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</button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Founding_myth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_myth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Founding myth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_myth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynastic_course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynastic_course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dynastic course</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynastic_course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants_of_the_Shang_royal_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants_of_the_Shang_royal_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Descendants of the Shang royal family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants_of_the_Shang_royal_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Bronze_Age_archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Bronze_Age_archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early Bronze Age archaeology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_Bronze_Age_archaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early Bronze Age archaeology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_Bronze_Age_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yellow_River_valley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yellow_River_valley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Yellow River valley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yellow_River_valley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Genetic studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absolute_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Absolute chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolute_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Shang_at_Anyang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Shang_at_Anyang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Late Shang at Anyang</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Late_Shang_at_Anyang-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Late Shang at Anyang subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Late_Shang_at_Anyang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Court_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Court life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_working" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_working"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bronze working</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_working-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shang dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-Dynastie" title="Shang-Dynastie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Shang-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA" title="مملكة شانغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة شانغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="শ্বাং ৰাজবংশ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শ্বাং ৰাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Shang" title="Dinastía Shang – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Shang" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ean_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Şan sülaləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şan sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="شان سولا‌له‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شان سولا‌له‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="শাং সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শাং সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siong" title="Siong – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siong" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Шан (династия) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шан (династия)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Шан (дынастыя) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шан (дынастыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Shang" title="Dinastiyang Shang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dinastiyang Shang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Shang" title="Dinastija Shang – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dinastija Shang" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierniezh_Shang" title="Tierniezh Shang – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tierniezh Shang" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Shang" title="Dinastia Shang – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Shang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Shang" title="Dinastiyang Shang – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dinastiyang Shang" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ang" title="Šang – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šang" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenhinllin_Shang" title="Brenhinllin Shang – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brenhinllin Shang" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-dynastiet" title="Shang-dynastiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shang-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-Dynastie" title="Shang-Dynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shang-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangi_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Shangi dünastia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Shangi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Δυναστεία Σανγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Σανγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Shang" title="Dinastía Shang – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Shang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Shang" title="Dinastio Shang – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Shang" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dinastia" title="Shang dinastia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shang dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دودمان شانگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان شانگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Shang" title="Dynastie Shang – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Shang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-dynasty" title="Shang-dynasty – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Shang-dynasty" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Shang" title="Dinastía Shang – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Shang" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%86" title="商 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="商" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng-chh%C3%A8u" title="Sông-chhèu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sông-chhèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="상나라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="शांग राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शांग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Shang" title="Dinastija Shang – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Shang" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Shang" title="Dinasti Shang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Shang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Shang" title="Dinastia Shang – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Shang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="שושלת שאנג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת שאנג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Shang" title="Wangsa Shang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wangsa Shang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="შანგის დინასტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შანგის დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasaba_ya_Shang" title="Nasaba ya Shang – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nasaba ya Shang" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanedana_Shang" title="Xanedana Shang – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xanedana Shang" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%A9)" title="Ин (тарыхый өлкө) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ин (тарыхый өлкө)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0anu_dinastija" title="Šanu dinastija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šanu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ang%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Šangų dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šangų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Shang" title="Dinastia Shang – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dinastia Shang" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang-dinasztia" title="Sang-dinasztia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sang-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="शाङ राजवंश – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="शाङ राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="ഷാങ് രാജവംശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷാങ് രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Shang" title="Dinasti Shang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Shang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C5%8Fng-di%C3%A8u" title="Siŏng-dièu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Siŏng-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Шан улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шан улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B6%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ရှံမင်းဆက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှံမင်းဆက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-dynastie" title="Shang-dynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shang-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="साङ वंश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साङ वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="शाङ्ग राजवंश – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शाङ्ग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B7" title="殷 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="殷" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-dynastiet" title="Shang-dynastiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shang-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang" title="Shang – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Shang" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Shang" title="Dinastia Shang – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Shang" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_(tarixiy_davlat)" title="In (tarixiy davlat) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="In (tarixiy davlat)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਸ਼ਾਂਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਾਂਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84" title="រាជវង្សសាង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សសាង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Shang" title="Dynastia Shang – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Shang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Shang" title="Dinastia Shang – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Shang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Shang" title="Dinastia Shang – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Shang" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Шан (династия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шан (династия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Shang" title="Dinastia Shang – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Shang" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%82_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="ෂෑං රාජවංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෂෑං රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shang dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ang_(dynastia)" title="Šang (dynastia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šang (dynastia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_%C5%A0ang" title="Dinastija Šang – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dinastija Šang" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی شانگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی شانگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Династија Шанг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Династија Шанг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Shang" title="Dinastija Shang – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Shang" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-dynastia" title="Shang-dynastia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shang-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangdynastin" title="Shangdynastin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shangdynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Shang" title="Dinastiyang Shang – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Shang" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="சாங் அரசமரபு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாங் அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ราชวงศ์ชาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์ชาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Shang Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Shang Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Династія Шан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Шан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shang" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shang_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shang (disambiguation)">Shang (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Yin dynasty" redirects here. For the dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, see <a href="/wiki/Yin_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yin (Five Dynasties period)">Yin (Five Dynasties period)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shang Yin" redirects here. For the footballer, see <a href="/wiki/Shang_Yin_(footballer)" title="Shang Yin (footballer)">Shang Yin (footballer)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Shang</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">商</span></span></span><br /><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%95%86-oracle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="𗴂" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%E5%95%86-oracle.svg/24px-%E5%95%86-oracle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%E5%95%86-oracle.svg/36px-%E5%95%86-oracle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%E5%95%86-oracle.svg/48px-%E5%95%86-oracle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BC</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Shang_dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate extent of Shang territory within present-day China"><img alt="Approximate extent of Shang territory within present-day China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Shang_dynasty.svg/250px-Shang_dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Shang_dynasty.svg/375px-Shang_dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Shang_dynasty.svg/500px-Shang_dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="744" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Approximate extent of Shang territory within present-day China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Bo (<span lang="zh">亳</span>) (either modern <a href="/wiki/Yanshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanshi">Yanshi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>)</li> <li>Ao (<span lang="zh">隞</span>) (near modern Zhengzhou)</li> <li>Yan (<span lang="zh">奄</span>) (near modern <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>)</li> <li>Xiang (near modern <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Yinxu</a> (near modern Anyang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoge" title="Zhaoge">Zhaoge</a> (near modern <a href="/wiki/Qi_County,_Hebi" title="Qi County, Hebi">Qi County, Hebi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shang_state_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shang state religion">Shang state religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tang_of_Shang" title="Tang of Shang">Tai Yi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> – 1191 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Ding" title="Wu Ding">Wu Ding</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1075</span> – 1046 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King_Zhou" class="mw-redirect" title="King Zhou">Zhou</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muye" title="Battle of Muye">Battle of Muye</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BC</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1122 BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1,250,000 km<sup>2</sup> (480,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shell money</a></li><li>Shell mussels</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Bei" title="Tong Bei">Tong Bei</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Shang" title="Predynastic Shang">Predynastic Shang</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Shang</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Shang_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Shang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/110px-Shang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Shang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/165px-Shang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Shang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/220px-Shang_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="359" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Shang" in <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">oracle bone script</a> (top left), <a href="/wiki/Bronze_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze script">bronze script</a> (top right), <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a> (bottom left), and <a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">regular script</a> (bottom