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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_with_urban_area_over_one_million_in_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_with_urban_area_over_one_million_in_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cities with urban area over one million in population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_with_urban_area_over_one_million_in_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_dance_and_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_dance_and_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Folk dance and sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_dance_and_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film,_music,_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film,_music,_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Film, music, and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film,_music,_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Major universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Northeast China</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86" title="شمال شرق الصين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شمال شرق الصين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_del_Nordeste" title="China del Nordeste – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="China del Nordeste" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-kok_Tang-pak" title="Tiong-kok Tang-pak – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-kok Tang-pak" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Паўночна-Усходні Кітай – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўночна-Усходні Кітай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severov%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_%C4%8C%C3%ADna" title="Severovýchodní Čína – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severovýchodní Čína" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_del_Noreste" title="China del Noreste – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="China del Noreste" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordorienta_%C4%88inio" title="Nordorienta Ĉinio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nordorienta Ĉinio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipar-ekialdeko_Txina" title="Ipar-ekialdeko Txina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ipar-ekialdeko Txina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="شمال شرقی چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شمال شرقی چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongbei" title="Dongbei – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dongbei" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%A5%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4" title="둥베이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="둥베이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok_Timur_Laut" title="Tiongkok Timur Laut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tiongkok Timur Laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordest_(Cina)" title="Nordest (Cina) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nordest (Cina)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="צפון-מזרח סין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צפון-מזרח סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩრდილო-აღმოსავლეთი ჩინეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩრდილო-აღმოსავლეთი ჩინეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordoost-China" title="Noordoost-China – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noordoost-China" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8" title="中国東北部 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国東北部" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongbei" title="Dongbei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dongbei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbey" title="Dunbey – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dunbey" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="شمال مشرقی چین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شمال مشرقی چین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongbei" title="Dongbei – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dongbei" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordeste_da_China" title="Nordeste da China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nordeste da China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Северо-Восточный Китай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северо-Восточный Китай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%88_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="باکوور و ڕۆژھەڵاتی چین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باکوور و ڕۆژھەڵاتی چین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%C3%B6stra_Kina" title="Nordöstra Kina – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordöstra Kina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="வடகிழக்கு சீனா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வடகிழக்கு சீனா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzeydo%C4%9Fu_%C3%87in" title="Kuzeydoğu Çin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuzeydoğu Çin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Дунбей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дунбей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="شمال مشرقی چین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شمال مشرقی چین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_B%E1%BA%AFc_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Đông Bắc Trung Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đông Bắc Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97" title="中國東北 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographical region of China</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Northeast+China%22">"Northeast China"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Northeast+China%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Northeast+China%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Northeast+China%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Northeast+China%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Northeast+China%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in China</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Northeast China</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northeast_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Northeast China"><img alt="Location of Northeast China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Northeast_China.svg/250px-Northeast_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Northeast_China.svg/375px-Northeast_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Northeast_China.svg/500px-Northeast_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">791,826 km<sup>2</sup> (305,726 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-census2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">98,514,948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">124/km<sup>2</sup> (320/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP</th><td class="infobox-data">2022<sup id="cite_ref-data2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Total</th><td class="infobox-data">¥5.795 trillion<br />$861.514 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Per Capita</th><td class="infobox-data">¥58,824<br />$8,746 (excluding Inner Mongolia)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Northeast China</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">东北</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dōngběi</span></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Region_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Region of China">region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. It consists of three provinces, namely <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>. </p><p>The heartland of the region is the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast China Plain</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plain</a> in China, with an area of over 350,000 km<sup>2</sup> (140,000 sq mi). It is separated from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argun_River_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argun River (Asia)">Argun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ussuri" title="Ussuri">Ussuri</a> Rivers; from <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tumen_River" title="Tumen River">Tumen Rivers</a>; and from <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> to the west by the Greater Khingan and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Xiliao_River" title="Xiliao River">Xiliao River</a>. </p><p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">shrinking</a> of its once-powerful industrial sector and the decline of its <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a>, the region is often referred to as China's <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, a campaign named <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Area_Revitalization_Plan" title="Northeast Area Revitalization Plan">Northeast Area Revitalization Plan</a> was launched in the 2000s by the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a>, in which five prefectures of eastern Inner Mongolia, namely <a href="/wiki/Hulunbuir" title="Hulunbuir">Hulunbuir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinggan_League" title="Hinggan League">Hinggan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongliao" title="Tongliao">Tongliao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chifeng" title="Chifeng">Chifeng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xilin_Gol_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Xilin Gol League">Xilin Gol</a>, are also formally defined as regions of the Northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span><span class="anchor" id="Toponymy"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Manchuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymology of Manchuria">Etymology of Manchuria</a></div> <p>The name <i><a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> of Japanese origin, derived from the endonym <i><a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a></i> and first used in the 18th or 19th century, though not itself used by the Manchus or Chinese people.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations of <i>Manchuria</i> which arrived in European languages through <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of the Japanese <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Manshū</i></span> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E5%B7%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:満州">満州</a></span></span></span> 'Region of the Manchus').<sup id="cite_ref-Tatsuo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatsuo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The toponym has since become associated with Japanese colonialism. Its use is considered controversial by some historians such as <a href="/wiki/Mark_Elliott_(historian)" title="Mark Elliott (historian)">Mark C. Elliott</a>, Norman Smith, and Mariko Asano Tamanoi who question its legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, areas once considered part of Manchuria are referred to as the <i>Northeast</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forêt2000_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forêt2000-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area was historically referred to by various names. During the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, the area in which the Jurchens lived was referred to as <a href="/wiki/Nurgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurgan">Nurgan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> used names such as <i>Guandong</i> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">关东</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">關東</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guāndōng</span></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East of the <a href="/wiki/Shanhai_Pass" title="Shanhai Pass">Pass</a>) or the <i>Three Provinces</i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">東三省</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">东三省</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dōngsānshěng</span></i>) referring to <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, and Fengtian since 1683 when Heilongjiang was split from Jilin.<sup id="cite_ref-giles_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giles-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background: #efefef;"> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Guobiao" class="mw-redirect" title="Guobiao">GB</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CN" title="ISO 3166-2:CN">ISO No.</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th align="left">Province </th> <th align="left">Chinese Name </th> <th align="left">Capital </th> <th align="right">Population </th> <th align="right">Density </th> <th align="right">Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th align="center" class="alphabetical"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_abbreviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese abbreviation">Abbr.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">Liáo </td> <td style="text-align:center;">21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:medium;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">辽宁省</span></span></span><br /><small>Liáoníng Shěng </small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,746,323 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">299.83 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">145,900 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">LN </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:medium;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">辽</span></span> </span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">Jí </td> <td style="text-align:center;">22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:medium;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">吉林省</span></span></span><br /><small>Jílín Shěng </small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27,462,297 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">146.54 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">191,126 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">JL </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:medium;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">吉</span></span> </span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">Hēi </td> <td style="text-align:center;">23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:medium;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">黑龙江省</span></span></span><br /><small>Hēilóngjiāng Shěng</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,312,224 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">84.38 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">454,800 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">HL </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:medium;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">黑</span></span></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities_with_urban_area_over_one_million_in_population">Cities with urban area over one million in population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cities with urban area over one million in population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Provincial capitals in <b>bold</b>.</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>#</th> <th>City</th> <th style="background-color: #aaaaff;">Urban area<sup id="cite_ref-2010PRCcensus_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010PRCcensus-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th style="background-color: #aaffaa;">District area<sup id="cite_ref-2010PRCcensus_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010PRCcensus-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th style="background-color: #ffaaaa;">City proper<sup id="cite_ref-2010PRCcensus_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010PRCcensus-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Prov.</th> <th>Census date </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a></b></td> <td>5,718,232</td> <td>6,255,921</td> <td>8,106,171</td> <td>LN</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></b></td> <td>4,933,054</td> <td>5,878,939</td> <td>10,635,971</td> <td>HL</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a></td> <td>3,902,467</td> <td>4,087,733</td> <td>6,690,432</td> <td>LN</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a></b></td> <td>3,411,209</td> <td>4,193,073</td> <td>7,674,439</td> <td>JL</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anshan" title="Anshan">Anshan</a></td> <td>1,504,996</td> <td>1,544,084</td> <td>3,645,884</td> <td>LN</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jilin_City" title="Jilin City">Jilin</a></td> <td>1,469,722</td> <td>1,975,121</td> <td>4,413,157</td> <td>JL</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daqing" title="Daqing">Daqing</a></td> <td>1,433,698</td> <td>1,649,825</td> <td>2,904,532</td> <td>HL</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fushun" title="Fushun">Fushun</a></td> <td>1,318,808</td> <td>1,431,014</td> <td>2,138,090</td> <td>LN</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a></td> <td>1,314,720</td> <td>1,553,788</td> <td>5,367,003</td> <td>HL</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benxi" title="Benxi">Benxi</a></td> <td>1,000,128</td> <td>1,094,294</td> <td>1,709,538</td> <td>LN</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Manchuria" title="History