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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woodcut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodcut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Woodcut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodcut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engraving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engraving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Engraving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engraving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Etching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mezzotint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mezzotint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Mezzotint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mezzotint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquatint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquatint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Aquatint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquatint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drypoint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drypoint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Drypoint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drypoint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Lithography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variations_of_Lithography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_of_Lithography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>Variations of Lithography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_of_Lithography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screenprinting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screenprinting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Screenprinting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screenprinting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monotype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monotype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Monotype</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monotype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monoprint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monoprint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Monoprint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monoprint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed-media_prints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed-media_prints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Mixed-media prints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed-media_prints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_prints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_prints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Digital prints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_prints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dye-based_inks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dye-based_inks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13.1</span> <span>Dye-based inks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dye-based_inks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pigment-based_inks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigment-based_inks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13.2</span> <span>Pigment-based inks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigment-based_inks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giclée" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giclée"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13.3</span> <span>Giclée</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giclée-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foil_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foil_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>Foil imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foil_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct-to-garment_printing_(DTG_printing)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct-to-garment_printing_(DTG_printing)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>Direct-to-garment printing (DTG printing)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct-to-garment_printing_(DTG_printing)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Registration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protective_printmaking_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protective_printmaking_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Protective printmaking equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protective_printmaking_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Print_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Print preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printmakers_by_nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printmakers_by_nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Printmakers by nationality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printmakers_by_nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طباعة فنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طباعة فنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="ছাপচিত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছাপচিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гравюра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гравюра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estampa_(art)" title="Estampa (art) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estampa (art)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estampa" title="Estampa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estampa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravurado" title="Gravurado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gravurado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="چاپ دستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاپ دستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionta%C3%ADocht" title="Priontaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Priontaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%90%ED%99%94%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%91" title="판화제작 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="판화제작" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC_%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80)" title="Փորագրություն (այլ կիրառումներ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փորագրություն (այլ կիրառումներ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampa_(arte)" title="Stampa (arte) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stampa (arte)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%A1" title="הדפס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הדפס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гравюра – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гравюра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravyura" title="Gravyura – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gravyura" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztych_(sztuka)" title="Sztych (sztuka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sztych (sztuka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravur%C4%83" title="Gravură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gravură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гравюра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гравюра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentmakkin" title="Prentmakkin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Prentmakkin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Printmaking" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taidegrafiikka" title="Taidegrafiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taidegrafiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гравюра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гравюра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%88%E7%95%AB" title="版畫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="版畫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%88%E7%94%BB" title="版画 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="版画" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q271588#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of creating artworks by printing, normally on paper</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about techniques of printmaking as a fine art. For the history of printmaking in Europe, see <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">Old master print</a>. For the Japanese printmaking tradition, see <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">Ukiyo-e</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokusai,_The_Underwave_off_Kanagawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hokusai, The Underwave off Kanagawa, depicting various waves. A ship can be seen upon the waters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hokusai%2C_The_Underwave_off_Kanagawa.jpg/300px-Hokusai%2C_The_Underwave_off_Kanagawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hokusai%2C_The_Underwave_off_Kanagawa.jpg/450px-Hokusai%2C_The_Underwave_off_Kanagawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hokusai%2C_The_Underwave_off_Kanagawa.jpg/600px-Hokusai%2C_The_Underwave_off_Kanagawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5706" data-file-height="3896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Katsushika_Hokusai" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsushika Hokusai">Katsushika Hokusai</a> <i>The Underwave off Kanagawa</i>, 1829/1833, color <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a>, Rijksmuseum Collection</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1630_Rembrandt_Selbstportrait_mit_aufgerissenen_Augen_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/1630_Rembrandt_Selbstportrait_mit_aufgerissenen_Augen_anagoria.JPG/300px-1630_Rembrandt_Selbstportrait_mit_aufgerissenen_Augen_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/1630_Rembrandt_Selbstportrait_mit_aufgerissenen_Augen_anagoria.JPG/450px-1630_Rembrandt_Selbstportrait_mit_aufgerissenen_Augen_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/1630_Rembrandt_Selbstportrait_mit_aufgerissenen_Augen_anagoria.JPG/600px-1630_Rembrandt_Selbstportrait_mit_aufgerissenen_Augen_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="2648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Self-portrait" title="Self-portrait">Self-portrait</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1630</span></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goya_-_No_Hay_Quien_Los_Socorra_(Nobody_Can_Help_Them).