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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tools_and_gravers_or_burins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools_and_gravers_or_burins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tools and gravers or burins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools_and_gravers_or_burins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tool_geometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tool_geometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tool geometry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tool_geometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tool_sharpening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tool_sharpening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tool sharpening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tool_sharpening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artwork_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artwork_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Artwork design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artwork_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handpieces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handpieces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Handpieces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handpieces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cutting_the_surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cutting_the_surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Cutting the surface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cutting_the_surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Finishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_hand_engraving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_hand_engraving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Modern hand engraving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_hand_engraving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machine_engraving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machine_engraving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Machine engraving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machine_engraving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer-aided_machine_engraving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer-aided_machine_engraving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Computer-aided machine engraving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer-aided_machine_engraving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music_engraving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_engraving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Music engraving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_engraving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creating_tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creating_tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Creating tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creating_tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Biblical references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noted_engravers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noted_engravers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Noted engravers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noted_engravers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Engraving</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4" title="نقش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrav%C3%BCr" title="Qravür – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qravür" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гравюра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гравюра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гравюра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гравюра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravura" title="Gravura – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gravura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravat" title="Gravat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gravat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гравюра – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гравюра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grav%C3%ADrov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Gravírování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gravírování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engrafio" title="Engrafio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Engrafio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravering" title="Gravering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gravering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravur" title="Gravur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gravur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graveerimine" title="Graveerimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Graveerimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Χαρακτική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρακτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabado" title="Grabado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grabado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravura%C4%B5o" title="Gravuraĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gravuraĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irarlan" title="Irarlan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irarlan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="حکاکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکاکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravure" title="Gravure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gravure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravado" title="Gravado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gravado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%99" title="인그레이빙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인그레이빙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="एनग्रेविंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एनग्रेविंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviranje" title="Graviranje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Graviranje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravir" title="Gravir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gravir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisione" title="Incisione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Incisione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98" title="תחריט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחריט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="გრავიურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრავიურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravi" title="Gravi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gravi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87apa_qewartin%C3%AA" title="Çapa qewartinê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çapa qewartinê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grav%C4%ABra" title="Gravīra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gravīra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravi%C5%ABra" title="Graviūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Graviūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grav%C3%ADroz%C3%A1s" title="Gravírozás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gravírozás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="エングレービング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エングレービング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravering" title="Gravering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gravering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravering" title="Gravering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gravering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grawerstwo" title="Grawerstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grawerstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гравировка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гравировка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="කැටයම් කැපීම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කැටයම් කැපීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Engraving" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grav%C3%ADrovanie" title="Gravírovanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gravírovanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the art of music notation, see <a href="/wiki/Music_engraving" title="Music engraving">Music engraving</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the music albums, see <a href="/wiki/Engravings_(album)" title="Engravings (album)">Engravings (album)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engrave_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Engrave (album)">Engrave (album)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%BCrer-Hieronymus-im-Geh%C3%A4us.