of Manchuria">History of Manchuria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_Bodhisattva_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wood_Bodhisattva_2.jpg/220px-Wood_Bodhisattva_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wood_Bodhisattva_2.jpg/330px-Wood_Bodhisattva_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wood_Bodhisattva_2.jpg/440px-Wood_Bodhisattva_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A wooden <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> statue from the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> now housed in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Museum" title="Shanghai Museum">Shanghai Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Northeast China was the homeland of several ethnic groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchus</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ulchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulchs">Ulchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hezhen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hezhen">Hezhen</a> (also known as the Goldi and Nanai), <a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> have settled in Northeast China at several points in history, with the first Chinese kingdom to enter the area being the state of <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a>. The region came under the rule of various states throughout history, including Yan, <a href="/wiki/Gija_Joseon" title="Gija Joseon">Gija Joseon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiman_Joseon" title="Wiman Joseon">Wiman Joseon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yan_(Three_Kingdoms)" title="Yan (Three Kingdoms)">Gongsun Yan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty_(690%E2%80%93705)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou dynasty (690–705)">Wu Zhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Liao" title="Eastern Liao">Eastern Liao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later_Liao" title="Later Liao">Later Liao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Xia" title="Eastern Xia">Eastern Xia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. </p><p>During the late Qing dynasty, Northeast China came under influence of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> with the building of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a> through <a href="/wiki/Harbin,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbin, China">Harbin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> replaced Russian influence in the region as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> in 1904–1905, and Japan laid the <a href="/wiki/South_Manchurian_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="South Manchurian Railway">South Manchurian Railway</a> in 1906 to <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshunkou">Port Arthur</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a> in the Republic of China, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin" title="Zhang Zuolin">Zhang Zuolin</a> established himself in Northeast China, but was murdered by the Japanese for being too independent. The last Qing emperor, <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a>, was then placed on the throne to lead a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">atomic bombing</a> of Japan in 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> invaded the region as part of its declaration of war against Japan. From 1945 to 1948, Northeast China was a base area for the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. With the encouragement of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the area was used as a <a href="/wiki/Staging_area" title="Staging area">staging ground</a> during the Civil War for the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Chinese Communists</a>, who were victorious in 1949 and have been controlling this region since. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Northeast China has a total population of about 107,400,000 people, accounting for 8% of China's total population. The overwhelming majority of the population in the Northeast is <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, many of whose ancestors came in the 19th and 20th centuries during a migration movement called "<a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">闯关东</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">闖關東</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'venture into the east of the Pass'). Northeast China historically had a significant Han Chinese population, reaching over 3 million by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>, but they were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">eviction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> by the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a>, who then set up <a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Willow Palisades</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a> and prohibited any settlement of Han Chinese into the region. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement, by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han into the Northeast so that Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in the region by the 1780s.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria, the path linking Jinzhou, Fengtian, Tieling, Changchun, Hulun, and Ningguta was settled by Han Chinese during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, and Han Chinese were the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the local Han Chinese population growing to over 20 million before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, further immigrations were organized by the Central Government to "develop the Great Northern Wilderness" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">开发北大荒</span></span>), eventually peaking the population at over 100 million people. </p><p>Because most people in Northeast China trace their ancestries back to the migrants from the Chuang Guandong era, Northeastern Chinese were more culturally uniform compared to other <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">geographical regions of China</a>. People from the Northeast would first identify themselves as "Northeasterners" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">东北人</span></span>) before affiliating to individual provinces and cities/towns. </p><p>Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchus</a> form the second significant ethnic group in Northeast China, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Mongols_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Mongols in China">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean people">Koreans</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Huis</a>, as well as 49 other <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">ethnic minorities</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xibe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Xibe people">Sibos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanai_people" title="Nanai people">Hezhens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_people" title="Oroqen people">Oroqens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>. Located in the Northeast is the <a href="/wiki/Yanbian_Korean_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture">Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture</a> where <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Koreans_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Koreans in China">ethnic Koreans</a> make up roughly 35% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northeast_China" title="Religion in Northeast China">Religion in Northeast China</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a> coexist alongside predominating <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religions</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_shamanism" title="Chinese shamanism">local shamans</a>. The region has also a strong presence of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">folk religions and Confucian churches</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Northeast was one of the earliest regions to <a href="/wiki/Industrialize" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialize">industrialize</a> in China during the era of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>. Many of what became <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China" title="State-owned enterprises of China">Chinese state-owned enterprises</a> in the region originated under <a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese colonialization</a>, particularly in the Manchukuo puppet state.