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Goya_-_No_Hay_Quien_Los_Socorra_%28Nobody_Can_Help_Them%29.jpg/300px-Goya_-_No_Hay_Quien_Los_Socorra_%28Nobody_Can_Help_Them%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Goya_-_No_Hay_Quien_Los_Socorra_%28Nobody_Can_Help_Them%29.jpg/450px-Goya_-_No_Hay_Quien_Los_Socorra_%28Nobody_Can_Help_Them%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Goya_-_No_Hay_Quien_Los_Socorra_%28Nobody_Can_Help_Them%29.jpg/600px-Goya_-_No_Hay_Quien_Los_Socorra_%28Nobody_Can_Help_Them%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2257" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>, <i>There is No One To Help Them,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Disasters_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Disasters of War">Disasters of War</a></i> series, <a href="/wiki/Aquatint" title="Aquatint">aquatint</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1810</span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Printmaking</b> is the process of creating <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">artworks</a> by <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>, normally on <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, but also on <a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">fabric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, and other surfaces. "Traditional printmaking" normally covers only the process of creating prints using a hand processed technique, rather than a photographic reproduction of a visual artwork which would be printed using an electronic machine (<a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">a printer</a>); however, there is some cross-over between traditional and digital printmaking, including <a href="/wiki/Risograph" title="Risograph">risograph</a>. </p><p>Prints are created by transferring ink from a <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(printing)" title="Matrix (printing)">matrix</a> to a sheet of paper or other material, by a variety of techniques. Common types of matrices include: metal plates for <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> and related <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Intaglio printing">intaglio printing</a> techniques; stone, aluminum, or polymer for <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a>; blocks of wood for <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcuts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wood_engraving" title="Wood engraving">wood engravings</a>; and linoleum for <a href="/wiki/Linocut" title="Linocut">linocuts</a>. Screens made of silk or synthetic fabrics are used for the <a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">screen printing</a> process. Other types of matrix substrates and related processes are discussed below. </p><p>Except in the case of <a href="/wiki/Monotyping" title="Monotyping">monotyping</a>, all printmaking processes have the capacity to produce identical multiples of the same artwork, which is called a print. Each print produced is considered an "original" work of art, and is correctly referred to as an "impression", not a "copy" (that means a different print copying the first, common in early printmaking). However, impressions can vary considerably, whether intentionally or not. <a href="/wiki/Master_printmaker" title="Master printmaker">Master printmakers</a> are technicians who are capable of printing identical "impressions" by hand. A print that copies another work of art, especially a painting, is known as a "reproductive print". </p><p>Multiple impressions printed from the same matrix form an <a href="/wiki/Edition_(printmaking)" title="Edition (printmaking)">edition</a>. Since the late 19th century, artists have generally signed individual impressions from an edition and often number the impressions to form a limited edition; the matrix is then destroyed so that no more prints can be produced. Prints may also be printed in book form, such as illustrated books or <a href="/wiki/Artist%27s_book" title="Artist's book">artist's books</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 300px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history-basics/artists-materials-techniques/printmaking/v/moma-relief-printmaking">Printmaking: Woodcuts and Engravings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Printmaking techniques are generally divided into the following basic categories: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relief_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief print">Relief</a>, where ink is applied to the original surface of the matrix, while carved or displaced grooves are absent of ink. Relief techniques include <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> or <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_engraving" title="Wood engraving">wood engraving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linocut" title="Linocut">linocut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metalcut" title="Metalcut">metalcut</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">Intaglio</a>, where ink is forced into grooves or cavities in the surface of the matrix. Intaglio techniques include <a href="/wiki/Collagraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Collagraph">collagraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">mezzotint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquatint" title="Aquatint">aquatint</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Planographic">Planographic</a>, where the matrix retains its original surface, but is specially prepared and/or inked to allow for the transfer of the image. Planographic techniques include <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monotyping" title="Monotyping">monotyping</a>, and digital techniques.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stencil" title="Stencil">Stencil</a>, where ink or paint is pressed through a prepared screen or material with cutout elements, including <a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">screen printing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risograph" title="Risograph">risograph</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stencil" title="Stencil">pochoir</a>.</li></ul> <p>A type of printmaking outside of this group is <a href="/wiki/Viscosity_printing" title="Viscosity printing">viscosity printing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Printing#Conventional_printing_technology" title="Printing">Contemporary printmaking</a> may include <a href="/wiki/Digital_printing" title="Digital printing">digital printing</a>, photographic mediums, or a combination of digital, photographic, and traditional processes. </p><p>Many of these techniques can also be combined, especially within the same family. For example, Rembrandt's prints are usually referred to as "etchings" for convenience, but very often include work in engraving and <a href="/wiki/Drypoint" title="Drypoint">drypoint</a> as well, and sometimes have no etching at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woodcut">Woodcut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Woodcut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="width:35%; float: right; margin: 10px; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #8888aa;">Artists using this technique include <p><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Burgkmair" title="Hans Burgkmair">Hans Burgkmair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugo_da_Carpi" title="Ugo da Carpi">Ugo da Carpi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshige" title="Hiroshige">Hiroshige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" title="Hokusai">Hokusai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frans_Masereel" title="Frans Masereel">Frans Masereel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Baumann" title="Gustave Baumann">Gustave Baumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Slater" title="Eric Slater">Eric Slater</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Frasconi" title="Antonio Frasconi">Antonio Frasconi</a> </p> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">Woodcut</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vallotton-Raison.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Vallotton-Raison.gif/220px-Vallotton-Raison.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Vallotton-Raison.gif/330px-Vallotton-Raison.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Vallotton-Raison.gif/440px-Vallotton-Raison.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Vallotton" title="Félix Vallotton">Félix Vallotton</a>, <i>La raison probante (The Cogent Reason)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> from the series <i>Intimités</i>, (1898)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirchner_-_Bildnis_Otto_Mueller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kirchner_-_Bildnis_Otto_Mueller.jpg/170px-Kirchner_-_Bildnis_Otto_Mueller.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kirchner_-_Bildnis_Otto_Mueller.jpg/255px-Kirchner_-_Bildnis_Otto_Mueller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kirchner_-_Bildnis_Otto_Mueller.jpg/340px-Kirchner_-_Bildnis_Otto_Mueller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</a>, <i>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Otto_Mueller" title="Otto Mueller">Otto Müller</a></i>, 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>Woodcut, a type of <a href="/wiki/Relief_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief print">relief print</a>, is the earliest printmaking technique. It was probably first developed as a means of printing patterns on cloth, and by the 5th century was used in China for printing text and images on paper.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woodcuts of images on paper developed around 1400 in Europe, and slightly later in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are the two areas where woodcut has been most extensively used purely as a process for making images without text. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Some_woodcutts_of_Stanislaw_Raczynski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/Some_woodcutts_of_Stanislaw_Raczynski.jpg/220px-Some_woodcutts_of_Stanislaw_Raczynski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/Some_woodcutts_of_Stanislaw_Raczynski.jpg/330px-Some_woodcutts_of_Stanislaw_Raczynski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/Some_woodcutts_of_Stanislaw_Raczynski.jpg/440px-Some_woodcutts_of_Stanislaw_Raczynski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption><i>Woodcuts of Stanislaw Raczynski (1903–1982)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artist</a> either draws a design directly on a plank of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, or transfers a drawing done on paper to a plank of wood. Traditionally, the artist then handed the work to a technician, who then uses sharp carving tools to carve away the parts of the block that will not receive ink.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Western tradition, the surface of the block is then inked with the use of a <a href="/wiki/Brayer" title="Brayer">brayer</a>; however in the Japanese tradition, <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_in_Japan" title="Woodblock printing in Japan">woodblocks</a> were inked with a brush.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then a sheet of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, perhaps slightly damp, is placed over the block. The block is then rubbed with a <a href="/wiki/Baren_(printing_tool)" title="Baren (printing tool)">baren</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spoon" title="Spoon">spoon</a>, or is run through a <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>. If the print is in color, separate blocks can be used for each <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>, or a technique called reduction printing can be used. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reduction_printing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reduction printing (page does not exist)">Reduction printing</a> is a name used to describe the process of using one block to print several layers of color on one print. Both <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcuts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linocut" title="Linocut">linocuts</a> can employ reduction printing. This usually involves cutting a small amount of the block away, and then printing the block many times over on different sheets before washing the block, cutting more away and printing the next color on top. This allows the previous color to show through. This process can be repeated many times over. The advantages of this process is that only one block is needed, and that different components of an intricate design will line up perfectly. The disadvantage is that once the artist moves on to the next layer, no more prints can be made. </p><p>Another variation of woodcut printmaking is the cukil technique, made famous by the <a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a> underground community in Java, Indonesia. Taring Padi Posters usually resemble intricately printed cartoon posters embedded with political messages. Images—usually resembling a visually complex scenario—are carved unto a wooden surface called cukilan, then smothered with printer's ink before pressing it unto media such as paper or canvas.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engraving">Engraving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Engraving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melencolia_I_(Durero).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Melencolia_I_%28Durero%29.jpg/170px-Melencolia_I_%28Durero%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Melencolia_I_%28Durero%29.jpg/255px-Melencolia_I_%28Durero%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Melencolia_I_%28Durero%29.jpg/340px-Melencolia_I_%28Durero%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Melencolia_I" title="Melencolia I">Melencolia I</a></i>, 1514 engraving by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, one of the most important printmakers.</figcaption></figure> <p>The process was developed in Germany in the 1430s from the engraving used by <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmiths</a> to decorate metalwork. Engravers use a hardened steel tool called a <a href="/wiki/Burin_(engraving)" title="Burin (engraving)">burin</a> to cut the design into the surface of a metal plate, traditionally made of copper. Engraving using a burin is generally a difficult skill to learn. </p><p>Gravers come in a variety of shapes and sizes that yield different line types. The burin produces a unique and recognizable quality of line that is characterized by its steady, deliberate appearance and clean edges. Other tools such as mezzotint rockers, roulettes (a tool with a fine-toothed wheel) and burnishers (a tool used for making an object smooth or shiny by rubbing) are used for texturing effects. </p><p>To make a print, the engraved plate is inked all over, then the ink is wiped off the surface, leaving ink only in the engraved lines. The plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper (often moistened to soften it). The paper picks up the ink from the engraved lines, making a print. The process can be repeated many times; typically several hundred impressions (copies) could be printed before the printing plate shows much sign of wear, except when <a href="/wiki/Drypoint" title="Drypoint">drypoint</a>, which gives much shallower lines, is used. </p><p>In the 20th century, true engraving was revived as a serious art form by artists including <a href="/wiki/Stanley_William_Hayter" title="Stanley William Hayter">Stanley William Hayter</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Atelier_17" title="Atelier 17">Atelier 17</a> in Paris and New York City became the magnet for such artists as <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Alberto Giacometti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Lasansky" title="Mauricio Lasansky">Mauricio Lasansky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a>. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etching">Etching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Etching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">Etching</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Jerome_in_his_Study_LACMA_M.2012.31_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Saint_Jerome_in_his_Study_LACMA_M.2012.31_%281_of_2%29.jpg/220px-Saint_Jerome_in_his_Study_LACMA_M.2012.31_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Saint_Jerome_in_his_Study_LACMA_M.2012.31_%281_of_2%29.jpg/330px-Saint_Jerome_in_his_Study_LACMA_M.2012.31_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Saint_Jerome_in_his_Study_LACMA_M.2012.31_%281_of_2%29.jpg/440px-Saint_Jerome_in_his_Study_LACMA_M.2012.31_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Albrecht Dürer, <i>Saint Jerome in his Study</i>, 1514.</figcaption></figure> <div style="width:35%; float: right; margin: 10px; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #8888aa;">Artists using this technique include <p><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijn" class="mw-redirect" title="Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn">Rembrandt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_Hollar" title="Wenceslaus Hollar">Wenceslaus Hollar</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Abbott_McNeill_Whistler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Abbott McNeill Whistler">Whistler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Otto Dix</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">James Ensor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Edward Hopper</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Kollwitz" title="Käthe Kollwitz">Käthe Kollwitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cy_Twombly" title="Cy Twombly">Cy Twombly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_van_Leyden" title="Lucas van Leyden">Lucas van Leyden</a> </p> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_The_Hundred_Guilder_Print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rembrandt_The_Hundred_Guilder_Print.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_The_Hundred_Guilder_Print.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rembrandt_The_Hundred_Guilder_Print.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_The_Hundred_Guilder_Print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rembrandt_The_Hundred_Guilder_Print.jpg/440px-Rembrandt_The_Hundred_Guilder_Print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5022" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, <i>Christ Preaching</i>, <i>(<a href="/wiki/Hundred_Guilder_Print" title="Hundred Guilder Print">The Hundred Guilder print</a>)</i>; etching <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1648</span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Etching</b> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">intaglio</a> family. In pure etching, a metal plate (usually copper, zinc, or steel) is covered with a waxy or acrylic <a href="/wiki/Ground_(etching)" title="Ground (etching)">ground</a>. The artist then draws through the ground with a pointed etching needle, exposing the metal. The plate is then etched by dipping it in a bath of etchant (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ferric_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric chloride">ferric chloride</a>). The etchant "bites" into the exposed metal, leaving behind lines in the plate. The remaining ground is then cleaned off the plate, and the printing process is then just the same as for <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>. </p><p>Although the first dated etching is by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> in 1515, the process is believed to have been invented by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hopfer" title="Daniel Hopfer">Daniel Hopfer</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1470–1536</span>) of Augsburg, Germany, who decorated armor in this way, and applied the method to printmaking.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Etching soon came to challenge engraving as the most popular printmaking medium. Its great advantage was that, unlike engraving which requires special skill in metalworking, etching is relatively easy to learn for an artist trained in drawing. </p><p>Etching prints are generally linear and often contain fine detail and contours. <a href="/wiki/Line_art" title="Line art">Lines</a> can vary from smooth to sketchy. An etching is opposite of a woodcut in that the raised portions of an etching remain blank while the crevices hold ink. </p><p>A non-toxic form of etching that does not involve an acid is <a href="/wiki/Electroetching" title="Electroetching">Electroetching</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mezzotint">Mezzotint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mezzotint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="width:35%; float: right; margin: 10px; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #8888aa;">Artists using this technique include <p><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">John Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Siegen" title="Ludwig von Siegen">Ludwig von Siegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(engraver)" title="John Smith (engraver)">John Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallerant_Vaillant" title="Wallerant Vaillant">Wallerant Vaillant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Wax" title="Carol Wax">Carol Wax</a> </p> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">Mezzotint</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Midsummer_Night%E2%80%99s_Dream_(Bottom_and_Titania)_-_Samuel_Cousins_ARA_-_464-1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Print depicting Titania leaning on Bottom, a weaver with a magically bestowed ass's head. Within a woodland arbour, fairies and enchanted animals surround them." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/A_Midsummer_Night%E2%80%99s_Dream_%28Bottom_and_Titania%29_-_Samuel_Cousins_ARA_-_464-1997.jpg/220px-A_Midsummer_Night%E2%80%99s_Dream_%28Bottom_and_Titania%29_-_Samuel_Cousins_ARA_-_464-1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/A_Midsummer_Night%E2%80%99s_Dream_%28Bottom_and_Titania%29_-_Samuel_Cousins_ARA_-_464-1997.jpg/330px-A_Midsummer_Night%E2%80%99s_Dream_%28Bottom_and_Titania%29_-_Samuel_Cousins_ARA_-_464-1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/A_Midsummer_Night%E2%80%99s_Dream_%28Bottom_and_Titania%29_-_Samuel_Cousins_ARA_-_464-1997.jpg/440px-A_Midsummer_Night%E2%80%99s_Dream_%28Bottom_and_Titania%29_-_Samuel_Cousins_ARA_-_464-1997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption>A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Bottom and Titania) by Samuel Cousins, mezzotint on paper (1801-1887).