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/D%C3%BCrer-Hieronymus-im-Geh%C3%A4us.jpg/220px-D%C3%BCrer-Hieronymus-im-Geh%C3%A4us.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/D%C3%BCrer-Hieronymus-im-Geh%C3%A4us.jpg/330px-D%C3%BCrer-Hieronymus-im-Geh%C3%A4us.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/D%C3%BCrer-Hieronymus-im-Geh%C3%A4us.jpg/440px-D%C3%BCrer-Hieronymus-im-Geh%C3%A4us.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3049" data-file-height="3971" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome_in_His_Study_(D%C3%BCrer)" title="Saint Jerome in His Study (Dürer)">St. Jerome in His Study</a></i> (1514), engraving by <a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> master <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Engraving</b> is the practice of incising a design on a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a <a href="/wiki/Burin_(engraving)" title="Burin (engraving)">burin</a>. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or <a href="/wiki/Glass_engraving" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass engraving">glass</a> are engraved, or may provide an <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">intaglio</a> printing plate, of copper or another metal,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for printing images on paper as prints or illustrations; these images are also called "engravings". Engraving is one of the oldest and most important techniques in <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wood_engravings" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood engravings">Wood engravings</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Relief_printing" title="Relief printing">relief printing</a> and stone engravings, such as <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a>, are not covered in this article. </p><p><br /> Engraving was a historically important method of producing images on paper in artistic <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mapmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapmaking">mapmaking</a>, and also for commercial reproductions and illustrations for books and magazines. It has long been replaced by various <a href="/wiki/Photographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographic">photographic</a> processes in its commercial applications and, partly because of the difficulty of learning the technique, is much less common in printmaking, where it has been largely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> and other techniques. </p><p>"Engraving" is loosely but incorrectly used for any old black and white print; it requires a degree of expertise to distinguish engravings from prints using other techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> in particular, but also <a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">mezzotint</a> and other techniques. Many <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">old master prints</a> also combine techniques on the same plate, further confusing matters. <a href="/wiki/Line_engraving" title="Line engraving">Line engraving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel_engraving" title="Steel engraving">steel engraving</a> cover use for reproductive prints, illustrations in books and magazines, and similar uses, mostly in the 19th century, and often not actually using engraving. Traditional engraving, by <a href="/wiki/Burin_(engraving)" title="Burin (engraving)">burin</a> or with the use of machines, continues to be practised by <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmiths</a>, glass engravers, <a href="/wiki/Gunsmith#Gun_Engraver" title="Gunsmith">gunsmiths</a> and others, while modern industrial techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Photoengraving" title="Photoengraving">photoengraving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laser_engraving" title="Laser engraving">laser engraving</a> have many important applications. <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraved gems</a> were an important art in the ancient world, revived at the Renaissance, although the term traditionally covers <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> as well as intaglio carvings, and is essentially a branch of sculpture rather than engraving, as drills were the usual tools. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms">Terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:413px;max-width:413px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norblin_Ecce_Homo_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Norblin_Ecce_Homo_02.jpg/205px-Norblin_Ecce_Homo_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Norblin_Ecce_Homo_02.jpg/308px-Norblin_Ecce_Homo_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Norblin_Ecce_Homo_02.jpg/410px-Norblin_Ecce_Homo_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="629" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norblin_Ecce_Homo_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Norblin_Ecce_Homo_01.jpg/200px-Norblin_Ecce_Homo_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Norblin_Ecce_Homo_01.jpg/300px-Norblin_Ecce_Homo_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Norblin_Ecce_Homo_01.jpg/400px-Norblin_Ecce_Homo_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="713" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Ecce Homo</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Norblin_de_La_Gourdaine" title="Jean-Pierre Norblin de La Gourdaine">Jan Norblin</a>, original print (left) and copper plate (right) with composition reversed (<a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>)</div></div></div></div> <p>Other terms often used for printed engravings are <b>copper engraving</b>, <b>copper-plate engraving</b> or <i><a href="/wiki/Line_engraving" title="Line engraving">line engraving</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Steel_engraving" title="Steel engraving">Steel engraving</a> is the same technique, on steel or steel-faced plates, and was mostly used for banknotes, illustrations for books, magazines and reproductive prints, <a href="/wiki/Letterhead" title="Letterhead">letterheads</a> and similar uses from about 1790 to the early 20th century, when the technique became less popular, except for banknotes and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">security printing</a>. Especially in the past, "engraving" was often used very loosely to cover several printmaking techniques, so that many so-called engravings were in fact produced by totally different techniques, such as etching or <a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">mezzotint</a>. "Hand engraving<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" is a term sometimes used for engraving objects other than printing plates, to inscribe or decorate jewellery, firearms, trophies, knives and other fine metal goods. Traditional engravings in printmaking are also "hand engraved", using just the same techniques to make the lines in the plate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Engraving" title="Special:EditPage/Engraving">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Engraving.jpg/220px-Engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Engraving.jpg/330px-Engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>Artist and engraver <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Goldberg" title="Chaim Goldberg">Chaim Goldberg</a> at work</figcaption></figure> <p>Engravers use a hardened steel tool called a burin, or graver, to cut the design into the surface, most traditionally a copper plate.