CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Literacy in China - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9f8a77c7-0aed-4ff3-b9b0-ed843062b89b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Literacy_in_China","wgTitle":"Literacy in China","wgCurRevisionId":1277626821,"wgRevisionId":1277626821,"wgArticleId":74101543,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","CS1 errors: missing title","CS1 errors: bare URL","Articles with short description","Short description with empty Wikidata description","Articles slanted towards recent events from August 2023","Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter","Articles needing expert attention from August 2023","All articles needing expert attention", "China articles needing expert attention","Articles needing additional categories from June 2023","Articles lacking reliable references from January 2025","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Use dmy dates from July 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025","All Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed","Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed from February 2025","Articles lacking reliable references from September 2024","Articles lacking reliable references from February 2025","Literacy by country","History of education in China","Standard Chinese"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Literacy_in_China","wgRelevantArticleId":74101543,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q28414136","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader", "ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Literacy in China - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_China"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_China"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Literacy_in_China rootpage-Literacy_in_China skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Literacy+in+China" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Literacy+in+China" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Literacy+in+China" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Literacy+in+China" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Knowledge_of_characters,_education_level,_and_degree_of_literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge_of_characters,_education_level,_and_degree_of_literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Knowledge of characters, education level, and degree of literacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge_of_characters,_education_level,_and_degree_of_literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_trends_under_the_PRC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_trends_under_the_PRC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical trends under the PRC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_trends_under_the_PRC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_the_founding_of_the_PRC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_founding_of_the_PRC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Before the founding of the PRC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_founding_of_the_PRC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mao_Zedong_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mao_Zedong_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mao Zedong period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mao_Zedong_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mao Zedong period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mao_Zedong_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_early_days_of_the_founding_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_early_days_of_the_founding_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The early days of the founding of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_early_days_of_the_founding_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Literacy class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy_book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy_book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Literacy book</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy_book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapid_literacy_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid_literacy_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Rapid literacy method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapid_literacy_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-fifties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-fifties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Mid-fifties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-fifties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Leap_Forward" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Leap_Forward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Great Leap Forward</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Leap_Forward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Cultural revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deng_Xiaoping_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deng_Xiaoping_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Deng Xiaoping period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deng_Xiaoping_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Deng Xiaoping period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Deng_Xiaoping_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reform_and_opening_up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_and_opening_up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Reform and opening up</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_and_opening_up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twenty-first_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twenty-first_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Twenty-first century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Twenty-first_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Twenty-first century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Twenty-first_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2010_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>2010 and beyond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Literacy in China</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ag%E1%BB%A5_na_ide_na_China" title="Ịgụ na ide na China – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ịgụ na ide na China" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="中华人民共和国扫盲教育 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中华人民共和国扫盲教育" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28414136#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_China" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Literacy_in_China" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_China"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_China"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Literacy_in_China" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Literacy_in_China" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&oldid=1277626821" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Literacy_in_China&id=1277626821&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLiteracy_in_China"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLiteracy_in_China"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Literacy_in_China&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28414136" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Literacy_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Literacy in China">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Literacy_in_China" title="Talk:Literacy in China">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Recentism plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Recentism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/40px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/60px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/80px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>appears to be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Recentism" title="Wikipedia:Recentism">slanted towards recent events</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit">add more content</a> related to non-recent events.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs attention from an expert in China</b>. Please add a <i>reason</i> or a <i>talk</i> parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_China" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject China">WikiProject China</a> may be able to help recruit an expert.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Improve_categories plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-cat_improve" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional or more specific <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">categories</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit">help out</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#How_do_I_add_an_article_to_a_category?" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization">adding categories</a> to it so that it can be listed with similar articles.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreliable_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreliable_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Some of this article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">listed sources</a> <b>may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>'s adult literacy rate, defined as <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> in those aged 15 and above, was measured at 97% in 2020 by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Youth literacy, defined as literacy in those aged 15–24, was 100% since 2010 and remained so in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Knowledge_of_characters,_education_level,_and_degree_of_literacy"><span id="Knowledge_of_characters.2C_education_level.2C_and_degree_of_literacy"></span>Knowledge of characters, education level, and degree of literacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Knowledge of characters, education level, and degree of literacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relatively high memory load involved in learning Chinese characters required for basic literacy in Chinese has been noted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are about 6,500 characters in regular use in modern Chinese, of which 3,500 characters are used to write 99% of the words (the majority of which are two-character combinations) in popular reading material.