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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notes on Filipino orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_on_Filipino_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Hispanic_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Hispanic_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-Hispanic scripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Hispanic_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_of_the_Latin_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_of_the_Latin_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Adoption of the Latin script</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_of_the_Latin_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_19th-century_orthographic_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_19th-century_orthographic_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Late 19th-century orthographic reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_19th-century_orthographic_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filipino_as_the_national_language,_the_Abakada,_and_expanded_alphabet_(1940–1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filipino_as_the_national_language,_the_Abakada,_and_expanded_alphabet_(1940–1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Filipino as the national language, the Abakada, and expanded alphabet (1940–1987)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filipino_as_the_national_language,_the_Abakada,_and_expanded_alphabet_(1940–1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Filipino_alphabet_(1987–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Filipino_alphabet_(1987–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Modern Filipino alphabet (1987–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Filipino_alphabet_(1987–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Orthography_of_the_National_Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Orthography_of_the_National_Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Orthography of the National Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Orthography_of_the_National_Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolution example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Filipino language writing conventions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Filipino</b> <b><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Ortograpiyang Filipino</i>) specifies the correct use of the <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino language</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_language#Philippines" title="National language">national</a> and co-<a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">language of the Philippines</a>. </p><p>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Komisyon_sa_Wikang_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino">Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino</a> released the <i>Ortograpiyang Pambansa</i> (“National Orthography”), a new set of guidelines for writing the Filipino language. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_orthography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern Filipino alphabet introduced since 1987 consists of 28 letters. </p> <table class="wikitable" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <th>Name </th> <th style="width: 13%">Phoneme </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> </td> <td>ey </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </td> <td>Becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>]</span> in unstressed syllables and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span> in stressed syllables. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> </td> <td>bi </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> </td> <td>si </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td>For words of foreign origin that have not been assimilated into the language, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span> applies to <span class="nowrap">⟨ca, co, cu⟩</span>, while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> applies to <span class="nowrap">⟨ce, ci⟩</span>. Formerly used for Tagalog words under Spanish orthography. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> </td> <td>di </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span> </td> <td>Is often allophonic with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span> in intervocalic positions. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> </td> <td>i </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </td> <td>Normally <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span><span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span>]</span>, but can become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span> in emphatic speech. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> </td> <td>ef </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span> </td> <td>Often indistinguishable from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span>. Exclusively written for words of foreign origin that have not been assimilated into the language. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> </td> <td>dyi </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td> <td>For words of foreign origin that have not been assimilated into the language, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>]</span> often applies to those from English, while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> applies to those from Spanish. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> </td> <td>eyts </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span> </td> <td>Speakers from <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> tend to pronounce the name of the letter as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̞t͡ʃ]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> </td> <td>ay </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td> <td>Becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>]</span> in unstressed syllables and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> in stressed syllables. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> </td> <td>dyey </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td> <td>Normally rewritten as <span class="nowrap">⟨dy, diy⟩</span> to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>]</span> or as <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span>. For words of foreign origin that have not been assimilated into the language, the former corresponds to English, while the latter to Spanish. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> </td> <td>key </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʷ/</span> </td> <td>Not to be confused with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>]</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a>]</span> only applies to <span class="nowrap">⟨kw, kuw⟩</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> </td> <td>el </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> </td> <td>em </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> </td> <td>en </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʲ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n.j<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">nʲ</a></span>]</span> only applies to <span class="nowrap">⟨ny, niy⟩</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">Ñ</a> </td> <td>enye </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʲ/</span> </td> <td>Exclusively written for words of Spanish origin that have not been assimilated into the language. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">Ng</a> </td> <td>en dyi </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> </td> <td>Comparative to <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> in "si<u>ng</u>," "runni<u>ng</u>," etc. Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_grammar#Nouns" title="Tagalog grammar">indirect case marker</a> <i>ng</i> (originally <i>ng̃</i> with a <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> over the g), which is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nɐŋ]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> </td> <td>o </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td> <td>Normally <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span><span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span>]</span>, but can become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</span> in emphatic speech. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> </td> <td>pi </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> </td> <td>Not to be confused with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> </td> <td>kyu </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʷ/</span> </td> <td>Exclusively written for words of foreign origin that have not been assimilated into the language. Formerly used for Tagalog words under Spanish orthography. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> </td> <td>ar </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> </td> <td>Normally <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span>, but can become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span><span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span>]</span> in consonant clusters. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> </td> <td>es </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> </td> <td>ti </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span> </td> <td>Not to be confused with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> </td> <td>yu </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td> <td>Becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>]</span> in unstressed syllables and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span> in stressed syllables. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> </td> <td>vi </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> </td> <td>Often indistinguishable from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span>. Exclusively written for words of foreign origin that have not been assimilated into the language. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> </td> <td>dobolyu </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> </td> <td>eks </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td>Normally rewritten as <span class="nowrap">⟨eks, ks, s⟩</span>. Exclusively written for words of foreign origin that have not been assimilated into the language. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> </td> <td>way </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td> <td>zi </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> </td> <td>Often indistinguishable from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span>. Exclusively written for words of foreign origin that have not been assimilated into the language. Alternatively pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zeɪ̯]</span>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_on_Filipino_orthography">Notes on Filipino orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_orthography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notes on Filipino orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>C, F, J, <a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">Ñ</a>, Q, V, X, and Z are used mostly for <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a>, regional words and proper nouns.</li> <li>The vowels are A, E, I, O, and U.</li> <li>Usual <a href="/wiki/Diacritic_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritic marks">diacritic marks</a> are <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨´⟩</span>, <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨`⟩</span>, <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ˆ⟩</span>, <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨¨⟩</span> which are optional, and only used with the vowels. <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">Grave</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨`⟩</span> and <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ˆ⟩</span> may only appear at the end of a word ending in a vowel. <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">Diacritics</a> have no impact on collation or alphabetical order. Possible combinations include: <i>á, à, â, é, è, ê, ë, í, ì, î, ó, ò, ô, ú, ù, û</i>. Historically, the tilde was used with <g> (<i>g̃</i>) in many <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Philippine languages</a>. It was notably used to shorten the words <i>nang</i> (ergative case marker) and <i>man͠gá</i> (pluralization particle) into <i>ng̃</i> and <i>mg̃á</i> respectively. Today, these two words are usually just simply written as <i>ng</i> and <i>mga</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">Ñ</a> is considered as a separate letter, instead of a letter-diacritical mark combination.</li> <li>The alphabet also uses the <a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">Ng</a> digraph, even originally with a large tilde that spanned both n and g (as in n͠g) when a vowel follows the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> indicates that the "<i>n͠g</i>" and the vowel should be pronounced as one syllable, such as "<i>n͠ga</i>" in the three-syllable word "<i>pan͠galan</i>" ("name") – syllabicated as [pa-n͠ga-lan], not [pan-ga-lan]. The use of the tilde over the two letters is now rare. Due to technical constraints, machine-printed variants of "<i>n͠ga</i>" emerged, which included "<i>ñga</i>", "<i>ng̃a</i>", and even "<i>gña</i>" (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Sag%C3%B1ay,_Camarines_Sur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagñay, Camarines Sur">Sagñay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur" title="Camarines Sur">Camarines Sur</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">Ng</a> <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> letter is similar to, but not the same as, the prepositional word <i>ng</i> ("of"/"of the"), originally spelled <i>ng̃</i> (with a tilde over the <i>g</i> only). The words <i>ng</i> and <i>ng̃</i> are shortened forms of the word <i>nang</i>.</li> <li><i>Ë</i> is a new variant of <i>e</i> introduced in 2013 to represent /ə/ in Austronesian words of non-Tagalog origin.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>D and R are commonly interchangeable depending on the letter's location: "D" becomes "R" if there is a preceding vowel, e.g. <i><b>d</b>agat</i> ("sea") to <i>manda<b>r</b>agat</i> ("seafarer"), <i><b>d</b>unong</i> ("intelligence") to <i>ma<b>r</b>unong</i> ("knowledgeable"). This does not, however, apply to some words such as <i>dumadagundong</i> ("booming") as well as loanwords and proper nouns.