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, modern hand engraving artists use burins or gravers to cut a variety of metals such as silver, nickel, steel, brass, gold, and titanium, in applications ranging from weaponry to jewellery to motorcycles to found objects. Modern professional engravers can engrave with a resolution of up to 40 lines per mm in high grade work creating game scenes and scrollwork. <a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">Dies</a> used in mass production of molded parts are sometimes hand engraved to add special touches or certain information such as part numbers. </p><p>In addition to hand engraving, there are engraving machines that require less human finesse and are not directly controlled by hand. They are usually used for lettering, using a <a href="/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">pantographic</a> system. There are versions for the insides of rings and also the outsides of larger pieces. Such machines are commonly used for inscriptions on rings, lockets and presentation pieces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools_and_gravers_or_burins">Tools and gravers or burins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tools and gravers or burins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gravers.jpg/220px-Gravers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gravers.jpg/330px-Gravers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Gravers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>An assortment of hand engraving tools</figcaption></figure><p>Gravers come in a variety of shapes and sizes that yield different line types. The burin produces a unique and recognizable quality of line that is characterized by its steady, deliberate appearance and clean edges. The angle tint tool has a slightly curved tip that is commonly used in printmaking. Florentine liners are flat-bottomed tools with multiple lines incised into them, used to do fill work on larger areas or to create uniform shade lines that are fast to execute. Ring gravers are made with particular shapes that are used by jewelry engravers in order to cut inscriptions inside rings. Flat gravers are used for fill work on letters, as well as "wriggle" cuts on most musical instrument engraving work, remove background, or create bright cuts. Knife gravers are for line engraving and very deep cuts. Round gravers, and flat gravers with a radius, are commonly used on silver to create bright cuts (also called bright-cut engraving), as well as other hard-to-cut metals such as nickel and steel. Square or V-point gravers are typically square or elongated diamond-shaped and used for cutting straight lines. V-point can be anywhere from 60 to 130 <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a>, depending on purpose and effect. These gravers have very small cutting points. Other tools such as <a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">mezzotint</a> rockers, roulets and burnishers are used for texturing effects. Burnishing tools can also be used for certain stone setting techniques.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2008-engraving.jpg/220px-2008-engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2008-engraving.jpg/330px-2008-engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2008-engraving.jpg/440px-2008-engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Stone engraving</figcaption></figure><p>Musical instrument engraving on American-made brass instruments flourished in the 1920s and utilizes a specialized engraving technique where a flat graver is "walked" across the surface of the instrument to make zig-zag lines and patterns. The method for "walking" the graver may also be referred to as "wriggle" or "wiggle" cuts. This technique is necessary due to the thinness of metal used to make musical instruments versus firearms or jewelry. Wriggle cuts are commonly found on silver Western jewelry and other Western metal work. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tool_geometry">Tool geometry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tool geometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tool geometry is extremely important for accuracy in hand engraving. When sharpened for most applications, a graver has a "face", which is the top of the graver, and a "heel", which is the bottom of the graver; not all tools or application require a heel. These two surfaces meet to form a point that cuts the metal. The geometry and length of the heel helps to guide the graver smoothly as it cuts the surface of the metal. When the tool's point breaks or chips, even on a microscopic level, the graver can become hard to control and produces unexpected results. Modern innovations have brought about new types of carbide that resist chipping and breakage, which hold a very sharp point longer between resharpening than traditional metal tools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tool_sharpening">Tool sharpening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tool sharpening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:318px;max-width:318px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_von_Aachen_-_Preparatory_drawing_for_Aegidius_Sadeler%27s_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hans_von_Aachen_-_Preparatory_drawing_for_Aegidius_Sadeler%27s_print.jpg/160px-Hans_von_Aachen_-_Preparatory_drawing_for_Aegidius_Sadeler%27s_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hans_von_Aachen_-_Preparatory_drawing_for_Aegidius_Sadeler%27s_print.jpg/240px-Hans_von_Aachen_-_Preparatory_drawing_for_Aegidius_Sadeler%27s_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hans_von_Aachen_-_Preparatory_drawing_for_Aegidius_Sadeler%27s_print.jpg/320px-Hans_von_Aachen_-_Preparatory_drawing_for_Aegidius_Sadeler%27s_print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Rudolph_II_MET_DP102234.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Portrait_of_Rudolph_II_MET_DP102234.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Rudolph_II_MET_DP102234.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Portrait_of_Rudolph_II_MET_DP102234.jpg/225px-Portrait_of_Rudolph_II_MET_DP102234.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Portrait_of_Rudolph_II_MET_DP102234.jpg/300px-Portrait_of_Rudolph_II_MET_DP102234.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="1834" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Preparatory drawing by <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Aachen" title="Hans von Aachen">Hans von Aachen</a> for a portrait print of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Rudolph_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Rudolph II">Emperor Rudolph II</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Poland" title="National Library of Poland">National Library of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aegidius_Sadeler" title="Aegidius Sadeler">Aegidius Sadeler</a>'s print from 1603, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div></div></div></div><p>Sharpening a graver or burin requires either a <a href="/wiki/Sharpening_stone" title="Sharpening stone">sharpening stone</a> or wheel. Harder carbide and steel gravers require diamond-grade sharpening wheels; these gravers can be polished to a mirror finish using a ceramic or cast iron lap, which is essential in creating bright cuts. Several low-speed, reversible sharpening systems made specifically for hand engravers are available that reduce sharpening time. Fixtures that secure the tool in place at certain angles and geometries are also available to take the guesswork from sharpening to produce accurate points. Very few master engravers exist today who rely solely on "feel" and muscle memory to sharpen tools. These master engravers typically worked for many years as an apprentice, most often learning techniques decades before modern machinery was available for hand engravers. These engravers typically trained in such countries as Italy and Belgium, where hand engraving has a rich and long heritage of masters. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artwork_design">Artwork design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Artwork design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Design or artwork is generally prepared in advance, although some professional and highly experienced hand engravers are able to draw out minimal outlines either on paper or directly on the metal surface just prior to engraving. The work to be engraved may be lightly scribed on the surface with a sharp point, laser marked, drawn with a fine permanent marker (removable with acetone) or pencil, transferred using various chemicals in conjunction with inkjet or laser printouts, or <a href="/wiki/Stipple_engraving" title="Stipple engraving">stippled</a>. Engraving artists may rely on hand drawing skills, copyright-free designs and images, computer-generated artwork, or common design elements when creating artwork. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handpieces">Handpieces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Handpieces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_George_Gravur_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Louis_George_Gravur_1.jpg/220px-Louis_George_Gravur_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Louis_George_Gravur_1.jpg/330px-Louis_George_Gravur_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Louis_George_Gravur_1.jpg/440px-Louis_George_Gravur_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>At an engravers workshop: Miniature engraving on a <i><a href="/wiki/Louis_George" title="Louis George">Louis George</a></i> watch movement: Smallest engraving of the royal <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> eagle on a watch movement. It takes about 100 passes to create the figure.</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally, handpieces varied little in design as the common use was to push with the handle placed firmly in the center of the palm. With modern pneumatic engraving systems, handpieces are designed and created in a variety of shapes and power ranges. Handpieces are made using various methods and materials. Knobs may be handmade from wood, molded and engineered from plastic, or machine-made from brass, steel, or other metals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cutting_the_surface">Cutting the surface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cutting the surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_George_Meistergraveurin_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Louis_George_Meistergraveurin_2.jpg/220px-Louis_George_Meistergraveurin_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Louis_George_Meistergraveurin_2.jpg/330px-Louis_George_Meistergraveurin_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Louis_George_Meistergraveurin_2.jpg/440px-Louis_George_Meistergraveurin_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Master engraver ennobling a watch movement. Top-level engravers work under a <a href="/wiki/Stereo_microscope" title="Stereo microscope">stereo microscope</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>The actual engraving is traditionally done by a combination of pressure and manipulating the work-piece. The traditional "hand push" process is still practiced today, but modern technology has brought various mechanically assisted engraving systems. Most pneumatic engraving systems require an air source that drives air through a hose into a handpiece, which resembles a traditional engraving handle in many cases, that powers a mechanism (usually a piston). The air is actuated by either a foot control (like a gas pedal or sewing machine) or newer palm / hand control. This mechanism replaces either the "hand push" effort or the effects of a hammer. The internal mechanisms move at speeds up to 15,000 strokes per minute, thereby greatly reducing the effort needed in traditional hand engraving. These types of pneumatic systems are used for power assistance only and do not guide or control the engraving artist. One of the major benefits of using a pneumatic system for hand engraving is the reduction of fatigue and decrease in time spent working. </p><p>Hand engraving artists today employ a combination of hand push, pneumatic, rotary, or hammer and chisel methods. Hand push is still commonly used by modern hand engraving artists who create "bulino" style work, which is highly detailed and delicate, fine work; a great majority, if not all, traditional printmakers today rely solely upon hand push methods. Pneumatic systems greatly reduce the effort required for removing large amounts of metal, such as in deep relief engraving or Western bright cut techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finishing">Finishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Finishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finishing the work is often necessary when working in metal that may rust or where a colored finish is desirable, such as a firearm. A variety of spray lacquers and finishing techniques exist to seal and protect the work from exposure to the elements and time. Finishing also may include lightly sanding the surface to remove small chips of metal called "burrs" that are very sharp and unsightly. Some engravers prefer high contrast to the work or design, using black paints or inks to darken removed (and lower) areas of exposed metal. The excess paint or ink is wiped away and allowed to dry before lacquering or sealing, which may or may not be desired by the artist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_hand_engraving">Modern hand engraving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern hand engraving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_engraving_tool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hand_engraving_tool.jpg/220px-Hand_engraving_tool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hand_engraving_tool.jpg/330px-Hand_engraving_tool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hand_engraving_tool.jpg/440px-Hand_engraving_tool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Hand engraving tool</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the high level of microscopic detail that can be achieved by a master engraver, <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeiting</a> of engraved designs is almost impossible, and modern <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a> are almost always engraved, as are plates for printing money, checks, bonds and other security-sensitive papers. The engraving is so fine that a normal printer cannot recreate the detail of hand-engraved images, nor can it be scanned. At the United States <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">Bureau of Engraving and Printing</a>, more than one hand engraver will work on the same plate, making it nearly impossible for one person to duplicate all the engraving on a particular banknote or document. </p><p>The modern discipline of hand engraving, as it is called in a <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a> context, survives largely in a few specialized fields. The highest levels of the art are found on firearms and other metal weaponry, jewellery, silverware and musical instruments. </p><p>In most commercial markets today, hand engraving has been replaced with milling using CNC engraving or <a href="/wiki/Milling_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling machine">milling machines</a>. Still, there are certain applications where use of hand engraving tools cannot be replaced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Machine_engraving">Machine engraving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Machine engraving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some instances, images or designs can be transferred to metal surfaces via mechanical process. One such process is roll stamping or roller-die engraving. In this process, a hardened image die is pressed against the destination surface using extreme pressure to impart the image. In the 1800s <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistol</a> cylinders were often decorated via this process to impart a continuous scene around the surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer-aided_machine_engraving">Computer-aided machine engraving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Computer-aided machine engraving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Engraving_on_Corian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Engraving_on_Corian.jpg/220px-Engraving_on_Corian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Engraving_on_Corian.jpg/330px-Engraving_on_Corian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Engraving_on_Corian.jpg/440px-Engraving_on_Corian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>Computerized