</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">intaglio</a> variant of engraving in which the image is formed from subtle gradations of light and shade. Mezzotint—from the Italian mezzo ("half") and tinta ("tone")—is a "dark manner" form of printmaking, which requires artists to work from dark to light. To create a mezzotint, the surface of a copper printing plate is roughened evenly all over with the aid of a tool known as a rocker; the image is then formed by smoothing the surface with a tool known as a burnisher. When inked, the roughened areas of the plate will hold more ink and print more darkly, while smoother areas of the plate hold less or no ink, and will print more lightly or not at all. It is, however, possible to create the image by only roughening the plate selectively, so working from light to dark. </p><p>Mezzotint is known for the luxurious quality of its tones: first, because an evenly, finely roughened surface holds a lot of ink, allowing deep solid colors to be printed; secondly because the process of smoothing the texture with burin, burnisher and scraper allows fine gradations in tone to be developed. </p><p>The mezzotint printmaking method was invented by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Siegen" title="Ludwig von Siegen">Ludwig von Siegen</a> (1609–1680). The process was used widely in England from the mid-eighteenth century, to reproduce oil paintings and in particular portraits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquatint">Aquatint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aquatint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="width:35%; float: right; margin: 10px; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #8888aa;">Artists using this technique include <p><a href="/wiki/Norman_Ackroyd" title="Norman Ackroyd">Norman Ackroyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Le_Prince" title="Jean-Baptiste Le Prince">Jean-Baptiste Le Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Daniell" title="William Daniell">William Daniell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson" title="Thomas Rowlandson">Thomas Rowlandson</a> </p> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aquatint" title="Aquatint">Aquatint</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goya-Capricho-43.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Goya-Capricho-43.jpg/170px-Goya-Capricho-43.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Goya-Capricho-43.jpg/255px-Goya-Capricho-43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Goya-Capricho-43.jpg/340px-Goya-Capricho-43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="3510" /></a><figcaption><i>The sleep of Reason creates monsters</i>, etching and aquatint by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>, c. 1797–98</figcaption></figure> <p>A technique used in <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">Intaglio</a> etchings. Like etching, aquatint technique involves the application of acid to make marks in a metal plate. Where the etching technique uses a needle to make lines that retain ink, traditional aquatint relies on powdered <a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">rosin</a> which is acid resistant in the ground to create a tonal effect. The rosin is applied in a light dusting by a fan booth, the rosin is then cooked until set on the plate. At this time the rosin can be burnished or scratched out to affect its tonal qualities. The tonal variation is controlled by the level of acid exposure over large areas, and thus the image is shaped by large sections at a time. </p><p>Contemporary printmakers also sometimes using airbrushed <a href="/wiki/Asphaltum" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphaltum">asphaltum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aerosol_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosol paint">spray paint</a>, as well as other non toxic techniques, to achieve aquatint due to rosin boxes posing a fire hazard.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goya used aquatint for most of his prints. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drypoint">Drypoint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Drypoint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="width:35%; float: right; margin: 10px; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #8888aa;">Artists using this technique include <p><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Seymour_Haden" title="Francis Seymour Haden">Francis Seymour Haden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Housebook" title="Master of the Housebook">Master of the Housebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Spare" title="Richard Spare">Richard Spare</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lionel_Wyllie" title="William Lionel Wyllie">William Lionel Wyllie</a> </p> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drypoint" title="Drypoint">Drypoint</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_The_Three_Crosses_1653.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rembrandt_The_Three_Crosses_1653.jpg/170px-Rembrandt_The_Three_Crosses_1653.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rembrandt_The_Three_Crosses_1653.jpg/255px-Rembrandt_The_Three_Crosses_1653.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rembrandt_The_Three_Crosses_1653.jpg/340px-Rembrandt_The_Three_Crosses_1653.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Crosses" title="The Three Crosses">The Three Crosses</a></i>, 1653 <a href="/wiki/Drypoint" title="Drypoint">drypoint</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A variant of engraving, done with a sharp point, rather than a v-shaped <a href="/wiki/Burin_(engraving)" title="Burin (engraving)">burin</a>. While engraved lines are very smooth and hard-edged, drypoint scratching leaves a rough burr at the edges of each line. This burr gives drypoint prints a characteristically soft, and sometimes blurry, line quality. Because the pressure of printing quickly destroys the burr, drypoint is useful only for very small editions; as few as ten or twenty impressions. To counter this, and allow for longer print runs, electro-plating (here called steelfacing) has been used since the nineteenth century to harden the surface of a plate. </p><p>The technique appears to have been invented by the <a href="/wiki/Housebook_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="Housebook Master">Housebook Master</a>, a south German fifteenth-century artist, all of whose prints are in drypoint only. Among the most famous artists of the old master print, Albrecht Dürer produced three drypoints before abandoning the technique; Rembrandt used it frequently, but usually in conjunction with etching and engraving. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithography">Lithography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lithography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="width:35%; float: right; margin: 10px; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #8888aa;">Artists using this technique include <p><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier" title="Honoré Daumier">Honoré Daumier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">George Bellows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Pierre Bonnard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Emil Nolde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Willem de Kooning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stow_Wengenroth" title="Stow Wengenroth">Stow Wengenroth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaine_de_Kooning" title="Elaine de Kooning">Elaine de Kooning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louise_Nevelson" title="Louise Nevelson">Louise Nevelson</a> </p> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">Lithography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Moulin_Rouge_-_La_Goulue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Moulin_Rouge_-_La_Goulue.jpg/170px-Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Moulin_Rouge_-_La_Goulue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Moulin_Rouge_-_La_Goulue.jpg/255px-Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Moulin_Rouge_-_La_Goulue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Moulin_Rouge_-_La_Goulue.jpg/340px-Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Moulin_Rouge_-_La_Goulue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/La_Goulue" title="La Goulue">La Goulue</a></i>, Lithograph poster by <a href="/wiki/Toulouse-Lautrec" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a> (1891)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">Lithography</a> is a technique invented in 1798 by <a href="/wiki/Alois_Senefelder" title="Alois Senefelder">Alois Senefelder</a> and based on the <a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(chemistry)" title="Cohesion (chemistry)">chemical repulsion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. A porous surface, normally <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, is used; the image is drawn on the limestone with a greasy medium. Acid is applied, transferring the grease-protected design to the limestone, leaving the image 'burned' into the surface. <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a>, a water-soluble substance, is then applied, sealing the surface of the stone not covered with the drawing medium. The stone is wetted, with water staying only on the surface not covered in grease-based residue of the drawing; the stone is then 'rolled up', meaning oil ink is applied with a roller covering the entire surface; since water repels the oil in the ink, the ink adheres only to the greasy parts, perfectly inking the image. A sheet of dry paper is placed on the surface, and the image is transferred to the paper by the pressure of the printing press. Lithography is known for its ability to capture fine gradations in shading and very small detail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variations_of_Lithography">Variations of Lithography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Variations of Lithography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachael_Robinson_Elmer,_Woolworth_Building_June_Night,_1916,_NGA_147751.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A gradient lithograph print of the Woolworth Building in New York in blue tones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rachael_Robinson_Elmer%2C_Woolworth_Building_June_Night%2C_1916%2C_NGA_147751.jpg/170px-Rachael_Robinson_Elmer%2C_Woolworth_Building_June_Night%2C_1916%2C_NGA_147751.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rachael_Robinson_Elmer%2C_Woolworth_Building_June_Night%2C_1916%2C_NGA_147751.jpg/255px-Rachael_Robinson_Elmer%2C_Woolworth_Building_June_Night%2C_1916%2C_NGA_147751.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rachael_Robinson_Elmer%2C_Woolworth_Building_June_Night%2C_1916%2C_NGA_147751.jpg/340px-Rachael_Robinson_Elmer%2C_Woolworth_Building_June_Night%2C_1916%2C_NGA_147751.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2564" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Rachel Robinson Elmer, <a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">halftone</a> <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset lithograph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woolworth_Building" title="Woolworth Building">Woolworth Building</a> June Night, 1916, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">The National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington, D.C. </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Photo-lithography" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo-lithography">Photo-lithography</a> captures an image by photographic processes on metal plates; printing is more or less carried out in the same way as stone lithography. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">Halftone</a> lithography produces an image that illustrates a gradient-like quality. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mokulito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mokulito (page does not exist)">Mokulito</a> is a form of lithography on wood instead of limestone. It was invented by Seishi Ozaku in the 1970s in Japan and was originally called Mokurito.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screenprinting">Screenprinting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Screenprinting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="width:35%; float: right; margin: 10px; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #8888aa;">Artists using this technique include <p><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Josef Albers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralston_Crawford" title="Ralston Crawford">Ralston Crawford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Davis_(painter)" title="Gene Davis (painter)">Gene Davis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Indiana" title="Robert Indiana">Robert Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein" title="Roy Lichtenstein">Roy Lichtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Opie" title="Julian Opie">Julian Opie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridget_Riley" title="Bridget Riley">Bridget Riley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ruscha" title="Edward Ruscha">Edward Ruscha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>. </p> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Screenprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="Screenprinting">Screenprinting</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">Screen printing</a> (occasionally known as "silkscreen", or "serigraphy") creates prints by using a fabric stencil technique; ink is simply pushed through the stencil against the surface of the paper, most often with the aid of a squeegee. Generally, the technique uses a natural or synthetic 'mesh' fabric stretched tightly across a rectangular 'frame,' much like a stretched canvas. The fabric can be silk, nylon monofilament, multifilament polyester, or even stainless steel.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While commercial screen printing often requires high-tech, mechanical apparatuses and calibrated materials, printmakers value it for the "Do It Yourself" approach, and the low technical requirements, high quality results. The essential tools required are a squeegee, a mesh fabric, a frame, and a stencil. Unlike many other printmaking processes, a printing press is not required, as screen printing is essentially stencil printing. </p><p>Screen printing may be adapted to printing on a variety of materials, from paper, cloth, and canvas to rubber, glass, and metal. Artists have used the technique to print on bottles, on slabs of granite, directly onto walls, and to reproduce images on textiles which would distort under pressure from printing presses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monotype">Monotype</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Monotype"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monotyping" title="Monotyping">Monotyping</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin,_Arearea_no_Varua_Ino_(Words_of_the_Devil)_(recto),_1894,_NGA_11586.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Watercolor monotype showing two women, one with her back to the viewer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Paul_Gauguin%2C_Arearea_no_Varua_Ino_%28Words_of_the_Devil%29_%28recto%29%2C_1894%2C_NGA_11586.jpg/170px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_Arearea_no_Varua_Ino_%28Words_of_the_Devil%29_%28recto%29%2C_1894%2C_NGA_11586.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Paul_Gauguin%2C_Arearea_no_Varua_Ino_%28Words_of_the_Devil%29_%28recto%29%2C_1894%2C_NGA_11586.jpg/255px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_Arearea_no_Varua_Ino_%28Words_of_the_Devil%29_%28recto%29%2C_1894%2C_NGA_11586.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Paul_Gauguin%2C_Arearea_no_Varua_Ino_%28Words_of_the_Devil%29_%28recto%29%2C_1894%2C_NGA_11586.jpg/340px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_Arearea_no_Varua_Ino_%28Words_of_the_Devil%29_%28recto%29%2C_1894%2C_NGA_11586.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2779" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>, <i>Arearea no Varua Ino</i> (Words of the Devil), <a href="/wiki/Watercolor_painting" title="Watercolor painting">watercolor</a> monotype on Japan paper mounted on cardboard, 1894, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">The National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione_-_The_Creation_of_Adam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione_-_The_Creation_of_Adam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione_-_The_Creation_of_Adam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione_-_The_Creation_of_Adam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione_-_The_Creation_of_Adam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione_-_The_Creation_of_Adam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione_-_The_Creation_of_Adam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4013" data-file-height="6001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotype">Monotype</a> by the technique's inventor, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione" title="Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione">Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione</a>, <i>The Creation of Adam</i>, c 1642</figcaption></figure> <p>Monotyping is a type of printmaking made by drawing or painting on a smooth, non-absorbent surface. The surface, or matrix, was historically a copper etching plate, but in contemporary work it can vary from zinc or glass to acrylic glass. The image is then transferred onto a sheet of paper by pressing the two together, usually using a printing-press. Monotypes can also be created by inking an entire surface and then, using brushes or rags, removing ink to create a subtractive image, e.g. creating lights from a field of opaque color. The inks used may be oil based or water based. With oil based inks, the paper may be dry, in which case the image has more contrast, or the paper may be damp, in which case the image has a 10 percent greater range of tones. </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Monoprinting" title="Monoprinting">monoprinting</a>, monotyping produces a unique print, or monotype, because most of the ink is removed during the initial pressing. Although subsequent reprintings are sometimes possible, they differ greatly from the first print and are generally considered inferior. A second print from the original plate is called a "ghost print" or "cognate". Stencils, watercolor, solvents, brushes, and other tools are often used to embellish a monotype print. Monotypes are often spontaneously executed and with no preliminary sketch. </p><p>Monotypes are the most painterly method among the printmaking techniques, a unique print that is essentially a printed painting. The principal characteristic of this medium is found in its spontaneity and its combination of printmaking, painting, and drawing media.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monoprint">Monoprint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Monoprint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monoprinting" title="Monoprinting">Monoprinting</a></div> <p>Monoprinting is a form of printmaking that uses a matrix such as a woodblock, litho stone, or copper plate, but produces impressions that are unique. Multiple unique impressions printed from a single matrix are sometimes known as a variable edition. There are many techniques used in monoprinting, including <a href="/wiki/Collagraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Collagraph">collagraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a>, hand-painted additions, and a form of tracing by which thick ink is laid down on a table, paper is placed on the ink, and the back of the paper is drawn on, transferring the ink to the paper. Monoprints can also be made by altering the type, color, and viscosity of the ink used to create different prints. Traditional printmaking techniques, such as lithography, woodcut, and intaglio, can be used to make monoprints. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed-media_prints">Mixed-media prints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mixed-media prints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mixed-media prints may use multiple traditional printmaking processes such as etching, woodcut, letterpress, silkscreen, or even monoprinting in the creation of the print. They may also incorporate elements of chine colle, collage, or painted areas, and may be unique, i.e. one-off, non-editioned, prints. Mixed-media prints are often experimental prints and may be printed on unusual, non-traditional surfaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_prints">Digital prints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Digital prints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="width:35%; float: right; margin: 10px; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #8888aa;">Artists using this technique include <p><a href="/wiki/Istvan_Horkay" title="Istvan Horkay">Istvan Horkay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goings" title="Ralph Goings">Ralph Goings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Chagoya" title="Enrique Chagoya">Enrique Chagoya</a> </p> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_printing" title="Digital printing">Digital printing</a></div> <p>Digital prints refers to images printed using digital printers such as <a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printing" title="Inkjet printing">inkjet printers</a> instead of a traditional printing press. Images can be printed to a variety of substrates including paper, cloth, or plastic canvas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dye-based_inks">Dye-based inks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dye-based inks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dye-based inks are <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> (not <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a>) dissolved and mixed into a liquid. Although most are synthetic, derived from <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, they can be made from vegetable or animal sources. Dyes are well suited for textiles where the liquid dye penetrates and chemically bonds to the fiber. Because of the deep penetration, more layers of material must lose their color before the fading is apparent. Dyes, however, are not suitable for the relatively thin layers of ink laid out on the surface of a print. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pigment-based_inks">Pigment-based inks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pigment-based inks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pigment is a finely ground, particulate substance which, when mixed or ground into a liquid to make ink or paint, does not dissolve, but remains dispersed or suspended in the liquid. Pigments are categorized as either <a href="/wiki/Inorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic">inorganic</a> (mineral) or organic (synthetic).<sup id="cite_ref-MagnoliaFAQ_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagnoliaFAQ-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigment-based inks have a much longer permanence than dye-based inks.