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id="toc-Entry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Entry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Germania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriotism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriotism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Patriotism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriotism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Draft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Draft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Draft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Draft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_confusion_in_1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_confusion_in_1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Economic confusion in 1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_confusion_in_1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Expeditionary_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Expeditionary_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>American Expeditionary Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Expeditionary_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1919:_strikes,_riots_and_scares" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1919:_strikes,_riots_and_scares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1919: strikes, riots and scares</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1919:_strikes,_riots_and_scares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Women's suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roaring_Twenties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roaring_Twenties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Roaring Twenties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roaring_Twenties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roaring Twenties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roaring_Twenties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prosperity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosperity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prosperity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosperity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Herbert_Hoover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herbert_Hoover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Herbert Hoover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herbert_Hoover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_restriction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_restriction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Immigration restriction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_restriction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jazz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jazz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Jazz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jazz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Prohibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ku_Klux_Klan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ku_Klux_Klan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Ku Klux Klan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ku_Klux_Klan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scopes_"Monkey"_Trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scopes_"Monkey"_Trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Scopes "Monkey" Trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scopes_"Monkey"_Trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Federal government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy,_1919–1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy,_1919–1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Foreign policy, 1919–1941</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy,_1919–1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intervention_ends_in_Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intervention_ends_in_Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Intervention ends in Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intervention_ends_in_Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isolationism_in_1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolationism_in_1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Isolationism in 1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolationism_in_1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coming_of_war:_1937–1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coming_of_war:_1937–1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Coming of war: 1937–1941</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coming_of_war:_1937–1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Great Depression</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Great_Depression-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Great Depression subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Great_Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_New_Deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_New_Deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The New Deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_New_Deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Bank_holiday"_and_Emergency_Banking_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Bank_holiday"_and_Emergency_Banking_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>"Bank holiday" and Emergency Banking Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Bank_holiday"_and_Emergency_Banking_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Economy Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farm_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farm_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Farm programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farm_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-'Alphabet_soup'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Alphabet_soup'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>'Alphabet soup'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'Alphabet_soup'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_New_Deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_New_Deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Second New Deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_New_Deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_agitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_agitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Labor agitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_agitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recession_of_1937_and_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recession_of_1937_and_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Recession of 1937 and recovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recession_of_1937_and_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_the_end_of_the_Great_Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_the_end_of_the_Great_Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>World War II and the end of the Great Depression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_the_end_of_the_Great_Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacies_of_the_New_Deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacies_of_the_New_Deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Legacies of the New Deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacies_of_the_New_Deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_and_military_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_and_military_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Foreign and military policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_and_military_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homefront" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homefront"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Homefront</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homefront-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxes_and_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxes_and_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Taxes and controls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxes_and_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rationing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Rationing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>Work force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.5</span> <span>Labor unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_tensions_and_Japanese_American_internment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_tensions_and_Japanese_American_internment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.6</span> <span>Racial tensions and Japanese American internment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_tensions_and_Japanese_American_internment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_an_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_an_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>End of an era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_an_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the United States (1917–1945)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_(1918%E2%80%931945)" title="تاريخ الولايات المتحدة (1918–1945) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ الولايات المتحدة (1918–1945)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA%27s_historie_(1918-1945)" title="USA's historie (1918-1945) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="USA's historie (1918-1945)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_historia_(1918-1945)" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako historia (1918-1945) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako historia (1918-1945)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_(%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B1%DB%B8-%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B4%DB%B5)" title="تاریخ ایالات متحده (۱۹۱۸-۱۹۴۵) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ ایالات متحده (۱۹۱۸-۱۹۴۵)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_des_%C3%89tats-Unis_de_1918_%C3%A0_1945" title="Histoire des États-Unis de 1918 à 1945 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire des États-Unis de 1918 à 1945" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">The United States of America</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-weight: bold;">1917–1945</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Iwo_Jima_Flag_Raising.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/First_Iwo_Jima_Flag_Raising.jpg/250px-First_Iwo_Jima_Flag_Raising.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/First_Iwo_Jima_Flag_Raising.jpg/375px-First_Iwo_Jima_Flag_Raising.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/First_Iwo_Jima_Flag_Raising.jpg/500px-First_Iwo_Jima_Flag_Raising.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2949" data-file-height="3747" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a>, 1945. The World Wars ended the United States' policy of <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">isolationism</a> and left it as a world <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Including</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a><br /><a href="/wiki/New_Deal#Legacy" title="New Deal">New Deal Era</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">World War II</a><br />Migrations:<div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Depopulation_of_the_Great_Plains" title="Depopulation of the Great Plains">Great Plains Exodus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Highway" title="Hillbilly Highway">Appalachian migration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Okie#Great_Depression_usage" title="Okie">Okie migration</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">President(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key events</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's Suffrage Movement</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition Era</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second KKK</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a><br /><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations#Origin" title="History of the United Nations">Formation of the United Nations</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><b>Chronology</b> <br /><table style="background:var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0); color: inherit; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%" style="text-align:left;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/10px-Arrleft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/15px-Arrleft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/20px-Arrleft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="133" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">History of the United States (1865–1917)</a></td> <td width="50%" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">History of the United States (1945–1964)</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="class-skin-invert-image"><img alt="class-skin-invert-image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arrright.svg/10px-Arrright.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arrright.svg/15px-Arrright.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arrright.svg/20px-Arrright.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="133" /></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234909266">.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar{width:22.0em;border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:#002868;color:#FFFFFF;background-clip:padding-box}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a,.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-list-title a,.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .mw-collapsible-text{color:#FFFFFF}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-caption{padding-bottom:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-list-content{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-list-title{text-align:center;background:#bf0a30;color:#FFFFFF}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks US-history-sidebar vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of a series on the</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States"><small>History of the </small><br />United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Timeline and periods</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">until 1607</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial Era</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1607–1765</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1765–1783</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1783–1788</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1788–1801</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1801–1817</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1817–1825</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1825–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1849–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1877–1896</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1896–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1917–1945</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Post-World War II Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post-Cold War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    Modern Era</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2008–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">Civil unrest</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Racial violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_flags_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime history of the United States">Maritime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">Social class</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Indian Americans">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans#History" title="German Americans">German American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">AZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">WY</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Territories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">GU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">VI</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of the United States from 1917 to 1945</b> was marked by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>The United States tried and failed to broker a peace settlement for <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, then entered the war after Germany launched a submarine campaign against U.S. merchant ships that were supplying Germany's enemy countries. The publicly stated goals were to uphold American honor, crush German militarism, and reshape the postwar world. After a slow mobilization, the United States of America helped bring about a decisive victory by supplying badly needed financing, food, and millions of fresh and eager soldiers. After the war, the United States of America rejected the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> and did not join the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. </p><p>In 1920, the manufacture, sale, import and export of alcohol was prohibited by the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>. Possession of liquor, and drinking it, was never illegal before. The overall level of alcohol consumption did go down, however, state and local governments avoided aggressive enforcement. The federal government was overwhelmed with cases, so that <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">bootlegging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">speakeasies</a> flourished in every city. Well-organized criminal gangs exploded in numbers, finances, power, and influence on city politics.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few local domestic-terrorist attacks from radicals, like the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Bombing">1920 Wall Street Bombing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States anarchist bombings</a> sparked the first <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a>. <a href="/wiki/Culture_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture wars">Culture wars</a> between fundamentalist Christians and modernists became more intense, as demonstrated by prohibition, the Ku Klux Klan (<a href="/wiki/KKK" class="mw-redirect" title="KKK">KKK</a>), and the highly publicized <a href="/wiki/Scopes_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopes Trial">Scopes Trial</a>. </p><p>The nation enjoyed a period of sustained prosperity in the 1920s. Agriculture went through a bubble in soaring land prices that collapsed in 1921, and that sector remained depressed. Coal mining was shrinking as oil became the main energy source. Otherwise most sectors prospered. Construction flourished as office buildings, factories, paved roads, and new housing was evident everywhere. Automobile production soared, suburban housing expanded and the nation's homes, towns and cities were electrified, along with some farms. Prices were stable, and the <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product">Gross Domestic Product</a> (GDP) grew steadily until 1929, when the financial speculation bubble burst as Wall Street crashed. </p><p>In foreign policy President Wilson helped found the League of Nations but the U.S. never joined it, as the Congress refused to give up its constitutional role in declaring war. The nation instead took the initiative to disarm the world, most notably at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Conference</a> in 1921–22. Washington also helped stabilize the European economy through the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a> was aimed at stabilizing the traditional ethnic balance and strictly limiting the total inflow. The act completely blocked Asian immigrants, providing no means for them to get in.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a> and the ensuing Great Depression led to government efforts to restart the economy and help its victims. The recovery, however, was very slow. The nadir of the Great Depression was 1933, and recovery was rapid until the recession of 1938 proved a setback. There were no major new industries in the 1930s that were big enough to drive growth the way autos, electricity and construction had been so powerful in the 1920s. GDP surpassed 1929 levels in 1940. </p><p>By 1939, <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationist</a> sentiment in America had ebbed, and after the stunning fall of France in 1940 to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, the United States began rearming itself and sent a large stream of money and military supplies to Britain and the Soviet Union. Following the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, the United States entered World War II to fight against Nazi Germany, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a>, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a>". Italy surrendered in 1943, and Germany and Japan in 1945, after massive devastation and loss of life, while the US emerged far richer and with few casualties. