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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>In science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_artistic_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_artistic_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>As artistic expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_artistic_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_artists_and_draftsmen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_artists_and_draftsmen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable artists and draftsmen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_artists_and_draftsmen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Form_and_proportion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form_and_proportion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Form and proportion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form_and_proportion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Perspective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Drawing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85" title="رسم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رسم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibuxu" title="Dibuxu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dibuxu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%99smx%C9%99t" title="Rəsmxət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rəsmxət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8" title="অঙ্কন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অঙ্কন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Малюнак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малюнак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Малюнак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Малюнак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkurit" title="Pagkurit – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagkurit" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рисунка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рисунка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crte%C5%BE" title="Crtež – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crtež" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibuix" title="Dibuix – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dibuix" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BA" title="Ӳкерчĕк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ӳкерчĕк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresba" title="Kresba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kresba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutara_(useza)" title="Kutara (useza) – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kutara (useza)" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disegnu" title="Disegnu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Disegnu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegning" title="Tegning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tegning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeichnung_(Kunst)" title="Zeichnung (Kunst) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zeichnung (Kunst)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joonistamine" title="Joonistamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Joonistamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Σχέδιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σχέδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dis%C3%A8gn" title="Disègn – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Disègn" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibujo" title="Dibujo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dibujo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegna%C4%B5o" title="Desegnaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Desegnaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrazki" title="Marrazki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marrazki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ترسیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترسیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessin" title="Dessin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dessin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debuxo" title="Debuxo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Debuxo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E6%8F%8F" title="素描 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="素描" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%AC%98" title="소묘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소묘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane" title="Zane – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zane" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Գծանկար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գծանկար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रेखाचित्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेखाचित्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crte%C5%BE" title="Crtež – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crtež" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegno" title="Desegno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Desegno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menggambar" title="Menggambar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menggambar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teikning" title="Teikning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Teikning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disegno" title="Disegno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disegno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9D" title="רישום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רישום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambaran" title="Gambaran – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gambaran" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ნახატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნახატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desen" title="Desen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Desen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dess%C3%ABni" title="Dessëni – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Dessëni" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delineatio" title="Delineatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Delineatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%ABm%C4%93jums" title="Zīmējums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zīmējums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie%C5%A1inys" title="Piešinys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Piešinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liy%C3%A9mi" title="Liyémi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Liyémi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinia" title="Desinia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Desinia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajz" title="Rajz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rajz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Цртање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цртање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="പടം വരപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പടം വരപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melukis" title="Melukis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Melukis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekening" title="Tekening – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tekening" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekenen" title="Tekenen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tekenen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E6%8F%8F" title="素描 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="素描" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disegno" title="Disegno – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Disegno" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegnekunst" title="Tegnekunst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tegnekunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teikning" title="Teikning – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Teikning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessenh" title="Dessenh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dessenh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਡਰਾਇੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡਰਾਇੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="انځورگري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انځورگري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jraayn" title="Jraayn – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jraayn" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessin" title="Dessin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Dessin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rysunek" title="Rysunek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rysunek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desenho" title="Desenho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desenho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desen" title="Desen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Desen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siq%27iy" title="Siq'iy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Siq'iy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Рисунок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рисунок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawin" title="Drawin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Drawin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teekenge" title="Teekenge – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Teekenge" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizatimi" title="Vizatimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vizatimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="චිත්‍රය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චිත්‍රය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Drawing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresba_(umenie)" title="Kresba (umenie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kresba (umenie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risba" title="Risba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Risba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وێنەکێشان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێنەکێشان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Цртеж – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цртеж" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crte%C5%BE" title="Crtež – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crtež" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piirustus" title="Piirustus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Piirustus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teckning_(konst)" title="Teckning (konst) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Teckning (konst)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagguhit" title="Pagguhit – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagguhit" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வரைதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வரைதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="రేఖాచిత్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రేఖాచిత్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99" title="การวาดเส้น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การวาดเส้น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC" title="Расм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Расм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87izim" title="Çizim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çizim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Малюнок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Малюнок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%BD" title="Vẽ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vẽ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dess%C3%A9n" title="Dessén – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Dessén" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E6%8F%8F" title="素描 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="素描" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="צייכענען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צייכענען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E6%8F%8F" title="素描 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="素描" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuse" title="Nuse – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nuse" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E6%8F%8F" title="素描 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="素描" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linukisan" title="Linukisan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Linukisan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%99sm" title="Rəsm – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Rəsm" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q93184#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Drawing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Drawing (disambiguation)">Drawing (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/220px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/330px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/440px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2258" data-file-height="3070" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1485</span>) <a href="/wiki/Gallerie_dell%27Accademia" title="Gallerie dell'Accademia">Accademia, Venice</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Drawing</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual art</a> that uses an instrument to mark <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> or another <a href="/wiki/Two-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-dimensional">two-dimensional</a> surface. The instruments used to make a drawing are <a href="/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">pencils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crayon" title="Crayon">crayons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">pens</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brushes</a> with <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paints</a>, or combinations of these, and in more modern times, <a href="/wiki/Stylus_(computing)" title="Stylus (computing)">computer styluses</a> with <a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">graphics tablets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gamepad" title="Gamepad">gamepads</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">VR</a> drawing software. </p><p>A drawing instrument releases a small amount of material onto a surface, leaving a visible mark. The most common support for drawing is <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, although other materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">cardboard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, plastic, <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">board</a>, have been used. Temporary drawings may be made on a <a href="/wiki/Blackboard" title="Blackboard">blackboard</a> or <a href="/wiki/Whiteboard" title="Whiteboard">whiteboard</a>. Drawing has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. It is one of the simplest and most efficient means of communicating ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-SBTCModule6_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBTCModule6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wide availability of drawing instruments makes drawing one of the most common artistic activities. </p><p>In addition to its more artistic forms, drawing is frequently used in commercial <a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">illustration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">animation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architectural_drawing" title="Architectural drawing">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">engineering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">technical drawing</a>. A quick, freehand drawing, usually not intended as a finished work, is sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">sketch</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artist</a> who practices or works in technical drawing may be called a <a href="/wiki/Drafter" title="Drafter">drafter</a>, draftsman, or draughtsman.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Madame_Palmyre_with_Her_Dog,_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Madame_Palmyre_with_Her_Dog%2C_1897.jpg/170px-Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Madame_Palmyre_with_Her_Dog%2C_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Madame_Palmyre_with_Her_Dog%2C_1897.jpg/255px-Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Madame_Palmyre_with_Her_Dog%2C_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Madame_Palmyre_with_Her_Dog%2C_1897.jpg/340px-Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Madame_Palmyre_with_Her_Dog%2C_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i>Madame Palmyre with Her Dog</i>, 1897. <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec</a></figcaption></figure><p>Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression within the visual arts. It is generally concerned with the marking of lines and areas of tone onto paper/other material, where the accurate representation of the visual world is expressed upon a plane surface.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional drawings were <a href="/wiki/Monochrome_painting" title="Monochrome painting">monochrome</a>, or at least had little colour,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while modern colored-pencil drawings may approach or cross a boundary between drawing and <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>. In Western terminology, drawing is distinct from painting, even though similar <a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_mediums#Drawing" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artistic mediums">media</a> often are employed in both tasks. Dry media, normally associated with drawing, such as chalk, may be used in <a href="/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel">pastel</a> paintings. Drawing may be done with a liquid medium, applied with brushes or pens. Using a brush for drawing is very widespread and here it is more the process of using lines and hatching, that characterises something as a drawing. Similar supports likewise can serve both: painting generally involves the application of liquid paint onto prepared canvas or panels, but sometimes an <a href="/wiki/Underdrawing" title="Underdrawing">underdrawing</a> is drawn first on that same support. </p><p>Drawing is often exploratory, with considerable emphasis on observation, problem-solving and composition. Drawing is also regularly used in preparation for a painting, further obfuscating their distinction. Drawings created for these purposes are called sketches. </p><p>There are several categories of drawing, including <a href="/wiki/Figure_drawing" title="Figure drawing">figure drawing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartooning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartooning">cartooning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doodling" class="mw-redirect" title="Doodling">doodling</a>, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/freehand" class="extiw" title="wikt:freehand">freehand</a>. There are also many drawing methods, such as <a href="/wiki/Line_art" title="Line art">line drawing</a>, stippling, <a href="/wiki/Shading" title="Shading">shading</a>, the surrealist method of <a href="/wiki/Surrealist_techniques#Entopic_graphomania" title="Surrealist techniques">entopic graphomania</a> (in which dots are made at the sites of impurities in a blank sheet of paper, and lines are then made between the dots), and tracing (drawing on a translucent paper, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">tracing paper</a></i>, around the outline of preexisting shapes that show through the paper). </p><p>A quick, unrefined drawing may be called a <i><a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">sketch</a></i>. </p><p>In fields outside art, <a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">technical drawings</a> or plans of buildings, machinery, circuitry and other things are often called "drawings" even when they have been transferred to another medium by printing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_communication">In communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression, with evidence for its existence preceding that of written communication.<sup id="cite_ref-Tversky_2011_499–535_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tversky_2011_499–535-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that drawing was used as a specialised form of communication before the invention of the written language,<sup id="cite_ref-Tversky_2011_499–535_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tversky_2011_499–535-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demonstrated by the production of <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave and rock paintings</a> around 30,000 years ago (<a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These drawings, known as pictograms, depicted objects and abstract concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sketches and paintings produced by Neolithic times were eventually stylised and simplified in to symbol systems (<a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a>) and eventually into early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age writing">writing systems</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_manuscripts">In manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the widespread availability of paper in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Monks" class="mw-redirect" title="Monks">monks</a> in European monasteries used drawings, either as <a href="/wiki/Underdrawing" title="Underdrawing">underdrawings</a> for <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> on vellum or parchment, or as the final image. Drawing has also been used extensively in the field of science, as a method of discovery, understanding and explanation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_science">In science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galileo_moon_phases.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Galileo_moon_phases.jpg/150px-Galileo_moon_phases.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Galileo_moon_phases.jpg/225px-Galileo_moon_phases.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Galileo_moon_phases.jpg/300px-Galileo_moon_phases.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, <i>Phases of the Moon</i>, 1609 or 1610, brown ink and wash on paper. 208 × 142 mm. <a href="/wiki/National_Central_Library_(Florence)" title="National Central Library (Florence)">National Central Library (Florence)</a>, Gal. 48, fol. 28r</figcaption></figure><p>Drawing diagrams of observations is an important part of scientific study. </p><p>In 1609, astronomer <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> explained the changing phases of Venus and also the <a href="/wiki/Sunspot_drawing" title="Sunspot drawing">sunspots</a> through his observational telescopic drawings.