engraving on <a href="/wiki/Corian" title="Corian">Corian</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Engraving machines such as the K500 (packaging) or K6 (publication) by Hell Gravure Systems use a diamond stylus to cut cells. Each cell creates one printing dot later in the process. A K6 can have up to 18 engraving heads each cutting 8.000 cells per second to an accuracy of .1 μm and below. They are fully computer-controlled and the whole process of cylinder-making is fully automated. </p><p>It is now common place for retail stores (mostly jewellery, silverware or award stores) to have a small computer controlled engrave on site. This enables them to personalise the products they sell. Retail engraving machines tend to be focused around ease of use for the operator and the ability to do a wide variety of items including flat metal plates, jewelry of different shapes and sizes, as well as cylindrical items such as mugs and tankards. They will typically be equipped with a computer dedicated to graphic design that will enable the operator to easily design a text or picture graphic which the software will translate into digital signals telling the engraver machine what to do. Unlike industrial engravers, retail machines are smaller and only use one diamond head. This is interchangeable so the operator can use differently shaped diamonds for different finishing effects. They will typically be able to do a variety of metals and plastics. Glass and crystal engraving is possible, but the brittle nature of the material makes the process more time-consuming. </p><p>Retail engravers mainly use two different processes. The first and most common 'Diamond Drag' pushes the diamond cutter through the surface of the material and then pulls to create scratches. These direction and depth are controlled by the computer input. The second is 'Spindle Cutter'. This is similar to Diamond Drag, but the engraving head is shaped in a flat V shape, with a small diamond and the base. The machine uses an electronic spindle to quickly rotate the head as it pushes it into the material, then pulls it along whilst it continues to spin. This creates a much bolder impression than diamond drag. It is used mainly for brass plaques and pet tags. </p><p>With state-of-the-art machinery it is easy to have a simple, single item complete in under ten minutes. The engraving process with diamonds is state-of-the-art since the 1960s. </p><p>Today laser engraving machines are in development but still mechanical cutting has proven its strength in economical terms and quality. More than 4,000 engravers make approx. 8 Mio printing cylinders worldwide per year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">Old master print</a></div> <p><i>For the printing process, see <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">intaglio (printmaking)</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Steel_engraving" title="Steel engraving">Steel engraving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Line_engraving" title="Line engraving">line engraving</a></i> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Audran.jpg/300px-Audran.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Audran.jpg/450px-Audran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Audran.jpg/600px-Audran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Gérard Audran after Charles LeBrun, <i>Alexander Entering Babylon</i>, original print first published 1675, engraving</figcaption></figure> <p>The first evidence for hominids engraving patterns is <a href="/wiki/Pseudodon_shell_DUB1006-fL" title="Pseudodon shell DUB1006-fL">a chiselled shell</a>, dating back between 540,000 and 430,000 years, from Trinil, in Java, Indonesia, where the first <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> was discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hatched banding upon ostrich eggshells used as water containers found in South Africa in the <a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Diepkloof Rock Shelter</a> and dated to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a> around 60,000 BC are the next documented case of human engraving.<sup id="cite_ref-Texier_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engraving on bone and ivory is an important technique for the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a>, and larger engraved <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> on rocks are found from many prehistoric periods and cultures around the world. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>, the only engraving on metal that could be carried out is the shallow grooves found in some jewellery after the beginning of the 1st Millennium B.C. The majority of so-called engraved designs on ancient gold rings or other items were produced by <a href="/wiki/Chasing_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chasing (metalworking)">chasing</a> or sometimes a combination of <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax casting</a> and chasing. <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraved gem</a> is a term for any carved or engraved semi-precious stone; this was an important small-scale art form in the ancient world, and remained popular until the 19th century. However the use of <a href="/wiki/Glass_engraving" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass engraving">glass engraving</a>, usually using a wheel, to cut decorative scenes or figures into glass vessels, in imitation of <a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">hardstone carvings</a>, appears as early as the first century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-Caron_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continuing into the fourth century CE at urban centers such as Cologne and Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appears to have ceased sometime in the fifth century. Decoration was first based on Greek mythology, before hunting and circus scenes became popular, as well as imagery drawn from the Old and New Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears to have been used to mimic the appearance of precious metal wares during the same period, including the application of gold leaf, and could be cut free-hand or with lathes. As many as twenty separate stylistic workshops have been identified, and it seems likely that the engraver and vessel producer were separate craftsmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Caron_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Engravers_by_George_Cruikshank_1828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Battle_of_Engravers_by_George_Cruikshank_1828.jpg/250px-Battle_of_Engravers_by_George_Cruikshank_1828.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Battle_of_Engravers_by_George_Cruikshank_1828.jpg/375px-Battle_of_Engravers_by_George_Cruikshank_1828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Battle_of_Engravers_by_George_Cruikshank_1828.jpg/500px-Battle_of_Engravers_by_George_Cruikshank_1828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><i>Battle of Engravers</i>, <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a> etching by <a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a>, showing hypothetical battle between the engravers, including <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Masson" title="Antoine Masson">Antoine Masson</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Woollett" title="William Woollett">William Woollett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Balechou" title="Jean-Joseph Balechou">Jean-Joseph Balechou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Raimondi" title="Marcantonio Raimondi">Marcantonio Raimondi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the European Middle Ages goldsmiths used engraving to decorate and inscribe metalwork. It is thought that they began to print impressions of their designs to record them. From this grew the engraving of copper printing plates to produce artistic images on paper, known as <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">old master prints</a>, first in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in the 1430s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Italy soon followed. Many early engravers came from a goldsmithing background. The first and greatest period of the engraving was from about 1470 to 1530, with such masters as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schongauer" title="Martin Schongauer">Martin Schongauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lucas_van_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucas van Leiden">Lucas van Leiden</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_-_self_portrait_etching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rembrandt_-_self_portrait_etching.