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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major cities and urban areas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_cities_and_urban_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metropolitan_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metropolitan_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Metropolitan areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metropolitan_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Late 20th century to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Deep South" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%82" title="الجنوب العميق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجنوب العميق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Глыбокі Поўдзень – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Глыбокі Поўдзень" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deep South" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_De_Eithaf" title="Y De Eithaf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y De Eithaf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deep South" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCgav_L%C3%B5una" title="Sügav Lõuna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sügav Lõuna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%B8%CF%8D%CF%82_%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βαθύς Νότος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαθύς Νότος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_profundo" title="Sur profundo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sur profundo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profunda_Sudo" title="Profunda Sudo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Profunda Sudo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Deep South" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%82" title="جنوب عمیق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنوب عمیق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_profond" title="Sud profond – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sud profond" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Deep South" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%ED%94%84%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="디프사우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디프사우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profondo_Sud" title="Profondo Sud – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Profondo Sud" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Deep South" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="ディープサウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディープサウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Deep South" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82%C4%99bokie_Po%C5%82udnie" title="Głębokie Południe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Głębokie Południe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deep South" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AE%D0%B3" title="Глубокий Юг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глубокий Юг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Deep South" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Deep South" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syv%C3%A4_etel%C3%A4" title="Syvä etelä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syvä etelä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djupa_S%C3%B6dern" title="Djupa Södern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Djupa Södern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derin_G%C3%BCney" title="Derin Güney – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Derin Güney" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Глибокий Південь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глибокий Південь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8" title="عمیق جنوب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عمیق جنوب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A2m_Nam_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Thâm Nam Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thâm Nam Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%B7%B1%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8" title="美國深南部 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美國深南部" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q864007#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cultural region of the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the region of the United States. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Deep_South_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Deep South (disambiguation)">Deep South (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subregion</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Deep South</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">Subregion</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The Cotton States</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_Deep_South.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="States highlighted are geographically the southernmost states in the contiguous United States. The states in dark red comprise what is commonly referred to as the Deep South subregion, while the Deep South overlaps into portions of those in lighter red."><img alt="States highlighted are geographically the southernmost states in the contiguous United States. The states in dark red comprise what is commonly referred to as the Deep South subregion, while the Deep South overlaps into portions of those in lighter red." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Map_of_USA_Deep_South.svg/250px-Map_of_USA_Deep_South.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Map_of_USA_Deep_South.svg/375px-Map_of_USA_Deep_South.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Map_of_USA_Deep_South.svg/500px-Map_of_USA_Deep_South.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="186" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">States highlighted are geographically the southernmost states in the contiguous United States. The states in dark red comprise what is commonly referred to as the Deep South subregion, while the Deep South overlaps into portions of those in lighter red.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Deep South</b> or the <b>Lower South</b> is a cultural and geographic <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>. The term was first used to describe the states which were most economically dependent on <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> ended in 1865, the region suffered economic hardship and was a major site of racial tension during and after the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>. </p><p>Before 1945, the Deep South was often referred to as the "Cotton States" since cotton was the primary <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crop</a> for economic production.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the 1950s and 1960s helped usher in a new era, sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New South</a>. The Deep South is part of the highly-religious, <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a> and is currently a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> stronghold. It is contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Mid-South_(region)" title="Mid-South (region)">Mid-South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater region</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upper South</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Census_-_Majority-Black_Counties_in_the_United_States.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/2020_Census_-_Majority-Black_Counties_in_the_United_States.png/440px-2020_Census_-_Majority-Black_Counties_in_the_United_States.