right) forms</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%95%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:商">商</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Shāng</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Shāng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄕㄤ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Shang<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Shang</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʂáŋ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Saon</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Sēung</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Soeng1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[sœŋ˥]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Siong</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Siong</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter_(1992)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter (1992)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*hljang</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s-taŋ</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:殷">殷</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yīn</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yīn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄧㄣ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Yin<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yin</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ín]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">In</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Yān</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jan1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[jɐn˥]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Ûn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Ûn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔər</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:#FFEECC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_China" title="Category:History of China">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage mw-no-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China"><img alt="History of China in Chinese characters and seal script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/200px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/300px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/400px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="121" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #f0faff; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8500</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></b></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #eeffe8; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2070</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> BC)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 256 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1046–771 BC)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(771–256 BC)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 770</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 476 BC</span>)</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a> <span class="nowrap">(475–221 BC)</span></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(221–207 BC)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206 BC – 220 AD)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206–202 BC)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(202 BC – 9 AD)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(9–23 AD)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(25–220 AD)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(220–280 AD)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Wu</a></b></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–420)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Western_Jin_(266–316)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–316)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Eastern_Jin_(317–420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(317–420)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(304–439)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and<br />Southern dynasties</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(420–589)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(581–618)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(618–907)</span> <ul><li><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhou" title="Wu Zhou">Wu Zhou</a> <span class="nowrap">(690–705)</span></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and<br />Ten Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(907–979)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1279)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1127" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1127)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1127–1279)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(916–1125)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1038–1227)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1115–1234)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1271–1368)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1368–1644)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1644–1912)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Modern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern China">Modern</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fff0f6; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(mainland, 1912–1949)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fff0f6; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic<br />of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1949–present)</span></li></ul> 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China">Transport history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China" title="Women in ancient and imperial China">Women's history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_China" title="Template:History of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_China" title="Template talk:History of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Shang dynasty</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">商朝</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shāng cháo</span></i>), also known as the <b>Yin dynasty</b> (<span lang="zh">殷代</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yīn dài</span></i>), was a <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Chinese royal dynasty</a> that ruled in the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> valley during the second millennium BC, traditionally succeeding the <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a> and followed by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> dynasty. The classic account of the Shang comes from texts such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_Annals" title="Bamboo Annals">Bamboo Annals</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i>. Modern scholarship dates the dynasty between the 16th and 11th centuries BC, with more agreement surrounding the end date than beginning date. </p><p>The Shang dynasty is the earliest dynasty of traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese history">Chinese history</a> firmly supported by archaeological evidence. Excavation at the last Shang capital <a href="/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Yinxu</a>, near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>, uncovered eleven major royal tombs and the foundations of palaces and ritual sites, containing weapons of war and remains from both animal and human sacrifices. Tens of thousands of bronze, <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, stone, bone, and ceramic artefacts have been found. </p><p>The Anyang site has yielded the earliest known body of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese writing">Chinese writing</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divinations</a> inscribed on <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">oracle bones</a>—usually turtle shells or ox <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapulae</a>. More than 20,000 were discovered in the initial scientific excavations during the 1920s and 1930s, and over four times as many have been found since. The inscriptions provide critical insight into many topics from the politics, economy, and religious practices to the art and medicine of the early stages of Chinese history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_accounts">Traditional accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Traditional accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classics</a> discuss the history of the Shang, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a></i>. From the sources available to him, the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> assembled a chronological account of the Shang as part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 91 BC</span>) official history. Sima describes some Shang-era events in detail, while others are only mentioned as taking place during the reign of a particular king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999233–235_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999233–235-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A slightly different account of the Shang is given in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_Annals" title="Bamboo Annals">Bamboo Annals</a></i>, a text whose history is complex: while originally interred in 296 BC, the authenticity of the manuscripts that have survived is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978b_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978b-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout history, the Shang have also been referred to as "Yin" (<span lang="zh">殷</span>). The <i>Shiji</i> and the <i>Bamboo Annals</i> each use this name for both the dynasty, as well as its final capital. Since <a href="/wiki/Huangfu_Mi" title="Huangfu Mi">Huangfu Mi</a>'s <i>Records of Emperors and Kings</i> in the 3rd century AD, "Yin" has been frequently used to refer specifically to the latter half of the Shang. It is also the name predominantly used for the dynasty in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, being rendered as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">In</i></span>, <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Eun</i></span> and <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Ân</i></span> in Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese respectively. The name seems to have originated during the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>; it does not appear in oracle bone inscriptions—which refer to the state as "Shang" (<span lang="zh">商</span>), and to its capital as "Great Settlement of Shang" (<span lang="zh">大邑商</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dàyì Shāng</span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999232_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999232-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—nor does it appear in any <a href="/wiki/Bronze_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze inscriptions">bronze inscriptions</a> securely dated to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> – 771 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978axiv_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978axiv-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_myth">Founding myth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding myth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Shang" title="Predynastic Shang">Predynastic Shang</a></div> <p>The founding myth of the Shang is described by Sima Qian in the <i>Annals of the Yin</i>. In the text, a woman named <a href="/wiki/Jiandi" title="Jiandi">Jiandi</a>, who was the second wife of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ku" title="Emperor Ku">Emperor Ku</a>, swallowed an egg dropped by a black bird and subsequently gave birth miraculously to <a href="/wiki/Xie_of_Shang" title="Xie of Shang">Xie</a>. Xie is said to have helped <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a> to control the <a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_(China)" title="Great Flood (China)">Great Flood</a> and for his service to have been granted a place called Shang as a fief.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period before the Shang dynasty was established is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Shang" title="Predynastic Shang">Predynastic Shang</a>" (or "Proto-Shang").<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynastic_course">Dynastic course</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dynastic course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_the_Shang_dynasty" title="Periodization of the Shang dynasty">Periodization of the Shang dynasty</a></div> <p>In the <i>Annals of the Yin</i>, Sima Qian writes that the dynasty was founded 13 generations after Xie, when Xie's descendant <a href="/wiki/Tang_of_Shang" title="Tang of Shang">Tang</a> overthrew the impious and cruel <a href="/wiki/Jie_of_Xia" title="Jie of Xia">final Xia ruler</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mingtiao" title="Battle of Mingtiao">Battle of Mingtiao</a>. The <i>Records of the Grand Historian</i> recount events from the reigns of Tang, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Jia" title="Tai Jia">Tai Jia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Wu" title="Tai Wu">Tai Wu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Geng" title="Pan Geng">Pan Geng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Ding" title="Wu Ding">Wu Ding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Yi_of_Shang" title="Wu Yi of Shang">Wu Yi</a> and the depraved final king <a href="/wiki/Di_Xin" class="mw-redirect" title="Di Xin">Di Xin</a>, but the rest of the Shang rulers are merely mentioned by name. In the last century, Wang Guowei demonstrated that the succession to the Shang throne matched the list of kings in Sima Qian's <i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>. According to the <i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>, the Shang moved their capital five times, with the final move to Yin in the reign of Pan Geng inaugurating the golden age of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999233_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999233-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di Xin, the last Shang king, is said to have committed suicide after his army was defeated by <a href="/wiki/King_Wu_of_Zhou" title="King Wu of Zhou">Wu of Zhou</a>. Legends say that his army and his equipped slaves betrayed him by joining the Zhou rebels in the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muye" title="Battle of Muye">Battle of Muye</a>. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Yi_Zhou_Shu" title="Yi Zhou Shu">Yi Zhou Shu</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> the battle was very bloody. The classic <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_the_Gods" title="Investiture of the Gods">Investiture of the Gods</a></i> retells the story of the war between Shang and Zhou as a conflict with rival factions of gods supporting different sides in the war. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_water_vessel_with_coiling_dragon_pattern,_Late_Shang_Dynasty_(c.14th_-_Mid_11th_Century_B.C.E.).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pan_water_vessel_with_coiling_dragon_pattern%2C_Late_Shang_Dynasty_%28c.14th_-_Mid_11th_Century_B.C.E.%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Pan_water_vessel_with_coiling_dragon_pattern%2C_Late_Shang_Dynasty_%28c.14th_-_Mid_11th_Century_B.C.E.%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pan_water_vessel_with_coiling_dragon_pattern%2C_Late_Shang_Dynasty_%28c.14th_-_Mid_11th_Century_B.C.E.%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Pan_water_vessel_with_coiling_dragon_pattern%2C_Late_Shang_Dynasty_%28c.14th_-_Mid_11th_Century_B.C.E.%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pan_water_vessel_with_coiling_dragon_pattern%2C_Late_Shang_Dynasty_%28c.14th_-_Mid_11th_Century_B.C.E.%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Pan_water_vessel_with_coiling_dragon_pattern%2C_Late_Shang_Dynasty_%28c.14th_-_Mid_11th_Century_B.C.E.%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2201" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption>Bronze water vessel with coiling dragon pattern, late Shang (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300–1050 BC</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Shang were defeated, King Wu allowed Di Xin's son <a href="/wiki/Wu_Geng" title="Wu Geng">Wu Geng</a> to rule the Shang as a vassal kingdom. However, Zhou Wu sent three of his brothers and an army to ensure that Wu Geng would not rebel.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Zhou Wu's death, the Shang joined the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Three_Guards" title="Rebellion of the Three Guards">Rebellion of the Three Guards</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Zhou" title="Duke of Zhou">Duke of Zhou</a>, but the rebellion collapsed after three years, leaving Zhou in control of Shang territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants_of_the_Shang_royal_family">Descendants of the Shang royal family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Descendants of the Shang royal family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the collapse of the Shang dynasty, Zhou's rulers forcibly relocated "Yin diehards" and scattered them throughout Zhou territory.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some surviving members of the Shang royal family collectively changed their surname from the ancestral name <a href="/wiki/Zi_(surname)" title="Zi (surname)">Zi</a> to the name of their fallen dynasty, Yin. The family retained an aristocratic standing and often provided needed administrative services to the succeeding Zhou dynasty. King Wu of Zhou ennobled Lin Jian (<span lang="zh">林堅</span>), the son of Prince <a href="/wiki/Bigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bigan">Bigan</a>, as the Duke of Bo'ling. The <i>Shiji</i> states that <a href="/wiki/King_Cheng_of_Zhou" title="King Cheng of Zhou">King Cheng of Zhou</a>, with the support of his regent and uncle, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Zhou" title="Duke of Zhou">Duke of Zhou</a>, enfeoffed Weiziqi (<span lang="zh">微子啟</span>), a brother of Di Xin, as the Duke of <a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a>, with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Shangqiu" title="Shangqiu">Shangqiu</a>. This practice was known as 'enfeoffment of three generations for two kings'. The dukes of Song would maintain rites honouring the Shang kings until <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a> conquered Song in 286 BC. <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> was possibly a descendant of the Shang Kings through the Dukes of Song.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eastern Han dynasty bestowed the title of Duke of Song and 'Duke Who Continues and Honours the Yin' upon Kong An, because he was part of the legacy of the Shang.