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovats_2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovats_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924, geophysicist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener">Alfred Wegener</a> used illustrations to visually demonstrate the origin of the continents.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovats_2005_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovats_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_artistic_expression">As artistic expression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: As artistic expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drawing is one of the easiest ways to visualise ideas and to express one's creativity; therefore it has been prominent in the world of art. Throughout much of history, drawing was regarded as the foundation for artistic practice.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, artists used and reused wooden tablets for the production of their drawings.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the widespread availability of paper in the 14th century, the use of drawing in the arts increased. At this point, drawing was commonly used as a tool for thought and investigation, acting as a study medium whilst artists were preparing for their final pieces of work.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> brought about a great sophistication in drawing techniques, enabling artists to represent things more realistically than before,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and revealing an interest in geometry and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The invention of the first widely available form of <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> led to a shift in the hierarchy of the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photography offered an alternative to drawing as a method for accurately representing visual phenomena, and traditional drawing practice was given less emphasis as an essential skill for artists, particularly so in Western society.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovats_2005_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovats_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_artists_and_draftsmen">Notable artists and draftsmen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable artists and draftsmen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drawing became significant as an art form around the late 15th century, with artists and master engravers such as <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schongauer" title="Martin Schongauer">Martin Schongauer</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1448</span>–1491), the first Northern engraver known by name. Schongauer came from Alsace, and was born into a family of goldsmiths. Albrecht Dürer, a master of the next generation, was also the son of a goldsmith.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Old Master Drawings often reflect the history of the country in which they were produced, and the fundamental characteristics of a nation at that time. In 17th-century Holland, a Protestant country, there were almost no religious artworks, and, with no King or court, most art was bought privately. Drawings of landscapes or genre scenes were often viewed not as sketches but as highly finished works of art. Italian drawings, however, show the influence of Catholicism and the Church, which played a major role in artistic patronage. The same is often true of French drawings, although in the 17th century the disciplines of French Classicism<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meant drawings were less Baroque than the more free Italian counterparts, which conveyed a greater sense of movement.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> encouraged "imaginative originality"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some artists' approach to drawing became less literal, more abstract. World-renowned artists such as <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Basquiat" title="Jean-Michel Basquiat">Jean-Michel Basquiat</a> helped challenge the status quo, with drawing being very much at the centre of their practice, and often re-interpreting traditional technique.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basquiat's drawings were produced in many different mediums, most commonly ink, pencil, felt-tip or marker, and oil-stick, and he drew on any surface that came to hand, such as doors, clothing, refrigerators, walls and baseball helmets.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The centuries have produced a canon of notable artists and draftsmen, each with their own distinct language of drawing, including: </p> <ul><li>14th, 15th and 16th: <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> • <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pisanello" title="Pisanello">Pisanello</a> • <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a></li> <li>17th: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Gheyn_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques de Gheyn II">Jacques de Gheyn II</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guercino" title="Guercino">Guercino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijn" class="mw-redirect" title="Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn">Rembrandt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Saenredam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Saenredam">Pieter Saenredam</a></li> <li>18th: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard" title="Jean-Honoré Fragonard">Jean-Honoré Fragonard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo" title="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo">Giovanni Battista Tiepolo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Watteau" title="Antoine Watteau">Antoine Watteau</a></li> <li>19th: <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley" title="Aubrey Beardsley">Aubrey Beardsley</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> • <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier" title="Honoré Daumier">Honoré Daumier</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Théodore Géricault</a> • <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres">Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon" title="Pierre-Paul Prud'hon">Pierre-Paul Prud'hon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a></li> <li>20th: <a href="/wiki/Max_Beckmann" title="Max Beckmann">Max Beckmann</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet" title="Jean Dubuffet">Jean Dubuffet</a> • <a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arshile_Gorky" title="Arshile Gorky">Arshile Gorky</a> • <a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">George Grosz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Oskar Kokoschka</a> • <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Kollwitz" title="Käthe Kollwitz">Käthe Kollwitz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kubin" title="Alfred Kubin">Alfred Kubin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Masson" title="André Masson">André Masson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha" title="Alphonse Mucha">Alphonse Mucha</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jules_Pascin" title="Jules Pascin">Jules Pascin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Egon Schiele</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Basquiat" title="Jean-Michel Basquiat">Jean-Michel Basquiat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>medium</i> is the means by which ink, pigment, or color are delivered onto the drawing surface. Most drawing media either are dry (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastels" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastels">pastels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cont%C3%A9" title="Conté">Conté</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silverpoint" title="Silverpoint">silverpoint</a>), or use a fluid solvent or carrier (<a href="/wiki/Marker_pen" title="Marker pen">marker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pen_and_ink" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen and ink">pen and ink</a>). Watercolor pencils can be used dry like ordinary pencils, then moistened with a wet brush to get various painterly effects. Very rarely, artists have drawn with (usually decoded) <a href="/wiki/Invisible_ink" title="Invisible ink">invisible ink</a>. Metalpoint drawing usually employs either silver or lead.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More rarely used are gold, platinum, copper, brass, bronze, and tinpoint. </p><p>Paper comes in a variety of different sizes and qualities, ranging from newspaper grade up to high quality and relatively expensive paper sold as individual sheets.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papers vary in texture, hue, acidity, and strength when wet. Smooth paper is good for rendering fine detail, but a more "toothy" paper holds the drawing material better. Thus a coarser material is useful for producing deeper contrast. </p><p>Newsprint and typing paper may be useful for practice and rough <a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">sketches</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing paper</a> is used to experiment over a half-finished drawing, and to transfer a design from one sheet to another. <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">Cartridge paper</a> is the basic type of drawing paper sold in pads. <a href="/wiki/Bristol_board" title="Bristol board">Bristol board</a> and even heavier acid-free boards, frequently with smooth finishes, are used for drawing fine detail and do not distort when wet media (ink, washes) are applied. Vellum is extremely smooth and suitable for very fine detail. Coldpressed watercolor paper may be favored for ink drawing due to its texture. </p><p>Acid-free, archival quality paper keeps its color and texture far longer than <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">wood pulp</a> based paper such as <a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">newsprint</a>, which turns yellow and becomes brittle much sooner. </p><p>The basic tools are a <a href="/wiki/Drawing_board" title="Drawing board">drawing board</a> or table, <a href="/wiki/Pencil_sharpener" title="Pencil sharpener">pencil sharpener</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eraser" title="Eraser">eraser</a>, and for ink drawing, <a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">blotting paper</a>. Other tools used are <a href="/wiki/Circle_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Circle compass">circle compass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">ruler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Set_square" title="Set square">set square</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fixative_(drawing)" title="Fixative (drawing)">Fixative</a> is used to prevent pencil and crayon marks from smudging. <a href="/wiki/Drafting_tape" title="Drafting tape">Drafting tape</a> is used to secure paper to drawing surface, and also to mask an area to keep it free of accidental marks, such as sprayed or spattered materials and washes. An easel or slanted table is used to keep the drawing surface in a suitable position, which is generally more horizontal than the position used in painting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watteau_jeune_fille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Watteau_jeune_fille.jpg/220px-Watteau_jeune_fille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Watteau_jeune_fille.jpg/330px-Watteau_jeune_fille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Watteau_jeune_fille.jpg/440px-Watteau_jeune_fille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Watteau" title="Antoine Watteau">Antoine Watteau</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trois_crayons" title="Trois crayons">trois crayons</a></i> technique</figcaption></figure> <p>Almost all draftsmen use their hands and fingers to apply the media, with the exception of some disabled individuals who draw with their mouth or feet.