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_orthography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Hispanic_scripts">Pre-Hispanic scripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_orthography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-Hispanic scripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Suyat" title="Suyat">Suyat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)#Indianization_and_the_emergence_of_Suyat_scripts_(800_onwards)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">History of the Philippines (900–1565) § Indianization and the emergence of Suyat scripts (800 onwards)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature#History_of_literacy" title="Philippine literature">Philippine literature § History of literacy</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif/250px-Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif/375px-Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif/500px-Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a> (c. 900)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(Before_1521)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (Before 1521)">Pre-Hispanic Era</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">languages of the Philippines</a> were written in <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>, an ancient <a href="/wiki/Segment_(linguistics)" title="Segment (linguistics)">segmental</a> <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>. Examples of this ancient Philippine writing system which descended from the <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brāhmī script</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanun%C3%B3%27o_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunó'o script">Hanunó'o</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butuan_Silver_Paleograph" title="Butuan Silver Paleograph">Butuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family_of_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family of scripts">Brahmic family of scripts</a> known to antiquity. A controversial and debatable script of the Philippines is the <a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan script</a>. </p><p>Baybayin script began to decline in the 17th century and became obsolete in the 18th century. The scripts that are still in use today by the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a> groups of the Philippines are the Buhid and the Hanunó'o script.<sup id="cite_ref-baybayin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baybayin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption_of_the_Latin_script">Adoption of the Latin script</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_orthography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adoption of the Latin script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">History of the Philippines (1521–1898) § Culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_influence_on_Filipino_culture" title="Spanish influence on Filipino culture">Spanish influence on Filipino culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Election_results_(Province_of_Iloilo,_Philippines,_1855).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Election_results_%28Province_of_Iloilo%2C_Philippines%2C_1855%29.jpg/220px-Election_results_%28Province_of_Iloilo%2C_Philippines%2C_1855%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Election_results_%28Province_of_Iloilo%2C_Philippines%2C_1855%29.jpg/330px-Election_results_%28Province_of_Iloilo%2C_Philippines%2C_1855%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Election_results_%28Province_of_Iloilo%2C_Philippines%2C_1855%29.jpg/440px-Election_results_%28Province_of_Iloilo%2C_Philippines%2C_1855%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Result of Election of the <a href="/wiki/Principal%C3%ADa" title="Principalía">Principalía</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a> in 1855</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spaniards</a> arrived in 1521 and began to <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">colonize</a> the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> in 1565, they introduced the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholicized Filipinos</a>. When most of the Philippine languages were first written in the Latin script, they used the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish alphabet">Spanish alphabet</a>. This alphabet was called the <b>Abecedario</b>, the original alphabet of the Catholicized Filipinos, which variously had either 28, 29, 31, or 32 letters. Until the first half of the 20th century, most Philippine languages were widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography. </p><p>The writing system of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> Filipinos in the different independent <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultanates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> during the Spanish colonization shifted from <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> script to <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> while the writing system of most of the Catholicized <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipinos</a> shifted from <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a> to Abecedario alphabet. </p><p>Virtually unutilized from the Abecedario were the letters <i>K</i> and <i>W</i>, which are both used extensively in most Philippine languages today due to the imposition of the Abakada alphabet. Relics of this Abecedario alphabet can still be seen in the way "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Castilianized</a>" <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">indigenous</a> and Chinese-origin <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">surnames</a> are written. Some examples of <a href="/wiki/Filipino_name#Filipino_surnames" title="Filipino name">indigenous Filipino surnames</a> are <i>Macasáquit</i>, <i>Guintô</i>, <i>Bañaga</i>, <i>Guipit</i>, <i>Abucajo</i>, <i>Abueg</i>, <i>Bangachon</i>, <i>Dagohoy</i>, <i>Valarao</i> and <i>Dimaculañgan</i>. Some examples of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino#Surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese-origin surnames</a> are <i>Guanzón</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cojuangco" title="Cojuangco">Cojuangco</a></i>, <i>Siapuatco</i>, <i>Yapchulay</i>, <i>Locsín</i>, <i>Quisumbing</i>, <i>Tuazon</i> and <i>Yuchengco</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many indigenous place names are also written using Spanish orthography, often either coexisting or competing with their <a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">indigenized</a> forms if they exist (<i><a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacán</a></i> or <i>Bulakán</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a></i> or <i>Kalookan</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a></i> or <i>Tagig</i>, etc.). <i><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a></i> would be written in the indigenized system as <i>Paranyake</i>, but the latter spelling is so far unaccepted and not known in use. <i><a href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Marikina</a></i> on