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This branch of the Confucius family is a separate branch from the line that held the title of Marquis of Fengsheng village and later Duke Yansheng. </p><p>Another remnant of the Shang established the vassal state of <a href="/wiki/Guzhu" title="Guzhu">Guzhu</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Tangshan" title="Tangshan">Tangshan</a>), which <a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan of Qi</a> destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Shang clans that migrated northeast after the dynasty's collapse were integrated into <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a> culture during the Western Zhou period. These clans maintained an elite status and continued practising the sacrificial and burial traditions of the Shang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Korean and Chinese legends, including reports in the <i>Book of Documents</i> and <i>Bamboo Annals</i>, state that a disgruntled Shang prince named <a href="/wiki/Jizi" title="Jizi">Jizi</a>, who had refused to cede power to the Zhou, left China with a small army. According to these legends, he founded a state known as <a href="/wiki/Gija_Joseon" title="Gija Joseon">Gija Joseon</a> in northwest Korea during the <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> period of ancient Korean history. However, scholars debate the historical accuracy of these legends. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Bronze_Age_archaeology">Early Bronze Age archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Bronze Age archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px"><div style="position:relative;width:250px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shang dynasty is located in Northern China"><img alt="Shang dynasty is located in Northern China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png/250px-China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png/375px-China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png/500px-China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.143%;left:48.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Erlitou"><img alt="Erlitou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/8px-Purple_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/12px-Purple_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/16px-Purple_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Erlitou" class="mw-redirect" title="Erlitou">Erlitou</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.786%;left:53.4%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Zhengzhou"><img alt="Zhengzhou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Zhengzhou</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.786%;left:56.35%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Panlongcheng"><img alt="Panlongcheng" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Panlongcheng" title="Panlongcheng">Panlongcheng</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42%;left:56.6%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Anyang"><img alt="Anyang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Anyang</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.571%;left:6%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sanxingdui"><img alt="Sanxingdui" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sanxingdui" title="Sanxingdui">Sanxingdui</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:91.571%;left:65.05%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wucheng"><img alt="Wucheng" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/8px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/16px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Wucheng_culture" title="Wucheng culture">Wucheng</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Northern_Plain_relief_location_map.png" title="File:China Northern Plain relief location map.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Major archaeological sites of the second millennium BC in north and central China</div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shang_archaeology" title="Shang archaeology">Shang archaeology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">History of Chinese archaeology</a></div> <p>Before the 20th century, the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) was the earliest that could be verified from its own records. However, during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279), <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarians</a> collected bronze ritual vessels attributed to the Shang era, some of which bore inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yellow_River_valley">Yellow River valley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Yellow River valley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statuette_of_a_Standing_Dignitary,_China,_Shang_dynasty,_12th-11th_century_BC,_nephrite_-_Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum,_Harvard_University_-_DSC00742.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Statuette_of_a_Standing_Dignitary%2C_China%2C_Shang_dynasty%2C_12th-11th_century_BC%2C_nephrite_-_Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC00742.jpg/170px-Statuette_of_a_Standing_Dignitary%2C_China%2C_Shang_dynasty%2C_12th-11th_century_BC%2C_nephrite_-_Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC00742.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Statuette_of_a_Standing_Dignitary%2C_China%2C_Shang_dynasty%2C_12th-11th_century_BC%2C_nephrite_-_Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC00742.jpg/255px-Statuette_of_a_Standing_Dignitary%2C_China%2C_Shang_dynasty%2C_12th-11th_century_BC%2C_nephrite_-_Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC00742.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Statuette_of_a_Standing_Dignitary%2C_China%2C_Shang_dynasty%2C_12th-11th_century_BC%2C_nephrite_-_Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC00742.jpg/340px-Statuette_of_a_Standing_Dignitary%2C_China%2C_Shang_dynasty%2C_12th-11th_century_BC%2C_nephrite_-_Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC00742.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="2694" /></a><figcaption>Shang <a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">nephrite</a> statuette depicting a standing dignitary, dating between the 12th and 11th centuries BC, housed at the Arthur M. Sackler Museum at Harvard University</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1899, several scholars noticed that Chinese pharmacists were selling "dragon bones" marked with curious and archaic characters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were finally traced back in 1928 to what is now called <a href="/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Yinxu</a>, north of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a> undertook archaeological excavation until the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologists focused on the Yellow River valley in Henan as the most likely site of the states described in the traditional histories. </p><p>After 1950, the remnants of the earlier walled settlement of <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Shang_City" title="Zhengzhou Shang City">Zhengzhou Shang City</a> were discovered within the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been determined that the earth walls at Zhengzhou, erected in the 15th century BC, would have been 20 m (66 ft) wide at the base, rising to a height of 8 m (26 ft), and formed a roughly rectangular wall 7 km (4 mi) around the ancient city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200634_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200634-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham197143_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham197143-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rammed earth construction of these walls was an inherited tradition, since much older fortifications of this type have been found at Chinese <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> sites of the <a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan culture</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>}.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200634_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200634-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, excavation of an elite tomb inside the city walls yielded over 200 artefacts, including a gold face covering measuring 18.3 by 14.5 cm (7.2 by 5.7 in).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, the site of the <a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou culture</a> was found in Yanshi, south of the Yellow River near <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200634_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200634-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> suggests that the Erlitou culture flourished <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2100 BC</span> to 1800 BC. They built large palaces, suggesting the existence of an organised state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200634–35_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200634–35-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Yanshi_Shang_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanshi Shang City">Yanshi Shang City</a> was discovered 6 km (3.7 mi) north-east of the Erlitou site in Yanshi's Shixianggou Township. This was a large walled city dating from 1600 BC. It had an area of nearly 200 ha (490 acres) and featured pottery characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Erligang culture</a>. </p><p>The remains of a walled city of about 470 ha (1,200 acres) were discovered in 1999 across the <a href="/wiki/Huan_River" title="Huan River">Huan River</a> from the well explored Yinxu site. The city, now known as <a href="/wiki/Huanbei" title="Huanbei">Huanbei</a>, was apparently occupied for less than a century and destroyed shortly before the construction of the Yinxu complex.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1989 and 2000, an important Shang settlement was excavated near <a href="/wiki/Xiaoshuangqiao" title="Xiaoshuangqiao">Xiaoshuangqiao</a>, about 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Zhengzhou. Covering an intermediary period between the Zhengzhou site and the late capitals on the <a href="/wiki/Huan_River" title="Huan River">Huan River</a>, it features most prominently sacrificial pits with articulated skeletons of cattle, a quintessential part of the late Shang ritual complex. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shang_dynasty_jade_deer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Shang_dynasty_jade_deer.jpg/200px-Shang_dynasty_jade_deer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Shang_dynasty_jade_deer.jpg/300px-Shang_dynasty_jade_deer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Shang_dynasty_jade_deer.jpg/400px-Shang_dynasty_jade_deer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Jade deer dating to the Shang dynasty, in the collection of the Shanghai Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Chinese historians were accustomed to the notion of one dynasty succeeding another, and readily identified the Erligang and Erlitou sites with the early Shang and <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a> of traditional histories. The actual political situation in early China may have been more complicated, with the Xia and Shang being political entities that existed concurrently, just as the early <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a>, who established the successor state of the Shang, are known to have existed at the same time as the Shang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2006_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been suggested the Xia legend originated as a Shang myth of an earlier people who were their opposites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllan199163_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan199163-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sites">Other sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Erligang culture centred on the Zhengzhou site is found across a wide area of China, even as far northeast as the area of modern Beijing, where at least one burial in this region during this period contained both Erligang-style bronze utensils and local-style gold jewellery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2006_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of a <a href="/wiki/Chenggu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenggu">Chenggu</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Dagger-axe" title="Dagger-axe">dagger-axe</a> at Xiaohenan demonstrates that even at this early stage of Chinese history, there were some ties between the distant areas of north China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2006_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Panlongcheng" title="Panlongcheng">Panlongcheng</a> site in the middle <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> valley was an important regional centre of the Erligang culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagley1999168–171_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley1999168–171-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accidental finds elsewhere in China have revealed advanced civilisations contemporaneous with but culturally unlike the settlement at Anyang, such as the walled city of <a href="/wiki/Sanxingdui" title="Sanxingdui">Sanxingdui</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>. Western scholars are hesitant to designate such settlements as belonging to the Shang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagley1999124–125_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley1999124–125-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also unlike the Shang, there is no known evidence that the Sanxingdui culture had a system of writing. The late Shang state at Anyang is thus generally considered the first verifiable civilisation in Chinese history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999232_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999232-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, the earliest layers of the <a href="/wiki/Wucheng_culture" title="Wucheng culture">Wucheng culture</a> predating Anyang have yielded pottery fragments containing short sequences of symbols, suggesting that they may be a form of writing quite different in form from oracle bone characters, but the sample is too small for decipherment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2013669_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2013669-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner199320_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner199320-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheung1983_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheung1983-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shang_Jade_Human_Figure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Shang_Jade_Human_Figure.jpg/220px-Shang_Jade_Human_Figure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Shang_Jade_Human_Figure.jpg/330px-Shang_Jade_Human_Figure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Shang_Jade_Human_Figure.jpg/440px-Shang_Jade_Human_Figure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1301" /></a><figcaption>Shang jade human figure, tomb of <a href="/wiki/Fu_Hao" title="Fu Hao">Fu Hao</a> (died <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200 BC</span>). Probably derived from a design of the <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_culture" title="Seima-Turbino culture">Seima-Turbino culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_studies">Genetic studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genetic studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study of <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> from Yinxu commoner graves showed similarity with modern northern <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, but significant differences from southern Han Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Absolute_chronology">Absolute chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Absolute chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest securely dated event in Chinese history is the start of the <a href="/wiki/Gonghe_Regency" title="Gonghe Regency">Gonghe Regency</a> in 841 BC, early in the Zhou dynasty, a date first established by <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>. Attempts to establish earlier dates have been plagued by doubts about the origin and transmission of traditional texts and the difficulties in their interpretation. More recent attempts have compared the traditional histories with archaeological and astronomical data.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200216–17_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200216–17-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 44 dates for the end of the dynasty have been proposed, ranging from 1130 to 1018 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200232_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200232-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The traditional dates of the dynasty, from 1766 to 1122 BC, were calculated by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xin_(scholar)" title="Liu Xin (scholar)">Liu Xin</a> during the Han dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999248_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999248-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A calculation based on the "old text" of the <i>Bamboo Annals</i> yields dates of 1523 to 1027 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999248_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999248-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>David Pankenier, by attempting to identify astronomical events mentioned in Zhou texts, dated the beginning of the dynasty at 1554 BC and its overthrow at 1046 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999248_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999248-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankenier1981–198223_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankenier1981–198223-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENivison2018165_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENivison2018165-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Xia%E2%80%93Shang%E2%80%93Zhou_Chronology_Project" title="Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project">Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project</a> identified the establishment of the dynasty with the foundation of an Erligang culture walled city at <a href="/wiki/Yanshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanshi">Yanshi</a>, dated <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200228_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200228-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project also arrived at an end date of 1046 BC, based on a combination of the astronomical evidence considered by David Pankenier and <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> of archaeological layers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200231–34_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200231–34-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nivison" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nivison">David Nivison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Shaughnessy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Shaughnessy">Edward Shaughnessy</a> argue for an end date of 1045 BC, based on their analysis of the <i>Bamboo Annals</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Radiocarbon dating of oracle bones has yielded an end date of 1041 BC, with an uncertainty of about 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuWuGuoYuan2021165,_169_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuWuGuoYuan2021165,_169-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_Shang_at_Anyang">Late Shang at Anyang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Late Shang at Anyang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oracle_bones_pit.