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to working on an image, the artist typically explores how various media work. They may try different drawing implements on practice sheets to determine value and texture, and how to apply the implement to produce various effects. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg/170px-Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg/255px-Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg/340px-Rapha%C3%ABl_-_%C3%89tude_Madone_d%27Albe_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1747" data-file-height="2733" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, study for what became the <i><a href="/wiki/Alba_Madonna" title="Alba Madonna">Alba Madonna</a></i>, with other sketches</figcaption></figure> <p>The artist's choice of drawing strokes affects the appearance of the image. Pen and ink drawings often use <a href="/wiki/Hatching" title="Hatching">hatching</a> – groups of parallel lines.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cross-hatching uses hatching in two or more different directions to create a darker tone. Broken hatching, or lines with intermittent breaks, form lighter tones – and controlling the density of the breaks achieves a gradation of tone. <a href="/wiki/Stipple" class="mw-redirect" title="Stipple">Stippling</a> uses dots to produce <a href="/wiki/Artistic_tone" title="Artistic tone">tone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texture_(visual_arts)" title="Texture (visual arts)">texture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shading" title="Shading">shade</a>. Different textures can be achieved depending on the method used to build tone.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drawings in dry media often use similar techniques, though pencils and drawing sticks can achieve continuous variations in tone. Typically a drawing is filled in based on which hand the artist favors. A right-handed artist draws from left to right to avoid smearing the image. <a href="/wiki/Erasers" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasers">Erasers</a> can remove unwanted lines, lighten tones, and clean up stray marks. In a sketch or outline drawing, lines drawn often follow the contour of the subject, creating depth by looking like shadows cast from a light in the artist's position. </p><p>Sometimes the artist leaves a section of the image untouched while filling in the remainder. The shape of the area to preserve can be painted with <a href="/wiki/Masking_(in_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masking (in art)">masking fluid</a> or cut out of a <a href="/wiki/Frisket" title="Frisket">frisket</a> and applied to the drawing surface, protecting the surface from stray marks until the mask is removed. </p><p>Another method to preserve a section of the image is to apply a spray-on <i>fixative</i> to the surface. This holds loose material more firmly to the sheet and prevents it from smearing. However the fixative spray typically uses chemicals that can harm the respiratory system, so it should be employed in a well-ventilated area such as outdoors. </p><p>Another technique is <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_drawing" title="Subtractive drawing">subtractive drawing</a> in which the drawing surface is covered with graphite or charcoal and then erased to make the image.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tone">Tone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Law._Pencil_drawing_by_H._M._Raeburn,_1909._Wellcome_V0003431.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Edward_Law._Pencil_drawing_by_H._M._Raeburn%2C_1909._Wellcome_V0003431.jpg/180px-Edward_Law._Pencil_drawing_by_H._M._Raeburn%2C_1909._Wellcome_V0003431.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Edward_Law._Pencil_drawing_by_H._M._Raeburn%2C_1909._Wellcome_V0003431.jpg/270px-Edward_Law._Pencil_drawing_by_H._M._Raeburn%2C_1909._Wellcome_V0003431.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Edward_Law._Pencil_drawing_by_H._M._Raeburn%2C_1909._Wellcome_V0003431.jpg/360px-Edward_Law._Pencil_drawing_by_H._M._Raeburn%2C_1909._Wellcome_V0003431.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2934" /></a><figcaption>A pencil portrait by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Macbeth-Raeburn" title="Henry Macbeth-Raeburn">Henry Macbeth-Raeburn</a>, with hatching and shading (1909)</figcaption></figure> <p>Shading is the technique of varying the tonal values on the paper to represent the shade of the material as well as the placement of the shadows. Careful attention to reflected light, shadows and highlights can result in a very realistic rendition of the image. </p><p>Blending uses an implement to soften or spread the original drawing strokes. Blending is most easily done with a medium that does not immediately <a href="/wiki/Fixative_(drawing)" title="Fixative (drawing)">fix</a> itself, such as graphite, chalk, or charcoal, although freshly applied ink can be smudged, wet or dry, for some effects. For shading and blending, the artist can use a <a href="/wiki/Tortillon" title="Tortillon">blending stump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facial_tissue" title="Facial tissue">tissue</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kneaded_eraser" title="Kneaded eraser">kneaded eraser</a>, a fingertip, or any combination of them. A piece of <a href="/wiki/Chamois_leather" title="Chamois leather">chamois</a> is useful for creating smooth textures, and for removing material to lighten the tone. Continuous tone can be achieved with graphite on a smooth surface without blending, but the technique is laborious, involving small circular or oval strokes with a somewhat blunt point. </p><p>Shading techniques that also introduce texture to the drawing include <a href="/wiki/Hatching" title="Hatching">hatching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stippling" title="Stippling">stippling</a>. A number of other methods produce texture. In addition to the choice of paper, drawing material and technique affect texture. Texture can be made to appear more realistic when it is drawn next to a contrasting texture; a coarse texture is more obvious when placed next to a smoothly blended area. A similar effect can be achieved by drawing different tones close together. A light edge next to a dark background stands out to the eye, and almost appears to float above the surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form_and_proportion">Form and proportion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Form and proportion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_body_proportions2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Human_body_proportions2.svg/220px-Human_body_proportions2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Human_body_proportions2.svg/330px-Human_body_proportions2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Human_body_proportions2.svg/440px-Human_body_proportions2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Proportions of the human body</figcaption></figure> <p>Measuring the dimensions of a subject while blocking in the drawing is an important step in producing a realistic rendition of the subject. Tools such as a <a href="/wiki/Compass_(drafting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass (drafting)">compass</a> can be used to measure the angles of different sides. These angles can be reproduced on the drawing surface and then rechecked to make sure they are accurate. Another form of measurement is to compare the relative sizes of different parts of the subject with each other. A finger placed at a point along the drawing implement can be used to compare that dimension with other parts of the image. A <a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">ruler</a> can be used both as a <a href="/wiki/Straightedge" title="Straightedge">straightedge</a> and a device to compute proportions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_anatomical_figure,_showing_proportions_-_child_to_man._Wellcome_M0000430.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Male_anatomical_figure%2C_showing_proportions_-_child_to_man._Wellcome_M0000430.jpg/90px-Male_anatomical_figure%2C_showing_proportions_-_child_to_man._Wellcome_M0000430.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Male_anatomical_figure%2C_showing_proportions_-_child_to_man._Wellcome_M0000430.jpg/135px-Male_anatomical_figure%2C_showing_proportions_-_child_to_man._Wellcome_M0000430.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Male_anatomical_figure%2C_showing_proportions_-_child_to_man._Wellcome_M0000430.jpg/180px-Male_anatomical_figure%2C_showing_proportions_-_child_to_man._Wellcome_M0000430.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1783" data-file-height="5952" /></a><figcaption>Variation of proportion with age</figcaption></figure> <p>When attempting to draw a complicated shape such as a human figure, it is helpful at first to represent the form with a set of primitive volumes. Almost any form can be represented by some combination of the cube, sphere, cylinder, and cone. Once these basic volumes have been assembled into a likeness, then the drawing can be refined into a more accurate and polished form. The lines of the primitive volumes are removed and replaced by the final likeness. Drawing the underlying construction is a fundamental skill for representational art, and is taught in many books and schools. Its correct application resolves most uncertainties about smaller details, and makes the final image look consistent.<sup id="cite_ref-drawinghale_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drawinghale-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more refined art of <a href="/wiki/Figure_drawing" title="Figure drawing">figure drawing</a> relies upon the artist possessing a deep understanding of anatomy and the human proportions. A trained artist is familiar with the skeleton structure, joint location, muscle placement, tendon movement, and how the different parts work together during movement. This allows the artist to render more natural poses that do not appear artificially stiff. The artist is also familiar with how the proportions vary depending on the age of the subject, particularly when drawing a portrait. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspective">Perspective</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">Perspective</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2-punktperspektive.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/2-punktperspektive.svg/220px-2-punktperspektive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/2-punktperspektive.svg/330px-2-punktperspektive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/2-punktperspektive.svg/440px-2-punktperspektive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Two-point <a href="/wiki/Perspective_drawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective drawing">perspective drawing</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Linear perspective is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance. Each set of parallel, straight edges of any object, whether a building or a table, follows lines that eventually converge at a vanishing point. Typically this convergence point is somewhere along the horizon, as buildings are built level with the flat surface. When multiple structures are aligned with each other, such as buildings along a street, the horizontal tops and bottoms of the structures typically converge at a vanishing point. </p><p>When both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon (which may be off the drawing paper.) This is a two-point perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Converging the vertical lines to a third point above or below the horizon then produces a three-point perspective. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joeri_Van_Royen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Joeri_Van_Royen.jpg/170px-Joeri_Van_Royen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Joeri_Van_Royen.jpg/255px-Joeri_Van_Royen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Joeri_Van_Royen.jpg/340px-Joeri_Van_Royen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>An artist <a href="/wiki/Figure_drawing" title="Figure drawing">drawing a figure</a> from <a href="/wiki/Worm%27s-eye_view" title="Worm's-eye view">worm's-eye perspective</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Depth can also be portrayed by several techniques in addition to the perspective approach above. Objects of similar <b>size</b> should appear ever smaller the further they are from the viewer. Thus the back wheel of a cart appears slightly smaller than the front wheel. Depth can be portrayed through the use of <b>texture</b>. As the texture of an object gets further away it becomes more compressed and busy, taking on an entirely different character than if it was close. Depth can also be portrayed by reducing the contrast in more distant objects, and by making their colors less saturated. This reproduces the effect of <b>atmospheric</b> haze, and cause the eye to focus primarily on objects drawn in the foreground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_(1825-1905)_-_Study_of_a_Seated_Veiled_Female_Figure_(19th_Century).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_Study_of_a_Seated_Veiled_Female_Figure_%2819th_Century%29.png/170px-William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_Study_of_a_Seated_Veiled_Female_Figure_%2819th_Century%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_Study_of_a_Seated_Veiled_Female_Figure_%2819th_Century%29.png/255px-William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_Study_of_a_Seated_Veiled_Female_Figure_%2819th_Century%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_Study_of_a_Seated_Veiled_Female_Figure_%2819th_Century%29.png/340px-William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_Study_of_a_Seated_Veiled_Female_Figure_%2819th_Century%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Study_(drawing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Study (drawing)">Study drawing</a> with white highlights by <a href="/wiki/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau" title="William-Adolphe Bouguereau">William-Adolphe Bouguereau</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">composition</a> of the image is an important element in producing an interesting work of <a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">artistic merit</a>. The artist plans element placement in the art to communicate ideas and feelings with the viewer. The composition can determine the focus of the art, and result in a harmonious whole that is aesthetically appealing and stimulating. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Illumination_(image)" title="Illumination (image)">illumination</a> of the subject is also a key element in creating an artistic piece, and the interplay of <a href="/wiki/Chiaroscuro" title="Chiaroscuro">light and shadow</a> is a valuable method in the artist's toolbox. The <a href="/wiki/Three-point_lighting" title="Three-point lighting">placement of the light sources</a> can make a considerable difference in the type of message that is being presented. Multiple light sources can wash out any wrinkles in a person's face, for instance, and give a more youthful appearance. In contrast, a single light source, such as harsh daylight, can serve to highlight any texture or interesting features. </p><p>When drawing an object or figure, the skilled artist pays attention to both the area within the silhouette and what lies outside. The exterior is termed the <a href="/wiki/Negative_space" title="Negative space">negative space</a>, and can be as important in the representation as the figure. Objects placed in the background of the figure should appear properly placed wherever they can be viewed. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Study_(drawing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Study (drawing)">study</a> is a draft drawing that is made in preparation for a planned final image. Studies can be used to determine the appearances of specific parts of the completed image, or for experimenting with the best approach for accomplishing the end goal. However a well-crafted study can be a piece of art in its own right, and many hours of careful work can go into completing a study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munich_-_Two_young_women_drawing_-_5814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Munich_-_Two_young_women_drawing_-_5814.jpg/220px-Munich_-_Two_young_women_drawing_-_5814.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Munich_-_Two_young_women_drawing_-_5814.jpg/330px-Munich_-_Two_young_women_drawing_-_5814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Munich_-_Two_young_women_drawing_-_5814.jpg/440px-Munich_-_Two_young_women_drawing_-_5814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>A young woman drawing the <a href="/wiki/Barberini_Faun" title="Barberini Faun">Barberini Faun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></figcaption></figure><p>Individuals display differences in their ability to produce visually accurate drawings.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A visually accurate drawing is described<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as being "recognized as a particular object at a particular time and in a particular space, rendered with little addition of visual detail that can not be seen in the object represented or with little deletion of visual detail."<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_1997_609–621_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen_1997_609–621-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Investigative studies have aimed to explain the reasons why some individuals draw better than others. One study posited four key abilities in the drawing process: motor skills required for mark-making, the drawer's own perception of their drawing, perception of objects being drawn, and the ability to make good representational decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_1997_609–621_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen_1997_609–621-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this hypothesis, several studies have sought to conclude which of these processes are most significant in affecting the accuracy of drawings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingres_Academic_Study_(detail)_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ingres_Academic_Study_%28detail%29_03.jpg/170px-Ingres_Academic_Study_%28detail%29_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ingres_Academic_Study_%28detail%29_03.jpg/255px-Ingres_Academic_Study_%28detail%29_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ingres_Academic_Study_%28detail%29_03.jpg/340px-Ingres_Academic_Study_%28detail%29_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1828" /></a><figcaption>Drawing process in the <i>Academic Study of a Male Torso</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres">Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres</a> (1801, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum, Warsaw</a>)</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">Motor control</a></dt></dl> <p>Motor control is an important physical component in the 'Production Phase' of the drawing process.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that motor control plays a role in drawing ability, though its effects are not significant.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_1997_609–621_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen_1997_609–621-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></dt></dl> <p>It has been suggested that an individual's ability to perceive an object they are drawing is the most important stage in the drawing process.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_1997_609–621_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen_1997_609–621-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggestion is supported by the discovery of a robust relationship between perception and drawing ability.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This evidence acted as the basis of <a href="/wiki/Betty_Edwards" title="Betty Edwards">Betty Edwards</a>' how-to-draw book, <i><a href="/wiki/Drawing_on_the_Right_Side_of_the_Brain" class="mw-redirect" title="Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain">Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edwards aimed to teach her readers how to draw, based on the development of the reader's perceptual abilities. </p><p>Furthermore, the influential artist and art critic <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> emphasised the importance of perception in the drawing process in his book <i>The Elements of Drawing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated, "For I am nearly convinced, that once we see keenly enough, there is very little difficult in drawing what we see." </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Visual_memory" title="Visual memory">Visual memory</a></dt></dl> <p>This has also been shown to influence one's ability to create visually accurate drawings. <a href="/wiki/Short-term_memory" title="Short-term memory">Short-term memory</a> plays an important part in drawing as one's gaze shifts between the object they are drawing and the drawing itself.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></dt></dl> <p>Some studies comparing artists to non-artists have found that artists spend more time thinking strategically while drawing. In particular, artists spend more time on 'metacognitive' activities such as considering different hypothetical plans for how they might progress with a drawing.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy figure">Academy figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_drawing" title="Architectural drawing">Architectural drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contour_drawing" title="Contour drawing">Contour drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_illustration" title="Digital illustration">Digital illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_drawing" title="Figure drawing">Figure drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_drawing" title="Geometric drawing">Geometric drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_(lead_pencil)" title="Negro (lead pencil)">Negro (lead pencil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbago_drawing" title="Plumbago drawing">Plumbago drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">Sketch (drawing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_drawing" title="Subtractive drawing">Subtractive drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">Image</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SBTCModule6-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SBTCModule6_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFwww.sbctc.edu_(adapted)" class="citation web cs1">www.sbctc.edu (adapted). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Module-6.pdf">"Module 6: Media for 2-D Art"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Saylor.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120809171125/http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Module-6.