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Giclée"><span id="Gicl.C3.A9e"></span>Giclée</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Giclée"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gicl%C3%A9e" title="Giclée">Giclée</a> (pron.: /ʒiːˈkleɪ/ zhee-KLAY or /dʒiːˈkleɪ/), is a neologism coined in 1991 by printmaker Jack Duganne <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for digital prints made on inkjet printers. Originally associated with early dye-based printers it is now more often refers to pigment-based prints.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is based on the French word gicleur, which means "nozzle". Today fine art prints produced on large format ink-jet machines using the <a href="/wiki/CcMmYK_color_model" title="CcMmYK color model">CcMmYK color model</a> are generally called "Giclée". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foil_imaging">Foil imaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Foil imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In art, <b>foil imaging</b> is a printmaking technique made using the Iowa Foil Printer, developed by <a href="/wiki/Virginia_A._Myers" title="Virginia A. Myers">Virginia A. Myers</a> from the commercial <a href="/wiki/Foil_stamping" class="mw-redirect" title="Foil stamping">foil stamping</a> process. This uses gold leaf and acrylic <a href="/wiki/Foil_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foil (chemistry)">foil</a> in the printmaking process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct-to-garment_printing_(DTG_printing)"><span id="Direct-to-garment_printing_.28DTG_printing.29"></span>Direct-to-garment printing (DTG printing)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Direct-to-garment printing (DTG printing)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Direct-to-garment_printing" title="Direct-to-garment printing">Direct-to-garment printing</a> (DTG) is a process of <a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">printing on textiles</a> using specialized aqueous <a href="/wiki/Inkjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkjet">ink jet</a> technology. DTG printers typically have a <a href="/wiki/Platen" title="Platen">platen</a> designed to hold the garment in a fixed position, and the printer inks are jetted or sprayed onto the textile by the print head. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color">Color</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mishima_Asa-Giri-%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E4%B9%8B%E5%86%85_%E4%B8%89%E5%B3%B6_%E6%9C%9D%E9%9C%A7-Morning_Mist_MET_DP123235.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mishima_Asa-Giri-%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E4%B9%8B%E5%86%85_%E4%B8%89%E5%B3%B6_%E6%9C%9D%E9%9C%A7-Morning_Mist_MET_DP123235.jpg/220px-Mishima_Asa-Giri-%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E4%B9%8B%E5%86%85_%E4%B8%89%E5%B3%B6_%E6%9C%9D%E9%9C%A7-Morning_Mist_MET_DP123235.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mishima_Asa-Giri-%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E4%B9%8B%E5%86%85_%E4%B8%89%E5%B3%B6_%E6%9C%9D%E9%9C%A7-Morning_Mist_MET_DP123235.jpg/330px-Mishima_Asa-Giri-%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E4%B9%8B%E5%86%85_%E4%B8%89%E5%B3%B6_%E6%9C%9D%E9%9C%A7-Morning_Mist_MET_DP123235.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mishima_Asa-Giri-%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E4%B9%8B%E5%86%85_%E4%B8%89%E5%B3%B6_%E6%9C%9D%E9%9C%A7-Morning_Mist_MET_DP123235.jpg/440px-Mishima_Asa-Giri-%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E4%B9%8B%E5%86%85_%E4%B8%89%E5%B3%B6_%E6%9C%9D%E9%9C%A7-Morning_Mist_MET_DP123235.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3858" data-file-height="2590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hiroshige" title="Hiroshige">Hiroshige</a>, <i>Morning Mist</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Printmakers apply color to their prints in many different ways. Some coloring techniques include positive surface roll, negative surface roll, and <a href="/wiki/A_la_poup%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="A la poupée">A la poupée</a>. Often color in printmaking that involves etching, <a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">screen printing</a>, woodcut, or <a href="/wiki/Linocut" title="Linocut">linocut</a> is applied by either using separate plates, blocks or screens or by using a reductionist approach. In multiple plate color techniques, a number of plates, screens or blocks are produced, each providing a different color. Each separate plate, screen, or block will be inked up in a different color and applied in a particular sequence to produce the entire picture. On average about three to four plates are produced, but there are occasions where a printmaker may use up to seven plates. Every application of another plate of color will interact with the color already applied to the paper, and this must be kept in mind when producing the separation of colors. The lightest colors are often applied first, and then darker colors successively until the darkest. </p><p>The reductionist approach to producing color is to start with a lino or wood block that is either blank or with a simple etching. Upon each printing of color the printmaker will then further cut into the lino or woodblock removing more material and then apply another color and reprint. Each successive removal of lino or wood from the block will expose the already printed color to the viewer of the print. Picasso is often cited as the inventor of reduction printmaking, although there is evidence of this method in use 25 years before Picasso's linocuts.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive color</a> concept is also used in <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital print">digital print</a> and is present in bitmap or vectorial software in <a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK</a> or other color spaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Registration">Registration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Registration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_petite_Chatte,_sing%C3%A9_Malo_Renault.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/La_petite_Chatte%2C_sing%C3%A9_Malo_Renault.jpg/231px-La_petite_Chatte%2C_sing%C3%A9_Malo_Renault.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/La_petite_Chatte%2C_sing%C3%A9_Malo_Renault.jpg/347px-La_petite_Chatte%2C_sing%C3%A9_Malo_Renault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/La_petite_Chatte%2C_sing%C3%A9_Malo_Renault.jpg/462px-La_petite_Chatte%2C_sing%C3%A9_Malo_Renault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1741" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>You can see the two marking holes on the right and left edges halfway up to allow the precise superposition of the dies for each color</figcaption></figure> <p>In printmaking processes requiring more than one application of ink or other medium, the problem exists as to how to line up properly areas of an image to receive ink in each application. The most obvious example of this would be a multi-color image in which each color is applied in a separate step. </p><p>The lining up of the results of each step in a multistep printmaking process is called "registration." Proper registration results in the various components of an image being in their proper place. But, for artistic reasons, improper registration is not necessarily the ruination of an image. <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> was known to intentionally employ improper registration. </p><p>This can vary significantly from process to process. This involves the matrices of different colors (generally three or four) being printed successively on the paper in a correct alignment to provide the print in color. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protective_printmaking_equipment">Protective printmaking equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Protective printmaking equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protective clothing is very important for printmakers who engage in etching and lithography (closed toed shoes and long pants). Whereas in the past printmakers put their plates in and out of acid baths with their bare hands, today printmakers use rubber gloves. They also wear industrial <a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">respirators</a> for protection from caustic vapors. Most acid baths are built with ventilation hoods above them. </p><p>Protective respirators and masks should have particle filters, particularly for aquatinting. As a part of the aquatinting process, a printmaker is often exposed to <a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">rosin</a> powder. Rosin is a serious health hazard, especially to printmakers who, in the past, simply used to hold their breath<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using an aquatinting booth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Print_preservation">Print preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Print preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Framed,_and_artist_signed_print_after_Jules_Breton%27s_Recall_of_the_Gleaners;_Artois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Framed%2C_and_artist_signed_print_after_Jules_Breton%27s_Recall_of_the_Gleaners%3B_Artois.jpg/220px-Framed%2C_and_artist_signed_print_after_Jules_Breton%27s_Recall_of_the_Gleaners%3B_Artois.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Framed%2C_and_artist_signed_print_after_Jules_Breton%27s_Recall_of_the_Gleaners%3B_Artois.jpg/330px-Framed%2C_and_artist_signed_print_after_Jules_Breton%27s_Recall_of_the_Gleaners%3B_Artois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Framed%2C_and_artist_signed_print_after_Jules_Breton%27s_Recall_of_the_Gleaners%3B_Artois.jpg/440px-Framed%2C_and_artist_signed_print_after_Jules_Breton%27s_Recall_of_the_Gleaners%3B_Artois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3982" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>Preservation of this 140+ year-old print protected under glass required removal of the old matting, deacidification of the print, and conservation grade new matting.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern prints onto paper protected from the sun and moisture will last an incredibly long time. Prints made using newer alkaline and <a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">acid-free paper</a> have a life expectancy of over 1,000 years for the best paper and 500 years for average grades. When it comes to older prints, the condition of a print largely depends on the technique used to make the paper. Prints that are several hundred years old may be in better condition than prints that are less than 50 years old .<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many older prints will yellow or brown over time owing to acids in the paper and any <a href="/wiki/Mat_(picture_framing)" title="Mat (picture framing)">matting</a> or backing papers. To preserve/restore older prints, washing, deacidification and treatment with stain reducing agents may be in order.