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Oracle_bones_pit.JPG/220px-Oracle_bones_pit.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Oracle_bones_pit.JPG/330px-Oracle_bones_pit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Oracle_bones_pit.JPG/440px-Oracle_bones_pit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>A pit at Yinxu containing oracle bones ceremonially buried after divination</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest extant direct records date from <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250 BC</span> at Anyang, covering the reigns of the last nine Shang kings. The Shang had a fully developed system of writing, preserved on <a href="/wiki/Bronze_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze inscriptions">bronze inscriptions</a> and a small number of other writings on pottery, jade and other stones, horn, etc., but most prolifically on oracle bones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu200060_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu200060-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complexity and sophistication of this writing system indicates an earlier period of development, but direct evidence of such is still lacking. Other advances included the invention of many musical instruments and celestial observations of Mars and various comets by Shang astronomers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their civilisation was based on agriculture and augmented by hunting and animal husbandry.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to war, the Shang practised <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a>. The majority of human sacrifice victims mentioned in Shang writings were war captives taken from the Qiang people, who lived to the northwest of the Shang.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using skeletal isotope analysis, a group of Shang sacrifice victims at the <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Shang_City" title="Zhengzhou Shang City">Zhengzhou site</a> was also found to most likely have been war captives.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skulls of sacrificial victims have been found to be similar to modern Chinese ones (based on comparisons with remains from <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cowry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowry">Cowry</a> shells were also excavated at Anyang, suggesting trade with coast-dwellers, but there was very limited sea trade since China was isolated from other large civilisations during the Shang period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200635_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200635-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade relations and diplomatic ties with other formidable powers via the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and Chinese voyages to the Indian Ocean did not exist until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a> during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 221 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun1989161–167_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun1989161–167-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen200267–71_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen200267–71-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_life">Court life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Court life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shang_dynasty_inscribed_tortoise_plastron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Shang_dynasty_inscribed_tortoise_plastron.jpg/150px-Shang_dynasty_inscribed_tortoise_plastron.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Shang_dynasty_inscribed_tortoise_plastron.jpg/225px-Shang_dynasty_inscribed_tortoise_plastron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Shang_dynasty_inscribed_tortoise_plastron.jpg/300px-Shang_dynasty_inscribed_tortoise_plastron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1954" /></a><figcaption>Tortoise shell with divinatory inscriptions</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg/220px-Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg/330px-Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg/440px-Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Bronzeware from the excavated <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Fu_Hao" title="Tomb of Fu Hao">tomb of Fu Hao</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the excavated royal palace in Yinxu, large stone pillar bases were found along with <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> foundations and platforms, which according to Fairbank, were "as hard as cement".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These foundations in turn originally supported 53 buildings of wooden <a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">post-and-beam</a> construction. In close proximity to the main palatial complex, there were underground pits used for storage, servants' quarters, and housing quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Shang royal tombs had been tunnelled into and ravaged by grave robbers in ancient times, but in the spring of 1976, the discovery of Tomb 5 at Yinxu revealed a tomb that was not only undisturbed, but one of the most richly furnished Shang tombs that archaeologists had yet come across.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorp1981239–240_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorp1981239–240-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With over 200 bronze ritual vessels and 109 inscriptions of <a href="/wiki/Fu_Hao" title="Fu Hao">Fu Hao</a>'s name, <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhenxiang" title="Zheng Zhenxiang">Zheng Zhenxiang</a> and other archaeologists realised they had stumbled across the tomb of Fu Hao, Wu Ding's most famous consort also renowned as a military general, and mentioned in 170 to 180 oracle bone inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorp1981240,_245_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorp1981240,_245-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with bronze vessels, stoneware and pottery vessels, bronze weapons, jade figures and hair combs, and bone hairpins were found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorp1981242,_245_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorp1981242,_245-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi1980393–394_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi1980393–394-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELernerMurckFordHearn198577_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELernerMurckFordHearn198577-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeological team argue that the large assortment of weapons and ritual vessels in her tomb correlate with the oracle bone accounts of her military and ritual activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorp1981245_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorp1981245-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The capital was the centre of court life. Over time, court rituals to appease spirits developed, and in addition to his secular duties, the king would serve as the head of the <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a> cult. Often, the king would even perform oracle bone divinations himself, especially near the end of the dynasty. Evidence from excavations of the royal tombs indicates that royalty were buried with articles of value, presumably for use in the afterlife. Perhaps for the same reason, hundreds of commoners, who may have been slaves, were buried alive with the royal corpse. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_Shang_Jiaguwen_about_horses.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Late_Shang_Jiaguwen_about_horses.png/220px-Late_Shang_Jiaguwen_about_horses.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Late_Shang_Jiaguwen_about_horses.png/330px-Late_Shang_Jiaguwen_about_horses.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Late_Shang_Jiaguwen_about_horses.png/440px-Late_Shang_Jiaguwen_about_horses.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption>Late Shang oracle bone inscriptions about breeding horses.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A line of hereditary Shang kings ruled over much of northern China, and Shang troops fought frequent wars with neighbouring settlements and nomadic herdsmen from the inner Asian steppes. The Shang king, in his oracular divinations, repeatedly showed concern about the barbarians living outside of the civilised regions, which made up the centre of Shang territory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="are tu areas all of Shang or only the Shang heartland? (September 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In particular, the group living in the <a href="/wiki/Yan_Mountains" title="Yan Mountains">Yan Mountains</a> were regularly mentioned as hostile to the Shang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2006_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from their role as the head military commanders, Shang kings also asserted their social supremacy by acting as the high priests of society and leading the divination ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200614_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200614-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the oracle bone texts reveal, the Shang kings were viewed as the best qualified members of society to offer sacrifices to their royal ancestors and to the high god Di, who in their beliefs was responsible for the rain, wind, and thunder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200614_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200614-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King appointed officials to manage certain activities, usually in a specified region. These included agricultural official, pastors, dog officers, and guards. These officers led their own retinues in the conduct of their duties, and some grew more independent and emerged as rulers of their own. There was a basic system of bureaucracy in place, with references to positions such as the "Many Dog officers", "Many horse officers", the "Many Artisans", the "Many Archers" or court titles like "Junior Servitor for Cultivation" or "Junior Servitor for labourers". Members of the royal family would be assigned personal estates; the king provided them with pre-determined public works such as walling cities in their regions, distributed materials and issued commands to them.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, their estates belonged ultimately to the king's land, and they paid tribute to the king as well as reporting to him about conquered lands.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More distant rulers were known as marquess or count, who sometimes provided tribute and support to the Shang King in exchange for military aid and augury services. However these alliances were unstable, as indicated by the frequent royal divinations about the sustainability of such relations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999272–273,_286_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999272–273,_286-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The existence of records regarding enemy kills, prisoners and booty taken point to the existence of a proto-bureaucracy of written documents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999287_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999287-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Shang_dynasty" title="Religion of the Shang dynasty">Religion of the Shang dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shang_bronze_masks,_16-14th.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Shang_bronze_masks%2C_16-14th.JPG/220px-Shang_bronze_masks%2C_16-14th.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Shang_bronze_masks%2C_16-14th.JPG/330px-Shang_bronze_masks%2C_16-14th.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Shang_bronze_masks%2C_16-14th.JPG/440px-Shang_bronze_masks%2C_16-14th.JPG 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Shang-era face masks made of bronze, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 16th–14th centuries BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Shang religious rituals featured divination and sacrifice. The degree to which <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a> was a central aspect of Shang religion is a subject of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1994_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1994-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1998_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1998-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were six main recipients of sacrifice:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999253–254_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999253–254-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Di, the "High God",</li> <li>Natural forces, such as that of the sun and mountains,</li> <li>Former lords, deceased humans who had been added to the dynastic pantheon,</li> <li>Pre-dynastic ancestors,</li> <li>Dynastic ancestors, and</li> <li>Royal wives who were ancestors of the present king</li></ol> <p>The Shang believed that their ancestors held power over them and performed divination rituals to secure their approval for planned actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley2004_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley2004-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divination involved cracking a turtle carapace or ox scapula to answer a question, and to then record the response to that question on the bone itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1994_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1994-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown what criteria the diviners used to determine the response, but it is believed to be the sound or pattern of the cracks on the bone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Shang also seem to have believed in an afterlife, as evidenced by the elaborate burial tombs built for deceased rulers. Often "carriages, utensils, sacrificial vessels, [and] weapons" would be included in the tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1961_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1961-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A king's burial involved the burial of up to a few hundred humans and horses as well to accompany the king into the afterlife, in some cases even numbering four hundred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1961_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1961-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, tombs included ornaments such as jade, which the Shang may have believed to protect against decay or confer immortality. </p><p>The Shang religion was highly bureaucratic and meticulously ordered. Oracle bones contained descriptions of the date, ritual, person, ancestor, and questions associated with the divination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1994_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1994-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tombs displayed highly ordered arrangements of bones, with groups of skeletons laid out facing the same direction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_working">Bronze working</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bronze working"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_bronzes" title="Chinese ritual bronzes">Chinese ritual bronzes</a></div> <p>Chinese bronze casting and pottery advanced during the Shang, with bronze typically being used for ritually significant, rather than primarily utilitarian, items. As early as <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500 BC</span>, the early Shang dynasty engaged in large-scale production of bronzeware vessels and weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200617_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200617-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This production required a large labour force that could handle the mining, refining, and transportation of the necessary copper, tin, and lead ores. This in turn created a need for official managers that could oversee both labourers and skilled artisans and craftsmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200617_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200617-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shang royal court and aristocrats required a vast number of different bronze vessels for various ceremonial purposes and events of religious divination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200617_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200617-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceremonial rules even decreed how many bronze containers of each type a noble of a certain rank could own. With the increased amount of bronze available, the army could also better equip itself with an assortment of bronze weaponry. Bronze was also used for the fittings of spoke-wheeled <a href="/wiki/Chariot_(Ancient_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariot (Ancient China)">chariots</a>, which appeared in China around 1200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200614_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200614-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinastia_shang,_tipode_ding_biansato,_xiii-xii_sec._ac.