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average Chinese college student is estimated to know about 5,150 characters,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which they may use to write more than 30,000 words. Enrollment in undergraduate education in China among youth has been expanding rapidly in recent years, reaching 40% in 2019<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, according to the Chinese Ministry of Education, reaching 60% in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_trends_under_the_PRC">Historical trends under the PRC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical trends under the PRC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1994 onwards, the PRC began a campaign to eradicate illiteracy, and the State Council issued the "Outline on the Reform and Development of Education", which set the goal of reducing illiteracy to below 5% before the 21st century. This target was achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> was founded in 1949, more than 400 million of the country's more than 500 million people were <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">illiterate</a>, and the illiteracy rate was about 80 percent, including over 95 percent in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2025)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1964, the results of the second national census showed that the country's total population was 723 million, and the literacy campaign reduced the illiteracy rate (the proportion of illiterate people aged 15 and over) in China to 52%, and about 100 million people became literate.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2025)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> During the Cultural Revolution, the college entrance examination system was suspended, and millions of young people went to the countryside for a month out of each year as part of secondary school.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1977, the college entrance examination was resumed during the "rectification of troubles" period.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1978, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">China's population</a> was close to one billion,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the illiteracy rate reached 25 percent, with nearly 240 million illiterates and 30–40 percent of young and middle-aged people being illiterate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the reform and opening, <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy education</a> were included in the newly revised Constitution of the People's Republic of China (82 Constitution) in 1982. In 1986, the Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China came into effect, and since then, the nine-year compulsory education has been implemented in mainland China.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> virtually eliminated illiteracy among young and middle-aged people. In the sixth national census in 2010, the total population of mainland China was about 1.34 billion, of which about 54 million were illiterate, with an illiteracy rate of 4.08 percent. According to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, by 2015, China's illiteracy rate had dropped to 3.6 percent, and by 2020, it reached 3%.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst those aged between 15 and 24, it was completely eradicated – China's young adult population is 100% literate.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_the_founding_of_the_PRC">Before the founding of the PRC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Before the founding of the PRC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the period of the mainland the Republic of China, the popularization of education was only implemented briefly due to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Educational_system" title="Educational system">education system</a> and the turbulent social situation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 1949, all the areas under <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) control also carried out literacy work. At that time, every winter farming season in the accessible areas, farmers were organized to read and write. This kind of learning is only carried out in winter, called "winter learning". There are different levels of winter schools in other places, various organizational forms, teaching materials and teachers, and many winter schools still attach importance to political education and neglect cultural education.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2025)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In September 1949, the Common Program of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a>, formulated by the first plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, like the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_constitution" title="Provisional constitution">Provisional constitution</a>, called for strengthening part-time education for workers and on-the-job education for cadres.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mao_Zedong_period">Mao Zedong period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mao Zedong period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_early_days_of_the_founding_of_China">The early days of the founding of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The early days of the founding of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1949, the Ministry of Education of the Central People's <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government</a> set up the "Literacy Campaign Committee", which led the literacy education of peasants, workers and cadres. In December 1949, the Ministry of Education of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">Central People's Government</a> convened the first National Conference on Education Work, at which it was proposed that education must serve national construction, that schools must be open to workers and peasants, and that the structure of new education should be based on the unique educational experience of the old liberated areas, absorb some helpful knowledge in senior <a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">education</a>, and make use of the advanced expertise of <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Education in the Soviet Union">Soviet education</a>. It also proposed to carry out a nationwide literacy campaign from 1951. It issued the "Instructions on carrying out the Winter School Work in 1949", pointing out that the winter school campaign should be generally tried in rural areas throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 20 to 29 September 1950, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_education_ministries" title="List of education ministries">Ministry of Education</a> and the <a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-China Federation of Trade Unions">All-China Federation of Trade Unions</a> jointly convened the first National Work Conference on Education for Workers and Peasants. <a href="/wiki/Ma_Xulun" title="Ma Xulun">Ma Xulun</a>, Minister of Education, pointed out in his opening speech that worker and peasant education should focus on literacy education. More than 400 staff members from the central government, education departments of major administrative regions, women's federations, and model teachers and students from workers' and peasants' spare-time schools attended the meeting. Issues such as the implementation policy and <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> <a href="/wiki/Relationship_science" title="Relationship science">relationship</a> between worker and peasant education were discussed at the meeting. The slogan "promoting literacy education and gradually reducing illiteracy" was put forward, and the principle of "government leadership, relying on mass organizations and cooperation from all sides" was realized. The main educational objects were workers and peasants cadres and activists, and the leading educational contents were culture education and policy and current affairs education, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The literacy campaign has been carried out on a large scale throughout the country, but in the implementation process, some places have ignored reality and rushed ahead. In promoting the "rapid literacy method", there are also too hasty and unstable learning results. After the end of 1952, only 550,400 people in China needed to be made literate. On 15 November 1952, the 19th meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government">Central People's Government</a> Committee passed a resolution to establish the Central People's Government Illiteracy Work Committee (chairman and Party Secretary <a href="/wiki/Chu_Tunan" title="Chu Tunan">Chu Tunan</a>, deputy chairman <a href="/wiki/Li_Chang" title="Li Chang">Li Chang</a>, Lin Handa, Qi Jianhua) to eradicate illiteracy step by step. In January 1953, the Cultural and Education Commission of the Government Administration Council of the Central People's Government proposed at the meeting of the directors of the Regional Cultural and Education Commissions held in Beijing that cultural and education work should be carried out as planned. Literacy was a long-term and complex task requiring more than a decade or more to complete, requiring all localities to continue to correct the aggressive tendency of literacy work after the autumn of 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the problems caused by the lack of unified literacy standards, on 24 November 1953, the Illiteracy Eradication Commission of the Central People's Government issued the Notice on Interim Measures for <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">Standards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graduation_Examination_of_Junior_High_School" title="Graduation Examination of Junior High School">Graduation Examinations</a>, in which the concepts of illiteracy and semi-illiteracy were defined for the first time after the founding of the People's Republic of China according to the different literacy targets of cadres, workers and peasants. That is, "in terms of literacy, those who can read more than 500 words and do not meet the literacy standard are semi-illiterate; Illiterate or literate number below 500 is illiterate ", but also provides for unified literacy standards and literacy test rules and regulations, that is, "cadres and workers, generally can be set to know 2,000 common words, can read popular books and newspapers, can write two to three hundred words of application; Farmers are generally prescribed to be able to read 1000 common words, generally can read popular books and newspapers, can write common notes, <a href="/wiki/Receipt" title="Receipt">receipts</a>; Urban working people are generally prescribed to be able to read 1,500 common words, and the reading and writing standards refer to the standards of workers and farmers." "At the request of the masses, the county literacy Work committee or the Education Department may issue a literacy diploma to those who have passed the exam." "The graduation examination for eradicating illiteracy shall be presided over by the leading grass-roots institutions for eradicating illiteracy or full-time cadres and teachers... Exam content can be divided into three <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">reading</a>, and writing ". Since then, the literacy movement has grown steadily.