the other hand gained acceptance over the older <i>Mariquina</i>. </p><p>Quite notable are proper nouns wherein the letter <i>Y</i> is written before consonants and is pronounced <i>I</i>. <a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilocos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilocos">Ilocos</a> were spelled <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaically</a> as <i>Yloylo</i> or <i>Yloílo</i> and <i>Ylocos</i>. Surnames in the Philippines such as <i>Ybañez</i>, <i>Ysagan</i>, <i>Ybarra</i>, <i>Yldefonso</i> and <i>Ylagan</i> are evidences of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Spanish language">Old Spanish</a> writing system. <i><a href="/wiki/Cananga_odorata" title="Cananga odorata">Ylang Ylang</a></i>, a native Philippine tree valued for its perfume, is another example. The use of the letter <i>Y</i> at the beginning of words, however, gradually shifted to the letter <i>I</i> reflecting revisions in Spanish orthography. </p><p>The representation of certain sounds were largely derived from Spanish orthography but differed in several ways. The letter <i>H</i> was utilized to represent the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">voiceless glottal fricative</a> (/h/) in the orthographies of most <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a> during the Spanish period in contrast to the orthography of Spanish which uses the letter <i>J</i> (the letter <i>H</i> in Spanish is silent). Spanish loanwords like <i>Jesús</i>, <i>Justicia</i>, or <i>Jardín</i>, however, often retained their original spelling in Spanish. <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">Archaic</a> use of the letter <i>X</i> in the Old Spanish writing system that is pronounced in a guttural way (quite similar phonetically to <i>H</i> in English even though the sound is different) is evident in surnames such as <i>Roxas</i>. Another example is <i><a href="/wiki/Mexico,_Pampanga" title="Mexico, Pampanga">México, Pampanga</a></i>. </p><p>To represent /k/, "c" was used before the vowels "a", "o", and "u" (i.e. <b>ca</b>yo, <b>co</b>ng, <b>cu</b>lang) and at final positions (pumaso<b>c</b>) while a silent "u" was used between "q" and "e" or "i" (i.e. "a<b>qui</b>ng", "<b>qui</b>lala") reflecting Spanish orthography. This is because should "c" be utilized before either "i" or "e", the sound produced would instead be representing /s/ (like Spanish <i><b>ci</b>udad</i>). These two combination of letters ("ci" and "ce") were not used in native words and "s" was used in all cases to represent /s/. Likewise, in representing /g/, "g" was used before "a", "o", "u" (i.e. "<b>ga</b>mit", "ta<b>go</b>", "<b>gu</b>tom") and at final positions while a silent "u" was used between "g" and "e" or "i" to (i.e. "<b>gui</b>tna") so that "gue" represents /ɡe/ and "gui" represents /ɡi/. </p><p>The letter W as used today was absent. Instead, "u" was utilized ("ga<b>ua</b>", "a<b>u</b>a", "<b>u</b>ala") and diphthongs written as "aw" today (ar<b>aw</b>) was written with "ao" (ar<b>ao</b>). Words like "huwag" and "kapwa" were written as h<b>ou</b>ag and cap<b>ou</b>a. </p><p>A common practice in the orthography of some of the Philippine languages during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Spanish colonial period</a> up to the 1960s was the use of <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> written over <i><a href="/wiki/G%CC%83" title="G̃">g̃</a></i>, a letter which was notably used to shorten the words <i>nang</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative case</a> marker) and <i>man͠gá</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pluralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralization">pluralization</a> particle) into <i>ng̃</i> and <i>mg̃á</i> respectively. No literature could be found that pertained to the rules that governed the usage of this letter or that explained its disappearance. Today, these two words are usually just simply written as <i>ng</i> and <i>mga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, there was a large tilde that spanned both <i>n</i> and <i>g</i> (as in n͠g) when a vowel follows the <a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">Ng</a> <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a>. This tilde indicates that the <i>n͠g</i> and the vowel should be pronounced as one syllable, such as <i>n͠ga</i> in the three-syllable word <i>pan͠galan</i> (English: <span lang="en">name</span>) – syllabicated as [pa-n͠ga-lan], not [pan-ga-lan]. The use of the tilde over the two letters is now virtually non-existent. </p><p>Due to technical constraints, machine-printed variants of <i>n͠ga</i> emerged, which included <i>ñga</i>, <i>ng̃a</i>, and even <i>gña</i> as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Sag%C3%B1ay,_Camarines_Sur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagñay, Camarines Sur">Sagñay</a> – syllabicated as [sa-ngay]. The <a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">Ng</a> digraph letter is similar to, but not the same as, the prepositional word <i>ng</i> (English: <span lang="en">of/of the</span>), originally spelled <i>ng̃</i> with a tilde over the <i>g</i> only. The words <i>ñg</i> and <i>ng̃</i> are shortened forms of the word <i>nang</i>. There are some words with no tilde written over the <i>ng</i> digraph as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">barangay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">baranggay</i> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">barangay</i>) from the Tagalog word <i>balan͠gay</i> since it is syllabicated as [ba-rang-gay].<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hiligaynon (disambiguation)">Ilonggo</a> used to be written as <i>Ylongo</i> or <i>Ilongo</i> without a tilde over the <i>ng</i> since it is syllabicated as [i-long-go]. Another example is Zamboanga syllabicated as [zam-bo-ang-ga]. Words that end in <i>ng</i> digraph such as <i>ang</i> (English: <span lang="en">the</span>), <i>utang</i> (English: <span lang="en">debt</span>) and <i>saguing</i> (English: <span lang="en">banana</span>) also didn't have tildes over the <i>n</i> or <i>g</i> or both <i>ng</i>. </p><p>Contraction of certain words were indicated by two commas such as <i>iba</i> and <i>at</i> → "<i>iba, t,</i>"; Indicated today by a single quotation mark as in English (i.e. iba't). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diacritic_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritic marks">Diacritic marks</a> were also utilized. <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">Acute</a> ( ´ ), <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a> ( ` ) and <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> ( ˆ ) were required and only used with the vowels. The latter two may only appear at the end of a word ending in a vowel. <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">Diacritics</a> had no impact on the primary alphabetical order. Possible combinations include: <i>á, à, â, é, è, ê, í, ì, î, ó, ò, ô, ú, ù and û</i>. </p><p>Punctuation marks were also borrowed from Spanish. Quotation marks like <i>« »</i> instead of the quotation marks (<i>" "</i>) were used. The inverted question mark (¿) and inverted exclamation mark (¡) were also utilized at the beginning of phrases ending with either the regular question mark/exclamation mark. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowels">vowels</a> were pronounced in a short <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> <i>[A (ah), E (eh), I (ih), O (oh), U (uh)]</i> while the <a href="/wiki/Consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonants">consonants</a> were pronounced as <i>B (be), C (se), Ch (che), D (de), F (efe), G (he), H (ache), J (hota), K (ka), L (ele), LL (elye), M (eme), N (ene), NG (nang), Ñ (enye), Ñg or Ng̃ or N͠g or Gñ (ñga or ng̃a or n͠ga or gña), P (pe), Q (ku), R (ere), RR (er-re), S (ese), T (te), V (ve), W (wa), X (ekis), Y (ya or i griega or ye), Z (zeta).</i> This alphabet gradually fell out of use since 1940 due to the imposition of the Abakada alphabet. </p><p>Collation of the <i>Abecedario</i> (32 letters):<sup id="cite_ref-guillermo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guillermo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="32"><b><a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">Majuscule Forms</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)#Spanish" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ll#Philippine_languages" title="Ll">Ll</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">Ng</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">Ñ</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">Ng̃</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">Ñg</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">N͠g</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">Gñ</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Rr_(digraph)#R" class="mw-redirect" title="Rr (digraph)">Rr</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="32"><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Minuscule Forms</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">a</td> <td align="center">b</td> <td align="center">c</td> <td align="center">ch</td> <td align="center">d</td> <td align="center">e</td> <td align="center">f</td> <td align="center">g</td> <td align="center">h</td> <td align="center">i</td> <td align="center">j</td> <td align="center">k</td> <td align="center">l</td> <td align="center">ll</td> <td align="center">m</td> <td align="center">n</td> <td align="center">ng</td> <td align="center">ñ</td> <td align="center">ng̃ or ñg or n͠g or gñ</td> <td align="center">o</td> <td align="center">p</td> <td align="center">q</td> <td align="center">r</td> <td align="center">rr</td> <td align="center">s</td> <td align="center">t</td> <td align="center">u</td> <td align="center">v</td> <td align="center">w</td> <td align="center">x</td> <td align="center">y</td> <td align="center">z </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_19th-century_orthographic_reforms">Late 19th-century orthographic reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_orthography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late 19th-century orthographic reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filipino doctor and student of languages <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Pardo_de_Tavera" title="Trinidad Pardo de Tavera">Trinidad Pardo de Tavera</a> in his 1887 essay <i>El Sanscrito en la lengua Tagalog</i> made use of a new Tagalog orthography rather than what had then been in use. In 1889, the new bilingual <i>La España Oriental</i>, of which <a href="/wiki/Isabelo_de_los_Reyes" title="Isabelo de los Reyes">Isabelo de los Reyes</a> was an editor, newspaper began publishing using the new orthography stating in a footnote that it would "use the orthography recently introduced by ... learned Orientalis". This new orthography, while having its supporters, was also not initially accepted by several writers. Soon after the first issue of <i>La España</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pascual_H._Poblete" title="Pascual H. Poblete">Pascual H. Poblete</a>'s <i>Revista Católica de Filipina</i> began a series of articles attacking the new orthography and its proponents. A fellow writer, Pablo Tecson was also critical. The attacks included that the letters "k" and "w" were of German origin and foreign in nature, thus those promoting it were deemed "unpatriotic". These two publications would eventually merge as <i>La Lectura Popular</i> in January 1890 and would eventually make use of both spelling systems in its articles.<sup id="cite_ref-k_is_for_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k_is_for-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Is_k_foreign_19_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Is_k_foreign_19-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pedro Laktaw, a schoolteacher, published the first Spanish-Tagalog dictionary using the new orthography in 1890. In April 1890, Jose Rizal authored an article <i>Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagalog</i> in the Madrid-based periodical <a href="/wiki/La_Solidaridad" title="La Solidaridad">La Solidaridad</a>. In it, he addressed the logicality, in his opinion, of the new orthography and its criticisms, including those by Pobrete and Tecson. Rizal described the orthography promoted by Tavera as "more perfect" than what he himself had developed.<sup id="cite_ref-k_is_for_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k_is_for-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Is_k_foreign_19_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Is_k_foreign_19-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> had also suggested a reform of the orthography of the Philippine languages by replacing the letters <i>C</i> and <i>Q</i> with <i>K</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rizal got the idea after reading an 1884 essay by Trinidad Pardo de Tavera about the ancient <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> script.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new orthography was however not broadly adopted initially and was used inconsistently in the bilingual periodicals of Manila.<sup id="cite_ref-k_is_for_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k_is_for-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revolutionary society Kataás-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan or <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> made use of the k-orthography and the letter k featured prominently on many of its flags and insignias. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filipino_as_the_national_language,_the_Abakada,_and_expanded_alphabet_(1940–1987)"><span id="Filipino_as_the_national_language.2C_the_Abakada.2C_and_expanded_alphabet_.281940.E2.80.931987.29"></span>Filipino as the national language, the Abakada, and expanded alphabet (1940–1987)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_orthography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Filipino as the national language, the Abakada, and expanded alphabet (1940–1987)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abakada_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Abakada script">Abakada script</a></div> <p>Article XIII, section 3 of the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines provided for the "...development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages". For this purpose, the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Filipino_Language" title="Commission on the Filipino Language">Institute of National Language</a> (INL) was subsequently set-up. After numerous debates among the different language representatives of the Philippines, the NLI passed a resolution dated November 9, 1937 recommending that <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> serve as basis for the national language. President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> issued Executive Order 134 in December 1937 officially proclaiming this decision. </p><p>In 1940, the <i>Balarílà ng Wikang Pambansâ</i> (English: <span lang="en">Grammar of the National Language</span>) of grammarian <a href="/wiki/Lope_K._Santos" title="Lope K. Santos">Lope K. Santos</a> introduced the <b><a href="/wiki/Abakada_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Abakada script">Abakada</a></b> alphabet. This alphabet consists of 20 letters and became the standard alphabet of the national language.