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/2020_Census_-_Majority-Black_Counties_in_the_United_States.png/660px-2020_Census_-_Majority-Black_Counties_in_the_United_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/2020_Census_-_Majority-Black_Counties_in_the_United_States.png/880px-2020_Census_-_Majority-Black_Counties_in_the_United_States.png 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Majority-Black Counties in the U.S. as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020 United States Census</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term "Deep South" is defined in a variety of ways. Most definitions include the following states: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-freedict_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedict-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> are sometimes included,<sup id="cite_ref-Neal_R._Pierce_1974_pp_123-61_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neal_R._Pierce_1974_pp_123-61-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to being peripheral states, having <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">coastlines</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, their history of slavery, large African American populations, and being part of the historical <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">eastern part</a> of Texas is the westernmost extension of the Deep South, typically the area east of <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/North_Florida" title="North Florida">North Florida</a> is also part of the Deep South region, typically the area north of <a href="/wiki/Ocala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocala">Ocala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_&_Erhart_1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_&_Erhart_1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/West_Tennessee" title="West Tennessee">West Tennessee</a> is sometimes included due to its history of slavery, its prominence in cotton production during the antebellum period,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cultural similarity to the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Delta" title="Arkansas Delta">Arkansas Delta</a> is also sometimes included,<sup id="cite_ref-Neal_R._Pierce_1974_pp_123-61_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neal_R._Pierce_1974_pp_123-61-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> is usually considered to be "in the peripheral" or <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Rim South</a> rather than the Deep South.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seven states seceded from the United States before the firing on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> and the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, which originally formed the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. In order of secession, they are South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. </p><p>The first six states to secede were those that held the largest percentage of slaves. Ultimately, the Confederacy included eleven states. A large part of the original <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Belt_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton Belt (region)">"Cotton Belt"</a> is sometimes included in Deep South terminology. This was considered to extend from <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Lowcountry" title="South Carolina Lowcountry">South Carolina Lowcountry</a> to Georgia and <a href="/wiki/North_Florida" title="North Florida">North Florida</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf States</a> as far west as <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a>, including <a href="/wiki/West_Tennessee" title="West Tennessee">West Tennessee</a>, eastern Arkansas, and up the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_embayment" title="Mississippi embayment">Mississippi embayment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inner core of the Deep South, characterized by very rich black soil that supported cotton plantations, is a geological formation known as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_(geological_formation)" title="Black Belt (geological formation)">Black Belt</a>. The Black Belt has since become better known as <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">a sociocultural region</a>; in this context it is a term used for much of the Cotton Belt, which had a high percentage of African-American slave labor. The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a> has been called "<a href="/wiki/The_Most_Southern_Place_on_Earth" title="The Most Southern Place on Earth">The Most Southern Place on Earth</a>", because of its unique racial, cultural, and economic history.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavery_in_the_13_colonies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Slavery_in_the_13_colonies.jpg/220px-Slavery_in_the_13_colonies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Slavery_in_the_13_colonies.jpg/330px-Slavery_in_the_13_colonies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Slavery_in_the_13_colonies.jpg/440px-Slavery_in_the_13_colonies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> in 1770, showing the number of slaves in each colony<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Colonial_period_of_South_Carolina" title="Colonial period of South Carolina">colony of South Carolina</a> was dominated by a <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter class</a> who initially migrated from the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British Caribbean</a> island of Barbados, and used the <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados Slave Code</a> of 1661 as a model to control and terrorize the African American slave population.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> provided a steady flow of sugar produced by slave labor to Europe and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia colony</a> was initially founded by <a href="/wiki/James_Oglethorpe" title="James Oglethorpe">James Oglethorpe</a> as a buffer state to defend the southern British colonies from Spanish Florida. Oglethorpe imagined a province populated by "sturdy farmers" who could guard the border; because of this, the colony's charter prohibited slavery. Unfortunately, the ban on slavery was lifted by 1751, and the colony became a <a href="/wiki/Royal_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal colony">royal colony</a> in 1752.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, South Carolina and Georgia were majority African American, as indicated by the map on the right. In 1765, London philanthropist Dr. <a href="/wiki/John_Fothergill_(physician)" title="John Fothergill (physician)">John Fothergill</a> remarked on the cultural differences of the British American colonies southward from Maryland and those to the north, suggesting that Southerners were more similar to the people of the Caribbean than to the colonies to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-cob_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cob-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A visiting French dignitary concurred in 1810 that American customs seemed "entirely changed" over the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>, and that Southern society resembled those of the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-cob_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cob-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although often used in history books to refer to the seven states that originally formed the Confederacy, the term "Deep South" did not come into general usage until long after the Civil War ended. For at least the remainder of the 19th century, "Lower South" was the primary designation for those states. At the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Florida and Texas were sparsely populated and not fully settled, with Florida and Texas being the least-populated and third least-populated of the 11 Confederate states, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When "Deep South" first began to gain mainstream currency in print in the middle of the 20th century, it applied to the states and areas of South Carolina, Georgia, southern Alabama, northern Florida, Mississippi, <a href="/wiki/North_Louisiana" title="North Louisiana">northern Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Tennessee" title="West Tennessee">West Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Arkansas" title="South Arkansas">southern Arkansas</a>, and eastern Texas, all historical areas of cotton plantations and slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the part of the South many considered the "most Southern."