hugo_Theodor_Theorell" title="Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Cournand" title="André Cournand">André Cournand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_For%C3%9Fmann" title="Werner Forßmann">Werner Forßmann</a> e <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_Richards" title="Dickinson Richards">Dickinson Richards</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> e <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> e <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Burnet" title="Frank Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brian_Medawar" title="Peter Brian Medawar">Peter Brian Medawar</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> e <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles" title="John Eccles">John Eccles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> e <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Bloch" title="Konrad Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> e <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> e <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Rous" title="Francis Rous">Francis Rous</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Huggins" title="Charles Huggins">Charles Huggins</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Hartline" title="Haldan Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1968: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Holley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har_Khorana" title="Har Khorana">Har Khorana</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> e <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Svante_von_Euler" title="Ulf Svante von Euler">Ulf Svante von Euler</a> e <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Sutherland Jr.</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> e <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Porter" title="Rodney Porter">Rodney Porter</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> e <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> e <a href="/wiki/George_Palade" title="George Palade">George Palade</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> e <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Nobel_de_Fisiologia_ou_Medicina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina">Lista completa</a> | <a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_Fisiologia_ou_Medicina/1901-1925" class="mw-redirect" title="Predefinição:Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina/1901-1925">(1901-1925)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_Fisiologia_ou_Medicina/1926-1950" class="mw-redirect" title="Predefinição:Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina/1926-1950">(1926-1950)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_Fisiologia_ou_Medicina/1951-1975" class="mw-redirect" title="Predefinição:Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina/1951-1975">(1951-1975)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_Fisiologia_ou_Medicina/1976-2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Predefinição:Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina/1976-2000">(1976-2000)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Nobel_de_Fisiologia_ou_Medicina/2001-2025" class="mw-redirect" title="Predefinição:Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina/2001-2025">(2001-2025)</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Controle_de_autoridade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Controle_de_autoridade" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Controle_de_autoridade" title="Ajuda:Controle de autoridade">Controle de autoridade</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108891" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q108891">Q108891</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/84793329">WorldCat</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Base_Virtual_Internacional_de_Autoridade" title="Base Virtual Internacional de Autoridade">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84793329/">84793329</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Grande Enciclopédia Soviética">BRE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/4695707">4695707</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-William-Holley">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://www.nndb.com/people/316/000129926/">000129926</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAC" class="extiw" title="en:SNAC">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w95k1c">w6w95k1c</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Treccani" title="Enciclopédia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/robert-william-holley">robert-william-holley</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="noprint" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:none; background:transparent; color: inherit"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Asclepius_staff.svg" 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