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p><p>After the founding of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, Northeast China continued to be a major industrial base of the country, and has been hailed as "the Republic's eldest son" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">共和国长子</span></span>). Recent years, however, have seen the stagnation of Northeast China's heavy-industry-based economy, as China's economy continues to liberalize and privatize; the government has initialized the <a href="/wiki/Revitalize_the_Northeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Revitalize the Northeast">Revitalize the Northeast</a> campaign to counter this problem, and established the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Summit" title="Northeast Summit">Northeast Summit</a> to improve policy coordination and integration. The region has experienced difficulty distancing itself from a planned economy, a legacy that began in 1905 with the establishment of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> there. The region's once-abundant raw materials have also depleted and the economy has suffered from bureaucratic inefficiency and protectionist politics.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region is, on the whole, more heavily urbanised than most parts of China, largely because it was the first part of the country to develop <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> owing to its abundant <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> reserves. Major cities include <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anshan" title="Anshan">Anshan</a>, all with several million inhabitants. Other cities include the <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> making centres of <a href="/wiki/Fushun" title="Fushun">Fushun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anshan" title="Anshan">Anshan</a> in Liaoning, <a href="/wiki/Jilin_City" title="Jilin City">Jilin City</a> in Jilin, and <a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mudanjiang" title="Mudanjiang">Mudanjiang</a> in Heilongjiang. Harbin, more than any other city in China, possesses significant Russian influences: there are many Orthodox churches that have fallen out of use since the Cultural Revolution. Shenyang and Dalian, meanwhile, have sizable populations of Japanese and South Koreans due to their traditional linkages. </p><p>The Northeast is an important <a href="/wiki/Breadbasket" title="Breadbasket">breadbasket</a> region of China, as the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast China Plain</a> has the largest stretch of arable flatland in the country, with an abundance of fertile <a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">black soil</a>. The rural population heavily concentrated in the warmer southern part of the Northeast, where very warm to hot summer weather permits crops such as <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> to be grown with high yields. <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> are also very important, as are <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>. The region possesses large flocks of <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> are abundant in the more densely settled southern part. The northern half of Heilongjiang is so cold and poorly drained that agriculture is almost impossible; however, the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a> provides very rich <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a>, and sheep are even more abundant than in southern Heilongjiang. </p><p>Northeast China is the country's traditional <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">industrial</a> base, focusing mainly on equipment manufacturing. Major industries include the <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Automaker">automobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> manufacturing, and <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">petroleum refining</a> industries. The <a href="/wiki/Ansteel_Group" title="Ansteel Group">Anshan Iron and Steel Works</a> was the most important industrial enterprise in northeast China until the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Daqing_Oil_Field" title="Daqing Oil Field">Daqing oil field</a> in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p><p>The region supplied many of the staff for the <a href="/wiki/Third_Front_(China)" title="Third Front (China)">Third Front Construction</a> of industrial bases in China's interior.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </p><p>As a response to the return of <a href="/wiki/Sent-down_youth" title="Sent-down youth">sent-down youth</a>, state-owned enterprises in the late 1970s and 1980s often started collectively-owned enterprises to create employment opportunities for the family of SOE workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 283">: 283 </span></sup> This approach to providing jobs for returning youth was particularly common in northeast China.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 283">: 283 </span></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Reform_and_Opening_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and Opening Up">Reform and Opening Up</a>, much of the industry in China's northeast lagged in economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 265–266">: 265–266 </span></sup> </p><p>In recent years, the Chinese government has initialized the "Revitalize the Northeast campaign" to turn this region into one of China's economic growth engines. As of 2015 the region was losing population and the economy, dominated by state-owned enterprises, was stagnant.<sup id="cite_ref-Caixin92415_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caixin92415-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Nearly a decade old at this point (May 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalian_Hotel_%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%9E%E5%AE%BE%E9%A6%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dalian_Hotel_%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%9E%E5%AE%BE%E9%A6%86.jpg/220px-Dalian_Hotel_%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%9E%E5%AE%BE%E9%A6%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dalian_Hotel_%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%9E%E5%AE%BE%E9%A6%86.jpg/330px-Dalian_Hotel_%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%9E%E5%AE%BE%E9%A6%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dalian_Hotel_%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%9E%E5%AE%BE%E9%A6%86.jpg/440px-Dalian_Hotel_%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%9E%E5%AE%BE%E9%A6%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Dalian Hotel at <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Square" title="Zhongshan Square">Zhongshan Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In general, the culture of Northeast China takes its elements from the cultures of <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, the hometowns of most of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> who migrated into Northeast China during the <a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a>. Northeast China also takes cultural inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic peoples</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main varieties of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> spoken in Northeast China. </p><p>The most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">lect</a> is <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern Mandarin</a>, commonly as <i>dongbeihua</i> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">东北话</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">東北話</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dōngběihuà</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'northeastern speech'), spoken throughout Heilongjiang, Jilin, and most of Liaoning.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is very closely related to <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Standard Mandarin</a>, though with unique phonological and syntactic features,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has noticeable vocabulary differences, with some terms originating from <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are enough differences from Mandarin to give <i>dongbeihua</i> its own distinctive characteristics. </p><p>The second variety is <a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao Mandarin</a>, spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Jiaodong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiaodong">Jiaodong Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>. It is phonologically more different to Standard Mandarin than Northeastern Mandarin.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Manchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchus">Manchus</a> speak mostly <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu language</a> is almost extinct due to widespread assimilation to Han culture over the last four centuries. Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Mongols_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Mongols in China">Mongols</a> tend to be bilingual in their own <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> tongues as well as Mandarin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Chinese_cuisine" title="Northeastern Chinese cuisine">Northeastern Chinese cuisine</a> reflects the region's ethnic diversity, blending Northern Han, Manchu and Korean cooking styles. One of the distinguishing characteristics of the cuisine is the use of uncooked fresh vegetables. During the long winter season, pickled <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cabbage" title="Chinese cabbage">Chinese cabbage</a>, which is called "<a href="/wiki/Suan_cai" title="Suan cai">suan cai</a>", is preserved and used for cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different from other parts of Northern China, rice is consumed more in Northeast China. Most of the meat dishes are based around pork due to how cold it can get. Often braised pork or dumplings are the main attraction of a meal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_dance_and_sports">Folk dance and sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Folk dance and sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Errenzhuan" title="Errenzhuan">Errenzhuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangge" title="Yangge">yangge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jilin_opera" title="Jilin opera">Jilin opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stilts" title="Stilts">stilts</a> are popular forms of traditional entertainment in Northeast China. <i>"<a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Cradle_Song" title="Northeastern Cradle Song">Northeastern Cradle Song</a>"</i> is an example of the folk songs of this region. </p><p>Because of its climatic conditions, Northeast China is the base for China's <a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">winter sports</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice skating</a> athletes often come from or were educated in Northeast China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film,_music,_and_literature"><span id="Film.2C_music.2C_and_literature"></span>Film, music, and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Film, music, and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, the term <a href="/wiki/Dongbei_renaissance" title="Dongbei renaissance">Dongbei renaissance</a> was coined by the rapper Gem to describe a revival in interest in the culture of the Northeast after his song Yelang Disco went viral. Artwork associated with the Dongbei renaissance often incorporates <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">nostalgia</a> for the "corny" aesthetics of the 1970s boom period of the Northeast, self-deprecating humor, and speculations on the decline and potential future of the economically depressed region. Notable works associated with the movement include <a href="/wiki/Shuang_Xuetao" title="Shuang Xuetao">Shuang Xuetao</a>'s fiction collection <i>Moses on the Plain</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Diao_Yinan" title="Diao Yinan">Diao Yinan</a> film <a href="/wiki/Black_Coal,_Thin_Ice" title="Black Coal, Thin Ice">Black Coal, Thin Ice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_universities">Major universities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Major universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jilin_University" title="Jilin University">Jilin University</a> (吉林大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Agricultural_University" title="Northeast Agricultural University">Northeast Agricultural University</a> (东北农业大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Normal_University" title="Northeast Normal University">Northeast Normal University</a> (东北师范大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Institute_of_Technology" title="Harbin Institute of Technology">Harbin Institute of Technology</a> (哈尔滨工业大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University_(Liaoning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern University (Liaoning)">Northeastern University</a> (东北大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_University" title="Liaoning University">Liaoning University</a> (辽宁大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Agricultural_University" title="Shenyang Agricultural University">Shenyang Agricultural University</a> (沈阳农业大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_University_of_Chemical_Technology" title="Shenyang University of Chemical Technology">Shenyang University of Chemical Technology</a> (沈阳化工大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_University_of_Technology" title="Dalian University of Technology">Dalian University of Technology</a> (大连理工大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_Maritime_University" title="Dalian Maritime University">Dalian Maritime University</a> (大连海事大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Forestry_University" title="Northeast Forestry University">Northeast Forestry University</a> (东北林业大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Normal_University" title="Shenyang Normal University">Shenyang Normal University</a> (沈阳师范大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Changchun University of Science and Technology">Changchun University of Science and Technology</a> (长春理工大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Petroleum_University" title="Northeast Petroleum University">Northeast Petroleum University</a> (东北石油大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Aerospace_University" title="Shenyang Aerospace University">Shenyang Aerospace University</a> (沈阳航空航天大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Engineering_University" title="Harbin Engineering University">Harbin Engineering University</a> (哈尔滨工程大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_University" title="Heilongjiang University">Heilongjiang University</a> (黑龙江大学)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongbei_University_of_Finance_and_Economics" title="Dongbei University of Finance and Economics">Dongbei University of Finance and Economics</a> (东北财经大学)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Area_Revitalization_Plan" title="Northeast Area Revitalization Plan">Northeast Area Revitalization Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with the unrelated <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-census2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2020_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511031334/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817185.html">"Main Data of the Seventh National Population Census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817185.html">the original</a> on May 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Main+Data+of+the+Seventh+National+Population+Census&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FPressRelease%2F202105%2Ft20210510_1817185.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-data2022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-data2022_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> GDP-2022 is a preliminary data <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0102">"Home - Regional - Quarterly by Province"</a> (Press release). China NBS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+-+Regional+-+Quarterly+by+Province&rft.pub=China+NBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Feasyquery.htm%3Fcn%3DE0102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018122346/http://www.theatlantic.com/slideshows/china-nations/rustbelt.html">"The nine nations of China: Rust Belt"</a>. <i>Atlantic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/slideshows/china-nations/rustbelt.html">the original</a> on 2016-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+nine+nations+of+China%3A+Rust+Belt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fslideshows%2Fchina-nations%2Frustbelt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/outofasia/2017/07/14/dongbei-china-rust-belt/">"China Has Its Own Rust Belt, And It's Getting Left Behind As The Country Prospers"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=China+Has+Its+Own+Rust+Belt%2C+And+It%27s+Getting+Left+Behind+As+The+Country+Prospers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Foutofasia%2F2017%2F07%2F14%2Fdongbei-china-rust-belt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/northeast-china-still-waiting-for-regionalism/">"Northeast China: Still Waiting for Regionalism"</a>. <i>The Diplomat</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Northeast+China%3A+Still+Waiting+for+Regionalism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2021%2F05%2Fnortheast-china-still-waiting-for-regionalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3133397/chinas-rust-belt-population-plummeted-last-decade">"China's rust belt population plummeted in last decade, exacerbating regional economic divide"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 14 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=China%27s+rust+belt+population+plummeted+in+last+decade%2C+exacerbating+regional+economic+divide&rft.date=2021-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Feconomy%2Fchina-economy%2Farticle%2F3133397%2Fchinas-rust-belt-population-plummeted-last-decade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andrewbatson.com/2021/05/12/china-census-reveals-the-true-scale-of-the-northeasts-decline/">"China census reveals the true scale of the Northeast's decline"</a>. <i>andrewbatson</i>. 