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States in World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_I" title="United States home front during World War I">United States home front during World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="American Expeditionary Force">American Expeditionary Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath of World War I</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry">Entry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Entry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a></div> <p>Firmly maintaining neutrality when <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> began in Europe in 1914, the United States helped supply the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>, but could not ship anything to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> because of the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">British blockade of Germany</a>. Sympathies among many politically and culturally influential Americans had favored the British cause from the start of the war, as typified by industrialist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Insull" title="Samuel Insull">Samuel Insull</a>, born in London, who helped young Americans enlist in British or Canadian forces. On the other hand, especially in the Midwest, many <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a> opposed any American involvement, the Irish because they hated the British, and the Germans because they feared they would come under personal attack. The suffragist movement included many pacifists, and most churches opposed the war. </p><p>German efforts to use their submarines ("<a href="/wiki/U-boats" class="mw-redirect" title="U-boats">U-boats</a>") to blockade Britain resulted in the deaths of American travelers and sailors, and attacks on passenger liners caused public outrage. Most notable was <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">torpedoing without warning the passenger liner <i>Lusitania</i></a> in 1915. Germany promised not to repeat; however it reversed position in early 1917, believing that <a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">unrestricted U-boat warfare</a> against all ships headed to Britain would win the war, albeit at the cost of American entry. When Americans read the text of the German offer to Mexico, known as the <a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimmermann Telegram">Zimmermann Telegram</a>, they saw an offer for Mexico to go to war with Germany against the United States, with German funding, with the promise of the return of the lost territories of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. On April 1, 1917, Wilson called for war, emphasizing that the U.S. had to fight to maintain its honor and to have a decisive voice in shaping the new postwar world.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress voted on April 6, 1917, to declare war, but it was far from unanimous.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germania">Germania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Germania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_Americans#World_War_I_anti-German_sentiment" title="German Americans">German Americans § World War I anti-German sentiment</a></div><p>German Americans were sometimes accused of being too sympathetic to the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. Former president <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> denounced "<a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_American" title="Hyphenated American">hyphenated Americanism</a>", insisting that <a href="/wiki/Dual_loyalty" title="Dual loyalty">dual loyalties</a> were impossible in wartime. A small minority came out for Germany, or ridiculed the British. About 1% of the 480,000 enemy aliens of German birth were imprisoned in 1917–18. The allegations included spying for Germany, or endorsing the German war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands were forced to buy war bonds to show their loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One person was killed by a mob; in <a href="/wiki/Collinsville,_Illinois" title="Collinsville, Illinois">Collinsville, Illinois</a>, German-born <a href="/wiki/Robert_Prager" title="Robert Prager">Robert Prager</a> was dragged from jail as a suspected spy and lynched.<sup id="cite_ref-Hickey_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickey-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war saw a <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">phobia of anything German</a> engulf the nation; <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a> was rechristened "liberty cabbage".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patriotism">Patriotism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Patriotism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wilson Administration created the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Public_Information" title="Committee on Public Information">Committee on Public Information</a> (CPI) to control war information and provide pro-war propaganda. The private <a href="/wiki/American_Protective_League" title="American Protective League">American Protective League</a>, working with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>, was one of many private right-wing "patriotic associations" that sprang up to support the war and at the same time fight labor unions and various left-wing and anti-war organizations. The U.S. Congress passed, and Wilson signed, the <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_of_1918" title="Sedition Act of 1918">Sedition Act of 1918</a>. The Sedition Act criminalized any expression of opinion that used "disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language" about the U.S. government, flag or armed forces. Government police action, private vigilante groups and public war hysteria compromised the civil liberties of many Americans who disagreed with Wilson's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Draft">Draft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Draft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_Want_You_for_The_Navy_(12236440355).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/I_Want_You_for_The_Navy_%2812236440355%29.jpg/220px-I_Want_You_for_The_Navy_%2812236440355%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/I_Want_You_for_The_Navy_%2812236440355%29.jpg/330px-I_Want_You_for_The_Navy_%2812236440355%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/I_Want_You_for_The_Navy_%2812236440355%29.jpg/440px-I_Want_You_for_The_Navy_%2812236440355%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Navy poster by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Chandler_Christy" title="Howard Chandler Christy">Howard Chandler Christy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The United States was remarkably unprepared for war in 1917, since it had not fought a major conflict since 1865. The military was small by modern standards and used out-dated weapons. A hasty expansion and modernization of the armed forces was thus launched. The draft began in spring 1917 but volunteers were also accepted. Four million men and thousands of women joined the services for the duration.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_confusion_in_1917">Economic confusion in 1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economic confusion in 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In terms of munitions production, the 15 months after April 1917 involved an amazing parade of mistakes, misguided enthusiasm, and confusion. Americans were willing enough, but they did not know their proper role. Washington was unable to figure out what to do when, or even to decide who was in charge. Typical of the confusion was the coal shortage that hit in December 1917. Because coal was by far the major source of energy and heat a grave crisis ensued. There was in fact plenty of coal being mined, but 44,000 loaded freight and coal cars were tied up in horrendous traffic jams in the rail yards of the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a>. Two hundred ships were waiting in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a> for cargo that was delayed by the mess. The solution included nationalizing the coal mines and the railroads for the duration, shutting down factories one day a week to save fuel, and enforcing a strict system of priorities. Only in March 1918 did Washington finally take control of the crisis<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The war saw many women taking what were traditionally men's jobs for the first time. Many worked on the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly lines</a> of factories, producing tanks, trucks and munitions. For the first time, department stores employed African American women as elevator operators and cafeteria waitresses. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_Administration" title="United States Food Administration">Food Administration</a> helped housewives prepare nutritious meals with less waste and with optimum use of the foods available. Most important, the morale of the women remained high, as millions joined the Red Cross as volunteers to help soldiers and their families. With rare exceptions, the women did not protest the draft.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor">Labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Samuel Gompers</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a>, and nearly all labor unions were strong supporters of the war effort. They minimized strikes as wages soared and full employment was reached. The AFL unions strongly encouraged their young men to enlist in the military, and fiercely opposed efforts to reduce recruiting and slow war production by the anti-war labor union called the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> (IWW) and also left-wing <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialists</a>. President Wilson appointed Gompers to the powerful <a href="/wiki/Council_of_National_Defense" title="Council of National Defense">Council of National Defense</a>, where he set up the War Committee on Labor. The AFL membership soared to 2.4 million in 1917. In 1919, the Union tried to make their gains permanent and called a series of major strikes in meat, steel and other industries. The strikes, all of which failed, forced unions back to their position around 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-war socialists controlled the IWW, which fought against the war effort and was in turn shut down by legal action by the federal government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Expeditionary_Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: American Expeditionary Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the battlefields of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, the fresh <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a> troops were enthusiastically welcomed by the war-weary <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> armies in the summer of 1918. They arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day, at a time that the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a> was unable to replace its losses. After the Allies turned back the powerful final German offensive (<a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">Spring Offensive</a>), the Americans played a central role in the Allied final offensive (<a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a>). Victory over Germany was achieved on <a href="/wiki/Armistice_Day" title="Armistice Day">November 11, 1918</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using questionnaires filled out by doughboys as they left the Army, Gutièrrez reported they were not cynical or disillusioned. They fought "for honor, manhood, comrades, and adventure, but especially for duty."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HowYaGonnaKeepEmDownOnTheFarm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/HowYaGonnaKeepEmDownOnTheFarm.jpg/250px-HowYaGonnaKeepEmDownOnTheFarm.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/HowYaGonnaKeepEmDownOnTheFarm.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>A 1919 sheet music cover, noting that many young people were abandoning farms for the excitement of the cities</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_NYC_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Poland_NYC_1939.jpg/250px-Poland_NYC_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Poland_NYC_1939.jpg/375px-Poland_NYC_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Poland_NYC_1939.jpg/500px-Poland_NYC_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>Photo taken with newly invented <a href="/wiki/Kodachrome" title="Kodachrome">Kodachrome</a> film at the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">1939 New York World's Fair</a>, with the League of Nations and the Polish pavilions visible</figcaption></figure> <p>A popular <a href="/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley" title="Tin Pan Alley">Tin Pan Alley</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuben_and_Rachel" title="Reuben and Rachel">song of 1919</a> asked, concerning the United States troops returning from World War I, "<a href="/wiki/How_Ya_Gonna_Keep_%27em_Down_on_the_Farm_(After_They%27ve_Seen_Paree)%3F" title="How Ya Gonna Keep 'em Down on the Farm (After They've Seen Paree)?">How Ya Gonna Keep 'em Down on the Farm (After They've Seen Paree)?</a>". In fact, many did not remain "down on the farm"; there was a great migration of youth from farms to nearby towns and smaller cities.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average distance moved was only 10 miles (16 km). Few went to the cities with over 100,000 people. However, agriculture became increasingly mechanized with widespread use of the <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractor</a>, other heavy equipment, and superior techniques disseminated through <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_extension" title="Agricultural extension">County Agents</a>, who were employed by state agricultural colleges and funded by the Federal government. </p><p>In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> campaigned for congress to ratify the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> and allow the U.S. to join the new <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, which he had been instrumental in creating. Wilson rejected the Republican compromise on the issue, and it failed for lack of a 2/3 majority. During his grueling cross-country tour to promote the League, Wilson suffered a series of strokes. He never recovered physically and lost his leadership skills and was unable to negotiate or compromise. The Senate rejected entry into the League and the U.S. never joined.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defeat in the Great War left Germany in a state of revolutionary turmoil and heavily in debt for <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">war reparations</a>, payments to the victorious <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>. The Allies in turn owed large sums to the US Treasury for war loans. Under the multi-national <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a>, American and British banks loaned money to Germany to stabilize its currency and expand production, which then allowed it to pay reparations to countries like Britain and France.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, European and American economies reached new levels of industrial production and prosperity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1919:_strikes,_riots_and_scares"><span id="1919:_strikes.2C_riots_and_scares"></span>1919: strikes, riots and scares</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1919: strikes, riots and scares"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urban America was in turmoil throughout 1919. The huge number of returning veterans could not find work, something the Wilson administration had given little thought to. After the war, fear of subversion resumed in the context of the Red Scare, massive strikes in major industries (steel, meatpacking) and violent race riots. Radicals bombed Wall Street, and <a href="/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle General Strike of 1919">workers went on strike in Seattle</a> in February. During 1919, a series of more than 20 riotous and violent black-white race-related incidents occurred. These included the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Race_Riot_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Race Riot of 1919">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Race_Riot_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha Race Riot of 1919">Omaha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Race_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaine Race Riot">Elaine Race Riots</a>. </p><p>A phenomenon known as the <i><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">Red Scare</a></i> took place 1918–1919. With the rise of violent Communist revolutions in Europe, leftist radicals were emboldened by the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and were eager to respond to Lenin's call for world revolution. On May 1, 1919, a parade in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, protesting the imprisonment of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a> leader, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Eugene Debs</a>, erupted into the violent <a href="/wiki/May_Day_Riots_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="May Day Riots of 1919">May Day Riots</a>. A series of bombings by the far left in 1919 and assassination attempts further inflamed the situation. Attorney General <a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">A. Mitchell Palmer</a> conducted the <a href="/wiki/Palmer_Raids" title="Palmer Raids">Palmer Raids</a>, a series of raids and arrests of non-citizen <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchists</a>, radical unionists, and immigrants. They were charged with planning to overthrow the government. By 1920, over 10,000 arrests were made, and the immigrants caught up in these raids were deported back to Europe, most notably the anarchist <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a>, who years before had attempted to assassinate industrialist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick" title="Henry Clay Frick">Henry Clay Frick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_suffrage"><span id="Women.27s_suffrage"></span>Women's suffrage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Women's suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">long period of agitation</a>, U.S. women were able in 1920 to obtain the necessary votes from a majority of men to obtain the right to vote in all state and federal elections. Women participated in the 1920 presidential and congressional elections. </p><p>Politicians responded to the new electorate by emphasizing issues of special interest to women, especially prohibition, child health, public schools, and world peace.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women did respond to these issues, but in terms of general voting they shared the same outlook and the same voting behavior as men.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The suffrage organization <a href="/wiki/NAWSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NAWSA">NAWSA</a> became the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a>. Alice Paul's National Woman's Party began lobbying for full equality and the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a>, which would pass Congress during the second wave of the women's movement in 1972, but was not ratified and never took effect. The main surge of women voting came in 1928, when the <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">big-city machines</a> realized they needed the support of women to elect <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>, while rural <a href="/wiki/Dry_county" title="Dry county">dry counties</a> mobilized women to support <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> and vote for Republican <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>. Catholic women were reluctant to vote in the early 1920s, but they registered in very large numbers for the 1928 election—the first in which Catholicism was a major issue.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few women were elected to office, but none became especially prominent during this time period. Overall, the women's rights movement was dormant in the 1920s, since Susan B. Anthony and the other prominent activists had died, and apart from <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a> few younger women came along to replace them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roaring_Twenties">Roaring Twenties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Roaring Twenties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election of 1920</a>, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican Party</a> returned to the White House with the landslide victory of <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>, who promised a "return to normalcy" after the years of war, ethnic hatreds, race riots and exhausting reforms. Harding used new advertising techniques to lead the GOP to a massive landslide, carrying the major cities as many Irish Catholics and Germans, feeling betrayed, temporarily deserted the Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosperity">Prosperity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prosperity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Except for a recession in 1920–21, the economy enjoyed a long period of prosperity. Good times were widespread for all sectors (except agriculture and coal mining). New industries flourished especially electric power, movies, automobiles, gasoline, tourist travel, highway construction, and housing. </p><p>"The business of America is business," proclaimed President Coolidge.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entrepreneurship flourished and was widely hailed. Business interests had captured control of the regulatory agencies established before 1915 and used progressive rhetoric, emphasizing technological efficiency and prosperity as the keys to social improvement. <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_White" title="William Allen White">William Allen White</a>, a leading progressive spokesman, supported GOP candidate <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> in 1928 as one who could "spiritualize" business prosperity and make it serve progressive ends.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The energy was a key to the economy, especially electricity, and oil. As electrification reached all the cities and towns, consumers demanded new products such as light bulbs, refrigerators, and toasters.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factories installed electric motors and saw productivity surge.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Oil_Boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Oil Boom">oil booms in Texas</a>, Oklahoma, and California, the United States dominated world petroleum production, now even more important in an age of automobiles and trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Herbert_Hoover">Herbert Hoover</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Herbert Hoover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> became world famous by leading the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium" title="Commission for Relief in Belgium">Commission for Relief in Belgium</a> in World War I. He directed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_Administration" title="United States Food Administration">U.S. Food Administration</a> when the U.S. entered the war and served as Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s. An energetic exponent of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">progressivism</a> he promoted engineering-style efficiency in business and public service, and promoted standardization, elimination of waste, and international trade. He easily won the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican</a> presidential nomination in 1928 and defeated Democrat <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> in a landslide.