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_-_self_portrait_etching.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rembrandt_-_self_portrait_etching.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_-_self_portrait_etching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rembrandt_-_self_portrait_etching.jpg/440px-Rembrandt_-_self_portrait_etching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4827" data-file-height="2917" /></a><figcaption>Modern impression of Rembrandt's 1639 self-portrait, with the engraving plate</figcaption></figure> <p>Thereafter engraving tended to lose ground to <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a>, which was a much easier technique for the artist to learn. But many prints combined the two techniques: although <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>'s prints are generally all called etchings for convenience, many of them have some burin or drypoint work, and some have nothing else. By the nineteenth century, most engraving was for commercial illustration. </p><p>Before the advent of photography, engraving was used to reproduce other forms of art, for example paintings. Engravings continued to be common in newspapers and many books into the early 20th century, as they were cheaper to use in printing than photographic images. </p><p>Many classic postage stamps were engraved, although the practice is now mostly confined to particular countries, or used when a more "elegant" design is desired and a limited color range is acceptable. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_nickles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Buffalo_nickles.jpg/220px-Buffalo_nickles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Buffalo_nickles.jpg/330px-Buffalo_nickles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Buffalo_nickles.jpg/440px-Buffalo_nickles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_nickel" title="Buffalo nickel">Buffalo nickels</a>, coins customised with engraving tools</figcaption></figure> <p>Modifying the <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> designs on coins is a craft dating back to the 18th century and today modified coins are known colloquially as <a href="/wiki/Hobo_nickel" title="Hobo nickel">hobo nickels</a>. In the United States, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, coin engraving on the large-faced <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_nickel" title="Buffalo nickel">Indian Head nickel</a> became a way to help make ends meet. The craft continues today, and with modern equipment often produces stunning miniature sculptural artworks and floral scrollwork.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the mid-20th century, a renaissance in hand-engraving began to take place. With the inventions of pneumatic hand-engraving systems that aided hand-engravers, the art and techniques of hand-engraving became more accessible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_engraving">Music engraving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Music engraving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_engraving" title="Music engraving">Music engraving</a></div> <p>The first music printed from engraved plates dates from 1446 and most printed music was produced through engraving from roughly 1700–1860. From 1860 to 1990 most printed music was produced through a combination of engraved master plates reproduced through offset lithography. </p><p> The first comprehensive account is given by Mme Delusse in her article "Gravure en lettres, en géographie et en musique" in <a href="/wiki/Diderot" class="mw-redirect" title="Diderot">Diderot</a>'s Encyclopedia. The technique involved a five-pointed raster to score staff lines, various punches in the shapes of notes and standard musical symbols, and various burins and scorers for lines and slurs. For correction, the plate was held on a bench by callipers, hit with a dot punch on the opposite side, and burnished to remove any signs of the defective work. The process involved intensive pre-planning of the layout, and many manuscript scores with engraver's planning marks survive from the 18th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ars_moriendi_(Meister_E.S.),_L.181.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ars_moriendi_%28Meister_E.S.%29%2C_L.181.png/220px-Ars_moriendi_%28Meister_E.S.%29%2C_L.181.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ars_moriendi_%28Meister_E.S.%29%2C_L.181.png/330px-Ars_moriendi_%28Meister_E.S.%29%2C_L.181.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ars_moriendi_%28Meister_E.S.%29%2C_L.181.png/440px-Ars_moriendi_%28Meister_E.S.%29%2C_L.181.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ars_moriendi" title="Ars moriendi">Ars moriendi</a></i></span> engraving by Master ES, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1450</span></figcaption></figure> <p>By 1837 <a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">pewter</a> had replaced copper as a medium, and Berthiaud gives an account with an entire chapter devoted to music (<i>Novel manuel complet de l'imprimeur en taille douce</i>, 1837). Printing from such plates required a separate inking to be carried out cold, and the printing press used less pressure. Generally, four pages of music were engraved on a single plate. Because music engraving houses trained engravers through years of apprenticeship, very little is known about the practice. Fewer than one dozen sets of tools survive in libraries and museums.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1900 music engravers were established in several hundred cities in the world, but the art of storing plates was usually concentrated with publishers. Extensive bombing of Leipzig in 1944, the home of most German engraving and printing firms, destroyed roughly half the world's engraved music plates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_today">Applications today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Applications today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of contemporary uses for engraving include creating text on jewellery, such as pendants or on the inside of <a href="/wiki/Engagement_ring" title="Engagement ring">engagement</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Wedding_ring" title="Wedding ring">wedding rings</a> to include text such as the name of the partner, or adding a winner's name to a sports trophy. Another application of modern engraving is found in the <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> industry. There, every day thousands of pages are mechanically engraved onto <a href="/wiki/Rotogravure" title="Rotogravure">rotogravure</a> cylinders, typically a steel base with a copper layer of about 0.1 mm in which the image is transferred. After engraving the image is protected with an approximately 6 μm chrome layer. Using this process the image will survive for over a million copies in high speed <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing presses</a>. Engraving machines such as GUN BOW (one of the leading engraving brands) are the best examples of hand engraving tools, although this type of machine is typically not used for fine hand engraving. Some schools throughout the world are renowned for their teaching of engraving, like the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Estienne" title="École Estienne">École Estienne</a> in Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creating_tone">Creating tone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Creating tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Mellan_-_Face_of_Christ_-_WGA14764.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Claude_Mellan_-_Face_of_Christ_-_WGA14764.jpg/220px-Claude_Mellan_-_Face_of_Christ_-_WGA14764.