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Module+6%3A+Media+for+2-D+Art&rft.pub=Saylor.org&rft.au=www.sbctc.edu+%28adapted%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saylor.org%2Fsite%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F12%2FModule-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/draftsman">"Draftsman Definition & Meaning"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Draftsman+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fdraftsman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManusChamberlainLooRiley2010" class="citation web cs1">McManus, I. C.; Chamberlain, R; Loo, P-W; Riley, H; Rankin, Q; Brunswick, N (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223647/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/medical-education/publications/Reprints2010/2010-PACA-ArtStudentsWhoCannotDraw.pdf">"Art Students Who Cannot Draw: Exploring the Relations Between Drawing Ability, Visual Memory, Accuracy of Copying, and Dyslexia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University College London</i>. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, vol. 4, no. 1, 18 –30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/medical-education/publications/Reprints2010/2010-PACA-ArtStudentsWhoCannotDraw.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+College+London&rft.atitle=Art+Students+Who+Cannot+Draw%3A+Exploring+the+Relations+Between+Drawing+Ability%2C+Visual+Memory%2C+Accuracy+of+Copying%2C+and+Dyslexia&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=I.+C.&rft.au=Chamberlain%2C+R&rft.au=Loo%2C+P-W&rft.au=Riley%2C+H&rft.au=Rankin%2C+Q&rft.au=Brunswick%2C+N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fmedical-education%2Fpublications%2FReprints2010%2F2010-PACA-ArtStudentsWhoCannotDraw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">grisaille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiaroscuro" title="Chiaroscuro">chiaroscuro</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tversky_2011_499–535-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tversky_2011_499–535_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tversky_2011_499–535_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTversky2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tversky, B (2011). "Visualizing thought". <i>Topics in Cognitive Science</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 499–535. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1756-8765.2010.01113.x">10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01113.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25164401">25164401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topics+in+Cognitive+Science&rft.atitle=Visualizing+thought&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=499-535&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1756-8765.2010.01113.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25164401&rft.aulast=Tversky&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarthing2011" class="citation web cs1">Farthing, S (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317224618/http://ttd2011.pressible.org/files/2012/05/Thinking-through-Drawing_Practice-into-Knowledge.pdf">"The Bigger Picture of Drawing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ttd2011.pressible.org/files/2012/05/Thinking-through-Drawing_Practice-into-Knowledge.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bigger+Picture+of+Drawing&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Farthing&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fttd2011.pressible.org%2Ffiles%2F2012%2F05%2FThinking-through-Drawing_Practice-into-Knowledge.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ttd2011.pressible.org/files/2012/05/Thinking-through-Drawing_Practice-into-Knowledge.pdf">Thinking Through Drawing: Practice into Knowledge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317224618/http://ttd2011.pressible.org/files/2012/05/Thinking-through-Drawing_Practice-into-Knowledge.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-03-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2011c<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, A (2009). <i>Writing and script: a very short introduction</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+and+script%3A+a+very+short+introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kovats_2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kovats_2005_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kovats_2005_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kovats_2005_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovats2005" class="citation book cs1">Kovats, T (2005). <i>The Drawing Book</i>. London: Black Dog Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904772330" title="Special:BookSources/9781904772330"><bdi>9781904772330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drawing+Book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Black+Dog+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781904772330&rft.aulast=Kovats&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerDuff,_LDavies,_J2005" class="citation book cs1">Walker, J. F; Duff, L; Davies, J (2005). "Old Manuals and New Pencils". <i>Drawing- The Process</i>. Bristol: <a href="/wiki/Intellect_Books" title="Intellect Books">Intellect Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Manuals+and+New+Pencils&rft.btitle=Drawing-+The+Process&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=J.+F&rft.au=Duff%2C+L&rft.au=Davies%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the discussion on erasable drawing boards and 'tafeletten' in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_de_Wetering" class="citation book cs1">van de Wetering, Ernst. <i>Rembrandt: The Painter at Work</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rembrandt%3A+The+Painter+at+Work&rft.aulast=van+de+Wetering&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton" class="citation web cs1">Burton, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317224618/http://ttd2011.pressible.org/files/2012/05/Thinking-through-Drawing_Practice-into-Knowledge.pdf">"Preface"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ttd2011.pressible.org/files/2012/05/Thinking-through-Drawing_Practice-into-Knowledge.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preface&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fttd2011.pressible.org%2Ffiles%2F2012%2F05%2FThinking-through-Drawing_Practice-into-Knowledge.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Chamberlain, R (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1408829/"><i>Drawing Conclusions: An exploration of the cognitive and neuroscientific foundations of representational drawing</i></a> (Doctoral).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Drawing+Conclusions%3A+An+exploration+of+the+cognitive+and+neuroscientific+foundations+of+representational+drawing.&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F1408829%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisDuff,_LDavies,_J2005" class="citation book cs1">Davis, P; Duff, L; Davies, J (2005). "Drawing a Blank". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drawingprocess00davi"><i>Drawing – The Process</i></a></span>. Bristol: Intellect Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drawingprocess00davi/page/n19">15</a>–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841500768" title="Special:BookSources/9781841500768"><bdi>9781841500768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Drawing+a+Blank&rft.btitle=Drawing+%E2%80%93+The+Process&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pages=15-25&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781841500768&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Duff%2C+L&rft.au=Davies%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdrawingprocess00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2011" class="citation web cs1">Simmons, S (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317224618/http://ttd2011.pressible.org/files/2012/05/Thinking-through-Drawing_Practice-into-Knowledge.pdf">"Philosophical Dimension of Drawing Instruction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ttd2011.pressible.org/files/2012/05/Thinking-through-Drawing_Practice-into-Knowledge.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Dimension+of+Drawing+Instruction&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fttd2011.pressible.org%2Ffiles%2F2012%2F05%2FThinking-through-Drawing_Practice-into-Knowledge.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoe1840" class="citation book cs1">Poe, E. A. (1840). <i>The Daguerreotype. Classic Essays on Photography</i>. New Haven, CN: Leete's Island Books. pp. 37–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Daguerreotype.+Classic+Essays+on+Photography&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CN&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Leete%27s+Island+Books&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Poe&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/features/Old-Master-Prints-Collecting-Guide-8021-1.aspx">"Collecting guide: Old Master prints"</a>. <i>Christie's</i>. 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christie%27s&rft.atitle=Collecting+guide%3A+Old+Master+prints&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Ffeatures%2FOld-Master-Prints-Collecting-Guide-8021-1.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/7%20German%20Draughtsmanship%20in%20the%20Ages%20of%20Durer%20and%20Goethe.pdf">Hinrich Sieveking, "German Draughtsmanship in the Ages of Dürer and Goethe", British Museum</a>. Accessed 20 February 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Hryszko, A Painter as a Draughtsman. Typology and Terminology of Drawings in Academic Didactics and Artistic Practice in France in 17th Century [dans:] Metodologia, metoda i terminologia grafiki i rysunku. Teoria i praktyka, ed. Jolanta Talbierska, Warszawa 2014, pp. 169–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/features/Old-Master-Drawings-Collecting-Guide-7455-1.aspx">"Collecting guide: Old Master drawings"</a>. <i>Christie's</i>. 23 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christie%27s&rft.atitle=Collecting+guide%3A+Old+Master+drawings&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Ffeatures%2FOld-Master-Drawings-Collecting-Guide-7455-1.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffDavies2005" class="citation book cs1">Duff, L; Davies, J (2005). <i>Drawing – The Process</i>. Bristol: Intellect Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841509075" title="Special:BookSources/9781841509075"><bdi>9781841509075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+%E2%80%93+The+Process&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781841509075&rft.aulast=Duff&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Davies%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGompertz2009" class="citation web cs1">Gompertz, Will (2009-02-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/feb/12/life-art-jean-michel-basquiat">"My life in art: How Jean-Michel Basquiat taught me to forget about technique"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=My+life+in+art%3A+How+Jean-Michel+Basquiat+taught+me+to+forget+about+technique&rft.date=2009-02-12&rft.aulast=Gompertz&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2009%2Ffeb%2F12%2Flife-art-jean-michel-basquiat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm3z7j/a-dictionary-of-jean-michel-basquiat">"boom for real: a dictionary of basquiat"</a>. <i>I-d</i>. 