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literacy_class">Literacy class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literacy class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1953%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8C%E6%B3%B0%E5%AE%89%E5%8E%BF%E4%B8%BE%E5%8A%9E%E6%95%99%E5%B8%88%E8%AE%AD%E7%BB%83%E7%8F%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%8A%A0%E5%BC%BA%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97%E7%8F%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1953%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8C%E6%B3%B0%E5%AE%89%E5%8E%BF%E4%B8%BE%E5%8A%9E%E6%95%99%E5%B8%88%E8%AE%AD%E7%BB%83%E7%8F%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%8A%A0%E5%BC%BA%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97%E7%8F%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0.jpg/220px-1953%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8C%E6%B3%B0%E5%AE%89%E5%8E%BF%E4%B8%BE%E5%8A%9E%E6%95%99%E5%B8%88%E8%AE%AD%E7%BB%83%E7%8F%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%8A%A0%E5%BC%BA%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97%E7%8F%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1953%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8C%E6%B3%B0%E5%AE%89%E5%8E%BF%E4%B8%BE%E5%8A%9E%E6%95%99%E5%B8%88%E8%AE%AD%E7%BB%83%E7%8F%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%8A%A0%E5%BC%BA%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97%E7%8F%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0.jpg/330px-1953%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8C%E6%B3%B0%E5%AE%89%E5%8E%BF%E4%B8%BE%E5%8A%9E%E6%95%99%E5%B8%88%E8%AE%AD%E7%BB%83%E7%8F%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%8A%A0%E5%BC%BA%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97%E7%8F%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1953%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8C%E6%B3%B0%E5%AE%89%E5%8E%BF%E4%B8%BE%E5%8A%9E%E6%95%99%E5%B8%88%E8%AE%AD%E7%BB%83%E7%8F%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%8A%A0%E5%BC%BA%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97%E7%8F%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0.jpg/440px-1953%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8C%E6%B3%B0%E5%AE%89%E5%8E%BF%E4%B8%BE%E5%8A%9E%E6%95%99%E5%B8%88%E8%AE%AD%E7%BB%83%E7%8F%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%8A%A0%E5%BC%BA%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97%E7%8F%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>In 1953, Tai 'an County held teacher training classes to strengthen the learning of accelerated literacy classes</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of 1951, literacy classes had been set up nationwide. Statistics show that in 1951, more than 1.7 million <a href="/wiki/Factory_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory workers">factory workers</a> participated in literacy classes. In the 1950s, the song "Husband and Wife Literacy" was sung in literacy classes across the country along with the literacy campaign, with the lyrics: "Haig in the winter sky, out come out stars."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literacy_book">Literacy book</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literacy book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the literacy movement, schools were temporary, teachers were amateur, there was no uniform regulation of teaching materials and various "literacy books" were published in multiple places. Some of these "literacy books" were aimed at workers, others at peasants, and still others at urban housewives. Textbooks vary in content depending on the group they are aimed at. "Literacy textbook" mainly consists of text, <a href="/wiki/New_words" class="mw-redirect" title="New words">new words</a>, after class exercise three parts. <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideological</a> and political education, such as supporting the CCP, loving the <a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">motherland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antifeudalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifeudalism">anti-feudalism</a>, and loving one's job and dedication, is also necessary content in the textbook.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various types of literacy competitions were held in the course of learning. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA) held in Beijing in August 1952 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the army, even set up a "literacy race" (write the required characters on the ground to start) and "cultural test" items. Rural literacy competitions are more common; some students write on the walls of their homes, doors, and work tools and compete to be "active" in literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapid_literacy_method">Rapid literacy method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rapid literacy method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qi Jianhua, a cultural education instructor of a department of the Southwest Military Region of the People's Liberation Army, invented the "rapid literacy method" in the process of carrying out cultural education in the army and carried out teaching in three steps: </p> <ol><li>Learn <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">phonetic symbols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>.</li> <li>Surprise literacy requires the ability to read and initially speak.</li> <li>Study Chinese textbooks and conduct reading, writing, and writing activities.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In practice, it generally takes only half a month for one to learn and memorise more than 1,500 characters.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1952-03_1952%E5%B9%B4_%E7%A5%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%8D%8E%E5%92%8C%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/1952-03_1952%E5%B9%B4_%E7%A5%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%8D%8E%E5%92%8C%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95.png/220px-1952-03_1952%E5%B9%B4_%E7%A5%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%8D%8E%E5%92%8C%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/1952-03_1952%E5%B9%B4_%E7%A5%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%8D%8E%E5%92%8C%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95.png/330px-1952-03_1952%E5%B9%B4_%E7%A5%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%8D%8E%E5%92%8C%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/1952-03_1952%E5%B9%B4_%E7%A5%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%8D%8E%E5%92%8C%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95.png/440px-1952-03_1952%E5%B9%B4_%E7%A5%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%8D%8E%E5%92%8C%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95.png 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>1952-03 Qi Jianhua and the Accelerated Literacy Method in 1952</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1951, the Ministry of Education of the Central People's Government held an "Accelerated Literacy Law" symposium. On 23 April 1952, the Cultural and Educational Committee of the Central People's Government Administration Council issued a certificate of award to Qi Jianhua. Three days later, the People's Daily published an editorial calling for the "universal implementation of the accelerated literacy law" nationwide. In May 1952, the Ministry of Education of the Central People's Government issued the Notice on the Teaching Experiment of the "Accelerated Literacy Law" in all Localities and decided to promote the "Accelerated Literacy Law" among workers and farmers nationwide to eliminate illiteracy step by step. After the policy was introduced, through publicity and mobilization, workers and farmers signed up for literacy classes on a large scale. Experimental classes on accelerated literacy were quickly set up across the country. Chongqing textile workers accelerated practical literacy course after 21 days off work learning, students from an average of more than 400 words to more than 2000 words. In the Gaobeidian farmers' experimental class in the eastern suburbs of Beijing, 26 students learned 1638 characters after 164 hours of learning and initially could write letters. In 1952, rapid literacy teaching achieved remarkable factory and rural literacy results. According to incomplete statistics in northeast China, Shanghai, Beijing and other places, 258,000 workers have participated in the accelerated literacy program. Most of them learn 1,500 to 2,000 words after 150 to 200 hours of study and can read popular books and write simple articles.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-fifties">Mid-fifties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mid-fifties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1955, the enthusiasm for literacy in various places cooled down. However, the number of illiterates was still significant, and many people who had lost their illiteracy became illiterate because they were not consolidated in time. In the late autumn of 1955, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> discussed with <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a>, Secretary of the Central Secretariat of the New Democratic Youth League of China in the Summer Palace, how to combine literacy and agricultural cooperation. After Mao Zedong read it, he changed the title of this material to "The Experience of the Youth League Branch in Gaojialiugou Village, Junan County" and included it in the book "The Socialist Upsurge in China's Rural Areas" and wrote more than 800 articles.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 October 1955, at the sixth plenary session of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, Mao Zedong said: "I think it is better to sweep up the literacy campaign. Some places have eliminated the literacy campaign, which is not good. To eradicate illiteracy in the process of co-operativeization is not to eradicate illiteracy campaigns, not to eradicate illiteracy, but to eradicate illiteracy."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1955%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1955%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE.jpg/220px-1955%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1955%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE.jpg/330px-1955%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1955%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE.jpg/440px-1955%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>October 1955 National Writing Reform Conference</figcaption></figure> <p>Mao Zedong's commentary on "The Experience of the Youth League Branch in Gaojialiugou Village, Junan County, Establishing Work-Recording Classes" soon spread throughout the country with the book <i>The Socialist Upsurge in Chinese Rural Areas</i>. All provinces, cities, counties and even villages have compiled new literacy teaching materials adapted to local conditions. According to statistics, illiteracy was eliminated in more than 6 million illiterate farmers and residents in 1957, reaching the peak of the development of literacy education after the founding of the People's Republic of China.