<sup id="cite_ref-ebolusyon_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebolusyon-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alphabet was officially adopted by the Institute for the Tagalog-Based National Language to “<a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">indigenize</a>" the writing system (The Latin script itself (the alphabet) was introduced by the Catholic missionaries of Spain, leaving nothing really to "indigenize"). </p><p>The Spanish-based orthographies of other Philippine languages that were still using its old orthography<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began to be gradually replaced with the propagation of the new K-orthographies as more people became familiar with it. The Spanish-based orthographies were gradually wiped out since 1940, due to the imposition of Abakada. The Abakada orthography gradually influenced the languages of the Philippines. </p><p>The Abakada orthography was guided by the <i>Balarilà</i> of Santos. <a href="/wiki/Vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowels">Vowels</a> were pronounced with a short <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonants">consonants</a> were pronounced by appending short <i>A's</i> at the end. Hence, the name <b>Abakada</b>, from the first 4 letters of the alphabet. </p><p>Collation of the <i>Abakada</i> (20 letters): </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="20"><b><a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">Majuscule Forms</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">Ng</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="20"><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Minuscule Forms</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">a</td> <td align="center">b</td> <td align="center">k</td> <td align="center">d</td> <td align="center">e</td> <td align="center">g</td> <td align="center">h</td> <td align="center">i</td> <td align="center">l</td> <td align="center">m</td> <td align="center">n</td> <td align="center">ng</td> <td align="center">o</td> <td align="center">p</td> <td align="center">r</td> <td align="center">s</td> <td align="center">t</td> <td align="center">u</td> <td align="center">w</td> <td align="center">y </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i>Wikang pambansa</i> (national language) was designated as <i>Pilipino</i> in 1959. In 1971, the alphabet was expanded to 31 letters: a, b, c, ch, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, ll, m, n, ñ, ng, o, p, q, r, rr, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Filipino_alphabet_(1987–present)"><span id="Modern_Filipino_alphabet_.281987.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Modern Filipino alphabet (1987–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_orthography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern Filipino alphabet (1987–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Filipino_alphabet" title="Filipino alphabet">Filipino alphabet</a></div> <p>In 1987, the official language called <b>Pilipino</b> was renamed to <b><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></b>. Article XIV Section 6 of the <a href="/wiki/1987_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Constitution">1987 Constitution</a> states that "the National language of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pilipino alphabet was reduced to 28 letters, with the Spanish <i>Ch</i>, <i>Ll</i> and <i>Rr</i> digraphs being dropped from being considered as distinct letters (The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academies" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Spanish Language Academies">Association of Spanish Language Academies</a> itself abandoned the use of <i>Ch</i> and <i>Ll</i> as separate listings in alphabetical <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collations</a> in 1994. Since 2010, <i>ch</i> and <i>ll</i> are no longer considered distinct letters. Each digraph is now treated as a sequence of two distinct characters, finding occasional use as conjoined pairs.). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Filipino_alphabet" title="Filipino alphabet">Modern Filipino alphabet</a> is primarily <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a> plus the Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">Ñ</a></i> and Tagalog <i><a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">Ng</a></i> digraph; these are alphabetised separately in theory. Today, the Modern Filipino alphabet is used, and may also serve as the alphabet for all <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">autochthonous</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Philippine languages</a>. </p><p>Collation of the Modern Filipino Alphabet (28 letters): </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="28"><b><a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">Majuscule Forms</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">Ñ</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">Ng</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="28"><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Minuscule Forms</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">a</td> <td align="center">b</td> <td align="center">c</td> <td align="center">d</td> <td align="center">e</td> <td align="center">f</td> <td align="center">g</td> <td align="center">h</td> <td align="center">i</td> <td align="center">j</td> <td align="center">k</td> <td align="center">l</td> <td align="center">m</td> <td align="center">n</td> <td align="center">ñ</td> <td align="center">ng</td> <td align="center">o</td> <td align="center">p</td> <td align="center">q</td> <td align="center">r</td> <td align="center">s</td> <td align="center">t</td> <td align="center">u</td> <td align="center">v</td> <td align="center">w</td> <td align="center">x</td> <td align="center">y</td> <td align="center">z </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Orthography_of_the_National_Language">The Orthography of the National Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_orthography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Orthography of the National Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In August 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Filipino_Language" title="Commission on the Filipino Language">Commission on the Filipino Language</a> made available a <a href="/wiki/Draft_document" title="Draft document">draft</a> version of Filipino orthography open for comment.