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The promise of prosperity made Hoover president, but the reality of economic decline ruined him, as Democrats tarred him with blame for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a>. He was falsely accused of ignoring the crisis. Starting in late 1929 he tried multiple new ways to reverse the economic collapse as the world-wide Great Depression engulfed the United States. He called in all the experts for advice and looked for voluntary solutions that did not require government compulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No matter what he did the economy spiraled downward, hitting bottom just as he left office in early 1933. He lacked the political skills to rally support and was defeated in a landslide <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">in 1932</a> by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. After this loss, Hoover became staunchly <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a>, and spoke widely against liberal <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> policies.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unions">Unions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Labor unions grew very rapidly during the war, emerging with a large membership, full treasuries, and a temporary government guarantee of the right of collective bargaining. Inflation was high during the war, but wages went up even faster. However, unions were weak in heavy industry, such as automobiles and steel. Their main strength was in construction, printing, railroads, and other crafts where the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">AFL</a> had a strong system in place. Total union membership had soared from 2.7 million in 1914 to 5 million at its peak in 1919. An aggressive spirit appeared in 1919, as demonstrated by the general strike in Seattle and the police strike in Boston. The larger unions made a dramatic move for expansion in 1919 by calling major strikes in clothing, meatpacking, steel, coal, and railroads. The corporations fought back, and the strikes failed. The unions held on to their gains among machinists, textile workers, and seamen, and in such industries as food and clothing, but overall membership fell back to 3.5 million, where it stagnated until the New Deal passed the <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner Act">Wagner Act</a> in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Real earnings (after taking inflation, unemployment, and short hours into account) of all employees doubled over 1918–45. Setting 1918 as 100, the index went to 112 in 1923, 122 in 1929, 81 in 1933 (the low point of the depression), 116 in 1940, and 198 in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bubble of the late 1920s was reflected by the extension of credit to a dangerous degree, including in the <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a>, which rose to record high levels. Government size had been at low levels, causing major freedom of the economy and more prosperity. It became apparent in retrospect after the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">stock market crash of 1929</a> that credit levels had become dangerously inflated.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_restriction">Immigration restriction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Immigration restriction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a></div> <p>The United States became more <a href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigration">anti-immigration</a> in outlook during this period. The American <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a> limited immigration from countries where 2% of the total <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">U.S. population</a>, per the 1890 census (not counting African Americans), were immigrants from that country. Thus, the massive influx of Europeans that had come to America during the first two decades of the century slowed to a trickle. Asians and citizens of India were prohibited from immigrating altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jazz">Jazz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jazz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYC_Manhattan_1938_Franz_Grasser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NYC_Manhattan_1938_Franz_Grasser.jpg/220px-NYC_Manhattan_1938_Franz_Grasser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NYC_Manhattan_1938_Franz_Grasser.jpg/330px-NYC_Manhattan_1938_Franz_Grasser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NYC_Manhattan_1938_Franz_Grasser.jpg/440px-NYC_Manhattan_1938_Franz_Grasser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> in the New York City photographed in 1938 using newly invented <a href="/wiki/Agfacolor" title="Agfacolor">Agfacolor</a> photo</figcaption></figure> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a>" symbolized the popularity of new musics and dance forms, which attracted younger people in all the large cities as the older generation worried about the threat of looser sexual standards as suggested by the uninhibited "<a href="/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper">flapper</a>." In every locality, Hollywood discovered an audience for its silent films. It was an age of celebrities and heroes, with movie stars, boxers, home run hitters, tennis aces, and football standouts grabbing widespread attention.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black culture, especially in music and literature, flourished in many cities such as New Orleans, Memphis, and Chicago but nowhere more than in New York City, site of the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Club" title="Cotton Club">Cotton Club</a> nightclub and the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Theater" title="Apollo Theater">Apollo Theater</a> became famous venues for artists and writers.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radio was a new industry that grew explosively from homemade <a href="/wiki/Crystal_radio" title="Crystal radio">crystal sets</a>, picking up faraway stations to stations in every large city by the mid-decade.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1927 two national networks had been formed, the <a href="/wiki/NBC_Red_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Red Network">NBC Red Network</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Network" title="Blue Network">Blue Network</a> (ABC). The broadcast fare was mostly music, especially by <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big bands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prohibition">Prohibition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Prohibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prohibition_agents_destroying_barrels_of_alcohol_(United_States,_prohibition_era).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prohibition_agents_destroying_barrels_of_alcohol_%28United_States%2C_prohibition_era%29.jpg/250px-Prohibition_agents_destroying_barrels_of_alcohol_%28United_States%2C_prohibition_era%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prohibition_agents_destroying_barrels_of_alcohol_%28United_States%2C_prohibition_era%29.jpg/375px-Prohibition_agents_destroying_barrels_of_alcohol_%28United_States%2C_prohibition_era%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Prohibition_agents_destroying_barrels_of_alcohol_%28United_States%2C_prohibition_era%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1920, the manufacture, sale, import and export of alcohol was prohibited by the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> in an attempt to alleviate high rates of alcoholism and, especially, political corruption led by saloon-based politicians. It was enforced at the federal level by the <a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a>. Most states let the federals do the enforcing. Drinking or owning liquor was not illegal, only the manufacture or sale. National Prohibition ended in 1933, although it continued for a while in some states. Prohibition is considered by most (but not all) historians to have been a failure because <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> was strengthened.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_Okrent_2010_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Okrent_2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ku_Klux_Klan">Ku Klux Klan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ku Klux Klan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> (KKK) is the name of three entirely different organizations (1860s, 1920s, post 1960) that used the same nomenclature and costumes but had no direct connection. The KKK of the 1920s was a purification movement that rallied against crime, especially violation of prohibition, and decried the growing "influence" of "big-city" Catholics and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish American">Jews</a>, many of them immigrants and their descendants from Ireland as well as Southern and Eastern Europe. Its membership was often exaggerated but possibly reached as many as 4 million men, but no prominent national figure claimed membership; no daily newspaper endorsed it, and indeed most actively opposed the Klan. Membership was verily evenly spread across the nation's white Protestants, <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, urban and rural. Historians in recent years have explored the Klan in depth. The KKK of the 1860s and the current KKK were indeed violent. However, historians discount lurid tales of a murderous group in the 1920s. Some crimes were probably committed in <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> states but were quite uncommon elsewhere. The local Klans seem to have been poorly organized and were exploited as money-making devices by organizers more than anything else. (Organizers charged a $10 application fee and up to $50 for costumes.) Nonetheless, the KKK had become prominent enough that it staged a huge rally in Washington DC in 1925. Soon afterward, the national headlines reported rape and murder by the KKK leader in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, and the group quickly lost its mystique and nearly all its members.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scopes_"Monkey"_Trial"><span id="Scopes_.22Monkey.22_Trial"></span>Scopes "Monkey" Trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Scopes "Monkey" Trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scopes_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopes Trial">Scopes Trial</a> of 1925 was a <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> court case that tested a state law which forbade the teaching of "any theory that denies the story of the <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Divine Creation</a> of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals." The law was the result of a systematic drive by religious <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalists">Fundamentalists</a> to throw back the onslaught of modern ideas in theology and science. In a spectacular trial that drew national attention thanks to the roles of three-time Democratic presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> for the prosecution and famed lawyer <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Clarence Darrow</a> for the defense, <a href="/wiki/John_T._Scopes" title="John T. Scopes">John T. Scopes</a> was convicted of teaching evolution, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality. The Fundamentalists were widely ridiculed, with writers like <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a> poking merciless ridicule at them; their efforts to pass state laws proved a failure.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_government">Federal government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Federal government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Hoover_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/President_Hoover_portrait.jpg/200px-President_Hoover_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/President_Hoover_portrait.jpg/300px-President_Hoover_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/President_Hoover_portrait.jpg/400px-President_Hoover_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2174" data-file-height="2896" /></a><figcaption>Herbert Hoover</figcaption></figure> <p>Led by Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover, the federal government in the 1920s took on an increasing role in business and economic affairs. In addition to Prohibition, the government obtained new powers and duties such as funding and overseeing the new <a href="/wiki/U.S._Highway_system" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Highway system">U.S. Highway system</a>, controlling agriculture, and regulating radio and commercial aviation. The result was a rapid spread of standardized roads and broadcasts that were welcomed by most Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> Administration was rocked by the <a href="/wiki/Teapot_Dome_scandal" title="Teapot Dome scandal">Teapot Dome scandal</a>, the most famous of a number of episodes involving Harding's cabinet members. The president, exhausted and dismayed from the news of the scandals, died of a heart attack in August 1923. His vice-president, Calvin Coolidge, succeeded him. Coolidge could not have been a more different personality than his predecessor. Dour, puritanical, and spotlessly honest, his White House stood in sharp contrast to the drinking, gambling, and womanizing that went on under Harding. In 1924, he was easily elected in his own right with the slogan "Keep Cool With Coolidge". Overall, the Harding and Coolidge administrations marked a return to the hands-off style of 19th-century presidents in contrast to the activism of Roosevelt and Wilson. Coolidge, who spent the entire summer on vacation during his years in office, famously said "The business of the American people is business."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Coolidge declined to run again in the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 election</a>, the Republican Party nominated engineer and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, who was elected by a wide margin over <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>, the first Catholic nominee. Hoover was a technocrat who had low regard for politicians. Instead he was a believer in the efficacy of individualism and business enterprise, with a little coordination by the government, to cure all problems. He envisioned a future of unbounded plenty and the imminent end of poverty in America. A year after his election, the stock market crashed, and the nation's economy slipped downward into the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the crash, Hoover attempted to put in place many efforts to restore the economy, especially the fast-sinking agricultural sector. None worked. Hoover believed in stimulus spending and encouraged state and local governments, as well as the federal government, to spend heavily on public buildings, roads, bridges—and, most famously, the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a> on the Colorado River. But with tax revenues falling fast, the states and localities plunged into their own fiscal crises. Republicans, following their traditional mass drums, along with pressure from the farm bloc, passed the <a href="/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act">Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act</a>, which raised tariffs. Canada and other nations retaliated by raising their tariffs on American goods and moving their trade in other directions. American imports and exports plunged by more than two thirds, but since international trade was less than 5% of the American economy, the damage done was limited. The entire world economy, led by the United States, had fallen into a downward spiral that got worse and worse, and in 1931–32 began plunging downward even faster. Hoover had Congress set up a new relief agency, the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Finance_Corporation" title="Reconstruction Finance Corporation">Reconstruction Finance Corporation</a>, in 1932, but it proved too little too late.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy,_1919–1941"><span id="Foreign_policy.2C_1919.E2.80.931941"></span>Foreign policy, 1919–1941</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Foreign policy, 1919–1941"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of U.S. foreign policy">History of U.S. foreign policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">International relations (1919–1939)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a></div> <p>In the 1920s, American policy was an active involvement in international affairs, while systematically ignoring the League of Nations. Instead Washington set up numerous diplomatic ventures, and used the enormous financial power of the United States to dictate major diplomatic questions in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover avoided any political commitments or alliances with anyone else. Franklin Roosevelt followed suit before World War II broke out in 1939. They minimized contact with the League of Nations. However, as historian Jerald Combs reports their administrations in no way returned to 19th-century isolationism. The key Republican leaders: </p> <dl><dd>including <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a>, and Hoover himself, were Progressives who accepted much of Wilson's internationalism. ... They did seek to use American political influence and economic power to goad European governments to moderate the Versailles peace terms, induce the Europeans to settle their quarrels peacefully, secure disarmament agreements, and strengthen the European capitalist economies to provide prosperity for them and their American trading partners.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a> was the most successful diplomatic venture in the 1920s. It was held in Washington, under the Chairmanship of Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Conducted outside the auspice of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations—the United States, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia and Germany were pariahs and were not invited. It focused on resolving misunderstandings or conflicts regarding interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. The main achievement was a series of naval disarmament agreements agreed to by all the participants, that lasted for a decade. It resulted in three major treaties: <a href="/wiki/Four-Power_Treaty" title="Four-Power Treaty">Four-Power Treaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Five-Power_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-Power Treaty">Five-Power Treaty</a> (the <i>Washington Naval Treaty</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Nine-Power_Treaty" title="Nine-Power Treaty">Nine-Power Treaty</a>, and a number of smaller agreements. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but were not renewed, as the world scene turned increasingly negative after 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a> was a multi-national attempt to solve to the crisis of reparations that arose when Germany failed to meet the war reparations required of it under the Treaty of Versailles. When Germany was declared in default, French and Belgian troops <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">occupied the key industrial Ruhr district</a> of Germany. The crisis was solved by a compromise in the form of the Dawes Plan in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the plan, developed by a committee headed by American <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a>, New York and London banks loaned Germany hundreds of millions of dollars to stabilize its currency and expand production, which then allowed it to pay reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problems with the Dawes Plan, notably its lack of a total reparations amount, led to the 1928 <a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a>, developed under the leadership of the American <a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a>. It established German reparation requirements at 112 billion marks (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$26.3 billion</span>) and created a schedule of payments that would see Germany complete payments by 1988. As a result of the severe impact of the Great Depression on the German economy, reparations were <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Moratorium" title="Hoover Moratorium">suspended for a year</a> in 1931. A treaty to further reduce reparations was agreed on at the 1932 <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1932" title="Lausanne Conference of 1932">Lausanne Conference</a>, but it failed to be ratified by the countries involved.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reparations were not restarted until after 1953, when West Germany <a href="/wiki/London_Agreement_on_German_External_Debts" title="London Agreement on German External Debts">paid the entire remaining balance.</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">Mexico–United States relations</a></div> <p>Since the turmoil of the Mexican revolution had died down, the Harding administration was prepared to normalize relations with Mexico. Between 1911 and 1920 American imports from Mexico increased from $57,000,000 to $179,000,000 and exports from $61,000,000 to $208,000,000. Commerce Secretary <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> took the lead in order to promote trade and investments other than in oil and land, which had long dominated bilateral economic ties. President <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Álvaro Obregón</a> assured Americans that they would be protected in Mexico, and Mexico was granted recognition in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major crisis erupted in the mid-1930s when the Mexican government expropriated millions of acres of land from hundreds of American property owners as part of President <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a>'s land redistribution program. No compensation was provided to the American owners.