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, if the print is framed, <i>archival</i> or <i>conservation</i> grade picture mats are essential since acids within older or inexpensive matting will attack a print even if the print was produced using acid-free paper. Color prints can be susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Fading" title="Fading">fading</a> depending on the type of inks used. Lighting of sensitive prints should be limited to 50 <a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lux</a> (5 <a href="/wiki/Foot-candle" title="Foot-candle">foot-candles</a>) or less and artificial lights can be equipped with <a href="/wiki/UV_filter" title="UV filter">UV-filtering</a> sleeves or tubes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prints onto animal skins (<a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>) should also be maintained at a <a href="/wiki/Humidity_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Humidity control">humidity</a> level between 25% and 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prints onto silk are particularly sensitive to any light including camera flashes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/22px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/32px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/43px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artist%27s_proof" title="Artist's proof">Artist's proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banhua" title="Banhua">Banhua</a>, Chinese printmaking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carborundum_printmaking" title="Carborundum printmaking">Carborundum printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_engraving" title="Line engraving">Line engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_printmakers" title="List of printmakers">List of printmakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">Old master print</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin hanga">Shin hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku_hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku hanga">Sosaku hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_20th_century_printmaking_in_America" title="Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America">Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">Ukiyo-e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printmakers_by_nationality">Printmakers by nationality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Printmakers by nationality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Engravers_by_nationality" title="Category:Engravers by nationality">Engravers by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Etchers" title="Category:Etchers">Etchers by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Printmakers" title="Category:Printmakers">Printmakers by nationality</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/collection-areas/drawings-and-prints/materials-and-techniques/printmaking/woodcut">"Woodcut"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Woodcut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fabout-the-met%2Fcollection-areas%2Fdrawings-and-prints%2Fmaterials-and-techniques%2Fprintmaking%2Fwoodcut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrintmaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fineart.cz/about_graphics.aspx?langId=2#:~:text=Woodcuts%20of%20images%20on%20paper,is%20transferred%20to%20the%20wood.">"Printmaking as a fine art"</a>. <i>Fineart.cz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fineart.cz&rft.atitle=Printmaking+as+a+fine+art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fineart.cz%2Fabout_graphics.aspx%3FlangId%3D2%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWoodcuts%2520of%2520images%2520on%2520paper%2Cis%2520transferred%2520to%2520the%2520wood.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrintmaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/collection-areas/drawings-and-prints/materials-and-techniques/printmaking/woodcut">"Woodcut"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jackson%27s+Art+Blog&rft.atitle=Japanese+Woodblock+Printmaking+Explained&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft.aulast=Watton&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacksonsart.com%2Fblog%2F2019%2F04%2F26%2Frelief-printing-japanese-woodblock-printmaking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrintmaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.metmuseum.org/about-the-met/collection-areas/drawings-and-prints/materials-and-techniques/printmaking/woodcut">"Woodcut"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Straight+Dope+Message+Board&rft.atitle=Exploding+Rosin+Box&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboards.straightdope.com%2Ft%2Fexploding-rosin-box%2F526753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrintmaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daniellecreenaune.com/mokulito">"mokulito - Danielle Creenaune"</a>. <i>daniellecreenaune.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=daniellecreenaune.com&rft.atitle=mokulito+-+Danielle+Creenaune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaniellecreenaune.com%2Fmokulito&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrintmaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awt-gpi.com/product148.htm">"Screen Fabric"</a>. <i>A.W.T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SMIDGEON+PRESS&rft.atitle=Printmaking+101%3A+Applying+Rosin+for+Aquatint+%28Using+a+Rosin+Box%29&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.au=Smidgeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmidgeonpress.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F09%2F08%2Fprintmaking-101-applying-rosin-for-aquatint-using-a-rosin-box%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrintmaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/care/deterioratebrochure.html">"The Deterioration and Preservation of Paper: Some Essential Facts - Collections Care - Resources (Preservation, Library of Congress)"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loc.gov&rft.atitle=The+Deterioration+and+Preservation+of+Paper%3A+Some+Essential+Facts+-+Collections+Care+-+Resources+%28Preservation%2C+Library+of+Congress%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpreservation%2Fcare%2Fdeterioratebrochure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrintmaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarianne2017" class="citation web cs1">Marianne (2017-12-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mariannekelsey.com/2017/12/16/cleaning-stained-yellowed-works-art-paper/">"Cleaning Stained and Yellowed Works of Art On Paper"</a>. <i>Marianne Kelsey Book and Paper Conservator Professional</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marianne+Kelsey+Book+and+Paper+Conservator+Professional&rft.atitle=Cleaning+Stained+and+Yellowed+Works+of+Art+On+Paper&rft.date=2017-12-16&rft.au=Marianne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmariannekelsey.com%2F2017%2F12%2F16%2Fcleaning-stained-yellowed-works-art-paper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrintmaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philamuseum.org/conservation/10.html?page=2">"Philadelphia Museum of Art - Research : Conservation"</a>. <i>www.philamuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.philamuseum.org&rft.atitle=Philadelphia+Museum+of+Art+-+Research+%3A+Conservation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philamuseum.org%2Fconservation%2F10.html%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrintmaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarianne2020" class="citation web cs1">Marianne (2020-01-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mariannekelsey.com/2020/01/10/how-to-care-for-vellum-and-parchment-documents/">"How to Care For Vellum and Parchment Documents"</a>. <i>Marianne Kelsey Book and Paper Conservator Professional</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marianne+Kelsey+Book+and+Paper+Conservator+Professional&rft.atitle=How+to+Care+For+Vellum+and+Parchment+Documents&rft.date=2020-01-10&rft.au=Marianne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmariannekelsey.com%2F2020%2F01%2F10%2Fhow-to-care-for-vellum-and-parchment-documents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrintmaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/2013/08/how-do-you-preserve-a-100-year-old-piece-of-silk-and-woman-suffrage-history.html">"How do you preserve a 100-year-old piece of silk and woman suffrage history?"</a>. <i>National Museum of American History</i>. 2013-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+American+History&rft.atitle=How+do+you+preserve+a+100-year-old+piece+of+silk+and+woman+suffrage+history%3F&rft.date=2013-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fblog%2F2013%2F08%2Fhow-do-you-preserve-a-100-year-old-piece-of-silk-and-woman-suffrage-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrintmaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moma.org/whatisaprint">What is a Print?</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamber_Gascoigne" title="Bamber Gascoigne">Bamber Gascoigne</a>: <i>How to Identify Prints: A Complete Guide to Manual and Mechanical Processes from Woodcut to Inkjet</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28480-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28480-6">0-500-28480-6</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Hyatt_Mayor1971" class="citation book cs1">A. Hyatt Mayor (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/printspeople00ahya"><i><span></span></i>Prints & people: a social history of printed pictures<i> (full PDF)</i></a></span>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870991080" title="Special:BookSources/9780870991080"><bdi>9780870991080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prints+%26+people%3A+a+social+history+of+printed+pictures+%28full+PDF%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780870991080&rft.au=A.+Hyatt+Mayor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprintspeople00ahya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrintmaking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Beth Grabowski and Bill Fick, "Printmaking: A Complete Guide to Materials & Processes." Prentice Hall, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-66453-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-66453-9">0-205-66453-9</a></li> <li>Donna Anderson <i>Experience Printmaking.</i> Worcester, MA: Davis Publications, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87192-982-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87192-982-2">978-0-87192-982-2</a></li> <li>Gill Saunders and Rosie Miles <i>Prints Now: Directions and Definitions</i> Victoria and Albert Museum (May 1, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85177-480-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85177-480-7">1-85177-480-7</a></li> <li>Antony Griffiths, <i>Prints and Printmaking</i>, British Museum Press, 2nd ed, 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-2608-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-2608-X">0-7141-2608-X</a></li> <li>Linda Hults <i>The Print in the Western World: An Introductory History.</i> Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-13700-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-13700-7">978-0-299-13700-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Wax" title="Carol Wax">Carol Wax</a>, <i>The Mezzotint: History and Technique</i> (Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watrous" title="James Watrous">James Watrous</a> <i>A Century of American Printmaking.