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, Florida was described as "still very largely an empty State," with only <a href="/wiki/North_Florida" title="North Florida">North Florida</a> largely settled until after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, the general definition expanded to include all of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, as well as often taking in bordering areas of <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Delta" title="Arkansas Delta">Eastern Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Tennessee" title="West Tennessee">West Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Florida" title="North Florida">North Florida</a>. In its broadest application, the Deep South is considered to be "an area roughly coextensive with the old <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Belt" title="Cotton Belt">cotton belt</a>, from eastern North Carolina through South Carolina, west into East Texas, with extensions north and south along the Mississippi."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_economics">Early economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Americans_1860_County.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Black_Americans_1860_County.png/250px-Black_Americans_1860_County.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Black_Americans_1860_County.png/375px-Black_Americans_1860_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Black_Americans_1860_County.png/500px-Black_Americans_1860_County.png 2x" data-file-width="15610" data-file-height="8900" /></a><figcaption>Population of African Americans by county in 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>The Deep South is generally associated historically with cotton production. The 11 Confederate States, including the Deep South, were overwhelmingly rural. <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, Louisiana was the only populous city in the Confederacy during the Civil War. </p><p>After the Civil War, the region was economically poor. After <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> ended in 1877, a small fraction of the white population composed of wealthy landowners, merchants and bankers controlled the economy and, largely, the politics. Most white farmers were poor and had to do manual work on their farms to survive. As prices fell, farmers' work became harder and longer because of a change from largely self-sufficient farms, based on corn and pigs, to the growing of a cash crop of cotton or tobacco. Cotton cultivation took twice as many hours of work as raising corn. The farmers lost their freedom to determine what crops they would grow, ran into increasing indebtedness, and many were forced into tenancy or into working for someone else. Some out-migration occurred, especially to Texas, but over time, the population continued to grow and the farms were subdivided smaller and smaller. Growing discontent helped give rise to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist movement</a> in the early 1890s. It represented a sort of <a href="/wiki/Class_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Class warfare">class warfare</a>, in which the poor farmers sought to gain more of an economic and political voice.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinct_from_neighboring_regions">Distinct from neighboring regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distinct from neighboring regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Ecoregions associated with the Deep South</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:248px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_taeda_distribution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pinus_taeda_distribution_map.png/248px-Pinus_taeda_distribution_map.png" decoding="async" width="248" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pinus_taeda_distribution_map.png/372px-Pinus_taeda_distribution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pinus_taeda_distribution_map.png/496px-Pinus_taeda_distribution_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Natural range of <a href="/wiki/Pinus_taeda" title="Pinus taeda">loblolly pine</a>, which covers most of the Deep South and Tidewater.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:248px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_delta_disambig.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mississippi_delta_disambig.svg/186px-Mississippi_delta_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="186" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mississippi_delta_disambig.svg/279px-Mississippi_delta_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mississippi_delta_disambig.svg/372px-Mississippi_delta_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="655" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Alluvial_Plain" title="Mississippi Alluvial Plain">Mississippi Alluvial Plain</a> created by the Mississippi River.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>By 1850, the term "Cotton States" was in common use, and the differences between the Deep South (lower) and Upland South (upper) were recognized. A key difference was the Deep South's <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantation</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crop</a> agriculture (mainly cotton, rice and sugar), using the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">forced labor</a> of enslaved African Americans on large farms while plantation owners tended to live in towns and cities. This system of plantation farming was originally developed in the <a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="The Caribbean">Caribbean West Indies</a> and introduced to the United States in South Carolina and Louisiana, from where it spread throughout the Deep South, although there were local exceptions wherever conditions did not support the system. The sharp division between town and country, the intensive use of a few cash crops, and the high proportion of slaves, all differed from the Upland South.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater region</a>, encompassing the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_North_Carolina" title="Eastern North Carolina">Eastern North Carolina</a>, stands out as different from both the Deep South and Upland South. Its <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">history of slavery</a> originated in Virginia and predated the Caribbean plantation model, relying on <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_American_colonies" title="Tobacco in the American colonies">tobacco as a cash crop</a> from the start. Tidewater had few urban centers, instead establishing multiple markets along tributaries. Cotton and rice operations were large and factory-like, while tobacco profits hinged on skilled, careful, and efficient labor units.<sup id="cite_ref-CV_-_EV_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV_-_EV-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being the southernmost part of the continental United States, <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a> is not considered part of the Deep South. It has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a> and high levels of migration from the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, particularly in the densely populated <a href="/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area" title="Miami metropolitan area">Miami metropolitan area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_Reconstruction_through_the_Civil_Rights_Movement">From Reconstruction through the Civil Rights Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From Reconstruction through the Civil Rights Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African-American history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against Black Americans">Racism against Black Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism in the United States</a></div> <p>After 1950, the region became a major center of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, including: the work of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a>, the 