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emerging threat of the Second World War forced the United States to agree to a compromise solution. The US negotiated an agreement with President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Avila_Camacho" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Avila Camacho">Manuel Avila Camacho</a> that amounted to a military alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intervention_ends_in_Latin_America">Intervention ends in Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Intervention ends in Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Small-scale military interventions continued after 1921 as the <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> tapered off. The Hoover administration began a goodwill policy and withdrew all military forces.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Roosevelt announced the "<a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Neighbor Policy">Good Neighbor Policy</a>" by which the United States would no longer intervene to promote good government, but would accept whatever governments were locally chosen. His Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a> endorsed article 8 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States; it provides that "no state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isolationism_in_1930s">Isolationism in 1930s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Isolationism in 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1930s, the United States entered the period of deep isolationism, rejecting international conferences, and focusing moment mostly on reciprocal tariff agreements with smaller countries of Latin America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coming_of_war:_1937–1941"><span id="Coming_of_war:_1937.E2.80.931941"></span>Coming of war: 1937–1941</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Coming of war: 1937–1941"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Third_and_fourth_terms_(1941–1945)" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt § Third and fourth terms (1941–1945)</a></div> <p>President Roosevelt tried to avoid repeating what he saw as Woodrow Wilson's mistakes in World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He often made exactly the opposite decision. Wilson called for neutrality in thought and deed, while Roosevelt made it clear his administration strongly favored Britain and China. Unlike the loans in World War I, the United States made large-scale grants of military and economic aid to the Allies through <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a>, with little expectation of repayment. Wilson did not greatly expand war production before the declaration of war; Roosevelt did. Wilson waited for the declaration to begin a draft; Roosevelt started one in 1940. Wilson never made the United States an official ally but Roosevelt did. Wilson never met with the top Allied leaders but Roosevelt did. Wilson proclaimed independent policy, as seen in the 14 Points, while Roosevelt always had a collaborative policy with the Allies. In 1917, United States declared war on Germany; in 1941, Roosevelt waited until the enemy attacked at Pearl Harbor. Wilson refused to collaborate with the Republicans; Roosevelt named leading Republicans to head the War Department and the Navy Department. Wilson let General John J. Pershing make the major military decisions; Roosevelt made the major decisions in his war including the "<a href="/wiki/Europe_first" title="Europe first">Europe first</a>" strategy. He rejected the idea of an armistice and demanded unconditional surrender. Roosevelt often mentioned his role in the Wilson administration, but added that he had profited more from Wilson's errors than from his successes.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_Depression">Great Depression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Great Depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gdp29-41.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gdp29-41.jpg/425px-Gdp29-41.jpg" decoding="async" width="425" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gdp29-41.jpg/638px-Gdp29-41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Gdp29-41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>GDP in United States January 1929 to January 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>Historians and economists still have not agreed on the <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">causes of the Great Depression</a>, but there is general agreement that it began in the United States in late 1929 and was either started or worsened by "<a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Black Thursday</a>," the <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_crash" title="Stock market crash">stock market crash</a> of Thursday, October 29, 1929. Sectors of the US economy had been showing some signs of distress for months before October 1929. Business inventories of all types were three times as large as they had been a year before (an indication that the public was not buying products as rapidly as in the past), and other signposts of economic health—freight carloads, industrial production, and wholesale prices—were slipping downward. </p><p>The events in the United States triggered a worldwide <a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">depression</a>, which led to <a href="/wiki/Deflation_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deflation (economics)">deflation</a> and a great increase in <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>. In the United States between 1929 and 1933, unemployment soared from 3% of the workforce to 25%, while manufacturing output collapsed by one-third. Local relief was overwhelmed. Unable to support their families, many unemployed men deserted (often going to "<a href="/wiki/Hooverville" title="Hooverville">Hoovervilles</a>") so the meager relief supplies their families received would stretch further. For many, their next meal was found at a <a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">soup kitchen</a>, if at all. </p><p>Adding to the misery of the times, <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>. Decades of bad farming practices caused the topsoil to erode, and combined with the weather conditions (the 1930s was the overall warmest decade of the 20th century in North America) caused an ecological disaster. The dry soil was lifted by wind and blown into huge dust storms that blanketed entire towns, a phenomenon that continued for several years. Those who had lost their homes and livelihoods in the <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a> were lured westward by advertisements for work put out by <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a> in western states, such as California. The migrants came to be called <a href="/wiki/Okies" class="mw-redirect" title="Okies">Okies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkies" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkies">Arkies</a>, and other derogatory names as they flooded the labor supply of the agricultural fields, driving down wages, pitting desperate workers against each other. They came into competition with Mexican laborers, who were deported en masse back to their home country.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the South, the fragile economy collapsed further. To escape, rural workers and <a href="/wiki/Sharecropper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharecropper">sharecroppers</a> migrated north by train, both black and white.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1940 they were attracted by booming munitions factories in plants in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a> Nationwide, farmers had been experiencing depressed market conditions for their crops and goods since the end of World War I. Many family farms that had been mortgaged during the 1920s to provide money to "get through until better times" were <a href="/wiki/Foreclosure" title="Foreclosure">foreclosed</a> when farmers were unable to make payments.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_New_Deal">The New Deal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: The New Deal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></div> <p>In the United States, upon accepting <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nomination for president in 1932, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> promised "a new deal for the American people," a phrase that has endured as a label for his administration and its many domestic achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republicans, blamed for the Depression, or at least for lack of an adequate response to it, were easily defeated by Roosevelt in <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt entered office with no single ideology or plan for dealing with the depression. The "new deal" was often contradictory, pragmatic, and experimental. What some considered incoherence of the New Deal's ideology, however, was the presence of several competing ones, based on programs and ideas not without precedents in the American political tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Deal consisted of many different efforts to end the Great Depression and reform the American economy. Many of them failed, but there were enough successes to establish it as the most important episode of the 20th century in the creation of the modern American state.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The desperate economic situation, combined with the substantial Democratic victories in the 1932 Congressional elections, gave Roosevelt unusual influence over Congress in the "First Hundred Days" of his administration. He used his leverage to win rapid passage of a series of measures to create welfare programs and regulate the banking system, stock market, industry and agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Bank_holiday"_and_Emergency_Banking_Act"><span id=".22Bank_holiday.22_and_Emergency_Banking_Act"></span>"Bank holiday" and Emergency Banking Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: "Bank holiday" and Emergency Banking Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-left"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklin-roosevelt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Franklin-roosevelt.JPG/220px-Franklin-roosevelt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Franklin-roosevelt.JPG/330px-Franklin-roosevelt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Franklin-roosevelt.JPG/440px-Franklin-roosevelt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="2940" /></a><figcaption>Roosevelt's ebullient public personality, conveyed through his declaration that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself" and his "<a href="/wiki/Fireside_chats" title="Fireside chats">fireside chats</a>" on the radio did a great deal to help restore the nation's confidence.</figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Fireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_(March_12,_1933)_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt.ogg" title="File:Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis (March 12, 1933) Franklin Delano Roosevelt.ogg">Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="789" data-mwtitle="Fireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_(March_12,_1933)_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Fireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_%28March_12%2C_1933%29_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Fireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_%28March_12%2C_1933%29_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt.ogg/Fireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_%28March_12%2C_1933%29_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_%28March_12%2C_1933%29_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Roosevelt's first <a href="/wiki/Fireside_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireside Chat">Fireside Chat</a> on the Banking Crisis (March 12, 1933)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>On March 6, two days after taking office, Roosevelt issued a proclamation closing all American banks for four days until Congress could meet in a special session. Ordinarily, such an action would cause widespread panic. But the action created a general sense of relief. First, many states had already closed down the banks before March 6. Second, Roosevelt astutely and euphemistically described it as a "bank holiday." And third, the action demonstrated that the federal government was stepping in to stop the alarming pattern of bank failures. </p><p>Three days later, President Roosevelt sent to Congress the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a>, a generally conservative bill, drafted in large part by holdovers from the Hoover administration, designed primarily to protect large banks from being dragged down by the failing smaller ones. The bill provided for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Treasury_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Treasury Department">United States Treasury Department</a> inspection of all banks before they would be allowed to reopen, for federal assistance to tottering large institutions, and for a thorough reorganization of those in greatest difficulty. A confused and frightened Congress passed the bill within four hours of its introduction. Three-quarters of the banks in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a> reopened within the next three days, and $1 billion in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them within a month. The immediate banking crisis was over. The <a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass–Steagall Act">Glass–Steagall Act</a> established various provisions designed to prevent another Great Depression from happening again. These included separating investment from savings and loan banks and forbidding the purchase of stock with no money down. Roosevelt also removed the currency of the United States from the gold standard, which was widely blamed for limiting the money supply and causing deflation, although the silver standard remained until 1971. Private ownership of gold bullion and certificates was banned and would remain so until 1975. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_Act">Economy Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economy Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the morning after passage of the Emergency Banking Act, Roosevelt sent to Congress the <a href="/wiki/Economy_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy Act">Economy Act</a>, which was designed to convince the public, and moreover the business community, that the federal government was in the hands of no radical. The act proposed to balance the federal budget by cutting the salaries of government employees and reducing pensions to veterans by as much as 15%. </p><p>Otherwise, Roosevelt warned, the nation faced a $1 billion deficit. The bill revealed clearly what Roosevelt had always maintained: that he was as much of a fiscal conservative at heart as his predecessor was. And like the banking bill, it passed through Congress almost instantly—despite heated protests by some congressional progressives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farm_programs">Farm programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Farm programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The celebrated First Hundred Days of the new administration also produced a federal program to protect American farmers from the uncertainties of the market through subsidies and production controls, the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a> (AAA), which Congress passed in May 1933. The AAA reflected the desires of leaders of various farm organizations and Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>. </p><p>Relative farm incomes had been falling for decades. The AAA included reworkings of many long-touted programs for agrarian relief, which had been demanded for decades. The most important provision of the AAA was the provision for crop reductions—the "domestic allotment" system, which was intended to raise prices for farm commodities by preventing surpluses from flooding the market and depressing prices further. The most controversial component of the system was the destruction in summer 1933 of growing crops and newborn livestock that exceeded the allotments. They had to be destroyed to get the plan working. However, gross farm incomes increased by half in the first three years of the New Deal and the relative position of farmers improved significantly for the first time in twenty years. Urban <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a> went up slightly, because the cost of the grains was only a small fraction of what the consumer paid. Conditions improved for the great majority of commercial farmers by 1936. The income of the farm sector almost doubled from $4.5 billion in 1932 to $8.9 billion in 1941 just before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, food prices rose 22% in nine years from an index of 31.5 in 1932, to 38.4 in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/250px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/375px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/500px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6205" data-file-height="8066" /></a><figcaption>The Farm Security Administration used photography to document poverty in rural America. <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a>'s <i>Migrant Mother,</i> depicts destitute pea pickers in California, centering on a mother of seven children, age thirty-two, in <a href="/wiki/Nipomo,_California" title="Nipomo, California">Nipomo, California</a>, March 1936.</figcaption></figure> <p>However, rural America contained many isolated farmers scratching out a subsistence income. The new deal set up programs such as the <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_Administration" title="Resettlement Administration">Resettlement Administration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a> to help them, but was very reluctant to help them buy farms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Alphabet_soup'"><span id=".27Alphabet_soup.27"></span>'Alphabet soup'</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 'Alphabet soup'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_agencies" title="Alphabet agencies">Alphabet agencies</a></div> <p>Roosevelt also created an <i><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_soup_(linguistics)" title="Alphabet soup (linguistics)">alphabet soup</a></i> of new federal regulatory agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC) to oversee the stock market and a reform of the banking system that included the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a> (FDIC) to establish a system of insurance for deposits. </p><p>The most successful initiatives in alleviating the miseries of the Great Depression were a series of relief measures to aid some of the 15 million unemployed Americans, among them the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a>. </p><p>The early New Deal also began the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a>, an unprecedented experiment in flood control, public power, and regional planning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_New_Deal">Second New Deal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Second New Deal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_New_Deal" title="Second New Deal">Second New Deal</a> (1935–36) was the second stage of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> programs. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> announced his main goals in January 1935: improved use of national resources, security against old age, unemployment and illness, and <a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_States" title="Slum clearance in the United States">slum clearance</a>, as well as a national welfare program (the WPA) to replace state relief efforts. The most important programs included <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a> ("Wagner Act"), the Banking Act, <a href="/wiki/Rural_Electrification_Act" title="Rural Electrification Act">rural electrification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_Utility_Holding_Company_Act_of_1935" title="Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935">breaking up utility holding companies</a>. Programs that were later ended by the Supreme Court or the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a> included the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> (WPA), the <a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a> (NYA), the <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_Administration" title="Resettlement Administration">Resettlement Administration</a>, and programs for retail price control, <a href="/wiki/Frazier%E2%80%93Lemke_Farm_Bankruptcy_Act" title="Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act">farm rescues</a>, coal stabilization, and <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1935" title="Revenue Act of 1935">taxes on the rich</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Undistributed_profits_tax" title="Undistributed profits tax">Undistributed profits tax</a>. Liberals in Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Adjusted_Compensation_Payment_Act" title="Adjusted Compensation Payment Act">Bonus Bill</a> for World War veterans over FDR's veto. </p><p>The Second New Deal proved especially controversial as it attempted to redistribute wealth, income and power in favor of the poor, the old, farmers and labor unions. Liberals strongly supported the new direction, and formed the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a> of union members, big city machines, the white South, and ethnic minorities to support it. Conservatives, typified by the <a href="/wiki/American_Liberty_League" title="American Liberty League">American Liberty League</a>, were strongly opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_agitation">Labor agitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Labor agitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_strike_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Battle_strike_1934.jpg/300px-Battle_strike_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Battle_strike_1934.jpg/450px-Battle_strike_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Battle_strike_1934.jpg/600px-Battle_strike_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption>Workers and police battle in Minneapolis in June 1934</figcaption></figure> <p>Roosevelt's first term saw a massive amount of labor upheaval. In 1934 alone, there was the <a href="/wiki/1934_West_Coast_waterfront_strike" title="1934 West Coast waterfront strike">1934 West Coast waterfront strike</a> that brought all of San Francisco into a four-day general strike, the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Teamsters_Strike_of_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934">Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934</a> that brought the Teamsters and other unions out for a strike causing the governor to declare martial law, the <a href="/wiki/Textile_workers_strike_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile workers strike (1934)">1934 textile workers strike</a> that brought hundreds of thousands of textile workers on the East Coast out on strike, as well as other strikes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> (IWW) and the communists no longer being a force in the labor movement, the conservative <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a>, which organized along <a href="/wiki/Craft_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Craft union">craft union</a> lines and which preached labor/capital cooperation, dominated the U.S. labor movement until the 1930s. In 1935, eight unions within the AFL organized the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a> (CIO) to promote <a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">industrial unionism</a>. The CIO unions were expelled by the AFL in 1936, and in 1938 they formed a rival federation to the AFL. The CIO had much success in organizing, with the <a href="/wiki/Steel_Workers_Organizing_Committee" title="Steel Workers Organizing Committee">Steel Workers Organizing Committee</a> getting a contract with <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a> in 1937, and winning the <a href="/wiki/Flint_Sit-Down_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Flint Sit-Down Strike">Flint Sit-Down Strike</a> and getting <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> to recognize the <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a> (UAW) as the collective bargainer for GM workers. Having succeeded with GM, the UAW next turned its attention to Chrysler, which quickly came to terms. The last of the Big Three would prove to be a harder nut to crack, as Henry Ford remained absolutely opposed to unions. His security forces beat several UAW organizers outside the company's River Rouge plant in May 1937. Despite pressure on all fronts, Ford would not budge until a wildcat strike in 1941 convinced him to give in and unionize. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recession_of_1937_and_recovery">Recession of 1937 and recovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Recession of 1937 and recovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economy eventually recovered from the low point of the winter of 1932–33, with sustained improvement until 1937, when the <a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Recession of 1937">Recession of 1937</a> brought back 1934 levels of unemployment. There is a broad consensus among scholars that the New Deal policies did not lengthen and deepen the depression; only 5% of professional historians and 27% of professional economists believe it served to lengthen and deepen the Great Depression.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the WPA and CCC, most New Deal spending programs, such as the PWA and AAA, operated through private firms. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> and Roosevelt's leadership were under assault during Roosevelt's second term, which suffered new economic setbacks in the Recession of 1937. A sharp economic downturn began in the fall of 1937 and continued through most of 1938. Conservatives said it was caused by the labor unions' assault on industry through massive strikes and the way the New Deal discourages further investment.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keynesian economists argued it was a result of a premature effort by FDR to balance the budget by reducing federal spending. The administration reacted by launching a rhetorical campaign against business monopoly power, which was cast as the villain.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court began busily dismantling the New Deal by ruling many of its programs unconstitutional and Roosevelt sought to replace the judges with more sympathetic ones in his infamous "Court Packing". Despite that, the New Deal gradually wound down and by 1939 the president had turned his attention towards foreign policy. </p><p>But the administration's other response to the 1937 downturn had more tangible results. Ignoring his own Treasury Department, Roosevelt embarked on an antidote to the depression, reluctantly abandoning his efforts to balance the budget and launching a $5 billion spending program in the spring of 1938, an effort to increase mass purchasing power and attack deflation. Roosevelt explained his program in a <a href="/wiki/Fireside_chats" title="Fireside chats">fireside chat</a> in which he finally acknowledged that it was up to the government to "create an economic upturn" by making "additions to the purchasing power of the nation." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_the_end_of_the_Great_Depression">World War II and the end of the Great Depression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: World War II and the end of the Great Depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was not until the administration expanded Federal spending to support <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, that the nation's economy fully recovered. Between 1939 and 1944 (the peak of wartime production), the nation's output almost doubled. Consequently, unemployment plummeted—from 14% in 1940 to less than 2% in 1943, as the labor force grew by ten million. </p><p>The war economy was not so much a triumph of free enterprise as the result of government bankrolling business. While unemployment remained high throughout the New Deal years, consumption, investment, and net exports—the pillars of economic growth—remained low. It was World War II, not the New Deal, which finally ended the crisis. Nor did the New Deal substantially alter the distribution of power within American society and economy; and it had only a small impact on the distribution of wealth among the population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacies_of_the_New_Deal">Legacies of the New Deal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Legacies of the New Deal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A 2017 review of the published scholarship summarized the findings of researchers as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The studies find that public works and relief spending had state income multipliers of around one, increased consumption activity, attracted internal migration, reduced crime rates, and lowered several types of mortality. The farm programs typically aided large farm owners but eliminated opportunities for share croppers, tenants, and farm workers. The Home Owners' Loan Corporation's purchases and refinancing of troubled mortgages staved off drops in housing prices and home ownership rates at relatively low ex post cost to taxpayers. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation's loans to banks and railroads appear to have had little positive impact, although the banks were aided when the RFC took ownership stakes.</p></blockquote> <p>Although the New Deal did not end the depression, it increased the regulatory functions of the federal government in the stock market, the banking system, and others. It also produced a new political coalition that sustained the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> as the majority party in national politics for more than a generation after its own end. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debt1929-50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Debt1929-50.jpg/400px-Debt1929-50.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Debt1929-50.jpg/600px-Debt1929-50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Debt1929-50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>national debt/ GNP climbs from 20% to 40% under Hoover; levels off under FDR; soars during WW2 from <i>Historical States US</i> (1976)</figcaption></figure> <p>Laying the foundations for the postwar era, Roosevelt and the New Deal helped enhance the power of the federal government as a whole. Roosevelt also established the presidency as the preeminent center of authority within the federal government. By creating a large array of protections for various groups of citizens—workers, farmers, and others—who suffered from the crisis, enabling them to challenge the powers of the corporations, the Roosevelt administration generated a set of political ideas—known to later generations as New Deal liberalism—that remained a source of inspiration for decades and that helped shape the next experiment in liberal reform, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> of the 1960s. </p><p>On the other hand, the Roosevelt administration and its liberalism became the source of a vigorous conservative reaction. Led in Congress by Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a>, they blocked almost all New Deal proposals after 1936, and shut down the WPA, CCC and many other programs by 1943. Eventually in the 1970s and 1980s, a bipartisan coalition ended most New Deal regulations and programs. The most important remaining ones in the 21st century are <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">Military history of the United States during World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_and_military_policy">Foreign and military policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Foreign and military policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yalta_Conference_(Churchill,_Roosevelt,_Stalin)_(B%26W).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/330px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/440px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2239" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Alliance (World War II)">Big Three</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta</a> formed U.K. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and the Soviet Leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> centered on <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationist</a> sentiment with regard to foreign wars in America had ebbed, but the United States at first declined to enter the war, limiting itself to giving supplies and weapons via <a href="/wiki/Lend_Lease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lend Lease">Lend Lease</a> to Britain, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. American feeling changed drastically with the sudden Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>. The U.S. enthusiastically went to war against <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, Italy, and Nazi Germany. Italy surrendered in 1943, followed by Germany and Japan in 1945. The United States was one of the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Allied Big Four</a>", alongside the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. emerged relatively unscathed from the war, with even greater economic and military influence.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy doubled and tripled in size as a massive industrial mobilization was accompanied by artificial wage and price controls. 16 million men entered the military (most were drafted), in addition to 300,000 women volunteers. After a series of defeats inflicted by Japan, the U.S. Navy turned the tide at Midway (June 1942), then inexorably moved toward total destruction of the Japanese military. After small-scale invasions of North Africa (1942) and Italy (1943), the main American effort was a strategic bombing campaign that destroyed the German Luftwaffe, followed by a massive invasion of France in 1944. American forces met up with Soviet forces marching into Germany from the east in May 1945. Overall, the entire nation was turned into a vast war machine, affecting society more than any other conflict fought by the United States, except perhaps the Civil War. </p><p>After winning re-election to unprecedented <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1940" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1940">third</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1944">fourth</a> terms, Roosevelt's health was rapidly deteriorating; he died on April 12, 1945. <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> had not been kept informed of major foreign policy and military decisions, but he continued most of Roosevelt's wartime policies. Truman moved sharply to the right in replacing FDR's liberal cabinet. </p><p>With its merchant fleet sunk by American submarines, Japan ran short of aviation gasoline and fuel oil. The U.S. Navy in June 1944 captured islands within bombing range of Tokyo. Strategic bombing using the <a href="/wiki/B-29" class="mw-redirect" title="B-29">B-29</a> destroyed all the major cities in 1945, as the U.S. captured Iwo Jima and Okinawa after heavy losses. With conventional and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombs falling</a>, an Allied invasion imminent, and an unexpected Soviet attack sweeping through Manchuria, the Emperor of Japan <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrendered</a>. Japan was <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupied by the Americans</a> under <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>; MacArthur's five year rule transformed Japan's government, society and economy along American lines into a peaceful democracy and a close ally of the U.S. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homefront">Homefront</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Homefront"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States home front during World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economics">Economics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money, industrial output, food, petroleum, technological innovation, and (especially 1944–45), soldiers. Much of the focus in Washington was maximizing the economic output of the nation. The overall result was a dramatic increase in GDP, the export of vast quantities of supplies to the Allies and to American forces overseas, the end of unemployment, and a rise in civilian consumption even as 40% of the GDP went to the war effort. This was achieved by tens of millions of workers moving from low-productivity occupations to high efficiency jobs, improvements in productivity through better technology and management, and the move into the active labor force of students, retired people, housewives, and the unemployed, and an increase in hours worked. It was exhausting; leisure activities declined sharply. People tolerated the extra work because of patriotism, the pay, and the confidence it was only "for the duration" and life would return to normal as soon as the war was won. Most durable goods became unavailable, and meat, clothing, and gasoline was tightly rationed. In industrial areas housing was in short supply as people doubled up and lived in cramped quarters. Prices and wages were controlled, and Americans saved a high portion of their incomes, which led to renewed growth after the war instead of a return to depression.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taxes_and_controls">Taxes and controls</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Taxes and controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Federal tax policy was highly contentious during the war, with President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> battling a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">conservative Congress</a>. Everyone agreed on the need for high taxes to pay for the war. Roosevelt tried unsuccessfully to impose a 100% tax on incomes over $25,000 (equal to $440,192 today), while Congress enlarged the base downward. By 1944 nearly every employed person was paying federal income taxes (compared to 10% in 1940).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many controls were put on the economy. The most important were price controls, imposed on most products and monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Price_Administration" title="Office of Price Administration">Office of Price Administration</a>. Wages were also controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corporations dealt with numerous agencies, especially the War production Board (WPB), and the War and Navy departments, which had the purchasing power and priorities that largely reshaped and expanded industrial production.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rationing">Rationing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Rationing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rationing#United_States" title="Rationing">Rationing § United States</a></div> <p>In 1942 a rationing system was begun to guarantee minimum amounts of necessities to everyone (especially poor people) and prevent inflation. Tires were the first item to be rationed in January 1942 because supplies of natural rubber were interrupted. Gasoline rationing proved an even better way to allocate scarce rubber. By 1943 one needed government issued ration coupons to purchase typewriters, sugar, gasoline, bicycles, footwear, fuel oil, silk, nylon, coffee, stoves, shoes, meat, cheese, butter, margarine, canned foods, dried fruits, jam, and many other items. Some items—like new automobiles and appliances—were no longer made. The rationing system did not apply to used goods (like clothes or cars). The ration system was complex and confusing, but high levels of patriotism made it acceptable as people helped each other through the maze of rules.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To get a classification and a book of rationing stamps, one had to appear before a local rationing board. Each person in a household received a ration book, including babies and children. When purchasing gasoline, a driver had to present a gas card along with a ration book and cash. Ration stamps were valid only for a set period to forestall hoarding. All forms of automobile racing were banned, including the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500" title="Indianapolis 500">Indianapolis 500</a>. Sightseeing driving was banned, too.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People had more money than they could spend, so they saved it, especially in government savings bonds. Bond rallies in many cities featured Hollywood film stars, who drew in the crowds needed to make the program a success. The buyer paid 3/4 of the face value of a war bond, and received the full face value back after a set number of years. Workers were challenged to put "at least 10% of every paycheck into Bonds". Compliance was very high, with entire factories of workers earning a special "Minuteman" flag to fly over their plant if all workers belonged to the "Ten Percent Club". There were seven major War Loan drives, all of which exceeded their goals. An added advantage was that citizens who were putting their money into War Bonds were not putting it into the home front wartime economy.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Work_force">Work force</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Work force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosie_the_Riveter_(Vultee)_DS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg/200px-Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg/300px-Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg/400px-Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4036" data-file-height="3224" /></a><figcaption>A "<a href="/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter" title="Rosie the Riveter">Rosie the Riveter</a>", working on an <a href="/wiki/A-31_Vengeance" class="mw-redirect" title="A-31 Vengeance">A-31 "Vengeance" dive bomber</a>, Tennessee, 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>The unemployment problem ended in the United States with the beginning of World War II, when stepped up wartime production created millions of new jobs and the draft pulled young men out of the labor pool.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women also joined the workforce to replace men who had joined the forces, though in fewer numbers. Roosevelt stated that the efforts of civilians at home to support the war through personal sacrifice was as critical to winning the war as the efforts of the soldiers themselves. "<a href="/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter" title="Rosie the Riveter">Rosie the Riveter</a>" became the symbol of women laboring in manufacturing. The war effort brought about significant changes in the role of women in society as a whole. At the end of the war, many of the munitions factories closed. Other women were replaced by returning veterans. However most women who wanted to continue working did so. </p><p>Labor shortages were felt in agriculture, even though most farmers were given an occupational exemption and few were drafted. Large numbers volunteered or moved to cities for factory jobs. At the same time many agricultural commodities were in greater demand by the military and for the civilian populations of Allies. In some areas schools were temporarily closed at harvest time to enable students to work. About 400,000 German <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> were used as <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_of_Germans_after_World_War_II#United_States" title="Forced labor of Germans after World War II">farm laborers</a> both during and immediately after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the war's ever increasing need for able bodied men consuming America's labor force in the early 1940s, industry turned to teen-aged boys and girls to fill in as replacements.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinshaw_1943_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinshaw_1943-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, many states had to change their child-labor laws to allow these teenagers to work. By 1943, there were almost three million American teenage boys and girls working in American fields and factories.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinshaw_1943_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinshaw_1943-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the process of bringing great numbers of children into the workforce, the War altered the lives of many adolescents. Lured by high wartime wages, they took jobs and forgot about their education. Between 1940 and 1944, the number of teenage workers in America increased by 1.9 million; the number attending school declined by 1.25 million.