<sup id="cite_ref-FilOrthography_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FilOrthography-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This document is a result of a series of consultations with various teachers, instructors, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> and others in the field that took place between 2006 and 2007. </p><p>The document begins by detailing the letters of the alphabet, their order and their names. One set of names is based on English letter names; the other, similar to the former <i>Abakada</i>. Some exceptional names are those letters which were not part of the <i>Abakada</i>: <i>C</i>, <i>se</i>, <i>Q</i>, <i>kwa</i> and <i>X</i>, <i>eksa</i>. </p><p>It goes on to name <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> marks, and describes the use of the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">accents</a> in Filipino. Words that already exist in the language are preferred over a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">borrowed</a> term, for example, <i>tuntunin</i> vs. <i>rul</i> (derived from English <i>rule</i>). In terms of spelling, issues concerning the use of <i>y-/iy-</i> and <i>w-/uw-</i> are codified according to the number of preceding <a href="/wiki/Consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonants">consonants</a> and the origin of the word if it is borrowed. </p><p>Lastly, it provides spelling guidelines for words of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">foreign</a> origin. It focuses mainly on the two languages that have provided a large number of <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexical</a> items to the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino language</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. In short, regarding borrowings from these two languages, Spanish words of common usage are written in a manner consistent with Filipino <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>. These words are already in common usage, thus they will not revert to their Spanish spelling. On the other hand, if the words come from English or another foreign source or if the term is derived from Spanish that does not already have a <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> spelling, it should be spelled phonetically and the use of the 8 new letters is allowed. </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>Spanish <b>teléfono</b> = <b>telépono</b> NOT *<b>teléfono</b></li> <li>English <b>psychology</b> = <b>saykoloji</b></li> <li>Spanish <b>psicología</b> or <b>sicología</b> = <b>sikolohíya</b></li> <li>Spanish <b>silla</b> = <b>silya</b></li> <li>Spanish <b>cuchara</b> = <b>kutsara</b></li> <li>Spanish <b>caballo</b> = <b>kabayo</b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_example">Evolution example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_orthography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Evolution example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is an example of orthography between the Tagalog (Early Spanish-style system) and Filipino (derived from multiple tribe coalitions.) The text used for comparison is the Filipino version of the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>. The phrase in square brackets is the <a href="/wiki/Doxology" title="Doxology">doxology</a> "for thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory forever". </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dd><b>Early Tagalog System</b> (taken from <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></i>,)</dd> <dd><i>Ama namin, nasa Lan͠gitca,</i></dd> <dd><i>Ypasamba Mo ang N͠galanmo.</i></dd> <dd><i>Mouisaamin ang pagcaharimo.</i></dd> <dd><i>Ypasonor mo ang loob mo</i></dd> <dd><i>Dito sa lupa para sa Lan͠git.</i></dd> <dd><i>Bigya mo cami n͠gaion ng amin cacanin para nang sa arao-arao.</i></dd> <dd><i>At patauarin Mo ang amin casalanã,</i></dd> <dd><i>Yaiang uinaualan bahala namĩ sa loob</i></dd> <dd><i>Ang casalanan nang nagcacasala sa amin.</i></dd> <dd><i>Houag Mo caming æwan nang dicami matalo ng tocso,</i></dd> <dd><i>Datapouat yadia mo cami sa dilan masama.</i></dd> <dd>[<i>Sapagcat iyo an caharian at capaniarihan</i></dd> <dd><i>At caloualhatian, magpacailan man.</i>]</dd> <dd><i>Amen Jesús.</i></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dd><b>Modern Filipino orthography</b></dd> <dd><i>Amá namin, sumasalangit Ka,</i></dd> <dd><i>Sambahín ang Ngalan Mo.</i></dd> <dd><i>Mapasaamin ang kaharián Mo.</i></dd> <dd><i>Sundín ang loób Mo</i></dd> <dd><i>Dito sa lupà, para nang sa langit.</i></dd> <dd><i>Bigyán Mo kamí ngayón ng aming kakanin sa araw-araw.</i></dd> <dd><i>At patawarin Mo kamí sa aming mga salà,</i></dd> <dd><i>Para nang pagpápatawad namin</i></dd> <dd><i>Sa mga nagkakasalà sa amin.</i></dd> <dd><i>At huwág Mo kamíng ipahintulot sa tuksô,</i></dd> <dd><i>At iadyâ Mo kamí sa lahát ng masamâ.</i></dd> <dd>[<i>Sapagkát sa Iyó ang kaharián, at ang kapangyarihan,</i></dd> <dd><i>At ang kaluwálhatian, magpakailanmán.</i>]</dd> <dd><i>Amen</i> <i>Hesús</i>.</dd></dl> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_orthography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dambana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dambana">Dambana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_alphabet" title="Filipino alphabet">Filipino alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Filipino_Language" title="Commission on the Filipino Language">Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_orthography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silinternational.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers/pangilinan-Dispute%20on%20Orthography.pdf#search=%22siuala%22/">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kapamp%C3%A1ngan+or+Capamp%C3%A1%C3%B1gan%3A+Settling+the+Dispute+on+the+Kapamp%C3%A1ngan+Romanized+Orthography&rft.aulast=Pangilinan&rft.aufirst=Michael+Raymon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silinternational.org%2Fasia%2Fphilippines%2Fical%2Fpapers%2Fpangilinan-Dispute%2520on%2520Orthography.pdf%23search%3D%2522siuala%2522%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+orthography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojares2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Resil_Mojares" class="mw-redirect" title="Resil Mojares">Mojares, Resil</a> (2006). "T.H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+of+Filipino%2C+The+National+Language+of+the+Philippines&rft.aulast=Belvez&rft.aufirst=Paz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Farticles-on-c-n-a%2Farticle.php%3Figm%3D3%26i%3D207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+orthography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FilOrthography-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FilOrthography_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wika.pbworks.com/f/ORTOPDF.pdf">"Ang Ortograpiya ng Wikang Pambansa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ang+Ortograpiya+ng+Wikang+Pambansa&rft.pub=Komisyon+sa+Wikang+Filipino&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwika.pbworks.com%2Ff%2FORTOPDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilipino+orthography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_orthography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wika.pbworks.com/f/ORTOPDF.pdf">Wika.PBWorks.com</a>, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, August 1, 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deped.gov.ph/cpanel/uploads/issuanceImg/DO%20No.