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A ding dating from the Shang"><img alt="A ding dating from the Shang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dinastia_shang%2C_tipode_ding_biansato%2C_xiii-xii_sec._ac.JPG/160px-Dinastia_shang%2C_tipode_ding_biansato%2C_xiii-xii_sec._ac.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dinastia_shang%2C_tipode_ding_biansato%2C_xiii-xii_sec._ac.JPG/239px-Dinastia_shang%2C_tipode_ding_biansato%2C_xiii-xii_sec._ac.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dinastia_shang%2C_tipode_ding_biansato%2C_xiii-xii_sec._ac.JPG/319px-Dinastia_shang%2C_tipode_ding_biansato%2C_xiii-xii_sec._ac.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="2264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <i>ding</i> dating from the Shang</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Shang-era Houmuwu ding, the heaviest piece of bronze work found in China so far"><img alt="The Shang-era Houmuwu ding, the heaviest piece of bronze work found in China so far" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg/150px-HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg/225px-HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg/300px-HouMuWuDingFullView.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3752" data-file-height="5003" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Shang-era <a href="/wiki/Houmuwu_ding" title="Houmuwu ding">Houmuwu <i>ding</i></a>, the heaviest piece of bronze work found in China so far</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_Ding.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A late Shang-era ding with taotie motif"><img alt="A late Shang-era ding with taotie motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liu_Ding.jpg/198px-Liu_Ding.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liu_Ding.jpg/297px-Liu_Ding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liu_Ding.jpg/396px-Liu_Ding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="1901" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A late Shang-era <i>ding</i> with <i><a href="/wiki/Taotie" title="Taotie">taotie</a></i> motif</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gu_wine_vessel_from_the_Shang_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A gu ritual bronze vessel used to hold wine"><img alt="A gu ritual bronze vessel used to hold wine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gu_wine_vessel_from_the_Shang_Dynasty.jpg/145px-Gu_wine_vessel_from_the_Shang_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gu_wine_vessel_from_the_Shang_Dynasty.jpg/218px-Gu_wine_vessel_from_the_Shang_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gu_wine_vessel_from_the_Shang_Dynasty.jpg/290px-Gu_wine_vessel_from_the_Shang_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="1838" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <i>gu</i> ritual bronze vessel used to hold wine</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Shang_dynasty" title="Military of the Shang dynasty">Military of the Shang dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shang_Chariot_Burial_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Shang_Chariot_Burial_04.jpg/220px-Shang_Chariot_Burial_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Shang_Chariot_Burial_04.jpg/330px-Shang_Chariot_Burial_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Shang_Chariot_Burial_04.jpg/440px-Shang_Chariot_Burial_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>War chariots at Yinxu. Shang chariots were introduced <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200  BC</span> through the northern steppes, probably from the area of the <a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">deer stones culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1988_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1988-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Shang dynasty entered into prolonged conflicts with northern frontier tribes called the <i><a href="/wiki/Guifang" title="Guifang">Guifang</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999269_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999269-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bronze weapons were an integral part of Shang society. Shang infantry were armed with a variety of stone and bronze weaponry, including spears, pole-axes, pole-based dagger-axes, composite bows, and bronze or leather helmets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang1993_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang1993-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawyerSawyer199435_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawyerSawyer199435-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Shang depended upon the military skills of their nobility, Shang rulers could mobilise the masses of town-dwelling and rural commoners as conscript labourers and soldiers for both campaigns of defence and conquest. Aristocrats and other state rulers were obligated to furnish their local garrisons with all necessary equipment, armour, and armaments. The Shang king maintained a force of about a thousand troops at his capital and would personally lead this force into battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawyerSawyer199433–34_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawyerSawyer199433–34-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rudimentary military bureaucracy was also needed in order to muster forces ranging from three to five thousand troops for border campaigns to thirteen thousand troops for suppressing rebellions. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_bronze_battle_axe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A yue bronze axe with head motif, dated to the Shang"><img alt="A yue bronze axe with head motif, dated to the Shang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_bronze_battle_axe.jpg/200px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_bronze_battle_axe.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_bronze_battle_axe.jpg/300px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_bronze_battle_axe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_bronze_battle_axe.jpg/400px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_bronze_battle_axe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2844" data-file-height="2564" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <i>yue</i> bronze axe with head motif, dated to the Shang</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shang_dynasty_curved_bronze_knives_with_turquoise_inlays_and_animal_pommel._12th-11th_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shang dynasty curved bronze knives with turquoise inlays and animal pommel. 12th–11th centuries BC. Such knives may be the result of contacts with northern people.[88][89]"><img alt="Shang dynasty curved bronze knives with turquoise inlays and animal pommel. 12th–11th centuries BC. Such knives may be the result of contacts with northern people.[88][89]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Shang_dynasty_curved_bronze_knives_with_turquoise_inlays_and_animal_pommel._12th-11th_century_BCE.jpg/200px-Shang_dynasty_curved_bronze_knives_with_turquoise_inlays_and_animal_pommel._12th-11th_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Shang_dynasty_curved_bronze_knives_with_turquoise_inlays_and_animal_pommel._12th-11th_century_BCE.jpg/300px-Shang_dynasty_curved_bronze_knives_with_turquoise_inlays_and_animal_pommel._12th-11th_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Shang_dynasty_curved_bronze_knives_with_turquoise_inlays_and_animal_pommel._12th-11th_century_BCE.jpg/400px-Shang_dynasty_curved_bronze_knives_with_turquoise_inlays_and_animal_pommel._12th-11th_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="629" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shang dynasty curved bronze knives with turquoise inlays and animal pommel. 12th–11th centuries BC. Such knives may be the result of contacts with northern people.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kings">Kings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="list"></span><span class="anchor" id="kings"></span><span class="anchor" id="king_list"></span><span class="anchor" id="emperors"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_China#Shang_dynasty_(c._1600–1046_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of China">List of monarchs of China § Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_ancient_Chinese_emperors#Shang_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors">Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors § Shang dynasty</a>.</div> <p>The earliest records are the oracle bones inscribed during the reigns of the Shang kings from <a href="/wiki/Wu_Ding" title="Wu Ding">Wu Ding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2013684_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2013684-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oracle bone inscriptions do not contain king lists, but they do record the sacrifices to previous kings and the ancestors of the current king, which follow a standard schedule that scholars have reconstructed. From this evidence, scholars have assembled the implied king list and genealogy, finding that it is in substantial agreement with the later accounts, especially for later kings. According to this implied king list, Wu Ding was the twenty-first Shang king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999235_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999235-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shang kings were referred to in the oracle bones by <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumous names</a>. The last character of each name is one of the 10 <a href="/wiki/Celestial_stem" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial stem">celestial stems</a>, which also denoted the day of the 10-day Shang week on which sacrifices would be offered to that ancestor within the ritual schedule. There were more kings than stems, so the names have distinguishing prefixes such as <i>da</i> ('greater', <span lang="zh">大</span>), <i>zhong</i> ('middle', <span lang="zh">中</span>), <i>xiao</i> ('lesser', <span lang="zh">小</span>), <i>bu</i> ('outer', <span lang="zh">卜</span>), and <i>zu</i> ('ancestor', <span lang="zh">祖</span>), as well as other, more obscure ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20113–5_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20113–5-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kings, in the order of succession derived from the oracle bones, are here grouped by generation. Later reigns were assigned to oracle bone diviner groups by <a href="/wiki/Dong_Zuobin" title="Dong Zuobin">Dong Zuobin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999234–235,_240–241_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999234–235,_240–241-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Generation </th> <th colspan="3">Older brothers </th> <th>Main line of descent </th> <th>Younger brothers </th> <th>Divination phase </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tang_of_Shang" title="Tang of Shang">Da Yi</a> (<span lang="zh">大乙</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="10" align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Da_Ding" title="Da Ding">Da Ding</a> (<span lang="zh">大丁</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tai_Jia" title="Tai Jia">Da Jia</a> (<span lang="zh">大甲</span>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bu_Bing" title="Bu Bing">Bu Bing</a> (<span lang="zh">卜丙</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tai_Geng" title="Tai Geng">Da Geng</a> (<span lang="zh">大庚</span>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Jia" title="Xiao Jia">Xiao Jia</a> (<span lang="zh">小甲</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tai_Wu" title="Tai Wu">Da Wu</a> (<span lang="zh">大戊</span>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yong_Ji" title="Yong Ji">Lü Ji</a> (<span lang="zh">呂己</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Ding" title="Zhong Ding">Zhong Ding</a> (<span lang="zh">中丁</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wai_Ren" title="Wai Ren">Bu Ren</a> (<span lang="zh">卜壬</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/He_Dan_Jia" title="He Dan Jia">Jian Jia</a> (<span lang="zh">戔甲</span>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zu_Yi" title="Zu Yi">Zu Yi</a> (<span lang="zh">祖乙</span>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zu_Xin" title="Zu Xin">Zu Xin</a> (<span lang="zh">祖辛</span>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wo_Jia" title="Wo Jia">Qiang Jia</a> (<span lang="zh">羌甲</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zu_Ding" title="Zu Ding">Zu Ding</a> (<span lang="zh">祖丁</span>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nan_Geng" title="Nan Geng">Nan Geng</a> (<span lang="zh">南庚</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jia_of_Shang" title="Yang Jia of Shang">Xiang Jia</a> (<span lang="zh">象甲</span>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pan_Geng" title="Pan Geng">Pan Geng</a> (<span lang="zh">盤庚</span>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Xin" title="Xiao Xin">Xiao Xin</a> (<span lang="zh">小辛</span>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Yi_of_Shang" title="Xiao Yi of Shang">Xiao Yi</a> (<span lang="zh">小乙</span>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wu_Ding" title="Wu Ding">Wu Ding</a> (<span lang="zh">武丁</span>)</td> <td> </td> <td align="center">1254-1197 BC (I) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12</td> <td></td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zu_Geng_of_Shang" title="Zu Geng of Shang">Zu Geng</a> (<span lang="zh">祖庚</span>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zu_Jia" title="Zu Jia">Zu Jia</a> (<span lang="zh">祖甲</span>)</td> <td> </td> <td align="center">1206-1177 BC (II) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lin_Xin" title="Lin Xin">Lin Xin</a> (<span lang="zh">廩辛</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geng_Ding" title="Geng Ding">Geng Ding</a> (<span lang="zh">康丁</span>)</td> <td></td> <td align="center">1187-1135 BC (III) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">14</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yi_of_Shang" title="Wu Yi of Shang">Wu Yi</a> (<span lang="zh">武乙</span>)</td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">1157–1110 BC (IV) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">15</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_Wu_Ding" title="Wen Wu Ding">Wen Wu Ding</a> (<span lang="zh">文武丁</span>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">16</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Di_Yi" title="Di Yi">Di Yi</a> (<span lang="zh">帝乙</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">1121–1041 BC (V) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">17</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Zhou_of_Shang" title="King Zhou of Shang">Di Xin</a> (<span lang="zh">帝辛</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">Chinese sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_capitals_of_China" title="Historical capitals of China">Historical capitals of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Zhou" title="Predynastic Zhou">Predynastic Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China" title="Women in ancient and imperial China">Women in ancient and imperial China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first king is known as Tang in the <i>Shiji</i>. The oracle bones also identify six pre-dynastic ancestors: <span lang="zh">上甲</span> Shang Jia, <span lang="zh">報乙</span> Bao Yi, <span lang="zh">報丙</span> Bao Bing, <span lang="zh">報丁</span> Bao Ding, <span lang="zh">示壬</span> Shi Ren and <span lang="zh">示癸</span> Shi Gui.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is no firm evidence of oracle bone inscriptions before the reign of Wu Ding.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <i>Shiji</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a></i>, Da Ding (there called Tai Ding) died before he could ascend to the throne. However in the oracle bones he receives rituals like any other king.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <i>Shiji</i>, Bu Bing (there called Wai Bing) and <span lang="zh">仲壬</span> <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Ren" title="Zhong Ren">Zhong Ren</a> (not mentioned in the oracle bones) were younger brothers of Dai Ting and preceded Da Jia (also known as Dai Jia). However the <i>Mencius</i>, the <i>Zuo Zhuan</i> and the <i>Book of Documents</i> state that he reigned after Da Jia, as also implied by the oracle bones.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Shiji</i> includes a king <a href="/wiki/Wo_Ding" title="Wo Ding">Wo Ding</a> not mentioned in the oracle bones.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Shiji</i> has Xiao Jia as the son of Da Geng (known as Tai Geng) in the "Annals of Yin", but as a younger brother (as implied by the oracle bones) in the "Genealogical Table of the Three Ages".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <i>Historical Records</i>, Lü Ji (there called Yong Ji) reigned before Da Wu (there called Tai Wu).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The kings from Zhong Ding to Nan Geng are placed in the same order by the <i>Shiji</i> and the oracle bones, but there are some differences in genealogy, as described in the articles on individual kings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The status of Qiang Jia varies over the history of the oracle bones. During the reigns of Wu Ding, Di Yi and Di Xin, he was not included in the main line of descent, a position also held by the <i>Shiji</i>, but in the intervening reigns he was included as a direct ancestor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <i>Historical Records</i>, Nan Geng was the son of Qiang Jia (there called Wo Jia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The oracle bones and the <i>Shiji</i> include an older brother <a href="/wiki/Zu_Ji" title="Zu Ji">Zu Ji</a> (<span lang="zh">祖己</span>) who did not reign.