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Labor_unions">Labor unions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Labor unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg/200px-AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg/300px-AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg/400px-AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1519" /></a><figcaption>Welder making boilers for a ship, Combustion Engineering Co., <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a>, June 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>The war mobilization changed the relationship of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a> (CIO) with both employers and the national government.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the CIO and the larger <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> (AFL) grew rapidly in the war years.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly all the unions that belonged to the CIO were fully supportive of both the war effort and of the Roosevelt administration. However the United Mine Workers, who had taken an isolationist stand in the years leading up to the war and had opposed Roosevelt's reelection in 1940, left the CIO in 1942. The major unions supported a wartime no-strike pledge that aimed to eliminate not only major strikes for new contracts, but also the innumerable small strikes called by <a href="/wiki/Shop_steward" class="mw-redirect" title="Shop steward">shop stewards</a> and local union leadership to protest particular grievances. In return for labor's no-strike pledge, the government offered arbitration to determine the wages and other terms of new contracts. Those procedures produced modest wage increases during the first few years of the war but not enough to keep up with inflation, particularly when combined with the slowness of the arbitration machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though the complaints from union members about the no-strike pledge became louder and more bitter, the CIO did not abandon it. The Mine Workers, by contrast, who did not belong to either the AFL or the CIO for much of the war, threatened numerous strikes including a successful twelve-day strike in 1943. The strikes and threats made mine leader <a href="/wiki/John_L._Lewis" title="John L. Lewis">John L. Lewis</a> a much hated man and led to legislation hostile to unions.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All the major unions grew stronger during the war. The government put pressure on employers to recognize unions to avoid the sort of turbulent struggles over union recognition of the 1930s, while unions were generally able to obtain maintenance of membership clauses, a form of <a href="/wiki/Union_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Union security">union security</a>, through arbitration and negotiation. Workers also won benefits, such as vacation pay, that had been available only to a few in the past while wage gaps between higher skilled and less skilled workers narrowed. Most union leaders saw women as temporary wartime replacements for the men in the armed forces. It was important that the wages of these women be kept high so that the veterans would get high wages.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racial_tensions_and_Japanese_American_internment">Racial tensions and Japanese American internment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Racial tensions and Japanese American internment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></div> <p>The cities were relatively peaceful; much-feared large-scale race riots did not happen, but there were small-scale confrontations, notably the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Race_Riot_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit Race Riot (1943)">1943 race riot in Detroit</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the anti-Mexican <a href="/wiki/Zoot_Suit_Riots" title="Zoot Suit Riots">Zoot Suit Riots</a> in Los Angeles in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some German and Italian individuals were rounded up and interned as enemy aliens who lacked U.S. citizenship and were known by the FBI as supporters of the enemy. On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9066" title="Executive Order 9066">Executive Order 9066</a>, following claims by California Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> and General <a href="/wiki/John_L._DeWitt" title="John L. DeWitt">John L. DeWitt</a> that Japanese-Americans had engaged in pro-Japanese espionage against the U.S. Government. As a result, around 100,000 persons of Japanese ancestry on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> and their children were <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">interned</a> by the U.S. government and sent to inland camps. The 100,000 or more Japanese Americans in Hawaii were not interned. The American camps were closed in February 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_an_era">End of an era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: End of an era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1945 marked the end of an era. In foreign policy the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> was established on October 24, 1945, to serve as a world body to help prevent future world wars. By a vote of 65 to 7, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, on December 4, 1945, approved the treaty that set full American participation in the UN, with a veto in the all-important Security Council. This marked a turn away from the traditional interest in strategic local concerns of the U.S. and toward more international involvement. </p><p>Fears of a postwar depression did not materialize, thanks in part to the large stock of savings that paid for the pent-up demands for housing, cars, new clothes—and babies. The <a href="/wiki/Baby_Boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Boom">Baby Boom</a> began as the veterans returned, many moving to the rapidly expanding suburbs. Optimism was the hallmark of the new age—an age of grand expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">History of the United States (1945–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States_(1900%E2%80%931929)" title="Timeline of the history of the United States (1900–1929)">Timeline of the history of the United States (1900–1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States_(1930%E2%80%931949)" title="Timeline of the history of the United States (1930–1949)">Timeline of the history of the United States (1930–1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Timeline of the Great Depression">Timeline of the Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">Causes of the Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Presidency of Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Presidency of Warren G. Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Presidency of Calvin Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Presidency of Herbert Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, under Franklin Roosevelt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOkrent2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Okrent" title="Daniel Okrent">Okrent, Daniel</a> (2010). <i>Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Call%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Prohibition&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Okrent&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act">"Milestones: 1921–1936 - Office of the Historian"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116004715/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milestones%3A+1921%E2%80%931936+-+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1921-1936%2Fimmigration-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For detailed coverage of Wilson's speech see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0402.html#article">NY Times main headline, April 2, 1917, <i>President Calls for War Declaration, Stronger Navy, New Army of 500,000 Men, Full Cooperation With Germany's Foes</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318235743/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0402.html#article">Archived</a> 2017-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Cooper, <i>Woodrow Wilson: A Biography</i> (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/comment/yockel.htm">The War Department: Keeper of Our Nation's Enemy Aliens During World War I</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060912000808/http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/comment/yockel.htm">Archived</a> 2006-09-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Yockelson" title="Mitchell Yockelson">Mitchell Yockelson</a>. 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Anti-German Violence in World War I-era Wisconsin"</a>, <i>History Matters</i>, George Mason University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611050419/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/1/">archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-01</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Matters&rft.atitle=Get+the+Rope%21+Anti-German+Violence+in+World+War+I-era+Wisconsin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorymatters.gmu.edu%2Fd%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hickey-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hickey_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey1969" class="citation cs2">Hickey, Donald R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Dawes+Plan&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhistory%2Fmodern-europe%2Ftreaties-and-alliances%2Fdawes-plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Coben, "A Study in Nativism: The American Red Scare of 1919–20," <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> Vol. 79, No. 1 (Mar., 1964), pp. 52–75 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2146574">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215211350/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2146574">Archived</a> 2017-02-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynn Dumenil, <i>The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s</i> (1995) pp 98–144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kristi_Andersen" title="Kristi Andersen">Kristi Andersen</a>, <i>After Suffrage: Women in Partisan and Electoral Politics before the New Deal</i> (1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan J. 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Glad, "Progressives and the Business Culture of the 1920s," <i>Journal of American History,</i> Vol. 53, No. 1 (Jun. 1966), pp. 75–89 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1893931">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102174437/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1893931">Archived</a> 2017-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David E. Nye, <i>Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880–1940</i> (1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren D. 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Williamson</a>, <i>The American Petroleum Industry the Age of Energy 1899–1959</i> (1963)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Glad, "Progressives and the Business Culture of the 1920s," <i>Journal of American History</i> (1966,) 53#1 pp 75-89 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1893931">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102174437/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1893931">Archived</a> 2017-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William J. 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S. Bureau of the Census, <i>Historical Statistics of the United States</i> (1976) series D739</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrendan_Brown2008" class="citation book cs1">Brendan Brown (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zBR_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33"><i>Bubbles in Credit and Currency: How Hot Markets Cool Down</i></a>. Springer. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230227682" title="Special:BookSources/9780230227682"><bdi>9780230227682</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120193918/https://books.google.com/books?id=zBR_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Scarecrow Press. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461672418" title="Special:BookSources/9781461672418"><bdi>9781461672418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+U.S.+Diplomacy+from+World+War+I+through+World+War+II&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781461672418&rft.au=Martin+Folly+and+Niall+Palmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-BUiM5yuNcEC%26pg%3DPT312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_A._Pastor1999" class="citation book cs1">Robert A. 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Basic Books. p. 218ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465054763" title="Special:BookSources/9780465054763"><bdi>9780465054763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century%27s+Journey%3A+How+the+Great+Powers+Shape+the+World&rft.pages=218ff&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780465054763&rft.au=Robert+A.+Pastor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnqGJvW-zqocC%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_E._Leuchtenburg2015" class="citation book cs1">William E. Leuchtenburg (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k0Y9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA314"><i>In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to Barack Obama</i></a>. Cornell UP. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801462573" title="Special:BookSources/9780801462573"><bdi>9780801462573</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120193919/https://www.google.com/books/edition/In_the_Shadow_of_FDR/k0Y9BwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA314&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+FDR%3A+From+Harry+Truman+to+Barack+Obama&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Cornell+UP&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780801462573&rft.au=William+E.+Leuchtenburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk0Y9BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Dallek, <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945</i> (1995) pp 232, 319, 373</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorbjørn_L._Knutsen1999" class="citation book cs1">Torbjørn L. Knutsen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYn_f1jxNDoC&pg=PA184"><i>The Rise and Fall of World Orders</i></a>. Manchester UP. p. 184ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719040580" title="Special:BookSources/9780719040580"><bdi>9780719040580</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120193919/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYn_f1jxNDoC&pg=PA184">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940</i> (1963).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Carcasson, "Herbert Hoover and the presidential campaign of 1932: The failure of apologia." <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> 28.2 (1998): 349–365. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551864">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218225131/http://www.jstor.org/stable/27551864">Archived</a> 2017-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conrad Black, <i>Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franklindelanoro00blac">online</a> (2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Hiltzik, <i>The New Deal: A Modern History</i> (2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony J. Badger, <i>FDR: The first hundred days</i> (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bureau of the Census, <i>Historical Statistics of the United States </i> (1976) series F43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historical Statistics of the United States </i> (1976) series E137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Leuchtenburg, <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal: 1932–1940</i> (1963); Kim Phillips-Fein, <i>Invisible Hands: The Businessmen's Crusade Against the New Deal</i> (2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616030525/http://eh.net/lists/archives/eh.res/feb-1997/0010.php">"EH.R: FORUM: The Great Depression"</a>. Eh.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/lists/archives/eh.res/feb-1997/0010.php">the original</a> on 2008-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EH.R%3A+FORUM%3A+The+Great+Depression&rft.pub=Eh.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feh.net%2Flists%2Farchives%2Feh.res%2Ffeb-1997%2F0010.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary Dean Best, <i>Pride, Prejudice, and Politics: Roosevelt Versus Recovery, 1933–1938</i> (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Rosenof, <i>Economics in the Long Run: New Deal Theorists and Their Legacies, 1933–1993</i> (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishback2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fishback, Price (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/centres/cage/manage/publications/274-2016_fishback.pdf">"How Successful Was the New Deal? The Microeconomic Impact of New Deal Spending and Lending Policies in the 1930s"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i>. <b>55</b> (4): 1435–1485. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjel.20161054">10.1257/jel.20161054</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147049093">147049093</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502052639/https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/centres/cage/manage/publications/274-2016_fishback.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Literature&rft.atitle=How+Successful+Was+the+New+Deal%3F+The+Microeconomic+Impact+of+New+Deal+Spending+and+Lending+Policies+in+the+1930s&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1435-1485&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjel.20161054&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147049093%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fishback&rft.aufirst=Price&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.warwick.ac.uk%2Ffac%2Fsoc%2Feconomics%2Fresearch%2Fcentres%2Fcage%2Fmanage%2Fpublications%2F274-2016_fishback.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoopesBrinkley1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Townsend_Hoopes" title="Townsend Hoopes">Hoopes, Townsend</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Brinkley" title="Douglas Brinkley">Brinkley, Douglas</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fdrcreationofun00hoop"><i>FDR and the Creation of the U.N.</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08553-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08553-2"><bdi>978-0-300-08553-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR+and+the+Creation+of+the+U.N.&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08553-2&rft.aulast=Hoopes&rft.aufirst=Townsend&rft.au=Brinkley%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffdrcreationofun00hoop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaddis1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">Gaddis, John Lewis</a> (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesorig0000gadd"><i>The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12239-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12239-9"><bdi>978-0-231-12239-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Origins+of+the+Cold+War%2C+1941%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12239-9&rft.aulast=Gaddis&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatesorig0000gadd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, Paul (1989). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers</i>. New York: Vintage. p. 358. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72019-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72019-5">978-0-679-72019-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold G. Vatter, <i>The U.S. Economy in World War II</i> (1988) pp 27–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Kennedy, <i>Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945</i> (2001) pp 615–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Perrett, <i>Days of Sadness, Years of Triumph: The American People, 1939–1945: Volume 1</i> (1985) p. 300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey C Mansfield, <i>A short history of OPA</i> (Historical reports on War Administration) (1951)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul A. C. Koistinen, <i>Arsenal of World War II: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1940–1945</i> (2004) pp 498–517</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Douglas_Hurt2008" class="citation book cs1">R. Douglas Hurt (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ETMeMFIbJAC&pg=PA145"><i>The Great Plains During World War II</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803224094" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803224094"><bdi>978-0803224094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Plains+During+World+War+II&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0803224094&rft.au=R.+Douglas+Hurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ETMeMFIbJAC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_L._Pifer2002" class="citation book cs1">Richard L. Pifer (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=REVbvgIascUC&pg=PA37"><i>A City At War: Milwaukee Labor During World War II</i></a>. Wisconsin Historical Society. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870203381" title="Special:BookSources/9780870203381"><bdi>9780870203381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+City+At+War%3A+Milwaukee+Labor+During+World+War+II&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Historical+Society&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780870203381&rft.au=Richard+L.+Pifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DREVbvgIascUC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bush_Jones2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bush_Jones" title="John Bush Jones">John Bush Jones</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5XJ8BcP-uVsC&pg=PA264"><i>All-Out for Victory!: Magazine Advertising and the World War II Home Front</i></a>. UPNE. pp. 264–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781584657682" title="Special:BookSources/9781584657682"><bdi>9781584657682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All-Out+for+Victory%21%3A+Magazine+Advertising+and+the+World+War+II+Home+Front&rft.pages=264-66&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781584657682&rft.au=John+Bush+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5XJ8BcP-uVsC%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller and Cornford</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netplaces.com/world-war-ii/the-horrors-of-war/prisoners-of-war.htm">"Registered & Protected by MarkMonitor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722061152/http://www.netplaces.com/world-war-ii/the-horrors-of-war/prisoners-of-war.