%20104,%20s,%202009.pdf">The Orthography of the National Language (Final)</a>, Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, No. 104 s.2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proyectos-saluda.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=850"><i>Proyectos-Saluda</i></a>, KWF Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, Proyectos-Saluda.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proyectos-saluda.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=850&Itemid=156"><i>Proyectos-Saluda</i></a>, <i>Part I: Definitions</i>, KWF Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, Proyectos-Saluda.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilipino-express.com/pdfs/inotherwords/060701%20Ng%20&%20Nang.pdf">Nang or ng? – The long and the short of it</a>, <i>In Other Words</i> by Paul Morrow, <i>Pilipino Express</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilipino-express.com/">Pilipino-Express.com</a>, July 1, 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18813686">The evolution and disappearance of the "Ğ" in Philippine orthographies since the 1593 <i>Doctrina Cristiana</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113010354/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18813686">Archived</a> 2012-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Richard C. Signey, Instituto Cervantes, Manila. Accessed May 25, 2009.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipino_orthography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kwf.gov.ph">Commission on the Filipino Language website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412182142/http://www.kwf.gov.ph/">Archived</a> 2020-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wika.pbworks.com">Commission on the Filipino Language wiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans alphabet">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_orthography" title="Danish orthography">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_orthography" title="Faroese orthography">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Norwegian</a></li> <li>Swedish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_alphabet" title="West Frisian alphabet">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_orthography" title="Yiddish orthography">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language#Orthography" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language#Orthography" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cornish" title="Modern Cornish">Modern Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language#Orthography" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_alphabet" title="Istro-Romanian alphabet">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian</a></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Phonology & ortography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_orthography" title="Sicilian orthography">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_orthography" title="Walloon orthography">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_orthography" title="Latvian orthography">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_orthography" title="Lithuanian orthography">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet" title="Belarusian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara%C5%A1kievica" title="Taraškievica">Classical orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Macedonian</a></li> <li>Polish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_orthography" title="Silesian orthography">Silesian</a></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography" title="Slovak orthography">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_alphabet" title="Slovene alphabet">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_alphabet" title="Sorbian alphabet">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography" title="Ukrainian orthography">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_orthography" title="Hindustani orthography">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbodh" title="Balbodh">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_alphabets" title="Romani alphabets">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_orthography" title="Estonian orthography">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_orthography" title="Finnish orthography">Finnish</a></li> <li>Hungarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_orthography" title="Hungarian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_alphabet" title="Karelian alphabet">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_alphabets" title="Komi alphabets">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_alphabets" title="Mansi alphabets">Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_alphabets" title="Mordvinic alphabets">Mordvinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Sámi orthography">Sámi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Kildin Sámi orthography">Kildin Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_alphabets" title="Udmurt alphabets">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_alphabet" title="Bashkir alphabet">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_alphabet" title="Gagauz alphabet">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_alphabets" title="Khakas alphabets">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_alphabets" title="Nogai alphabets">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabets" title="Uyghur alphabets">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_scripts" title="Yakut scripts">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungus—Manchu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Even_alphabets" title="Even alphabets">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_orthography" title="Evenki orthography">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udege_alphabets" title="Udege alphabets">Udege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_alphabet" title="Abkhaz alphabet">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargin_writing" title="Dargin writing">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li>Aramaic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_alphabets" title="Somali alphabets">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_orthography" title="Sesotho orthography">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_scripts" title="Okinawan scripts">Okinawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan alphabet">Dungan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_alphabets" title="Nivkh alphabets">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabet" title="Hawaiian alphabet">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_orthography" title="Malay orthography">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_writing_systems" title="Massachusett writing systems">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_orthography" title="Nahuatl orthography">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole alphabet">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento_orthography" title="Papiamento orthography">Papiamento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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