12 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=andrewbatson&rft.atitle=China+census+reveals+the+true+scale+of+the+Northeast%27s+decline&rft.date=2021-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandrewbatson.com%2F2021%2F05%2F12%2Fchina-census-reveals-the-true-scale-of-the-northeasts-decline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2007-08/20/content_721632.htm">"Northeast Revitalization Plan (2007)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northeast+Revitalization+Plan+%282007%29&rft.pub=State+Council+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fgzdt%2F2007-08%2F20%2Fcontent_721632.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiles1912">Giles 1912</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCqMneCHMJ4C&pg=PA8">8</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGiles1912 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tatsuo-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tatsuo_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nakami Tatsuo. "Qing China's Northeast Crescent: The Great Game." <i>The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero, Volume 2.</i> David Wolff et al., eds. Brill, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlg0lM8f9Y4C&pg=PA514">p. 514.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111300/https://books.google.com/books?id=xlg0lM8f9Y4C&pg=PA514">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004154162" title="Special:BookSources/9789004154162">9789004154162</a><i>"The use of the term 'Manchuria' as a place-name had begun with the Japanese in the eighteenth century, and it was later introduced to Europe by <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Franz_von_Siebold" title="Philipp Franz von Siebold">Philipp Franz von Siebold</a>" [1796–1866].</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658656">Tamanoi 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702073843/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658656">Archived</a> 2 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2pjbx91hb_gC&pg=PA219">Smith 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111301/https://books.google.com/books?id=2pjbx91hb_gC&pg=PA219">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamanoi2009" class="citation book cs1">Tamanoi, Mariko (2009). <i>Memory Maps: The State and Manchuria in Postwar Japan</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+Maps%3A+The+State+and+Manchuria+in+Postwar+Japan&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tamanoi&rft.aufirst=Mariko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishimuraKuroda2009" class="citation book cs1">Nishimura, Hirokazu; Kuroda, Susumu (2009). <i>A Lost Mathematician, Takeo Nakasawa: The Forgotten Father of Matroid Theory</i>. Springer. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Lost+Mathematician%2C+Takeo+Nakasawa%3A+The+Forgotten+Father+of+Matroid+Theory&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nishimura&rft.aufirst=Hirokazu&rft.au=Kuroda%2C+Susumu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Forêt2000-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forêt2000_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe_Forêt2000" class="citation book cs1">Philippe Forêt (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAfF7d-7ysEC&dq=gioro&pg=PR16"><i>Mapping Chengde: The Qing Landscape Enterprise</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 16–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2293-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2293-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-2293-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Chengde%3A+The+Qing+Landscape+Enterprise&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2293-4&rft.au=Philippe+For%C3%AAt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAfF7d-7ysEC%26dq%3Dgioro%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn4iv_RJv8oC&pg=PA55">Crossley 1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111302/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn4iv_RJv8oC&pg=PA55">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giles-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-giles_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClausen1995">Clausen 1995</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RpIvpEjlEJQC&pg=PA7">7</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFClausen1995 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/work/design/chinastdb_1210.doc">GB/T 2260 codes for the provinces of China</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CN" title="ISO 3166-2:CN">ISO 3166-2:CN</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">3166-2</a> codes for the provinces of China)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010PRCcensus-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2010PRCcensus_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010PRCcensus_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010PRCcensus_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF国务院人口普查办公室国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">国务院人口普查办公室; 国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司, eds. (2012). <bdi lang="zh">中国2010年人口普查分县资料</bdi>. Beijing: China Statistics Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-6659-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-6659-6"><bdi>978-7-5037-6659-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD2010%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E5%88%86%E5%8E%BF%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=China+Statistics+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-7-5037-6659-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584?seq=2">Reardon-Anderson 2000</a>, p. 504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584?seq=3">Reardon-Anderson 2000</a>, p. 505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584?seq=4">Reardon-Anderson 2000</a>, p. 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/fileadmin/chinastudien/papers/No_1998-1.pdf">Scharping 1998</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584?seq=5">Reardon-Anderson 2000</a>, p. 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584?seq=6">Reardon-Anderson 2000</a>, p. 508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584?seq=7">Reardon-Anderson 2000</a>, p. 509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrei_Lankov2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Lankov" title="Andrei Lankov">Andrei Lankov</a> (June 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theasian.asia/archives/75217">"The 'third Korea' Yanbian in decline"</a>. <i>THEAsiaN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224181525/http://www.theasian.asia/archives/75217">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=THEAsiaN&rft.atitle=The+%27third+Korea%27+Yanbian+in+decline&rft.date=2013-06-03&rft.au=Andrei+Lankov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theasian.asia%2Farchives%2F75217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirata2024" class="citation book cs1">Hirata, Koji (2024). <i>Making Mao's Steelworks: Industrial Manchuria and the Transnational Origins of Chinese Socialism</i>. Cambridge Studies in the History of the People's Republic of China series. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-38227-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-38227-4"><bdi>978-1-009-38227-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Mao%27s+Steelworks%3A+Industrial+Manchuria+and+the+Transnational+Origins+of+Chinese+Socialism&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+the+History+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+series&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-009-38227-4&rft.aulast=Hirata&rft.aufirst=Koji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2019" class="citation news cs1">Chan, Elaine (2019-05-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3008778/chinas-northeastern-rust-belt-was-once-eldest-son-now">"China's Northeastern rust belt was once 'eldest son', now struggling as runt of the litter"</a>. <i>China Economy</i>. South China Morning Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Economy&rft.atitle=China%27s+Northeastern+rust+belt+was+once+%27eldest+son%27%2C+now+struggling+as+runt+of+the+litter&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Feconomy%2Fchina-economy%2Farticle%2F3008778%2Fchinas-northeastern-rust-belt-was-once-eldest-son-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHou2021" class="citation book cs1">Hou, Li (2021). <i>Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Yenching_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Yenching Institute">Harvard-Yenching Institute</a> monograph series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Asia_Center" title="Harvard University Asia Center">Harvard University Asia Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-26022-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-26022-1"><bdi>978-0-674-26022-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+for+Oil%3A+Daqing+and+the+Formation+of+the+Chinese+Socialist+State&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Harvard-Yenching+Institute+monograph+series&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-674-26022-1&rft.aulast=Hou&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caixin92415-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caixin92415_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_Yongfeng2015" class="citation news cs1">Li Yongfeng (24 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.caixin.com/2015-09-24/100856216.html">"Central Planning Got the Northeast in Trouble – and Won't Save It"</a>. <i>Caixin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caixin&rft.atitle=Central+Planning+Got+the+Northeast+in+Trouble+%E2%80%93+and+Won%27t+Save+It&rft.date=2015-09-24&rft.au=Li+Yongfeng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.caixin.com%2F2015-09-24%2F100856216.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2012" class="citation book cs1">Li, Rong (2012). <i>中國語言地圖集</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E9%9B%86&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Rong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Yingzi (2008). "东北方言研究综述". <i>语言应用研究</i> (10).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%BB%BC%E8%BF%B0&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Yingzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYinLi1997" class="citation book cs1">Yin, Shichao; Li, Rong (1997). <i>哈爾濱方言詞典</i>. 江蘇教育出版社.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%93%88%E7%88%BE%E6%BF%B1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.pub=%E6%B1%9F%E8%98%87%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Yin&rft.aufirst=Shichao&rft.au=Li%2C+Rong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQianZhangLuo2001" class="citation book cs1">Qian, Cengyi; Zhang, Shuzheng; Luo, Futeng (2001). <i>山东方言研究</i>. 齊鲁書社.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pub=%E9%BD%8A%E9%B2%81%E6%9B%B8%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Cengyi&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Shuzheng&rft.au=Luo%2C+Futeng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY._H._HuiE._Özgül_Evranuz2012" class="citation book cs1">Y. 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Özgül Evranuz (May 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4kBqVku9B4YC&pg=PA58"><i>Handbook of Plant-Based Fermented Food and Beverage Technology, Second Edition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439849040" title="Special:BookSources/9781439849040"><bdi>9781439849040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Plant-Based+Fermented+Food+and+Beverage+Technology%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012-05-17&rft.isbn=9781439849040&rft.au=Y.+H.+Hui&rft.au=E.+%C3%96zg%C3%BCl+Evranuz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4kBqVku9B4YC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTone2023" class="citation web cs1">Tone, Sixth (July 31, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1013425">"As China's Economy Wobbles, Its Rust Belt Is Having a Moment"</a>. <i>#SixthTone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%23SixthTone&rft.atitle=As+China%27s+Economy+Wobbles%2C+Its+Rust+Belt+Is+Having+a+Moment&rft.date=2023-07-31&rft.aulast=Tone&rft.aufirst=Sixth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixthtone.com%2Fnews%2F1013425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Thomas R. Gottschang and Diana Lary: <i>Swallows and Settlers - The Great Migration from North China to <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a></i>, Centre for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89264-134-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89264-134-7">0-89264-134-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Meyer_(travel_writer)" title="Michael Meyer (travel writer)">Michael Meyer</a>: <i>In Manchuria: A Village Called Wasteland and the Transformation of Rural China</i>, Bloomsbury Press, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1620402863" title="Special:BookSources/978-1620402863">978-1620402863</a></li> <li>Lenore Lamont Zissermann: <i>Mitya's Harbin; Majesty and Menace</i>, Book Publishers Network, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-940598-75-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-940598-75-8">978-1-940598-75-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_China&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flora_of_China_Northeast" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Flora of China Northeast">Flora of China Northeast</a></b></i> and <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_China_Northeast" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Geography of China Northeast">Geography of China Northeast</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Northeast_China#Q1057925" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Northeast China">Northeast China</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511184825/http://www.ln.gov.cn/">The Provincial Government of Liaoning</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hlj.gov.cn/">The Provincial Government of Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501180231/http://jl.gov.cn/">The Provincial Government of Jilin</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="China_articles522" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China_topics" title="Template:China topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China_topics" title="Template talk:China topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="China_articles522" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Language</a></li> <li>Economic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">before 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">1912–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">1949–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_foreign_relations_of_China" title="History of foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Wu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin (266–420)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin (1115–1234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Modern_China" title="History of China">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_and_Opening_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and Opening Up">Reform and Opening Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">persecution of Uyghurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_China" title="List of massacres in China">List of massacres in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake" title="2008 Sichuan earthquake">2008 Sichuan earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_China" title="Borders of China">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_China" title="List of extreme points of China">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_China" title="Geology of China">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_China" title="Natural disasters in China">Natural disasters</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bays_of_China" title="Category:Bays of China">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_China" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of China">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_China" title="Category:Caves of China">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_China" title="Category:Deserts of China">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_China" title="Category:Grasslands of China">Grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hills_of_China" title="Category:Hills of China">Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_China" title="List of islands of China">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_China" title="Category:Mountains of China">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Category:Mountain