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lin Xin is named as a king in the <i>Shiji</i> and oracle bones of succeeding reigns, but not those of the last two kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978a187_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978a187-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are no ancestral sacrifices to the last two kings on the oracles bones, due to the fall of Shang. Their names, including the character <span lang="zh">帝</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">dì</span></i>; 'emperor', come from the much later <i><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_Annals" title="Bamboo Annals">Bamboo Annals</a></i> and <i>Shiji</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978a187,_207,_209_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978a187,_207,_209-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also referred to as Zhòu (<span lang="zh">紂</span>), Zhòu Xīn (<span lang="zh">紂辛</span>) or Zhou Wang (<span lang="zh">紂王</span>) or by adding "Shang" (<span lang="zh">商</span>) in front of any of these names.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation cs2">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006), "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States", <i>Journal of World-Systems Research</i>, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 219–229, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FJWSR.2006.369">10.5195/JWSR.2006.369</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X">1076-156X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=East-West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires+and+Modern+States&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-229&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5195%2FJWSR.2006.369&rft.issn=1076-156X&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley2000_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley2000">Keightley (2000)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999233–235-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999233–235_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1999">Keightley (1999)</a>, pp. 233–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978b-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978b_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1978b">Keightley (1978b)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999232-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999232_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999232_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1999">Keightley (1999)</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978axiv-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978axiv_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1978a">Keightley (1978a)</a>, p. xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1999">Keightley (1999)</a>, p. 233, with additional details from the <i>Historical Records</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchinz1996" class="citation cs2">Schinz, Alfred (1996), <i>The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China</i>, Axel Menges, p. 27, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-930698-02-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-930698-02-8"><bdi>978-3-930698-02-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magic+Square%3A+Cities+in+Ancient+China&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Axel+Menges&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-930698-02-8&rft.aulast=Schinz&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2012" class="citation cs2">Xu, Zhuoyun (2012), <i>China: A New Cultural History</i>, Columbia University Press, p. 73, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15920-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15920-3"><bdi>978-0-231-15920-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+New+Cultural+History&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15920-3&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Zhuoyun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999233-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999233_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1999">Keightley (1999)</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pkucn.com/redirect.php?tid=228246">邶、鄘二國考</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617081821/http://www.pkucn.com/redirect.php?tid=228246">Archived</a> 17 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Bei, Yong two national test)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ch.shvoong.com/humanities/1230377-%E5%91%A8%E5%88%9D-%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%91-%E4%B8%8E%E9%82%B6-%E9%84%98-%E5%8D%AB%E5%9C%B0%E6%9C%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/">周初"三监"与邶、鄘、卫地望研究</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726152144/http://ch.shvoong.com/humanities/1230377-%E5%91%A8%E5%88%9D-%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%91-%E4%B8%8E%E9%82%B6-%E9%84%98-%E5%8D%AB%E5%9C%B0%E6%9C%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/">Archived</a> 26 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Bei, Yong, Wei – looking at the research)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csscipaper.com/chinahistory/xianqin/110612.html">"三监"人物疆地及其地望辨析 ——兼论康叔的始封地问题</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110509022308/http://www.csscipaper.com/chinahistory/xianqin/110612.html">Archived</a> 9 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (breaking ground on Kangshu problem)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guoxue.com/jrxz/lztdzdxl/yuan231.htm">一被剥削者的存在类型</a> (Exploited by the presence of...)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYao2000" class="citation cs2">Yao, Xinzhong (2000), <i>An Introduction to Confucianism</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64430-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64430-5"><bdi>0-521-64430-5</bdi></a>, <q>Confucius is believed to have been a descendant of the royal house of the Shang Dynasty and his family lived in the state of Song until his grandfather was forced to move to the state of Lu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Confucianism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-64430-5&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Xinzhong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYao1997" class="citation cs2">Yao, Xinzhong (1997), <i>Confucianism and Christianity: A Comparative Study of Jen and Agape</i>, Sussex Academic Press, p. 29, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898723-76-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-898723-76-1"><bdi>1-898723-76-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucianism+and+Christianity%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Jen+and+Agape&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-898723-76-1&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Xinzhong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainey2010" class="citation cs2">Rainey, Lee Dian (2010), <i>Confucius & Confucianism: The Essentials</i>, Wiley, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8841-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8841-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-8841-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucius+%26+Confucianism%3A+The+Essentials&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8841-8&rft.aulast=Rainey&rft.aufirst=Lee+Dian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Crespigny2006" class="citation cs2">de Crespigny, Rafe (28 December 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49OvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA389"><i>A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)</i></a>, Brill, p. 389, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-1184-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-1184-0"><bdi>978-90-474-1184-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Later+Han+to+the+Three+Kingdoms+%2823%E2%80%93220+AD%29&rft.pages=389&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006-12-28&rft.isbn=978-90-474-1184-0&rft.aulast=de+Crespigny&rft.aufirst=Rafe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D49OvCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《汉书·杨胡朱梅云传》：初，武帝时，始封周后姬嘉为周子南君，至元帝时，尊周子南君为周承休侯，位次诸侯王。使诸大夫博士求殷后，分散为十余姓，郡国往往得其大家，推求子孙，绝不能纪。时，匡衡议，以为"王者存二王后，所以尊其先王而通三统也。其犯诛绝之罪者绝，而更封他亲为始封君，上承其王者之始祖。《春秋》之义，诸侯不能守其社稷者绝。今宋国已不守其统而失国矣，则宜更立殷后为始封君，而上承汤统，非当继宋之绝侯也，宜明得殷后而已。今之故宋，推求其嫡，久远不可得；虽得其嫡，嫡之先已绝，不当得立。《礼记》孔子曰：'丘，殷人也。'先师所共传，宜以孔子世为汤后。"上以其语不经，遂见寝。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guzhuwenhua.com/index.asp">中国孤竹文化网</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401085352/http://guzhuwenhua.com/index.asp">Archived</a> 1 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Chinese Guzhu Cultural Network)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guoxue.com/xsjy/2000.7/guzhuguo.htm">解开神秘古国 ——孤竹之谜</a> (unlocking the ancient mystery of Guzhu)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lulong.ccoo.cn/bendi/culture-2.html">孤竹析辨</a> (Guzhu analysis identified)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESun2006-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2006_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2006_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2006_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2006_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESun2006_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSun2006">Sun (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200633_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006">Fairbank & Goldman (2006)</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200634-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200634_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200634_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200634_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006">Fairbank & Goldman (2006)</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham197143-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham197143_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1971">Needham (1971)</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYi2022" class="citation cs2">Yi, Yan, ed. (19 September 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecns.cn/news/culture/2022-09-19/detail-ihceauqk3927468.shtml">"New archaeological discoveries provide insight into Yellow River origins of Chinese civilization"</a>, <i>Global Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Times&rft.atitle=New+archaeological+discoveries+provide+insight+into+Yellow+River+origins+of+Chinese+civilization&rft.date=2022-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecns.cn%2Fnews%2Fculture%2F2022-09-19%2Fdetail-ihceauqk3927468.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200634–35-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman200634–35_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006">Fairbank & Goldman (2006)</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2000" class="citation cs2">Harrington, Spencer P. M. (May–June 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/0005/newsbriefs/shang.html">"Shang City Uncovered"</a>, <i>Archaeology</i>, <b>53</b> (3), Archaeological Institute of America</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Shang+City+Uncovered&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2000-05%2F2000-06&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Spencer+P.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2F0005%2Fnewsbriefs%2Fshang.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangJingLiuYue2004" class="citation cs2">Tang, Jigen; Jing, Zhichun; Liu, Zhongfu; Yue, Zhanwei (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.cn/en/Chinese%20Archaeology/4/Survey%20and%20Test%20Excavation%20of%20the%20Huanbei%20Shang%20City%20in%20Anyang.pdf">"Survey and Test Excavation of the Huanbei Shang City in Anyang"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Chinese Archaeology</i>, <b>4</b>: 1–20, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FCHAR.2004.4.1.1">10.1515/CHAR.2004.4.1.1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Survey+and+Test+Excavation+of+the+Huanbei+Shang+City+in+Anyang&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FCHAR.2004.4.1.1&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Jigen&rft.au=Jing%2C+Zhichun&rft.au=Liu%2C+Zhongfu&rft.au=Yue%2C+Zhanwei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaogu.cn%2Fen%2FChinese%2520Archaeology%2F4%2FSurvey%2520and%2520Test%2520Excavation%2520of%2520the%2520Huanbei%2520Shang%2520City%2520in%2520Anyang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan199163-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllan199163_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllan1991">Allan (1991)</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley1999168–171-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagley1999168–171_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagley1999">Bagley (1999)</a>, pp. 168–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley1999124–125-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagley1999124–125_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagley1999">Bagley (1999)</a>, pp. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2013669-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2013669_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2013">Wilkinson (2013)</a>, p. 669.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner199320-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner199320_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner1993">Wagner (1993)</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheung1983-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheung1983_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheung1983">Cheung (1983)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2016" class="citation cs2">Lin, Meicun (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45055541">"Seima-Turbino Culture and the Proto-Silk Road"</a>, <i>Chinese Cultural Relics</i>, <b>3</b> (1–2): 255, Figure 15, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-5169">2330-5169</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Cultural+Relics&rft.atitle=Seima-Turbino+Culture+and+the+Proto-Silk+Road&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=255%2C+Figure+15&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=2330-5169&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Meicun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45055541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZengLiYueZhou2013" class="citation conference cs2">Zeng, Wen; Li, Jiawei; Yue, Hongbin; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5297877"><i>Poster: Preliminary Research on Hereditary Features of Yinxu Population</i></a>, 82nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Poster%3A+Preliminary+Research+on+Hereditary+Features+of+Yinxu+Population&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Zeng&rft.aufirst=Wen&rft.au=Li%2C+Jiawei&rft.au=Yue%2C+Hongbin&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Hui&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5297877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200216–17-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200216–17_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2002">Lee (2002)</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200232-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200232_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2002">Lee (2002)</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li 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(1985)</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorp1981245-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorp1981245_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThorp1981">Thorp (1981)</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuan, Jing and Rowan Flad. “Two issues concerning domesticated horses in China.” Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, vol. 75, 2003, pp. 110–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200614-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200614_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200614_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200614_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Walthall & Palais (2006)</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEno2010b" class="citation cs2">Eno, Robert (2010), <i>History G380: Shang Society</i>, Indiana University, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2022%2F23464">2022/23464</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+G380%3A+Shang+Society&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2022%2F23464&rft.aulast=Eno&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2020" class="citation cs2">Schwartz, Adam C. (2020), <i>The Oracle Bone Inscriptions from Huayuanzhuang East</i>, De Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F23217">20.500.12657/23217</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0533-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0533-1"><bdi>978-1-5015-0533-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oracle+Bone+Inscriptions+from+Huayuanzhuang+East&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12657%2F23217&rft.isbn=978-1-5015-0533-1&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Adam+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999272–273,_286-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999272–273,_286_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1999">Keightley (1999)</a>, pp. 272–273, 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999287-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999287_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1999">Keightley (1999)</a>, pp. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1994-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1994_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1994_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1994_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChang1994">Chang (1994)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1998-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1998_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1998">Keightley (1998)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999253–254-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999253–254_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1999">Keightley (1999)</a>, pp. 253–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley2004-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley2004_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley2004">Keightley (2004)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1961-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1961_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1961_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1961">Smith (1961)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200617-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200617_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200617_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais200617_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Walthall & Palais (2006)</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2013" class="citation cs2">Wu, Hsiao-yun (2013), <i>Chariots in Early China: Origins, cultural interaction, and identity</i>, BAR, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-1065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4073-1065-7"><bdi>978-1-4073-1065-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chariots+in+Early+China%3A+Origins%2C+cultural+interaction%2C+and+identity&rft.pub=BAR&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4073-1065-7&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-yun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson2020" class="citation cs2">Rawson, Jessica (June 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342651041">"Chariotry and Prone Burials: Reassessing Late Shang China's Relationship with Its Northern Neighbours"</a>, <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>, <b>33</b> (2): 135–168, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10963-020-09142-4">10.1007/s10963-020-09142-4</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254751158">254751158</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=Chariotry+and+Prone+Burials%3A+Reassessing+Late+Shang+China%27s+Relationship+with+Its+Northern+Neighbours&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-168&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-020-09142-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254751158%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F342651041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1988-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaughnessy1988_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaughnessy1988">Shaughnessy (1988)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbieri-Low2000" class="citation cs2">Barbieri-Low, Anthony J. (February 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp099_wheeled_vehicles_china.pdf">"Wheeled Vehicles in the Chinese Bronze Age (c. 2000-741 B.C.)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i>, <b>99</b></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Wheeled+Vehicles+in+the+Chinese+Bronze+Age+%28c.+2000-741+B.C.%29&rft.volume=99&rft.date=2000-02&rft.aulast=Barbieri-Low&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp099_wheeled_vehicles_china.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Creel, Herrlee G. (1970). <i>The Origins of Statecraft in China</i>. The University of Chicago Press. p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaskin1992" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taskin, V. S. (1992), <i>Materials on history of nomadic tribes in China 3rd-5th cc</i> (in Russian), vol. 3 <i>"Mujuns"</i>, "Science", Moscow: Наука. Гл. ред. вост. лит., p. 10, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-016746-0" title="Special:BookSources/5-02-016746-0"><bdi>5-02-016746-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+on+history+of+nomadic+tribes+in+China+3rd-5th+cc&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0.+%D0%93%D0%BB.+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4.+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=5-02-016746-0&rft.aulast=Taskin&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999269-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999269_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1999">Keightley (1999)</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang1993-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang1993_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang1993">Wang (1993)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawyerSawyer199435-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawyerSawyer199435_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSawyerSawyer1994">Sawyer & Sawyer (1994)</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawyerSawyer199433–34-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawyerSawyer199433–34_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSawyerSawyer1994">Sawyer & Sawyer (1994)</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1973-0726-30"><i>Shang knife</i></a>, The British Museum</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shang+knife&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FA_1973-0726-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoBunker1995" class="citation cs2">So, Jenny F.; Bunker, Emma C. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia601307.us.archive.org/28/items/tradersraiderson00soje/tradersraiderson00soje.pdf"><i>Traders and raiders on China's northern frontier</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Seattle: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 35–36, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97473-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97473-6"><bdi>978-0-295-97473-6</bdi></a>, <q>Enough northern bronze knives, tools, and fittings have been recovered from royal burials at the Shang capital of Anyang to suggest that people of northern heritage mingled with the Chinese in their capital city. These artifacts must have entered Shang domain through trade, war, intermarriage, or other circumstances.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traders+and+raiders+on+China%27s+northern+frontier&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97473-6&rft.aulast=So&rft.aufirst=Jenny+F.&rft.au=Bunker%2C+Emma+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia601307.us.archive.org%2F28%2Fitems%2Ftradersraiderson00soje%2Ftradersraiderson00soje.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2013684-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2013684_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2013">Wilkinson (2013)</a>, p. 684.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999235-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999235_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1999">Keightley (1999)</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20113–5-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20113–5_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith (2011)</a>, pp. 3–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999234–235,_240–241-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999234–235,_240–241_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1999">Keightley (1999)</a>, pp. 234–235, 240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978a187-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978a187_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1978a">Keightley (1978a)</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978a187,_207,_209-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978a187,_207,_209_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1978a">Keightley (1978a)</a>, pp. 187, 207, 209.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Allan" title="Sarah Allan">Allan, Sarah</a> (1991), <i>The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art, and Cosmos in Early China</i>, State University of New York Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9449-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9449-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-9449-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+the+Turtle%3A+Myth%2C+Art%2C+and+Cosmos+in+Early+China&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9449-3&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagley1999" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bagley" title="Robert Bagley">Bagley, Robert</a> (1999), "Shang archaeology", in <a href="/wiki/Michael_Loewe" title="Michael Loewe">Loewe, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Shaughnessy" title="Edward L. Shaughnessy">Shaughnessy, Edward L.</a> (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHA7Ey0-pbEC"><i>The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. 124–231, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8"><bdi>978-0-521-47030-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shang+archaeology&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Ancient+China%3A+From+the+Origins+of+Civilization+to+221+BC&rft.pages=124-231&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47030-8&rft.aulast=Bagley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHA7Ey0-pbEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kwang-chih_Chang" title="Kwang-chih Chang">Chang, Kwang-Chih</a> (1994), "Shang Shamans", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.), <i>The Power of Culture: Studies in Chinese Cultural History</i>, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, pp. 10–36, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-201-596-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-201-596-8"><bdi>978-962-201-596-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shang+Shamans&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Culture%3A+Studies+in+Chinese+Cultural+History&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=10-36&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-962-201-596-8&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kwang-Chih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2002" class="citation cs2">Chen, Yan (2002), <i>Maritime Silk Route and Chinese-Foreign Cultural Exchanges</i>, Beijing: Peking University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-301-03029-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-301-03029-5"><bdi>978-7-301-03029-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Silk+Route+and+Chinese-Foreign+Cultural+Exchanges&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Peking+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-7-301-03029-5&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheung1983" class="citation cs2">Cheung, Kwong-yue (1983), "Recent archaeological evidence relating to the origin of Chinese characters", in Keightley, David N. (ed.), <i>The Origins of Chinese Civilization</i>, translated by Barnard, Noel, University of California Press, pp. 323–391, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04229-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04229-2"><bdi>978-0-520-04229-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+archaeological+evidence+relating+to+the+origin+of+Chinese+characters&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Chinese+Civilization&rft.pages=323-391&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04229-2&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Kwong-yue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006" class="citation cs2">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastasiacultural00ebre_0"><i>East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</i></a></span>, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-13384-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-13384-0"><bdi>978-0-618-13384-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-618-13384-0&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft.au=Walthall%2C+Anne&rft.au=Palais%2C+James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feastasiacultural00ebre_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006" class="citation cs2">Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (2006), <i>China: A New History</i> (2nd ed.), Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03665-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03665-9"><bdi>978-0-674-03665-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+New+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03665-9&rft.aulast=Fairbank&rft.aufirst=John+King&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Merle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeightley1978a" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Keightley" title="David Keightley">Keightley, David N.</a> (1978a), <i>Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China</i>, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02969-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-02969-0"><bdi>0-520-02969-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Shang+History%3A+The+Oracle-Bone+Inscriptions+of+Bronze+Age+China&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-520-02969-0&rft.aulast=Keightley&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> A 1985 paperback 2nd edition is still in print, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05455-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05455-5">0-520-05455-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeightley1978b" class="citation cs2">——— (1978b), "The <i>Bamboo Annals</i> and Shang-Chou Chronology", <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>, <b>38</b> (2): 423–438, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718906">2718906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Bamboo+Annals+and+Shang-Chou+Chronology&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=423-438&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718906%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Keightley&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeightley1998" class="citation cs2">——— (1998), "Shamanism, Death, and the Ancestors: Religious Mediation in Neolithic and Shang China (ca. 5000–1000 B.C.)", <i>Asiatische Studien</i>, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 763–831, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5169%2Fseals-147432">10.5169/seals-147432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asiatische+Studien&rft.atitle=Shamanism%2C+Death%2C+and+the+Ancestors%3A+Religious+Mediation+in+Neolithic+and+Shang+China+%28ca.+5000%E2%80%931000+B.C.%29&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=763-831&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5169%2Fseals-147432&rft.aulast=Keightley&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeightley1999" class="citation book cs2">——— (1999), "The Shang: China's first historical dynasty", in <a href="/wiki/Michael_Loewe" title="Michael Loewe">Loewe, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Shaughnessy" title="Edward L. Shaughnessy">Shaughnessy, Edward L.</a> (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHA7Ey0-pbEC"><i>The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. 232–291, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8"><bdi>978-0-521-47030-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Shang%3A+China%27s+first+historical+dynasty&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Ancient+China%3A+From+the+Origins+of+Civilization+to+221+BC&rft.pages=232-291&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47030-8&rft.aulast=Keightley&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHA7Ey0-pbEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeightley2000" class="citation cs2">——— (2000), <i>The Ancestral Landscape: Time, Space, and Community in Late Shang China (ca. 1200–1045 B.C.)</i>, China Research Monograph, vol. 53, Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55729-070-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55729-070-0"><bdi>978-1-55729-070-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancestral+Landscape%3A+Time%2C+Space%2C+and+Community+in+Late+Shang+China+%28ca.+1200%E2%80%931045+B.C.%29&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=China+Research+Monograph&rft.pub=Institute+of+East+Asian+Studies%2C+University+of+California&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55729-070-0&rft.aulast=Keightley&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeightley2004" class="citation cs2">——— (2004), "The Making of the Ancestors: Late Shang Religion and Its Legacy", in Lagerwey, John (ed.), <i>Chinese Religion and Society: The Transformation of a Field</i>, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, pp. 3–63, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-996-123-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-996-123-7"><bdi>978-962-996-123-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+the+Ancestors%3A+Late+Shang+Religion+and+Its+Legacy&rft.btitle=Chinese+Religion+and+Society%3A+The+Transformation+of+a+Field&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=3-63&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-962-996-123-7&rft.aulast=Keightley&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2002" class="citation cs2">Lee, Yun Kuen (2002), "Building the chronology of early Chinese history", <i><a href="/wiki/Asian_Perspectives" title="Asian Perspectives">Asian Perspectives</a></i>, <b>41</b> (1): 15–42, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasi.2002.0006">10.1353/asi.2002.0006</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F17161">10125/17161</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67818363">67818363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Building+the+chronology+of+early+Chinese+history&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-42&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F17161&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A67818363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fasi.2002.0006&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Yun+Kuen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLernerMurckFordHearn1985" class="citation cs2">Lerner, Martin; Murck, Alfreda; Ford, Barbara B.; Hearn, Maxwell; Valenstein, Suzanne G. 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Mair">Mair, Victor H.</a> (2011), "Religious formations and intercultural contacts in early China", in Krech, Volkhard; Steinicke, Marian (eds.), <i>Dynamics in the History of Religions between Asia and Europe: Encounters, Notions, and Comparative Perspectives</i>, Brill, pp. 85–110, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22535-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22535-0"><bdi>978-90-04-22535-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+formations+and+intercultural+contacts+in+early+China&rft.btitle=Dynamics+in+the+History+of+Religions+between+Asia+and+Europe%3A+Encounters%2C+Notions%2C+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pages=85-110&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22535-0&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1971" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a> (1971), <i>Science and Civilisation in China</i>, vol. IV:3, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07060-7"><bdi>978-0-521-07060-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-521-07060-7&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNivison2018" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Shepherd_Nivison" title="David Shepherd Nivison">Nivison, David S.