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Leap_Forward">Great Leap Forward</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Great Leap Forward"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> period, literacy work also fell into the trend of exaggeration and high indicators. In February 1958, the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, the <a href="/wiki/Central_committee" title="Central committee">central committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China" title="Communist Youth League of China">Communist Youth League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-China Federation of Trade Unions">All-China Federation of Trade Unions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/All-China_Women%27s_Federation" title="All-China Women's Federation">All-China Women's Federation</a>, and the National Illiteracy Eradication Association held a representative meeting of advanced units of literacy, at which a cultural "atomic explosion" was proposed. The panel presented to the country to eliminate illiteracy among young and middle-aged people within five years. On 7 March 1958 and 20 May 1958, the People's Daily published editorials "Setting off a Great Leap Forward in Literacy on a Grand Scale" and "Eliminating Illiteracy with a Revolutionary Spirit". At that time, 150 million illiterate young people between the ages of 14 and 40 lived in rural areas alone. If the average literacy rate of the previous eight years were applied, even if 3 million illiterates were eradicated yearly, it would take 50 years to eliminate them. Literacy soon became the climax of the mass movement, and false reporting and exaggeration were severe everywhere. According to reports, from January to September 1958 alone, 100 million young and middle-aged people were made literate. For example, I don't believe in wiping out illiteracy in half a year or a year, but it will be good during the second five-year plan."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"><span title="Due to a missing quotation mark and attribution, this sounds like the encyclopedia is expressing an opinion (February 2025)">check quotation syntax</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (February 2025)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since then, the "literacy leap" has cooled down.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1959 to 1961, the "three-year difficult period", the rural literacy work fell to a low point, and at this time, the proportion of political education in literacy was high.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%B7%9E%E5%9C%A8%E5%86%9C%E6%9D%91%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%95%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%EF%BC%8C1958-1959%E5%B9%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%B7%9E%E5%9C%A8%E5%86%9C%E6%9D%91%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%95%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%EF%BC%8C1958-1959%E5%B9%B4.jpg/220px-%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%B7%9E%E5%9C%A8%E5%86%9C%E6%9D%91%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%95%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%EF%BC%8C1958-1959%E5%B9%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%B7%9E%E5%9C%A8%E5%86%9C%E6%9D%91%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%95%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%EF%BC%8C1958-1959%E5%B9%B4.jpg/330px-%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%B7%9E%E5%9C%A8%E5%86%9C%E6%9D%91%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%95%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%EF%BC%8C1958-1959%E5%B9%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%B7%9E%E5%9C%A8%E5%86%9C%E6%9D%91%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%95%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%EF%BC%8C1958-1959%E5%B9%B4.jpg/440px-%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%B7%9E%E5%9C%A8%E5%86%9C%E6%9D%91%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%95%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%EF%BC%8C1958-1959%E5%B9%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption>Literacy in rural areas in Dali Prefecture, 1958–1959</figcaption></figure> <p>The second national population census in 1964 also conducted a comprehensive survey on the artistic quality of the people. The results showed that the illiteracy rate of people over the age of 15 had dropped from 80 per cent in 1949 when the People's Republic of China was founded to 52 per cent, and from 1949 to 1964, more than 100 million people became literate.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1965, the literacy campaign had reduced the national illiteracy rate from about 80 per cent in 1949 to 38.1 per cent, according to another official Chinese statistic.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_revolution">Cultural revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cultural revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1966 to 1976, Mao Zedong and others launched the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> in mainland China. During this period, China's scientific research and education were severely impacted, and intellectuals became one of the first targets to be knocked down. They were regarded as "reactionary academic authorities" and "stinky old nine" of the bourgeoisie and were widely criticized and persecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, during the Cultural Revolution, the college entrance examination was suspended, and tens of millions of <a href="/wiki/Sent-down_youth" title="Sent-down youth">sent-down youths</a> went to the mountains and <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">countryside</a>. In the early days of the Cultural Revolution, rural literacy institutions were abolished, and literacy work almost stagnated. Only a few rural areas continued to eliminate illiteracy. For example, Bazhong County in Sichuan Province and Taojiang County in Hunan Province resumed literacy in 1969 and 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deng_Xiaoping_period">Deng Xiaoping period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deng Xiaoping period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, who returned to politics for the third time in 1977, first proposed to "set things right" in September 1977 and resumed the college entrance examination, which had been suspended for ten years due to the Cultural Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 September 1977, Deng Xiaoping and the heads of the Ministry of Education, Liu Xiyao, Yong Wentao, and Li Qi, talked about the reversal of the educational front during the ten-year Cultural Revolution, with Deng Xiaoping stating that "If you made a mistake in the past, repeat it and correct it. In any case, the language should be clear and ambiguous, which will not solve the problem. Do things quickly, don't procrastinate."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1978, Deng Xiaoping proposed that "education is the most fundamental cause of a nation", rejecting the belief of <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a>, one of the Gang of Four, that the fact that "the whole country is illiterate is also a victory". Based on the restoration of the literacy order in 1977, the State Council of the People's Republic of China promulgated the Directive on Literacy Eradication on 6 November 1978, which put forward the basic principles of eradicating illiteracy among young people aged 12 to 45 years and improving the literacy of those who have already become literate.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In December 1978, when the <a href="/wiki/3rd_plenary_session_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a> was held, Deng Xiaoping became the second-generation supreme leader of the People's Republic of China. Afterwards, several measures were proposed with the goal of accelerating rural development, which introduced deepening rural economic reforms, including literacy being reintroduced into the agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the end of 1978, the population of mainland China was close to 1 billion, 81 percent of whom were farmers. 240 million were illiterate, and the illiteracy rate reached 25 percent, with 30–40 percent of the young and <a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">middle-aged</a> being illiterate. From 1978 to 1980, literacy developed rapidly, and the slogan "Compulsory education" was put forward when putting things right. During the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a>, Deng Xiaoping put forward the view that "intellectuals are already part of the working class themselves" and "respect knowledge, respect talents and oppose the erroneous idea of not respecting intellectuals".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_and_opening_up">Reform and opening up</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reform and opening up"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the data of the third National census in 1982, 237.22 million illiterates and semi-illiterates were over the age of 12, accounting for 23.5 per cent of the total population, of which 91 per cent were illiterate in rural areas, and 218.53 million were unreadable over the age of 40. On 4 December 1982, compulsory education and literacy education were included in the newly revised Constitution of the People's Republic of China (82 Constitution); Article 19 of the Constitution stipulates: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The state shall develop socialist education to raise the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation. </p><p>The state shall run schools of all types, provide universal compulsory primary education, develop secondary, vocational and higher education, and also develop preschool education. </p><p>The state shall develop different types of educational facilities, eliminate illiteracy, provide political, cultural, scientific, technical and field-specific education for workers, peasants, state employees and other working people, and encourage people to become accomplished individuals through self-study. </p><p>The state shall encourage collective economic organizations, state enterprises, public institutions and other social actors to run education programs of various types in accordance with the provisions of law. </p><p> The state shall promote the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">common speech</a> – putonghua – used nationwide. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Article 19 (official translation)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>On 5 February 1988, The State Council issued the Regulations on the Eradication of Illiteracy, stipulating that the standards for individual literacy are: "Farmers can read 1,500 Chinese characters, employees of enterprises and public institutions, and urban residents can read 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>; I can read plain and popular newspapers and articles, keep simple accounts, and write simple, practical articles."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="Who is "I" here? (February 2025)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The standard has remained unchanged for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (February 2025)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The regulations also stipulate that "all illiterate and semi-illiterate citizens between the ages of 15 and 40 have the right and duty to receive literacy education, regardless of sex, nationality or race, except those who are unable to receive literacy education." "A system of acceptance shall be implemented for the eradication of illiteracy. The literacy trainees shall be assessed by the township people's government, urban sub-district offices or enterprises and institutions at the same level, and those who meet the literacy standards shall be issued a literacy certificate. Cities and counties that have eliminated illiteracy shall be inspected by the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government", and proposed for the first time that "the eradication of illiteracy and the popularization of compulsory primary education should be planned as a whole and implemented simultaneously." Where universal compulsory primary education has been achieved, and eliminating illiteracy has not yet been completed, the goal of eliminating illiteracy should be achieved within five years."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"><span title="Quotation marks may be incomplete, unbalanced or improperly applied. (February 2025)">check quotation syntax</span></a></i>]</sup> In the following years, The State Council continued to issue relevant documents which put forward precise requirements for literacy and universal education.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twenty-first_century">Twenty-first century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Twenty-first century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, the State Council approved the Action Plan for the Revitalization of Education for the 21st Century, which stated that "the goal of basically making nine-year compulsory education universal and eliminating illiteracy among young and middle-aged people by the year 2000 is the Top Priority of the national education work." The "two bases" have entered a critical stage. We must ensure the realization of the national goal. The key points and difficulties in popularizing compulsory education are in the central and western regions. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, we will continue implementing the National Project of Compulsory Education in poor Areas, focusing on mountainous areas, pastoral areas and border areas."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"><span title="Quotation marks may be incomplete, unbalanced or improperly applied. (February 2025)">check quotation syntax</span></a></i>]</sup> "By 2010, based on fully realizing the 'two basic' goals, we will make senior high school education universal in cities and economically developed areas step by step, and the number of years of schooling of the entire population will reach the advanced level of developing countries".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2000, the CCP Central Committee issued the "Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development", which proposed: "Continue to popularize nine-year <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory education</a>, eliminate illiteracy among young and middle-aged people, and expand the scale of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">senior high school</a> education and higher education. We will actively develop various types of vocational education and training. We will improve the continuing education system and gradually establish a lifelong education system."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China</a> released the "2010 Sixth National Population Census Main Data Bulletin (No. 1)" in the "National illiterate population aged 15 and above by age, sex and education level" data. Among the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government (excluding the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macao Special Administrative Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan Province</a>) and the active military population, there are 54,656,573 illiterate people (illiterate people aged 15 and above), a decrease of 3,0413,094 compared with the fifth National census in 2000. The illiteracy rate dropped from 6.72% to 4.08%, a reduction of 2.64 percentage points.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_and_beyond">2010 and beyond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2010 and beyond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the National Statistical Report on Education data, from 2010 to 2014, a total of 3,253,600 people were illiterate across the country, and the number of illiterates across the country decreased year by year. In 2012, the number of illiterates across the country fell by one quarter over 2011. Experts believe the slowdown is due to the full realization of nine-year compulsory education in China after 2011, eliminating illiteracy among young and middle-aged people and the remaining difficulties in literacy work. Among them, the old, the young, the border and the poor areas still have high incidences of illiteracy. Statistics show that in the 14 contiguity areas with particular difficulties, the proportion of illiterate and semi-illiterate workers is 3.6 percentage points higher than that of the whole country, and many villages in these areas are still illiterate.<sup id="cite_ref-news.xinhuanet.com_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.xinhuanet.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the Ministry of Education issued the Guidelines for Curriculum Setting and Preparation of Teaching Materials for Literacy Education, requiring local literacy courses to integrate literacy and numeracy learning with adult basic life skills, vocational skills training, health care, legal knowledge, and protection of rights and interests. For many years, some places have carried out "foreign language literacy" for people who go abroad to work and "urban living ability literacy" for farmers who work in cities. Experts believe that this kind of literacy is worth further promotion, and it should be moved from "scanning text blindness" to "scanning cultural blindness", integrating educational resources, targeting different groups, and carrying out new literacy work flexibly and accurately.<sup id="cite_ref-news.xinhuanet.com_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.xinhuanet.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large-scale organized literacy continues to be carried out in the prison system. On 25 April 2012, Wu Aiying, Minister of Justice of the People's Republic of China, said that since 2008, 1.25 million prisoners have been given literacy and compulsory education in prisons nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Statistics from the Ministry of Education show that in 2014, there were only 10,800 full-time teachers for literacy education in China, a decrease for the third consecutive year, and only 455,500 people participated in literacy learning. Regular literacy classes are no longer available in remote rural areas. The government has stopped making literacy requirements because some of the remaining illiterates are too old. There has also been no special literacy fund allocated at the grassroots level for many years, and literacy work has often stalled as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-news.xinhuanet.com_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.xinhuanet.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBhola1984" class="citation book cs1">Bhola, H.S. (1984). <i>Campaigning for Literacy : Eight National Experiences of the Twentieth Century, with a Memorandum to Decision-Makers</i>. Paris: Unesco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9231021672" title="Special:BookSources/9231021672"><bdi>9231021672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campaigning+for+Literacy+%3A+Eight+National+Experiences+of+the+Twentieth+Century%2C+with+a+Memorandum+to+Decision-Makers&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Unesco&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9231021672&rft.aulast=Bhola&rft.aufirst=H.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayford1987" class="citation cs2">Hayford, Charles (1987), "Literacy Movements in Modern China", in Graff, Harvey and Robert Arnove (ed.), <i>National Literacy Campaigns: Historical and Comparative Perspectives</i>, New York; London: Plenum Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">147–</span>171</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literacy+Movements+in+Modern+China&rft.btitle=National+Literacy+Campaigns%3A+Historical+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Hayford&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1997" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Glen (1997). <i>The Power of Words: Literacy and Revolution in South China, 1949-95</i>. Vancouver: UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0774806117" title="Special:BookSources/0774806117"><bdi>0774806117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Words%3A+Literacy+and+Revolution+in+South+China%2C+1949-95&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0774806117&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Glen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossYang_with_contributions_from_Jingjing_Lou_and_Phoebe_Wakhunga_Olga_Rybakova2005" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Heidi; Yang with contributions from Jingjing Lou and Phoebe Wakhunga Olga Rybakova, Lijing (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146108"><i>Literacy for Life: China Country Study</i></a>. Online: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literacy+for+Life%3A+China+Country+Study&rft.place=Online&rft.pub=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific%2C+and+Cultural+Organization&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rft.au=Yang+with+contributions+from+Jingjing+Lou+and+Phoebe+Wakhunga+Olga+Rybakova%2C+Lijing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000146108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeeberg1990" class="citation book cs1">Seeberg, Vilma (1990). <i>Literacy in China : The Effect of the National Development Context and Policy on Literacy Levels, 1949-79</i>. Bochum: Brockmeyer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3883398268" title="Special:BookSources/3883398268"><bdi>3883398268</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literacy+in+China+%3A+The+Effect+of+the+National+Development+Context+and+Policy+on+Literacy+Levels%2C+1949-79&rft.place=Bochum&rft.pub=Brockmeyer&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=3883398268&rft.aulast=Seeberg&rft.aufirst=Vilma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=CN&most_recent_value_desc=true">"Literacy rate, adult total"</a>. <i>World Bank Data</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913051510/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=CN&most_recent_value_desc=true">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Data&rft.atitle=Literacy+rate%2C+adult+total&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSE.ADT.LITR.ZS%3Flocations%3DCN%26most_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.ZS?locations=CN">"Literacy rate, youth total"</a>. <i>World Bank, Data</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank%2C+Data&rft.atitle=Literacy+rate%2C+youth+total&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSE.ADT.1524.LT.ZS%3Flocations%3DCN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiangGrahamWangWang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Hsiang, Tien Ping; Graham, Steve; Wang, Zhisheng; Wang, Chuang; Skar, Gustaf B. (1 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8964923">"Teaching Chinese characters to students in grades 1 to 3 through emergency remote instruction during the COVID-19 pandemic"</a>. <i>Reading and Writing</i>. <b>35</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1975–</span>2014. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11145-022-10288-0">10.1007/s11145-022-10288-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0905">1573-0905</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8964923">8964923</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35370358">35370358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reading+and+Writing&rft.atitle=Teaching+Chinese+characters+to+students+in+grades+1+to+3+through+emergency+remote+instruction+during+the+COVID-19+pandemic&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1975-%3C%2Fspan%3E2014&rft.date=2022-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8964923%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1573-0905&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35370358&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11145-022-10288-0&rft.aulast=Hsiang&rft.aufirst=Tien+Ping&rft.au=Graham%2C+Steve&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zhisheng&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chuang&rft.au=Skar%2C+Gustaf+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8964923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHue胡志伟2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hue, Chih-Wei; 胡志伟 (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23754099">"Number of Characters a College Student Knows / 一般大学生认识多少中文字"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Linguistics</i>. <b>31</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">300–</span>339. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-3723">0091-3723</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23754099">23754099</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913051510/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23754099">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Number+of+Characters+a+College+Student+Knows+%2F+%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%91%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E300-%3C%2Fspan%3E339&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23754099%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0091-3723&rft.aulast=Hue&rft.aufirst=Chih-Wei&rft.au=%E8%83%A1%E5%BF%97%E4%BC%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23754099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wenr.wes.org/2019/12/education-in-china-3">"Education in China"</a>. <i>WENR</i>. 17 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240822075817/https://wenr.wes.org/2019/12/education-in-china-3">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WENR&rft.atitle=Education+in+China&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwenr.wes.org%2F2019%2F12%2Feducation-in-china-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.moe.gov.cn/news/media_highlights/202403/t20240304_1118146.html">"China has over 47 mln higher-education students in 2023 - Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"</a>. <i>en.moe.gov.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913051515/http://en.moe.gov.cn/news/media_highlights/202403/t20240304_1118146.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.moe.gov.cn&rft.atitle=China+has+over+47+mln+higher-education+students+in+2023+-+Ministry+of+Education+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.moe.gov.cn%2Fnews%2Fmedia_highlights%2F202403%2Ft20240304_1118146.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTie2005" class="citation web cs1">Tie, Daozhang (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146208">"Literacy Education in China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240915020232/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146208">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Literacy+Education+in+China&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Tie&rft.aufirst=Daozhang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000146208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-09/06/content_1410369.htm">"辉煌60年:"扫盲"字眼的消失一个落后时代的远去"</a> [60 years of glory: The disappearance of the word "literacy" and the passing of a backward era]. <i>www.gov.cn</i>. 6 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042533/https://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-09/06/content_1410369.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E8%BE%89%E7%85%8C60%E5%B9%B4%3A%22%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%22%E5%AD%97%E7%9C%BC%E7%9A%84%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1+%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E8%90%BD%E5%90%8E%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%9C%E5%8E%BB&rft.date=2009-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fjrzg%2F2009-09%2F06%2Fcontent_1410369.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sohu.com/a/www.sohu.com/a/232623879_166075">"新中国扫盲运动——人类历史上的奇迹"</a> [New China's literacy Movement – a miracle in human history]. <i>www.sohu.com</i>. 24 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240915020241/https://www.sohu.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sohu.com&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%87%E8%BF%B9&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F232623879_166075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF及玥2019" class="citation web cs1">及玥 (25 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cctv.com/2019/10/25/ARTIHlay1cFV3VQaUqTaHjrM191025.shtml">"教育事业70年：从文盲率80%到义务教育巩固率94.2%"</a> [70 years of education: from 80% illiteracy rate to 94.2% retention rate of compulsory education]. <i><a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717015732/http://news.cctv.com/2019/10/25/ARTIHlay1cFV3VQaUqTaHjrM191025.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Central+Television&rft.atitle=%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%B8%9A70%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%E6%96%87%E7%9B%B2%E7%8E%8780%25%E5%88%B0%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%B7%A9%E5%9B%BA%E7%8E%8794.2%25&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft.au=%E5%8F%8A%E7%8E%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cctv.com%2F2019%2F10%2F25%2FARTIHlay1cFV3VQaUqTaHjrM191025.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-40191800">"口述历史：亲历1977年的那场高考"</a> [Oral history: Witness the college entrance examination in 1977]. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i> (in Simplified Chinese). 8 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707050616/http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-40191800">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%A3%E8%BF%B0%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%9A%E4%BA%B2%E5%8E%861977%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E9%82%A3%E5%9C%BA%E9%AB%98%E8%80%83&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fzhongwen%2Fsimp%2Fchinese-news-40191800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2009-09/11/content_1415054.htm">"统计局：新中国60年人口适度增长结构明显改善"</a> [Statistics Bureau: The structure of moderate population growth in New China has improved significantly in the past 60 years]. <i>www.gov.cn</i>. 11 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621162144/https://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2009-09/11/content_1415054.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80%EF%BC%9A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD60%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E9%80%82%E5%BA%A6%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF+%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%98%8E%E6%98%BE%E6%94%B9%E5%96%84&rft.date=2009-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fgzdt%2F2009-09%2F11%2Fcontent_1415054.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF及玥2019" class="citation web cs1">及玥 (25 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cctv.com/2019/10/25/ARTIHlay1cFV3VQaUqTaHjrM191025.shtml">"教育事业70年：从文盲率80%到义务教育巩固率94.2%"</a> [70 years of education: from 80% illiteracy rate to 94.2% retention rate of compulsory education]. <i><a href="/wiki/Central_China_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Central China Television">Central China Television</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717015732/http://news.cctv.com/2019/10/25/ARTIHlay1cFV3VQaUqTaHjrM191025.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+China+Television&rft.atitle=%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%B8%9A70%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%E6%96%87%E7%9B%B2%E7%8E%8780%25%E5%88%B0%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%B7%A9%E5%9B%BA%E7%8E%8794.2%25&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft.au=%E5%8F%8A%E7%8E%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cctv.com%2F2019%2F10%2F25%2FARTIHlay1cFV3VQaUqTaHjrM191025.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.com.cn/aboutchina/zhuanti/zg365/2009-11/24/content_18936237.htm">"新中国的扫盲运动"</a> [The New China's literacy campaign]. <i><a href="/wiki/China_Internet_Information_Center" title="China Internet Information Center">China Internet Information Center</a></i> (in Chinese). 24 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222065125/http://www.china.com.cn/aboutchina/zhuanti/zg365/2009-11/24/content_18936237.