</i> Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-09680-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-09680-7">0-299-09680-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ivins,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Ivins, Jr.">William Ivins, Jr.</a> <i>Prints and Visual Communication.</i> Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-59002-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-59002-6">0-262-59002-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Saff" title="Donald Saff">Donald Saff</a> and Deli Sacilotto. <i>Printmaking: History and Process</i>. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0030856631" title="Special:BookSources/978-0030856631">978-0030856631</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printmaking&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Printmaking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Printmaking">printmaking</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/printmaking" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:printmaking">printmaking</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Print" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Print">Print</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Printmaking</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=printmaking">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=printmaking&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>History of printmaking; glossaries</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moma.org/interactives/projects/2001/whatisaprint/flash.html">Museum of Modern Art, New York: What Is a Print?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/prnt/hd_prnt.htm">Thompson, Wendy. "The Printed Image in the West: History and Techniques". In Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000 – . (October 2003)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polymetaal.nl/beguin/alfabet.htm">André Béguin's dictionary;enormous dictionary of terms, relating more to the printing than the creation of the image</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meyerovich.com/info/glossary.html">Another glossary – for modern prints</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cycleback.com/printsexamination/">Judging the Authenticity of Prints by The Masters</a> by art historian David Rudd Cycleback</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lithographie-collection.com/identifier-estampe/techniques-impression-detail">Printing techniques explained</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_the_visual_arts" title="Template:Branches of the visual arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_the_visual_arts" title="Template talk:Branches of the visual arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_the_visual_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of the visual arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visual_arts43" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art">Body art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">Craft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">pallet crafts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">Decorative arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_art" title="Light art">Light art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artistic media">List of artistic media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Art_world" title="Template:Art world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Art_world" title="Template talk:Art world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Art world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Art_world" title="Art world">art world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">Fine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_media" title="Mixed media">Mixed media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_art_history" title="Media art history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">Plastic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">Social sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">Soft sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_title" title="Artwork title">Artwork title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">Collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">frescos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">Patron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">Visual arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_universities_and_colleges_in_Europe" title="List of art universities and colleges in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_auction" title="Art auction">Art auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_colony" title="Art colony">Art colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Art commune">Art commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_exhibition" title="Art exhibition">Art exhibition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_exhibition_space" title="Alternative exhibition space">alternative exhibition space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">Art gallery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_gallery" title="Contemporary art gallery">Contemporary art gallery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">Art museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-artist_museum" title="Single-artist museum">Single-artist museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">Art school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_schools_in_Europe" title="List of art schools in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_centre" title="Arts centre">Arts centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_festival" title="Arts festival">Arts festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_collective" title="Artist collective">Artist collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_cooperative" title="Artist cooperative">Artist cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-in-residence" title="Artist-in-residence">Artist-in-residence program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_space" title="Artist-run space">Artist-run space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennale" title="Biennale">Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_museum" title="Virtual museum">Virtual museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_art" title="Timeline of art">Timeline of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history (academic study)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">feminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting_history" title="Outline of painting history">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_20th_century_printmaking_in_America" title="Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America">Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_market" title="Art market">Art market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9" title="Catalogue raisonné">Catalogue raisonné</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art" title="Classificatory disputes about art">Classificatory disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_Management_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection Management Policy">Museum collection management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaccessioning (museum)">deaccessioning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage">Conservation-restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">paintings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_painting" title="Destination painting">Destination painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art" title="Eclecticism in art">Eclecticism in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_the_arts_and_literature" title="Economics of the arts and literature">Economics of art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_finance" title="Art finance">art finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_valuation" title="Art valuation">art valuation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_art" title="Elements of art">Elements of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_painting-related_articles" title="Index of painting-related articles">Index of painting-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_visual_arts" title="Outline of the visual arts">Outline of the visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting" title="Outline of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture" title="Outline of sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Sociology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_creative_work" title="Unfinished creative work">Unfinished work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_magazines" title="List of art magazines">Art magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_media" title="List of art media">Art media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_techniques" title="List of art techniques">Art techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_museums" title="List of art museums">Art museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums" title="List of largest art museums">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_art_museums" title="List of most-visited art museums">most visited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculpture_parks" title="List of sculpture parks">sculpture parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_single-artist_museums" title="List of single-artist museums">single artist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_reference_books" title="List of art reference books">Art reference books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colossal_sculptures_in_situ" title="List of colossal sculptures in situ">Colossal sculptures in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_artists" title="List of contemporary artists">Contemporary artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_art_galleries" title="List of contemporary art galleries">Contemporary art galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_artists" title="List of modern artists">Modern artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_galleries" title="List of national galleries">National galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters" title="Lists of painters">Painters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_painters_by_name" title="List of painters by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters_by_nationality" title="Lists of painters by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptors" title="List of sculptors">Sculptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_sculptors" title="List of female sculptors">female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stolen_paintings" title="List of stolen paintings">Stolen paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">Most expensive paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_sculptures" title="List of most expensive sculptures">sculptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_artworks_by_living_artists" title="List of most expensive artworks by living artists">works by living artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Painting" title="Portal:Painting">Painting portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Arts">Arts portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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