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Claude_Mellan_-_Face_of_Christ_-_WGA14764.jpg/330px-Claude_Mellan_-_Face_of_Christ_-_WGA14764.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Claude_Mellan_-_Face_of_Christ_-_WGA14764.jpg/440px-Claude_Mellan_-_Face_of_Christ_-_WGA14764.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i>Sudarium of Saint Veronica</i> by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Mellan" title="Claude Mellan">Claude Mellan</a> (1649), a famous showpiece where the image is formed by a single continuous line, starting on the tip of Jesus' nose</figcaption></figure> <p>In traditional engraving, which is a purely linear medium, the impression of <a href="/wiki/Half-tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-tone">half-tones</a> was created by making many very thin parallel lines, a technique called <a href="/wiki/Hatching" title="Hatching">hatching</a>. When two sets of parallel-line <i>hatchings</i> intersected each other for higher density, the resulting pattern was known as <i>cross-hatching</i>. Patterns of dots were also used in a technique called <a href="/wiki/Stippling" title="Stippling">stippling</a>, first used around 1505 by <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Campagnola" title="Giulio Campagnola">Giulio Campagnola</a>. <a href="/wiki/Claude_Mellan" title="Claude Mellan">Claude Mellan</a> was one of many 17th-century engravers with a very well-developed technique of using parallel lines of varying thickness (known as the "swelling line") to give subtle effects of tone (as was <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Goltzius" title="Hendrick Goltzius">Goltzius</a>) – see picture below. One famous example is his <i><a href="/wiki/Veil_of_Veronica" title="Veil of Veronica">Sudarium of Saint Veronica</a></i> (1649), an engraving of the face of Jesus made from a single spiraling line that starts at the tip of Jesus's nose. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Surface_tone" title="Surface tone">Surface tone</a> is achieved during the printing process, by selectively leaving a thin layer of ink on parts of the printing plate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_references">Biblical references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biblical references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest allusion to engraving in the Bible may be the reference to <a href="/wiki/Judah_(Biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah (Biblical figure)">Judah</a>'s seal ring (Ge 38:18), followed by (Ex 39.30). Engraving was commonly done with pointed tools of iron or even with diamond points. (Jer 17:1). </p><p>Each of the two onyx stones on the shoulder-pieces of the high priest's <a href="/wiki/Ephod" title="Ephod">ephod</a> was engraved with the names of six different tribes of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and each of the 12 precious stones that adorned his breastpiece was engraved with the name of one of the tribes. The holy sign of dedication, the shining gold plate on the high priest's turban, was engraved with the words: "Holiness belongs to <a href="/wiki/Adonai" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonai">Adonai</a>." <a href="/wiki/Bezalel" title="Bezalel">Bezalel</a>, along with Oholiab, was qualified to do this specialized engraving work as well as to train others.—Ex 35:30–35; 28:9–12; 39:6–14, 30. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noted_engravers">Noted engravers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Noted engravers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_printmakers" title="List of printmakers">List of printmakers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WIERIX,_Hieronymus_St_Michael_Slaying_the_Dragon_1584.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WIERIX%2C_Hieronymus_St_Michael_Slaying_the_Dragon_1584.jpg/220px-WIERIX%2C_Hieronymus_St_Michael_Slaying_the_Dragon_1584.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WIERIX%2C_Hieronymus_St_Michael_Slaying_the_Dragon_1584.jpg/330px-WIERIX%2C_Hieronymus_St_Michael_Slaying_the_Dragon_1584.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WIERIX%2C_Hieronymus_St_Michael_Slaying_the_Dragon_1584.jpg/440px-WIERIX%2C_Hieronymus_St_Michael_Slaying_the_Dragon_1584.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption><i>St Michael Slaying the Dragon</i>, 1584, <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Wierix" title="Hieronymus Wierix">Hieronymus Wierix</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Prints</b>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Angiers" title="Paul Angiers">Paul Angiers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_de%27_Barbari" title="Jacopo de' Barbari">Jacopo de' Barbari</a> (active 1500–1515)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> (1757–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_de_Bry" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore de Bry">Theodore de Bry</a> (1528–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Callot" title="Jacques Callot">Jacques Callot</a> (1592–1635)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Campagnola" title="Giulio Campagnola">Giulio Campagnola</a> (active <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1505</span>–1515)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Gustave Doré">Paul Gustave Doré</a> (1832–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> (1471–1528)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maso_Finiguerra" title="Maso Finiguerra">Maso Finiguerra</a> (1426–1464)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Goltzius" title="Hendrick Goltzius">Hendrick Goltzius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1558</span>–1617)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de Goya">Francisco de Goya</a> (1746–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_William_Hayter" title="Stanley William Hayter">Stanley William Hayter</a> (1901–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Herlin" title="Olga Herlin">Olga Herlin</a> (1875–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a> (1697–1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hulsbergh" title="Henry Hulsbergh">Henry Hulsbergh</a> (?–1729)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Lasansky" title="Mauricio Lasansky">Mauricio Lasansky</a> (1914–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_van_Leyden" title="Lucas van Leyden">Lucas van Leyden</a> (1494–1533)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna" title="Andrea Mantegna">Andrea Mantegna</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1431</span>–1506)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_ES" class="mw-redirect" title="Master ES">Master ES</a> (active <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1431</span>–1470)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israhel_van_Meckenem" title="Israhel van Meckenem">Israhel van Meckenem</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1445</span>–1501)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Mellan" title="Claude Mellan">Claude Mellan</a> (1598–1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Merian" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthäus Merian">Matthäus Merian</a> (1593–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Panneels" title="Willem Panneels">Willem Panneels</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1634</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alardo_de_Popma" title="Alardo de Popma">Alardo de Popma</a>, (1617–1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guadalupe_Posada" title="José Guadalupe Posada">José Guadalupe Posada</a> (1852–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi" title="Giovanni Battista Piranesi">Giovanni Battista Piranesi</a> (1720–1778)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulus_Pontius" title="Paulus Pontius">Paulus Pontius</a> (1603 – 1658)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Raimondi" title="Marcantonio Raimondi">Marcantonio Raimondi</a> (1480 – 1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> (1606–1669)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Saenredam" title="Jan Saenredam">Jan Saenredam</a> (1565–1607)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Ventouras" title="Nikolaos Ventouras">Nikolaos