ranges of China">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_passes_of_China" title="Category:Mountain passes of China">passes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_China" title="Category:Peninsulas of China">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast</a> / <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_China" title="Category:Valleys of China">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_China" title="List of volcanoes in China">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canals_in_China" title="Category:Canals in China">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_China" title="List of lakes of China">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_China" title="Category:Waterfalls of China">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_China" title="Category:Wetlands of China">Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_of_China" title="Water resources of China">Water resources</a></li> <li>Seas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_policy_of_China" title="Climate policy of China">Climate policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China" title="List of protected areas of China">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_China" title="List of national parks of China">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_reserves_in_China" title="Category:Nature reserves in China">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserves_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in China">UNESCO Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_China" title="Wildlife of China">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of China">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China" title="Flora of China">Flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baselines_of_the_Chinese_territorial_sea" title="Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea">Baseline islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Border_crossings_of_China" title="Category:Border crossings of China">Border crossings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Province-level subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Law45" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in China">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">in Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_laws_in_China" title="Naming laws in China">Naming laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of China">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_China" title="Terrorism in China">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Civil service of the People's Republic of China">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese democracy movement">Pro-democratisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties and movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_China" title="State Council of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of China">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China">Outline of military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_China" title="Cyberwarfare by China">Cyberwarfare by China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">Strategic Support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Militia" title="Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_sector_crisis_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)">Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Economic history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce_in_China" title="E-commerce in China">E-commerce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising_in_China" title="Online advertising in China">Online advertising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality_in_China" title="Economic inequality in China">Economic inequality in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_evictions_in_China" title="Forced evictions in China">Forced evictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_China" title="Housing in China">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_China" title="Income inequality in China">Income inequality in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_China" title="Chemical industry in China">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_China" title="Semiconductor industry in China">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_relations_in_China" title="Labor relations in China">Labor relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_China" title="Real estate in China">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of trade of the People's Republic of China">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underoccupied_developments_in_China" title="Underoccupied developments in China">Underoccupied developments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_China" title="Unemployment in China">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture in China">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_China" title="Housing in China">Housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Civil aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_China" title="Category:Society of China">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_China" title="Literacy in China">Literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_China" title="Freedom of the press in China">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intellectualism" title="Chinese intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Chinese_culture" title="Martyrdom in Chinese culture">Martyrdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">Surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_and_dissent_in_China" title="Protest and dissent in China">Protest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_incidents_in_China" title="Mass incidents in China">”Mass incidents”</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China" title="Public holidays in China">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">Rural society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_China" title="Social issues in China">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchy in China">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China" title="Regional discrimination in China">Regional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_social_relations" title="Chinese social relations">Social relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_ping" title="Tang ping">Tang ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_China" title="Time in China">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_society_in_China" title="Urban society in China">Urban society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_China" title="Welfare in China">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_China" title="Archaeology of China">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_variety_art" title="Chinese variety art">Variety art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Historical_and_Cultural_Site_Protected_at_the_National_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level">Major Historical and Cultural Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fours_of_China14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Fours of China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Study" title="Four Treasures of the Study">Four Treasures of the Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions" title="Four Great Inventions">Four Great Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Gentlemen" title="Four Gentlemen">Four Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Four_Seasons" title="Flowers of the Four Seasons">Flowers of the Four Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Beauties" title="Four Beauties">Four Beauties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels">Four Classic Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_arts" title="Four arts">Four arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny" title="Four Pillars of Destiny">Four Pillars of Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Paragons_of_the_Early_Tang" title="Four Paragons of the Early Tang">Four Paragons of the Early Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters of the Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty">Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pests_campaign" title="Four Pests campaign">Four Pests campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholic Church in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_China" title="Irreligion in China">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_China" title="National symbols of China">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_China" title="National Emblem of China">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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