</a> (2018), Schwartz, Adam C. (ed.), <i>The Nivison Annals</i>, De Gruyter Mouton, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781501505393">10.1515/9781501505393</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-1454-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-1454-8"><bdi>978-1-5015-1454-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nivison+Annals&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781501505393&rft.isbn=978-1-5015-1454-8&rft.aulast=Nivison&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankenier1981–1982" class="citation cs2">Pankenier, David W. (1981–1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lehigh.edu/~dwp0/Assets/images/astronomicaldates.pdf">"Astronomical Dates in Shang and Western Zhou"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Early China</i>, <b>7</b>: 2–37, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362502800005599">10.1017/S0362502800005599</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23351672">23351672</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163543848">163543848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+China&rft.atitle=Astronomical+Dates+in+Shang+and+Western+Zhou&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=2-37&rft.date=1981%2F1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163543848%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23351672%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362502800005599&rft.aulast=Pankenier&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lehigh.edu%2F~dwp0%2FAssets%2Fimages%2Fastronomicaldates.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQiu2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Xigui" title="Qiu Xigui">Qiu, Xigui</a> (2000), <i>Chinese writing</i>, translated by Mattos, Gilbert L.; Norman, Jerry, Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55729-071-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55729-071-7"><bdi>978-1-55729-071-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+writing&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Study+of+Early+China+and+The+Institute+of+East+Asian+Studies%2C+University+of+California&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55729-071-7&rft.aulast=Qiu&rft.aufirst=Xigui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyerSawyer1994" class="citation cs2">Sawyer, Ralph D.; Sawyer, Mei-chün Lee (1994), <i>Sun Tzu's The Art of War</i>, New York: Barnes and Noble, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56619-297-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56619-297-2"><bdi>978-1-56619-297-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sun+Tzu%27s+The+Art+of+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+and+Noble&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56619-297-2&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Ralph+D.&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+Mei-ch%C3%BCn+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaughnessy1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Shaughnessy" title="Edward L. Shaughnessy">Shaughnessy, Edward L.</a> (1988), "Historical Perspectives on The Introduction of The Chariot into China", <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>, <b>48</b> (1): 189–237, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719276">2719276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Historical+Perspectives+on+The+Introduction+of+The+Chariot+into+China&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=189-237&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2719276%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shaughnessy&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation cs2">Smith, Adam Daniel (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/item/ac:128930">"The Chinese Sexagenary Cycle and the Ritual Origins of the Calendar"</a>, in Steele, John M. (ed.), <i>Calendars and Years II: Astronomy and time in the ancient and medieval world</i>, Oxbow, pp. 1–37, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7916%2FD8891CDX">10.7916/D8891CDX</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-987-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-987-1"><bdi>978-1-84217-987-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Sexagenary+Cycle+and+the+Ritual+Origins+of+the+Calendar&rft.btitle=Calendars+and+Years+II%3A+Astronomy+and+time+in+the+ancient+and+medieval+world&rft.pages=1-37&rft.pub=Oxbow&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7916%2FD8891CDX&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-987-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Adam+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademiccommons.columbia.edu%2Fitem%2Fac%3A128930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1961" class="citation cs2">Smith, Howard (1961), "Chinese Religion in the Shang Dynasty", <i>International Review for the History of Religions</i>, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 142–150, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852761x00090">10.1163/156852761x00090</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269424">3269424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+for+the+History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Chinese+Religion+in+the+Shang+Dynasty&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=142-150&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852761x00090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3269424%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun1989" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sun, Guangqi (1989), <bdi lang="zh">中国古代航海史</bdi> [<i>History of Navigation in Ancient China</i>] (in Chinese), Beijing: Ocean Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5027-0532-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5027-0532-9"><bdi>978-7-5027-0532-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E5%8F%B2&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Ocean+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-7-5027-0532-9&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Guangqi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun2006" class="citation cs2">Sun, Yan (2006), "Colonizing China's Northern Frontier: Yan and Her Neighbors During the Early Western Zhou Period", <i>International Journal of Historical Archaeology</i>, <b>10</b> (2): 159–177, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10761-006-0005-3">10.1007/s10761-006-0005-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143815200">143815200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Historical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Colonizing+China%27s+Northern+Frontier%3A+Yan+and+Her+Neighbors+During+the+Early+Western+Zhou+Period&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-177&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10761-006-0005-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143815200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Yan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorp1981" class="citation cs2">Thorp, Robert L. (1981), "The Date of Tomb 5 at Yinxu, Anyang: A Review Article", <i>Artibus Asiae</i>, <b>43</b> (3): 239–246, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249839">3249839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+Tomb+5+at+Yinxu%2C+Anyang%3A+A+Review+Article&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=239-246&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3249839%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thorp&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1993" class="citation cs2">Wagner, Donald B. (1993), <i>Iron and Steel in Ancient China</i>, Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09632-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09632-5"><bdi>978-90-04-09632-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+and+Steel+in+Ancient+China&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09632-5&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang1993" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script">Wang Hongyuan (王宏源) (1993), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofchinese0000wang"><bdi lang="zh">漢字字源入門</bdi></a></span> [<i>The Origins of Chinese Characters</i>], Beijing: Sinolingua, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80052-243-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80052-243-7"><bdi>978-7-80052-243-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%97%E6%BA%90%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Sinolingua&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-7-80052-243-7&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Hongyuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofchinese0000wang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Endymion_Wilkinson" title="Endymion Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Endymion</a> (2013), <a href="/wiki/Chinese_History:_A_New_Manual" title="Chinese History: A New Manual"><i>Chinese History: A New Manual</i></a>, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06715-8"><bdi>978-0-674-06715-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+New+Manual&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06715-8&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/journals/jras/1895-17.htm">"Ssŭma Ch'ien's <i>Historical Records</i>, Chapter III – The Yin Dynasty"</a>, <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>, vol. 27, no. 3, translated by Allen, Herbert J., pp. 601–615, 1895, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00145083">10.1017/S0035869X00145083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Ss%C5%ADma+Ch%27ien%27s+Historical+Records%2C+Chapter+III+%E2%80%93+The+Yin+Dynasty&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=601-615&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00145083&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fjournals%2Fjras%2F1895-17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kwang-chih_Chang" title="Kwang-chih Chang">Chang, Kwang-Chih</a> (1980), <i>Shang Civilization</i>, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02885-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02885-7"><bdi>0-300-02885-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shang+Civilization&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-300-02885-7&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kwang-Chih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Duan, Chang-Qun; Gan, Xue-Chun; Wang, Jeanny; Chien, Paul K. (1998), "Relocation of Civilization Centers in Ancient China: Environmental Factors", <i>Ambio</i>, <b>27</b> (7): 572–575, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4314793">4314793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambio&rft.atitle=Relocation+of+Civilization+Centers+in+Ancient+China%3A+Environmental+Factors&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=572-575&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4314793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Duan&rft.aufirst=Chang-Qun&rft.au=Gan%2C+Xue-Chun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jeanny&rft.au=Chien%2C+Paul+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/chineseclassics07legggoog#page/n146/mode/2up">"The Annals of the Bamboo Books: The Dynasty of Shang"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseclassics07legggoog"><i>The Chinese Classics, volume 3, part 1</i></a>, translated by Legge, James, 1865, pp. 128–141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Annals+of+the+Bamboo+Books%3A+The+Dynasty+of+Shang&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Classics%2C+volume+3%2C+part+1&rft.pages=128-141&rft.date=1865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fchineseclassics07legggoog%23page%2Fn146%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Lee, Yuan-Yuan; Shen, Sin-yan (1999), <i>Chinese Musical Instruments</i>, Chinese Music Monograph Series, Chinese Music Society of North America Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880464-03-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-880464-03-9"><bdi>1-880464-03-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Musical+Instruments&rft.series=Chinese+Music+Monograph+Series&rft.pub=Chinese+Music+Society+of+North+America+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-880464-03-9&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Yuan-Yuan&rft.au=Shen%2C+Sin-yan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Shen, Sinyan (1987), "Acoustics of Ancient Chinese Bells", <i>Scientific American</i>, <b>256</b> (4): 94, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987SciAm.256d.104S">1987SciAm.256d.104S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0487-104">10.1038/scientificamerican0487-104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Acoustics+of+Ancient+Chinese+Bells&rft.volume=256&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=94&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0487-104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987SciAm.256d.104S&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Sinyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Timperley, Harold J. (1936), <i>The Awakening of China in Archaeology; Further Discoveries in Ho-Nan Province, Royal Tombs of the Shang Dynasty, Dated Traditionally from 1766 to 1122 B.C.</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Awakening+of+China+in+Archaeology%3B+Further+Discoveries+in+Ho-Nan+Province%2C+Royal+Tombs+of+the+Shang+Dynasty%2C+Dated+Traditionally+from+1766+to+1122+B.C.&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Timperley&rft.aufirst=Harold+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShang+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_dynasty&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Shang_Dynasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Shang Dynasty"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Shang Dynasty</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Dynasties in Chinese history</a> </b><br />c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_the_Shang_dynasty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template talk:Kings of Shang"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kings of Shang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_the_Shang_dynasty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kings of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shang dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Shang" title="Predynastic Shang">Predynastic Shang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xie_of_Shang" title="Xie of Shang">Xie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ming_of_Shang" title="Zhao Ming of Shang">Zhao Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Tu" title="Xiang Tu">Xiang Tu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Ruo" title="Chang Ruo">Chang Ruo</a></li> <li>Cao Yu</li> <li>Ming</li> <li>Wang Hai</li> <li>Wang Heng</li> <li>Shang Jia</li> <li>Bao Yi</li> <li>Bao Bing</li> <li>Bao Ding</li> <li>Zhu Ren</li> <li>Zhu Gui</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_of_Shang" title="Tang of Shang">Tang</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="font-size:36px;">商</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_the_Shang_dynasty#Early_and_Late_Shang" title="Periodization of the Shang dynasty">Early Shang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_of_Shang" title="Tang of Shang">Da Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Ding" title="Da Ding">Da Ding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Jia" title="Tai Jia">Da Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Bing" title="Bu Bing">Bu Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Geng" title="Tai Geng">Da Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Jia" title="Xiao Jia">Xiao Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Wu" title="Tai Wu">Da Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Ji" title="Yong Ji">Lü Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Ding" title="Zhong Ding">Zhong Ding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wai_Ren" title="Wai Ren">Bu Ren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Dan_Jia" title="He Dan Jia">Jian Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zu_Yi" title="Zu Yi">Zu Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zu_Xin" title="Zu Xin">Zu Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wo_Jia" title="Wo Jia">Qiang Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zu_Ding" title="Zu Ding">Zu Ding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_Geng" title="Nan Geng">Nan Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jia_of_Shang" title="Yang Jia of Shang">Xiang Jia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_the_Shang_dynasty#Early_and_Late_Shang" title="Periodization of the Shang dynasty">Late Shang</a><sup>+</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Geng" title="Pan Geng">Pan Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Xin" title="Xiao Xin">Xiao Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Yi_of_Shang" title="Xiao Yi of Shang">Xiao Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Ding" title="Wu Ding">Wu Ding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zu_Geng_of_Shang" title="Zu Geng of Shang">Zu Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zu_Jia" title="Zu Jia">Zu Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Xin" title="Lin Xin">Lin Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geng_Ding" title="Geng Ding">Kang Ding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yi_of_Shang" title="Wu Yi of Shang">Wu Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Wu_Ding" title="Wen Wu Ding">Wen Wu Ding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Yi" title="Di Yi">Di Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Zhou_of_Shang" title="King Zhou of Shang">Di Xin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span style="font-size:85%;"><sup>+</sup> The term here refers to the period in the historiographical sense, starting from Pan Geng who is traditionally said to have moved the Shang capital to <a href="/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Yinxu</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">same term</a> can also refer to the historical polity as the earliest known literate civilization in China, starting from Wu Ding.</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table 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