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Internet+Information+Center&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.com.cn%2Faboutchina%2Fzhuanti%2Fzg365%2F2009-11%2F24%2Fcontent_18936237.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guancha.cn/EErJin/2016_10_10_376639_1.shtml">"额尔瑾：新中国扫盲路起步艰难，曾差点折戟沉沙"</a> [Erjin: The new China literacy road started difficult, had almost lost the sand]. <i><a href="/wiki/Guancha" title="Guancha">Guancha</a></i>. 10 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042526/https://www.guancha.cn/EErJin/2016_10_10_376639_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guancha&rft.atitle=%E9%A2%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%91%BE%EF%BC%9A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%E8%B7%AF%E8%B5%B7%E6%AD%A5%E8%89%B0%E9%9A%BE%EF%BC%8C%E6%9B%BE%E5%B7%AE%E7%82%B9%E6%8A%98%E6%88%9F%E6%B2%89%E6%B2%99&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guancha.cn%2FEErJin%2F2016_10_10_376639_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011074238/http://edu.qq.com/a/20120920/000197.htm">"教育史上的今天：9月20日"</a> [Today in Education history: September 20]. 20 September 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edu.qq.com/a/20120920/000197.htm">the original</a> on 11 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%8A%E5%A4%A9%EF%BC%9A9%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5&rft.date=2012-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedu.qq.com%2Fa%2F20120920%2F000197.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824164914/http://www.people.cn/404/error.html">"人民网--404页面"</a>. <i>www.people.cn</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.cn/404/error.html">the original</a> on 24 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.people.cn&rft.atitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91--404%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.cn%2F404%2Ferror.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-09/06/content_1410369.htm">"辉煌60年:"扫盲"字眼的消失一个落后时代的远去"</a> [60 years of glory: The disappearance of the word 'literacy' and the passing of a backward era]. <i>www.gov.cn</i>. 6 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E8%BE%89%E7%85%8C60%E5%B9%B4%3A%22%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%22%E5%AD%97%E7%9C%BC%E7%9A%84%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1+%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E8%90%BD%E5%90%8E%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%9C%E5%8E%BB&rft.date=2009-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fjrzg%2F2009-09%2F06%2Fcontent_1410369.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sohu.com/a/www.sohu.com/a/232623879_166075">"新中国扫盲运动——人类历史上的奇迹"</a> [New China's literacy Movement – a miracle in human history]. <i>www.sohu.com</i>. 24 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240915020241/https://www.sohu.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sohu.com&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%87%E8%BF%B9&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F232623879_166075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF及玥" class="citation web cs1">及玥. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cctv.com/2019/10/25/ARTIHlay1cFV3VQaUqTaHjrM191025.shtml">"教育事业70年：从文盲率80%到义务教育巩固率94.2%"</a> [70 years of education: from 80% illiteracy rate to 94.2% retention rate of compulsory education]. <i><a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717015732/http://news.cctv.com/2019/10/25/ARTIHlay1cFV3VQaUqTaHjrM191025.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Central+Television&rft.atitle=%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E4%BA%8B%E4%B8%9A70%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%E6%96%87%E7%9B%B2%E7%8E%8780%25%E5%88%B0%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%B7%A9%E5%9B%BA%E7%8E%8794.2%25&rft.au=%E5%8F%8A%E7%8E%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cctv.com%2F2019%2F10%2F25%2FARTIHlay1cFV3VQaUqTaHjrM191025.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/chinese/reference-books/qibenyu/3-13.htm">"知识分子在文革运动中受到的打击"</a> [The intellectuals suffered during the Cultural Revolution]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102025524/https://www.marxists.org/chinese/reference-books/qibenyu/3-13.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%A8%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%97%E5%88%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%89%93%E5%87%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fchinese%2Freference-books%2Fqibenyu%2F3-13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/200831425842531203529.html?id=203529">"知识分子：从"臭老九"到"工人阶级的一部分"</a> [Intellectuals: from "stinking niners" to "part of the working class.]. <i>news.sciencenet.cn</i>. 14 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621162147/https://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/200831425842531203529.html?id=203529">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.sciencenet.cn&rft.atitle=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%22%E8%87%AD%E8%80%81%E4%B9%9D%22%E5%88%B0%22%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sciencenet.cn%2Fsbhtmlnews%2F200831425842531203529.html%3Fid%3D203529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-09/06/content_1410369.htm">"辉煌60年:"扫盲"字眼的消失一个落后时代的远去"</a> [60 years of glory: The disappearance of the word "literacy" and the passing of a backward era]. <i>www.gov.cn</i>. 6 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042533/https://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-09/06/content_1410369.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E8%BE%89%E7%85%8C60%E5%B9%B4%3A%22%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%22%E5%AD%97%E7%9C%BC%E7%9A%84%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1+%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E8%90%BD%E5%90%8E%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%9C%E5%8E%BB&rft.date=2009-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fjrzg%2F2009-09%2F06%2Fcontent_1410369.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShen" class="citation web cs1">Shen, Baoxiang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103093636/http://www.hybsl.cn/huinianyaobang/huainianwenzhang/2017-10-24/66449.html">"沈宝祥:《亲历拨乱反正》：拨乱反正的日日夜夜-胡耀邦史料信息网"</a> [Shen Baoxiang: The Days and Nights of Troubleshooting]. <i>Hu Yaobang's Historical Information Network</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybsl.cn/huinianyaobang/huainianwenzhang/2017-10-24/66449.html">the original</a> on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hu+Yaobang%27s+Historical+Information+Network&rft.atitle=%E6%B2%88%E5%AE%9D%E7%A5%A5%3A%E3%80%8A%E4%BA%B2%E5%8E%86%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%9A%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A5%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%9C%E5%A4%9C-%E8%83%A1%E8%80%80%E9%82%A6%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%BD%91&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Baoxiang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybsl.cn%2Fhuinianyaobang%2Fhuainianwenzhang%2F2017-10-24%2F66449.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121032605/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/6155819.html">"1977年邓小平关于恢复高考的讲话和批示选载"</a> [1977 Deng Xiaoping's Speech on Resumption of the College Entrance Examination and Selected Notes]. <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i>. 11 May 1977. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/6155819.html">the original</a> on 21 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=1977%E5%B9%B4%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E6%81%A2%E5%A4%8D%E9%AB%98%E8%80%83%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%B2%E8%AF%9D%E5%92%8C%E6%89%B9%E7%A4%BA%E9%80%89%E8%BD%BD&rft.date=1977-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F64162%2F64172%2F85037%2F85039%2F6155819.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103093638/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85038/6238475.html">"邓小平与科技界的拨乱反正"</a> [Deng Xiaoping and the Technology Sector's Reversal]. <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85038/6238475.html">the original</a> on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E4%B8%8E%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%8B%A8%E4%B9%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%AD%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F64162%2F64172%2F85037%2F85038%2F6238475.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jianliang Wang and Nat Colletta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Chinese_Education/atZCDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1">"Chinese Adult Education in Transition"</a>, in Irving Epstein, ed. <i>Chinese Education: Problems, Policies, and Prospects</i>, (Taylor & Francis, 2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007224028/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/8198/29614/29645/2071348.html">"邓小平：知识分子是工人阶级的一部分"</a> [Deng Xiaoping: Intellectuals are part of the working class]. <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i>. 18 March 1978. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/8198/29614/29645/2071348.html">the original</a> on 7 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%EF%BC%9A%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E6%98%AF%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86&rft.date=1978-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.com.cn%2FGB%2Fshizheng%2F8198%2F29614%2F29645%2F2071348.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0130/c69113-30597816.html">"邓小平：尊重知识尊重人才"</a> [Deng Xiaoping: Respect knowledge, respect talent]. <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i>. 30 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103094521/http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0130/c69113-30597816.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%EF%BC%9A%E5%B0%8A%E9%87%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86+%E5%B0%8A%E9%87%8D%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%8D&rft.date=2019-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2019%2F0130%2Fc69113-30597816.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><i>Constitution of the People's Republic of China</i>. 4 December 1982. Article 19 <a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Article_19">https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Article_19</a> – via Wikisource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pages=Article+19&rft.date=1982-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.m.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China%23Article_19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2015-09/08/c_1116497668.htm">"今天，还要扫盲吗？——聚焦当下的扫盲问题-新华网"</a> [Today, still literacy? – Focus on current literacy issues]. <i>Xinhuanet</i>. 8 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622094417/http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2015-09/08/c_1116497668.