Ventouras</a> (1899–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Matth%C3%A4us_Vischer" title="Georg Matthäus Vischer">Georg Matthäus Vischer</a> (1628–1696)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Vorsterman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucas Vorsterman">Lucas Vorsterman</a> (1595–1675)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthonie_Wierix" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthonie Wierix">Anthonie Wierix</a> (1552–1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Wierix" title="Hieronymus Wierix">Hieronymus Wierix</a> (1553–1619)</li></ul> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gustave_Louis_Christophe_Dor%C3%A9_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Paul_Gustave_Louis_Christophe_Dor%C3%A9_III.jpg/220px-Paul_Gustave_Louis_Christophe_Dor%C3%A9_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Paul_Gustave_Louis_Christophe_Dor%C3%A9_III.jpg/330px-Paul_Gustave_Louis_Christophe_Dor%C3%A9_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Paul_Gustave_Louis_Christophe_Dor%C3%A9_III.jpg/440px-Paul_Gustave_Louis_Christophe_Dor%C3%A9_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption>Don Quixote engraving by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Gustave Doré">Paul Gustave Doré</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Of <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gems</a></b>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Pyrgoteles, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>'s gem-engraver</li> <li>Theodorus of Samos, <a href="/wiki/Polycrates" title="Polycrates">Polycrates</a>' gem-engraver</li></ul> </div> <p><b>Of guns</b>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Appleby" title="Malcolm Appleby">Malcolm Appleby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroy_Gournet" title="Geoffroy Gournet">Geoffroy Gournet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynton_McKenzie" title="Lynton McKenzie">Lynton McKenzie</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Of coins</b>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hugh_Paget" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hugh Paget">Thomas Hugh Paget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Charles_Wyon" title="Leonard Charles Wyon">Leonard Charles Wyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyon" title="William Wyon">William Wyon</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Of postage stamps</b>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_S%C5%82ania" title="Czesław Słania">Czesław Słania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Charles_Wyon" title="Leonard Charles Wyon">Leonard Charles Wyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyon" title="William Wyon">William Wyon</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Of pins</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Lundberg" title="Godfrey Lundberg">Godfrey Lundberg</a> (1879–1933)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">Carving</a> – Act of using tools to shape something from a material by scraping away portions of that material</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drypoint" title="Drypoint">Drypoint</a> – Intaglio printmaking technique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">Intaglio (printmaking)</a> – Family of printing and printmaking techniques</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_engraving" title="Laser engraving">Laser engraving</a> – Engraving objects using lasers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_cutting" title="Letter cutting">Letter cutting</a> – Form of inscriptional architectural lettering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mus%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7ais_of_Pierre_Laurent" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Musée français of Pierre Laurent">Le Musée français of Pierre Laurent</a> – French book of engravings<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">Mezzotint</a> – Printmaking technique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogravure" title="Photogravure">Photogravure</a> – Photographic printing technique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toreutics" title="Toreutics">Toreutics</a> – Type of artistic metalworking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">Woodcut</a> – Relief printing technique</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abraham+Bosse&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale+de+France&rft.date=1645&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexpositions.bnf.fr%2Fbosse%2Fgrand%2F214.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngraving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2014/12/worlds-oldest-engraving-discovered/">World's oldest engraving discovered</a>, Australian Geographic, 4 December 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Texier-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Texier_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Texier PJ, Porraz G, Parkington J, Rigaud JP, Poggenpoel C, Miller C, Tribolo C, Cartwright C, Coudenneau A, Klein R, Steele T, Verna C. (2010). "A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa". <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0913047107">10.1073/pnas.0913047107</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20194764">20194764</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caron-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caron_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caron_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Caron, B., A Roman Figure-Engraved Glass Bowl. Metropolitan Museum Journal, 1993. 28: p. 47–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming, S.J., Roman Glass; reflections on cultural change. 1999, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisiscolossal.com/2016/10/shaun-hughes-engraving/">Elaborate Floral Scrollwork Engraved on Coins</a> by Shaun Hughes embellishing existing coin faces with different styles of floral scrollwork (2016). Retrieved 27 May 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole1980" class="citation book cs1">Poole, H. Edmund (1980). <i>Music Printing and Publishing</i>. New York: Norton. pp. 40–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Printing+and+Publishing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=40-54&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=H.+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngraving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble1923" class="citation book cs1">Gamble, William (1923). <i>Music Engraving and Printing: Historical and Technical Treatise</i>. London: Pitman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Engraving+and+Printing%3A+Historical+and+Technical+Treatise&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pitman&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngraving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Bliss" title="Douglas Bliss">Bliss, Douglas Percy</a>. <i>A History of Wood-Engraving</i> (London: J. M. Dent, 1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzroy_Carrington" title="Fitzroy Carrington">Carrington, Fitzroy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/68720">Prints and their makers: essays on engravers and etchers old and modern</a>. United States: The Century Co., 1911, copyright 1912.</li> <li>Furst, Herbert. <i>Original Engraving and Etching: An Appreciation</i> (London: T. Nelson & Sons, 1931)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraving&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Engraved_illustrations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Engraved illustrations">Engraved illustrations</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/94303/rec/1">Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures</a>, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on engraving</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/engr/hd_engr.htm">Engraving from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Timeline of Art History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/show/engraved/">Engraved Throughout: An Exhibition of Wholly Engraved Books</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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