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Registered+%26+Protected+by+MarkMonitor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netplaces.com%2Fworld-war-ii%2Fthe-horrors-of-war%2Fprisoners-of-war.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinshaw_1943-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hinshaw_1943_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinshaw_1943_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinshaw (1943)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoehling (1966)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lichtenstein (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Taft, <i>The A.F. of L. from the Death of Gompers to the Merger</i> (1959) pp 204–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul A. C. Koistinen, <i>Arsenal of World War II: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1940–1945</i> p 410(2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melvyn Dubofsky and Van Tine, <i>John L. Lewis: A Biography</i> (1977) pp 415–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Ann Campbell, <i>Women at War with America</i> (1984) pp 139–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvard Sitkoff, <i>The Detroit Race Riot of 1943</i> (1969)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mauricio Mazón, <i>The Zoot-Suit Riots: The Psychology of Symbolic Annihilation</i> (1984)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Hayashi, <i>Democratizing the Enemy: The Japanese American Internment</i> (2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1997" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, James T. (1997). <i>Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (Oxford History of the United States)</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195117974" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195117974"><bdi>978-0195117974</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Expectations%3A+The+United+States%2C+1945%E2%80%931974+%28Oxford+History+of+the+United+States%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0195117974&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lewis_Allen" title="Frederick Lewis Allen">Allen, Frederick Lewis</a>. <i>Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the 1920s</i> (1931) bestselling, well-written history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/Allen/Cover.html">full text online free</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180506021946/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/ALLEN/Cover.html">Archived</a> 2018-05-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Bagby, Wesley M. <i>America's international relations since World War I</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasinternat0000bagb">online</a> (Oxford University Press, 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Black, Conrad</a>. <i>Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom</i> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Franklin-Delano-Roosevelt-Champion-Freedom/dp/1586481843">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107043337/https://www.amazon.com/Franklin-Delano-Roosevelt-Champion-Freedom/dp/1586481843">Archived</a> 2022-01-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Campbell, D'Ann. <i>Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era</i> (1984), wives, workers and WACs in World War II <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenatwarwitham0000camp/mode/1up">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Dooley, Roger Burke. <i>From Scarface to Scarlett: American films in the 1930s</i> (1981)</li> <li>Field, Alexander J. <i>Great Leap Forward: 1930s Depression and US Economic Growth</i> (Yale UP, 2011) 387pp</li> <li>Fraser, Steve. <i>Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the rise of American labor</i> (1993). on the CIO</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Hamby" title="Alonzo Hamby">Hamby, Alonzo L.</a> <i>For the Survival of Democracy: Franklin Roosevelt and the World Crisis of the 1930s</i> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Survival-Democracy-Alonzo-Hamby/dp/1416568212/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813044649/https://www.amazon.com/Survival-Democracy-Alonzo-Hamby/dp/1416568212">Archived</a> 2021-08-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Hoehling, A. A. <i>Home Front, U. S. A. The Story of World War II Over Here</i> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kagan" title="Robert Kagan">Kagan, Robert</a>. <i>The Ghost at the Feast: America and the Collapse of World Order, 1900-1941</i> (Knopf, 2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Ghost-Feast-Collapse-1900-1941-Dangerous/dp/0307262944">excerpt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(historian)" title="David M. Kennedy (historian)">Kennedy, David M.</a> "What the New Deal Did," <i>Political Science Quarterly,</i> (Summer 2009) 124#2 pp 251–268</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(historian)" title="David M. Kennedy (historian)">Kennedy, David M.</a> <i>Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945</i> (Oxford History of the United States) (2001), 990pp; Pulitzer Prize</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._Kyvig" title="David E. Kyvig">Kyvig, David E.</a> <i>Daily Life in the United States, 1920–1940: How Americans Lived During the Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinunite0000kyvi">online</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Leuchtenburg" title="William Leuchtenburg">Leuchtenburg, William E.</a> <i>The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–1932</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perilsofprosperi00leuc_0">online</a> (1993) 332pp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Leuchtenburg" title="William Leuchtenburg">Leuchtenburg, William E.</a> <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 1932 – 1940</i> (1963) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.213904">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Malin" title="James C. Malin">Malin, James C.</a> <i>The United States after the World War</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b68309">online</a> detailed analysis of foreign and economic policies</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone,_Michael_P.Etulain,_Richard1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Malone" title="Michael P. Malone">Malone, Michael P.</a>; Etulain, Richard (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3AYSadAOi3MC"><i>The American West: A Twentieth-Century History</i></a>. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3093-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3093-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-3093-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+West%3A+A+Twentieth-Century+History&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+NE&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-3093-4&rft.au=Malone%2C+Michael+P.&rft.au=Etulain%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3AYSadAOi3MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+United+States+%281917%E2%80%931945%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Marty" title="Martin E. Marty">Marty, Martin E.</a> <i>Modern American Religion, Volume 2: The Noise of Conflict, 1919–1941</i> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Modern-American-Religion-Conflict-1919-1941/dp/0226508978/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817235459/https://www.amazon.com/Modern-American-Religion-Conflict-1919-1941/dp/0226508978">Archived</a> 2021-08-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Miller, Nathan. <i>New World Coming: The 1920s and the Making of Modern America</i> (2003).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Morris" title="Charles R. Morris">Morris, Charles R.</a> <i>A Rabble of Dead Money: The Great Crash and the Global Depression: 1929–1939</i> (PublicAffairs, 2017), 389 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/21/books/review/rabble-of-dead-money-charles-r-morris-great-depression-wall-street.html">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424184720/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/21/books/review/rabble-of-dead-money-charles-r-morris-great-depression-wall-street.html">Archived</a> 2017-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Morris, Richard B. <i>Encyclopedia of American History</i> (1953 and later editions) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000unse_w6y5">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Murray" title="Robert K. Murray">Murray Robert K.</a> <i>The Harding Era 1921–1923: Warren G. Harding and his Administration.</i> University of Minnesota Press, 1969, a standard academic study</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_M._Hacker" title="Louis M. Hacker">Louis M. Hacker</a>. <i>The United States and Its Place in World Affairs, 1918-1943</i> (1943) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015003961094">online</a></li> <li>Olszowka, John, et al. <i>America in the Thirties</i> (Syracuse University Press, 2014) 296 pp) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/America-Thirties-Twentieth-Century/dp/0815633785/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151026123949/http://www.amazon.com/America-Thirties-Twentieth-Century/dp/0815633785">Archived</a> 2015-10-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Plotke, David. <i>Building a Democratic Political Order: Reshaping American Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s</i> (Cambridge UP, 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Shindler" title="Colin Shindler">Shindler, Colin</a>. <i>Hollywood goes to war: films and American society, 1939–1952</i> (Routledge, 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddis_Smith" title="Gaddis Smith">Smith, Gaddis</a>. <i>American Diplomacy During the Second World War, 1941-1945</i> (1965) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118212">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tindall" title="George Tindall">Tindall, George Brown</a>. <i>The Emergence of the New South, 1913–1945</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergenceofnewso00tind/">online</a> (LSU Press, 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Ware" title="Susan Ware">Ware, Susan</a>. <i>Holding Their Own: American Women in the 1930s</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holdingtheirown00susa">online</a> (Twayne, 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmond_Wright" title="Esmond Wright">Wright, Esmond</a>. "The Foreign Policy of Woodrow Wilson: A Re-Assessment. Part 1: Woodrow Wilson and the First World War" <i>History Today</i>. (Mar 1960) 10#3 pp 149–157 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esmond_Wright" title="Esmond Wright">Wright, Esmond</a>. "The Foreign Policy of Woodrow Wilson: A Re-Assessment. Part 2: Wilson and the Dream of Reason" <i>History Today</i> (Apr 1960) 19#4 pp 223–231</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zieger" title="Robert Zieger">Zieger, Robert H.</a> <i>The CIO 1935–1955</i> (1995).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Years_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Years in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Years in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Years_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">Years in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_18th_century_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Years of the 18th century in the United States">18th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_in_the_United_States" title="1776 in the United States">1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1777_in_the_United_States" title="1777 in the United States">1777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1778_in_the_United_States" title="1778 in the United States">1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1779_in_the_United_States" title="1779 in the United States">1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1780_in_the_United_States" title="1780 in the United States">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_the_United_States" title="1781 in the United States">1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1782_in_the_United_States" title="1782 in the United States">1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1783_in_the_United_States" title="1783 in the United States">1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1784_in_the_United_States" title="1784 in the United States">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1785_in_the_United_States" title="1785 in the United States">1785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1786_in_the_United_States" title="1786 in the United States">1786</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1787_in_the_United_States" title="1787 in the United States">1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1788_in_the_United_States" title="1788 in the United States">1788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789_in_the_United_States" title="1789 in the United States">1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_in_the_United_States" title="1790 in the United States">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791_in_the_United_States" title="1791 in the United States">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_in_the_United_States" title="1792 in the United States">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793_in_the_United_States" title="1793 in the United States">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_in_the_United_States" title="1794 in the United States">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1795_in_the_United_States" title="1795 in the United States">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_in_the_United_States" title="1796 in the United States">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1797_in_the_United_States" title="1797 in the United States">1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798_in_the_United_States" title="1798 in the United States">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1799_in_the_United_States" title="1799 in the United States">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_in_the_United_States" title="1800 in the United States">1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_19th_century_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Years of the 19th century in the United States">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1801_in_the_United_States" title="1801 in the United States">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_in_the_United_States" title="1802 in the United States">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1803_in_the_United_States" title="1803 in the United States">1803</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_in_the_United_States" title="1804 in the United States">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1805_in_the_United_States" title="1805 in the United States">1805</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1806_in_the_United_States" title="1806 in the United States">1806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1807_in_the_United_States" title="1807 in the United States">1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_in_the_United_States" title="1808 in the United States">1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1809_in_the_United_States" title="1809 in the United States">1809</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_in_the_United_States" title="1810 in the United States">1810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_in_the_United_States" title="1811 in the United States">1811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_in_the_United_States" title="1812 in the United States">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1813_in_the_United_States" title="1813 in the United States">1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814_in_the_United_States" title="1814 in the United States">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_in_the_United_States" title="1815 in the United States">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_in_the_United_States" title="1816 in the United States">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1817_in_the_United_States" title="1817 in the United States">1817</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1818_in_the_United_States" title="1818 in the United States">1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1819_in_the_United_States" title="1819 in the United States">1819</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_in_the_United_States" title="1820 in the United States">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_in_the_United_States" title="1821 in the United States">1821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822_in_the_United_States" title="1822 in the United States">1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1823_in_the_United_States" title="1823 in the United States">1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_in_the_United_States" title="1824 in the United States">1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1825_in_the_United_States" title="1825 in the United States">1825</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826_in_the_United_States" title="1826 in the United States">1826</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1827_in_the_United_States" title="1827 in the United States">1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_in_the_United_States" title="1828 in the United States">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1829_in_the_United_States" title="1829 in the United States">1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_in_the_United_States" title="1830 in the United States">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_in_the_United_States" title="1831 in the United States">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_in_the_United_States" title="1832 in the United States">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_in_the_United_States" title="1833 in the United States">1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_in_the_United_States" title="1834 in the United States">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_in_the_United_States" title="1835 in the United States">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_in_the_United_States" title="1836 in the United States">1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_in_the_United_States" title="1837 in the United States">1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_in_the_United_States" title="1838 in the United States">1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_in_the_United_States" title="1839 in the United States">1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_in_the_United_States" title="1840 in the United States">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1841_in_the_United_States" title="1841 in the United States">1841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1842_in_the_United_States" title="1842 in the United States">1842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_in_the_United_States" title="1843 in the United States">1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_in_the_United_States" title="1844 in the United States">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1845_in_the_United_States" title="1845 in the United States">1845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846_in_the_United_States" title="1846 in the United States">1846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1847_in_the_United_States" title="1847 in the United States">1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_in_the_United_States" title="1848 in the United States">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1849_in_the_United_States" title="1849 in the United States">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1850_in_the_United_States" title="1850 in the United States">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_in_the_United_States" title="1851 in the United States">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_in_the_United_States" title="1852 in the United States">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_in_the_United_States" title="1853 in the United States">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_in_the_United_States" title="1854 in the United States">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_in_the_United_States" title="1855 in the United States">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_in_the_United_States" title="1856 in the United States">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_in_the_United_States" title="1857 in the United States">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_in_the_United_States" title="1858 in the United States">1858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_in_the_United_States" title="1859 in the United States">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_in_the_United_States" title="1860 in the United States">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_the_United_States" title="1861 in the United States">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_in_the_United_States" title="1862 in the United States">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_in_the_United_States" title="1863 in the United States">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_in_the_United_States" title="1864 in the United States">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_in_the_United_States" title="1865 in the United States">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_in_the_United_States" title="1866 in the United States">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_in_the_United_States" title="1867 in the United States">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_in_the_United_States" title="1868 in the United States">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_the_United_States" title="1869 in the United States">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_the_United_States" title="1870 in the United States">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_in_the_United_States" title="1871 in the United States">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_in_the_United_States" title="1872 in the United States">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_in_the_United_States" title="1873 in the United States">1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_in_the_United_States" title="1874 