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xinhuanet&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%8A%E5%A4%A9%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%98%E8%A6%81%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%E5%90%97%EF%BC%9F%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E8%81%9A%E7%84%A6%E5%BD%93%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98-%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&rft.date=2015-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2F%2Fpolitics%2F2015-09%2F08%2Fc_1116497668.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s6986/200407/2487.html">"面向21世纪教育振兴行动计划"</a> [Plan of Action for the Revitalization of Education for the 21st Century]. 24 December 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141229/http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s6986/200407/2487.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%9121%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%8C%AF%E5%85%B4%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92&rft.date=1998-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.edu.cn%2Fpublicfiles%2Fbusiness%2Fhtmlfiles%2Fmoe%2Fs6986%2F200407%2F2487.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/201104/t20110428_30327.html">"2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报"</a> [Main data bulletin of the sixth National Population Census 2010]. 28 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321044045/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/201104/t20110428_30327.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010%E5%B9%B4%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.date=2011-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjsj%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2F201104%2Ft20110428_30327.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040102174956/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper39/1716/277521.html">"中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十个五年计划的建议"</a> [Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on formulating the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development]. <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i>. 11 October 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper39/1716/277521.html">the original</a> on 2 January 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%88%B6%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%92%8C%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%9A%84%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%AE&rft.date=2000-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.com.cn%2FGB%2Fpaper39%2F1716%2F277521.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/201104/t20110428_30327.html">"2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报（第1号）"</a> [Key Data Bulletin of the Sixth National Population Census 2010 (No. 1)]. 28 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321044045/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/201104/t20110428_30327.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010%E5%B9%B4%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC1%E5%8F%B7%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2011-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjsj%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2F201104%2Ft20110428_30327.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.xinhuanet.com-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.xinhuanet.com_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.xinhuanet.com_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.xinhuanet.com_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-09/08/c_1116497668.htm">"今天，还要扫盲吗？——聚焦当下的扫盲问题"</a> [Today, still literacy? – Focus on current literacy issues]. <i><a href="/wiki/Xinhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a></i>. 8 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222080220/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-09/08/c_1116497668.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xinhua&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%8A%E5%A4%A9%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%98%E8%A6%81%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%E5%90%97%EF%BC%9F%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E8%81%9A%E7%84%A6%E5%BD%93%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rft.date=2015-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fpolitics%2F2015-09%2F08%2Fc_1116497668.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guancha.cn/society/2012_04_25_71056.shtml">"司法部：对125万罪犯完成扫盲和义务教育"</a> [Ministry of Justice: Literacy and compulsory education for 1.25 million offenders]. 25 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222054821/http://www.guancha.cn/society/2012_04_25_71056.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E9%83%A8%EF%BC%9A%E5%AF%B9125%E4%B8%87%E7%BD%AA%E7%8A%AF%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%E5%92%8C%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2&rft.date=2012-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guancha.cn%2Fsociety%2F2012_04_25_71056.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2014-01/30/c_119192166.htm">"印度是世界上文盲人口最多的国家，占全球文盲人口的３７％。"</a> [India has the largest illiterate population in the world, accounting for 37 per cent of the world's illiterate population.]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222080421/http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2014-01/30/c_119192166.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%87%E7%9B%B2%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%A0%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%96%87%E7%9B%B2%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%93%EF%BC%97%EF%BC%85%E3%80%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Ffortune%2F2014-01%2F30%2Fc_119192166.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteracy+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Literacy_in_Asia412" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literacy_in_Asia412" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy in Asia">Literacy in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Iran (page does not exist)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Malaysia (page does not exist)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_Pakistan" title="Literacy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&oldid=1277626821">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&oldid=1277626821</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literacy_by_country" title="Category:Literacy by country">Literacy by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_education_in_China" title="Category:History of education in China">History of education in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Standard_Chinese" title="Category:Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Simplified_Chinese-language_sources_(zh-hans)" title="Category:CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)">CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing title">CS1 errors: missing title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_bare_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: bare URL">CS1 errors: bare URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_slanted_towards_recent_events_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles slanted towards recent events from August 2023">Articles slanted towards recent events from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_expert_attention_with_no_reason_or_talk_parameter" title="Category:Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter">Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_expert_attention_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles needing expert attention from August 2023">Articles needing expert attention from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_expert_attention" title="Category:All articles needing expert attention">All articles needing expert attention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:China_articles_needing_expert_attention" title="Category:China articles needing expert attention">China articles needing expert attention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_categories_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional categories from June 2023">Articles needing additional categories from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from January 2025">Articles lacking reliable references from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2023">Use dmy dates from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_words,_phrases_or_quotes_attributed" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed">All Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_words,_phrases_or_quotes_attributed_from_February_2025" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed from February 2025">Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from September 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_February_2025" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from February 2025">Articles lacking reliable references from February 2025</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 February 2025, at 19:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literacy_in_China&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Literacy in China</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>2 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6cc877bdc-gf2vd","wgBackendResponseTime":130,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.929","walltime":"1.094","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18677,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":186693,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":27314,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":170709,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 993.254 1 -total"," 24.41% 242.500 1 Template:Asia_topic"," 23.95% 237.835 1 Template:Navbox"," 15.72% 156.140 34 Template:Cite_web"," 15.11% 150.036 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 14.27% 141.780 56 Template:Iso2country"," 10.30% 102.319 4 Template:Cite_book"," 10.06% 99.913 14 Template:Fix"," 7.82% 77.703 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.99% 69.432 4 Template:Ambox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.539","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7359348,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-78c557d565-6gm8t","timestamp":"20250225194033","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Literacy in China","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literacy_in_China","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q28414136","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q28414136","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2023-06-22T05:09:41Z","dateModified":"2025-02-25T19:40:32Z"}</script> </body> </html>