2017-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=I-d&rft.atitle=boom+for+real%3A+a+dictionary+of+basquiat&rft.date=2017-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fi-d.vice.com%2Fen_uk%2Farticle%2Fzm3z7j%2Fa-dictionary-of-jean-michel-basquiat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artcyclopedia.com/feature-2003-02.html">ArtCyclopedia, February 2003, "Masterful Leonardo and Graphic Dürer"</a>. Accessed 20 February 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">lara Broecke, <i>Cennino Cennini's </i>Il Libro dell'Arte<i>: a new English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription</i>, Archetype 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1991" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Ralph (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artistshandbooko00maye_0"><i>The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques</i></a></span>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-83701-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-83701-4"><bdi>978-0-670-83701-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Artist%27s+Handbook+of+Materials+and+Techniques&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-670-83701-4&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartistshandbooko00maye_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2010/03/the-amazing-art-of-disabled-artists/">"The Amazing Art of Disabled Artists"</a>. Webdesigner Depot. 16 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Amazing+Art+of+Disabled+Artists&rft.pub=Webdesigner+Depot&rft.date=2010-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webdesignerdepot.com%2F2010%2F03%2Fthe-amazing-art-of-disabled-artists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is unrelated to the <a href="/wiki/Hatching_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatching system">hatching system</a> in heraldry that indicates <a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">tincture</a> (i.e., the color of arms depicted in monochrome.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptill1930" class="citation book cs1">Guptill, Arthur L. (1930). <i>Drawing with Pen and Ink</i>. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+with+Pen+and+Ink&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Reinhold+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Guptill&rft.aufirst=Arthur+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">South, Helen, <i>The Everything Drawing Book</i>, Adams Media, Avon, MA, 2004, pp. 152–53, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59337-213-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59337-213-2">1-59337-213-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drawinghale-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-drawinghale_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1964" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Robert Beverly (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drawinglessonsfr0000hale"><i>Drawing Lessons from the Great Masters</i></a></span> (45th Anniversary ed.). Watson-Guptill Publications (published 2009). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-1401-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-1401-9"><bdi>978-0-8230-1401-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Lessons+from+the+Great+Masters&rft.edition=45th+Anniversary&rft.pub=Watson-Guptill+Publications&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-8230-1401-9&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Robert+Beverly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdrawinglessonsfr0000hale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1978" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Ernest W. (1978). <i>Course in Pencil Sketching: Four Books in One</i>. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. pp. 167–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-442-29229-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-442-29229-4"><bdi>978-0-442-29229-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Course+in+Pencil+Sketching%3A+Four+Books+in+One&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=167-75&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-442-29229-4&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Ernest+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrofsky2011" class="citation web cs1">Ostrofsky, J (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317224618/http://ttd2011.pressible.org/files/2012/05/Thinking-through-Drawing_Practice-into-Knowledge.pdf">"A Multi-Stage Attention Hypothesis of Drawing Ability"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ttd2011.pressible.org/files/2012/05/Thinking-through-Drawing_Practice-into-Knowledge.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Multi-Stage+Attention+Hypothesis+of+Drawing+Ability&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ostrofsky&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fttd2011.pressible.org%2Ffiles%2F2012%2F05%2FThinking-through-Drawing_Practice-into-Knowledge.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen_1997_609–621-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_1997_609–621_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_1997_609–621_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_1997_609–621_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_1997_609–621_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenBennett,_S.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, D. 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J.; Jones, H. E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.uncw.edu/cohend/research/papers/cohen%20and%20jones%20-%20aca-2-1-8.pdf">"How shape constanct related to drawing accuracy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 8–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1931-3896.2.1.8">10.1037/1931-3896.2.1.8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809060155/http://people.uncw.edu/cohend/research/papers/cohen%20and%20jones%20-%20aca-2-1-8.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Aesthetics%2C+Creativity%2C+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=How+shape+constanct+related+to+drawing+accuracy&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-19&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F1931-3896.2.1.8&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft.au=Jones%2C+H.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.uncw.edu%2Fcohend%2Fresearch%2Fpapers%2Fcohen%2520and%2520jones%2520-%2520aca-2-1-8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1989" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, B (1989). <i>Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain</i>. New York: Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58542-920-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58542-920-2"><bdi>978-1-58542-920-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+on+the+Right+Side+of+the+Brain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-58542-920-2&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuskin1857" class="citation book cs1">Ruskin, John (1857). <i>The Elements of Drawing</i>. Mineola, NY: Dover Publishcations Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Drawing&rft.place=Mineola%2C+NY&rft.pub=Dover+Publishcations+Inc&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Ruskin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManusChamberlainLooRankin2010" class="citation journal cs1">McManus, I. C.; Chamberlain, R. S.; Loo, P.-K.; Rankin, Q.; Riley, H.; Brunswick, N. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026001726/http://dspace.smu.ac.uk:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10875/226/PACApaper2010.pdf?sequence%3D1">"Art students who cannot draw: exploring the relations between drawing ability, visual memory, accuracy of copying, and dyslexia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts</i>. <b>4</b>: 18–30. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.654.5263">10.1.1.654.5263</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0017335">10.1037/a0017335</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.smu.ac.uk:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10875/226/PACApaper2010.pdf?sequence%3D1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Aesthetics%2C+Creativity%2C+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Art+students+who+cannot+draw%3A+exploring+the+relations+between+drawing+ability%2C+visual+memory%2C+accuracy+of+copying%2C+and+dyslexia.&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=18-30&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.654.5263%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0017335&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=I.+C.&rft.au=Chamberlain%2C+R.+S.&rft.au=Loo%2C+P.-K.&rft.au=Rankin%2C+Q.&rft.au=Riley%2C+H.&rft.au=Brunswick%2C+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.smu.ac.uk%3A8080%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10875%2F226%2FPACApaper2010.pdf%3Fsequence%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFayena-TawilKozbeltSitaras2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fayena-Tawil, F.; Kozbelt, A.; Sitaras, S. (2011). "Think global, act local: A protocol analysis comparison of artists' and nonartists' cognitions, metacognitions, and evaluations while drawing". <i>Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 135–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0021019">10.1037/a0021019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Aesthetics%2C+Creativity%2C+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Think+global%2C+act+local%3A+A+protocol+analysis+comparison+of+artists%27+and+nonartists%27+cognitions%2C+metacognitions%2C+and+evaluations+while+drawing.&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-45&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0021019&rft.aulast=Fayena-Tawil&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Kozbelt%2C+A.&rft.au=Sitaras%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li>Edwards, Betty. <i>The New Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain</i>, HarperCollins Publishers Ltd; 3Rev Ed edition, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-711645-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-711645-4">978-0-00-711645-4</a></li> <li>Brommer, Gerald F. <i>Exploring Drawing</i>. Worcester, Massachusetts: Davis Publications. 1988.</li> <li>Bodley Gallery, New York, <i>Modern master drawings</i>, 1971, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37498294">37498294</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Holcomb, M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/95658"><i><span></span></i>Pen and Parchment : Drawing in the Middle Ages<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pen+and+Parchment+%3A+Drawing+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Holcomb%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F95658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrawing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hillberry, J.D. <i>Drawing Realistic Textures in Pencil</i>, North Light Books, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89134-868-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89134-868-9">0-89134-868-9</a>.</li> <li>Landa, Robin. Take a line for a walk: A Creativity Journal. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83922-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83922-2">978-1-111-83922-2</a></li> <li>Lohan, Frank. <i>Pen & Ink Techniques</i>, Contemporary Books, 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8092-7438-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8092-7438-8">0-8092-7438-8</a>.</li> <li>Ruskin, J. (1857). The Elements of Drawing. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4538-4264-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4538-4264-5">978-1-4538-4264-5</a></li> <li>Spears, Heather. <i>The Creative Eye.</i> London: Arcturus. 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-572-03315-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-572-03315-6">978-0-572-03315-6</a>.