in the United States">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_in_the_United_States" title="1875 in the United States">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_in_the_United_States" title="1876 in the United States">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_the_United_States" title="1877 in the United States">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_in_the_United_States" title="1878 in the United States">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_in_the_United_States" title="1879 in the United States">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_in_the_United_States" title="1880 in the United States">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_in_the_United_States" title="1881 in the United States">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_in_the_United_States" title="1882 in the United States">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1883_in_the_United_States" title="1883 in the United States">1883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_in_the_United_States" title="1884 in the United States">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_in_the_United_States" title="1885 in the United States">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_in_the_United_States" title="1886 in the United States">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_in_the_United_States" title="1887 in the United States">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_in_the_United_States" title="1888 in the United States">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_in_the_United_States" title="1889 in the United States">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_in_the_United_States" title="1890 in the United States">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_in_the_United_States" title="1891 in the United States">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_in_the_United_States" title="1892 in the United States">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_in_the_United_States" title="1893 in the United States">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_in_the_United_States" title="1894 in the United States">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_in_the_United_States" title="1895 in the United States">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_in_the_United_States" title="1896 in the United States">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_in_the_United_States" title="1897 in the United States">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_in_the_United_States" title="1898 in the United States">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_in_the_United_States" title="1899 in the United States">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_in_the_United_States" title="1900 in the United States">1900</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_20th_century_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Years of the 20th century in the United States">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_in_the_United_States" title="1901 in the United States">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_in_the_United_States" title="1902 in the United States">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_the_United_States" title="1903 in the United States">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_in_the_United_States" title="1904 in the United States">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_in_the_United_States" title="1905 in the United States">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_in_the_United_States" title="1906 in the United States">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_in_the_United_States" title="1907 in the United States">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_in_the_United_States" title="1908 in the United States">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_in_the_United_States" title="1909 in the United States">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_in_the_United_States" title="1910 in the United States">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_in_the_United_States" title="1911 in the United States">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_in_the_United_States" title="1912 in the United States">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_in_the_United_States" title="1913 in the United States">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_in_the_United_States" title="1914 in the United States">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_in_the_United_States" title="1915 in the United States">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_in_the_United_States" title="1916 in the United States">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_in_the_United_States" title="1917 in the United States">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_in_the_United_States" title="1918 in the United States">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_in_the_United_States" title="1919 in the United States">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_in_the_United_States" title="1920 in the United States">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_in_the_United_States" title="1921 in the United States">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_in_the_United_States" title="1922 in the United States">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_in_the_United_States" title="1923 in the United States">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_in_the_United_States" title="1924 in the United States">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_in_the_United_States" title="1925 in the United States">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_in_the_United_States" title="1926 in the United States">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_in_the_United_States" title="1927 in the United States">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_in_the_United_States" title="1928 in the United States">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_in_the_United_States" title="1929 in the United States">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_in_the_United_States" title="1930 in the United States">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_in_the_United_States" title="1931 in the United States">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_in_the_United_States" title="1932 in the United States">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_in_the_United_States" title="1933 in the United States">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_in_the_United_States" title="1934 in the United States">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_in_the_United_States" title="1935 in the United States">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_in_the_United_States" title="1936 in the United States">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_in_the_United_States" title="1937 in the United States">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_in_the_United_States" title="1938 in the United States">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_in_the_United_States" title="1939 in the United States">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_in_the_United_States" title="1940 in the United States">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_in_the_United_States" title="1941 in the United States">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_in_the_United_States" title="1942 in the United States">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_in_the_United_States" title="1943 in the United States">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_in_the_United_States" title="1944 in the United States">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_in_the_United_States" title="1945 in the United States">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_in_the_United_States" title="1946 in the United States">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_in_the_United_States" title="1947 in the United States">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_in_the_United_States" title="1948 in the United States">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_in_the_United_States" title="1949 in the United States">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_in_the_United_States" title="1950 in the United States">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_in_the_United_States" title="1951 in the United States">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_in_the_United_States" title="1952 in the United States">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_in_the_United_States" title="1953 in the United States">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_in_the_United_States" title="1954 in the United States">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_the_United_States" title="1955 in the United States">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_in_the_United_States" title="1956 in the United States">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_in_the_United_States" title="1957 in the United States">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_in_the_United_States" title="1958 in the United States">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_the_United_States" title="1959 in the United States">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_in_the_United_States" title="1960 in the United States">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_in_the_United_States" title="1961 in the United States">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_in_the_United_States" title="1962 in the United States">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_in_the_United_States" title="1963 in the United States">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_in_the_United_States" title="1964 in the United States">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_in_the_United_States" title="1965 in the United States">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_in_the_United_States" title="1966 in the United States">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_in_the_United_States" title="1967 in the United States">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_in_the_United_States" title="1968 in the United States">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_in_the_United_States" title="1969 in the United States">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_in_the_United_States" title="1970 in the United States">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_in_the_United_States" title="1971 in the United States">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_in_the_United_States" title="1972 in the United States">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_in_the_United_States" title="1973 in the United States">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_in_the_United_States" title="1974 in the United States">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_in_the_United_States" title="1975 in the United States">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_in_the_United_States" title="1976 in the United States">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_in_the_United_States" title="1977 in the United States">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_in_the_United_States" title="1978 in the United States">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_the_United_States" title="1979 in the United States">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_the_United_States" title="1980 in the United States">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_the_United_States" title="1981 in the United States">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_the_United_States" title="1982 in the United States">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_the_United_States" title="1983 in the United States">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_the_United_States" title="1984 in the United States">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_in_the_United_States" title="1985 in the United States">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_in_the_United_States" title="1986 in the United States">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_in_the_United_States" title="1987 in the United States">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_in_the_United_States" title="1988 in the United States">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_in_the_United_States" title="1989 in the United States">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_the_United_States" title="1990 in the United States">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_the_United_States" title="1991 in the United States">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_the_United_States" title="1992 in the United States">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_the_United_States" title="1993 in the United States">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_in_the_United_States" title="1994 in the United States">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_in_the_United_States" title="1995 in the United States">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_in_the_United_States" title="1996 in the United States">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_the_United_States" title="1997 in the United States">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_the_United_States" title="1998 in the United States">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_the_United_States" title="1999 in the United States">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_the_United_States" title="2000 in the United States">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_21st_century_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Years of the 21st century in the United States">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_the_United_States" title="2001 in the United States">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_the_United_States" title="2002 in the United States">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_the_United_States" title="2003 in the United States">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_the_United_States" title="2004 in the United States">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_the_United_States" title="2005 in the United States">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_the_United_States" title="2006 in the United States">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_the_United_States" title="2007 in the United States">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_the_United_States" title="2008 in the United States">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_the_United_States" title="2009 in the United States">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_the_United_States" title="2010 in the United States">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_the_United_States" title="2011 in the United States">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_the_United_States" title="2012 in the United States">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_the_United_States" title="2013 in the United States">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_the_United_States" title="2014 in the United States">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_the_United_States" title="2015 in the United States">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_the_United_States" title="2016 in the United States">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_the_United_States" title="2017 in the United States">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_the_United_States" title="2018 in the United States">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_the_United_States" title="2019 in the United States">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_the_United_States" title="2020 in the United States">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_the_United_States" title="2021 in the United States">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_the_United_States" title="2022 in the United States">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_the_United_States" title="2023 in the United States">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_the_United_States" title="2024 in the United States">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_the_United_States" title="2025 in the United States">2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_in_the_United_States" title="2026 in the United States">2026</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By U.S. state/territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Alabama (page does not exist)">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Alaska" title="List of years in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Arizona" title="List of years in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Arkansas" title="List of years in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_California" title="List of years in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Colorado" title="List of years in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Connecticut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Connecticut (page does not exist)">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Delaware" title="List of years in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Florida" title="List of years in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Georgia (U.S. state) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Hawaii" title="List of years in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Idaho (page does not exist)">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Illinois (page does not exist)">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Indiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Indiana (page does not exist)">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iowa" title="List of years in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Kansas (page does not exist)">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Kentucky (page does not exist)">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Louisiana (page does not exist)">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Maine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Maine (page does not exist)">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Maryland (page does not exist)">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Massachusetts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Massachusetts (page does not exist)">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Michigan" title="List of years in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Minnesota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Minnesota (page does not exist)">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Mississippi (page does not exist)">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Missouri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Missouri (page does not exist)">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Montana (page does not exist)">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Nebraska (page does not exist)">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Nevada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Nevada (page does not exist)">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_New_Hampshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in New Hampshire (page does not exist)">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in New Jersey (page does not exist)">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_New_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in New Mexico (page does not exist)">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in New York (page does not exist)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in North Carolina (page does not exist)">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_North_Dakota" title="List of years in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Ohio (page does not exist)">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Oklahoma (page does not exist)">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Oregon" title="List of years in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Pennsylvania (page does not exist)">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Rhode_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Rhode Island (page does not exist)">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in South Carolina (page does not exist)">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_South_Dakota" title="List of years in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Tennessee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Tennessee (page does not exist)">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Texas" title="List of years in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Utah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Utah (page does not exist)">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Vermont (page does not exist)">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Virginia (page does not exist)">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Washington_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Washington (state) (page does not exist)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_West_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in West Virginia (page does not exist)">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Wisconsin (page does not exist)">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Wyoming" title="List of years in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Washington D.C.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_Washington,_D.C.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in Washington, D.C. (page does not exist)">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_American_Samoa" title="List of years in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Guam" title="List of years in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="List of years in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of years in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="List of years in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917–1945)&oldid=1258648245">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1917–1945)&oldid=1258648245</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="Category:History of the United States (1917–1945)">History of the United States (1917–1945)</a></li><li><a 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