</li> <li>World Book, Inc. <i>The World Book Encyclopedia Volume 5</i>, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7166-0089-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7166-0089-7">0-7166-0089-7</a>.</li> <li><i>Drawing/Thinking: Confronting an Electronic Age</i>, edited by Marc Treib, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-77560-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-77560-4">0-415-77560-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drawing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Drawing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Drawing">Drawing</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/drawing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/drawing">drawing</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Drawing" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Drawing">Drawing</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308191041/http://www.learningdesign.com/Portfolio/DrawDev/kiddrawing.html">Timeline of Drawing Development in Children</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425091043/http://nasonart.com/writing/ondrawing2.html">On Drawing</a>, an essay about the craft of drawing, by artist Norman Nason. Archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nasonart.com/writing/ondrawing2.html">original</a> on April 25, 2012.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/25290">Line and Form (1900) by Walter Crane</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/84801/rec/2"><i>Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle</i></a>, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (a great drawing resource).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/90258/rec/1"><i>Leonardo da Vinci, Master Draftsman</i></a>, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (a great drawing resource).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/draw/hd_draw.htm"><i> Drawing in the Middle Ages</i></a> A summary of how drawing was used as part of the artistic process in the Middle Ages.</li> <li>Ganesh <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drawingc.com/">drawing</a> is a popular drawing technique used in India that usually involves drawing a full-body illustration of Ganesh drawing is often practiced in the presence of Ganesh statues and devotees.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_the_visual_arts" title="Template:Branches of the visual arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_the_visual_arts" title="Template talk:Branches of the visual arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_the_visual_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of the visual arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visual_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art">Body art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">Craft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">pallet crafts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">Decorative arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_art" title="Light art">Light art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artistic media">List of artistic media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Art_world" title="Template:Art world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Art_world" title="Template talk:Art world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Art world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Art_world" title="Art world">art world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">Fine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_media" title="Mixed media">Mixed media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_art_history" title="Media art history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">Plastic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">Social sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">Soft sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_title" title="Artwork title">Artwork title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">Collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">frescos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">Patron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">Visual arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_universities_and_colleges_in_Europe" title="List of art universities and colleges in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_auction" title="Art auction">Art auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_colony" title="Art colony">Art colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Art commune">Art commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_exhibition" title="Art exhibition">Art exhibition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_exhibition_space" title="Alternative exhibition space">alternative exhibition space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">Art gallery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_gallery" title="Contemporary art gallery">Contemporary art gallery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">Art museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-artist_museum" title="Single-artist museum">Single-artist museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">Art school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_schools_in_Europe" title="List of art schools in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_centre" title="Arts centre">Arts centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_festival" title="Arts festival">Arts festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_collective" title="Artist collective">Artist collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_cooperative" title="Artist cooperative">Artist cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-in-residence" title="Artist-in-residence">Artist-in-residence program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_space" title="Artist-run space">Artist-run space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennale" title="Biennale">Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_museum" title="Virtual museum">Virtual museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_art" title="Timeline of art">Timeline of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history (academic study)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">feminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting_history" title="Outline of painting history">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_20th_century_printmaking_in_America" title="Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America">Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_market" title="Art market">Art market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9" title="Catalogue raisonné">Catalogue raisonné</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art" title="Classificatory disputes about art">Classificatory disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_Management_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection Management Policy">Museum collection management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaccessioning (museum)">deaccessioning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage">Conservation-restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">paintings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_painting" title="Destination painting">Destination painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art" title="Eclecticism in art">Eclecticism in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_the_arts_and_literature" title="Economics of the arts and literature">Economics of art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_finance" title="Art finance">art finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_valuation" title="Art valuation">art valuation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_art" title="Elements of art">Elements of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_painting-related_articles" title="Index of painting-related articles">Index of painting-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_visual_arts" title="Outline of the visual arts">Outline of the visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting" title="Outline of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture" title="Outline of sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Sociology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_magazines" title="List of art magazines">Art magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_media" title="List of art media">Art media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_techniques" title="List of art techniques">Art techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_museums" title="List of art museums">Art museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums" title="List of largest art museums">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_art_museums" title="List of most-visited art museums">most visited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculpture_parks" title="List of sculpture parks">sculpture parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_single-artist_museums" title="List of single-artist museums">single artist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_reference_books" title="List of art reference books">Art reference books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colossal_sculptures_in_situ" title="List of colossal sculptures in situ">Colossal sculptures in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_artists" title="List of contemporary artists">Contemporary artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_art_galleries" title="List of contemporary art galleries">Contemporary art galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_artists" title="List of modern artists">Modern artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_galleries" title="List of national galleries">National galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters" title="Lists of painters">Painters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_painters_by_name" title="List of painters by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters_by_nationality" title="Lists of painters by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptors" title="List of sculptors">Sculptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_sculptors" title="List of female sculptors">female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stolen_paintings" title="List of stolen paintings">Stolen paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">Most expensive paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_sculptures" title="List of most expensive sculptures">sculptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_artworks_by_living_artists" title="List of most expensive artworks by living artists">works by living artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Painting" title="Portal:Painting">Painting portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Arts">Arts portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93184#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93184#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dessin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119362234">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561487">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kresby"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121941&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000264484&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562738505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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