1960 founding of the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC), and the 1964 <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_cities_and_urban_areas">Major cities and urban areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Major cities and urban areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Deep South has three major <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">Metropolitan statistical areas</a> (MSAs) located solely within its boundaries, with populations exceeding 1,000,000 residents (Four including Memphis). <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, the 8th largest metro area in the United States, is the Deep South's largest population center, followed by <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metropolitan_areas">Metropolitan areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Metropolitan areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 17 Deep South <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan areas</a> (MSAs) within the 150 largest population centers in the United States are ranked below: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>City </th> <th>State </th> <th>City (2022) </th> <th>Metro Area </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">MSA</a> (2022) </th> <th>National Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">CSA</a> (2022) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td>499,127 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta metropolitan area">Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta, GA MSA</a> </td> <td>6,222,106 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>7,136,414 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td>369,749 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="New Orleans metropolitan area">New Orleans-Metairie, LA MSA</a> </td> <td>1,246,176 </td> <td>47 </td> <td>1,348,462 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td>196,910 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_metropolitan_area,_Alabama" title="Birmingham metropolitan area, Alabama">Birmingham-Hoover, AL MSA</a> </td> <td>1,116,857 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>1,362,731 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina" title="Greenville, South Carolina">Greenville</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td>72,310 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upstate_South_Carolina" title="Upstate South Carolina">Greenville-Anderson, SC MSA</a> </td> <td>958,958 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>1,561,465 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td>221,453 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_metropolitan_area" title="Baton Rouge metropolitan area">Baton Rouge, LA MSA</a> </td> <td>873,060 </td> <td>66 </td> <td>1,010,108 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td>139,698 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_metropolitan_area,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia metropolitan area, South Carolina">Columbia, SC MSA</a> </td> <td>847,686 </td> <td>72 </td> <td>1,073,039 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td>153,672 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charleston_metropolitan_area,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston metropolitan area, South Carolina">Charleston-North Charleston, SC MSA</a> </td> <td>830,529 </td> <td>74 </td> <td>799,636 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td>202,096 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augusta_metropolitan_area" title="Augusta metropolitan area">Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC MSA</a> </td> <td>624,083 </td> <td>96 </td> <td>615,933 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td>145,995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jackson_metropolitan_area,_Mississippi" title="Jackson metropolitan area, Mississippi">Jackson-Yazoo City, MS MSA</a> </td> <td>583,197 </td> <td>99 </td> <td>688,270 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td>181,099 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_metropolitan_area" title="Chattanooga metropolitan area">Chattanooga, TN-GA MSA</a> </td> <td>562,647 </td> <td>101 </td> <td>992,408 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myrtle_Beach,_South_Carolina" title="Myrtle Beach, South Carolina">Myrtle Beach</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td>38,417 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_metropolitan_area" title="Myrtle Beach metropolitan area">Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach SC-NC MSA</a> </td> <td>536,165 </td> <td>111 </td> <td>447,823 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td>221,933 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huntsville_metropolitan_area" title="Huntsville metropolitan area">Huntsville, AL MSA</a> </td> <td>514,465 </td> <td>113 </td> <td>879,315 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette, Louisiana">Lafayette</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td>121,389 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_metropolitan_area,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette metropolitan area, Louisiana">Lafayette, LA MSA</a> </td> <td>481,125 </td> <td>118 </td> <td>562,898 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td>183,289 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile County, AL MSA</a> </td> <td>411,411 </td> <td>128 </td> <td>657,846 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulfport,_Mississippi" title="Gulfport, Mississippi">Gulfport</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td>72,236 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulfport%E2%80%93Biloxi_metropolitan_area" title="Gulfport–Biloxi metropolitan area">Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, MS MSA</a> </td> <td>420,782 </td> <td>133 </td> <td>442,432 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td>148,004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Savannah_metropolitan_area" title="Savannah metropolitan area">Savannah, GA MSA</a> </td> <td>418,373 </td> <td>134 </td> <td>629,401 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td>180,153 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shreveport%E2%80%93Bossier_City_metropolitan_area" title="Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area">Shreveport-Bossier City, LA MSA</a> </td> <td>385,154 </td> <td>140 </td> <td>420,797 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* Indicates state capital </p><p><br /> Other substantial cities include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>Cities </th></tr> <tr> <td>Alabama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Alabama" title="Auburn, Alabama">Auburn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama" title="Dothan, Alabama">Dothan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Georgia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia" title="Columbus, Georgia">Columbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macon,_Georgia" title="Macon, Georgia">Macon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valdosta,_Georgia" title="Valdosta, Georgia">Valdosta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Georgia" title="Athens, Georgia">Athens</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Louisiana </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Louisiana" title="Monroe, Louisiana">Monroe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana" title="Lake Charles, Louisiana">Lake Charles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mississippi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meridian,_Mississippi" title="Meridian, Mississippi">Meridian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupelo,_Mississippi" title="Tupelo, Mississippi">Tupelo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi" title="Hattiesburg, Mississippi">Hattiesburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Carolina </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina" title="Sumter, South Carolina">Sumter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florence,_South_Carolina" title="Florence, South Carolina">Florence</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other cities sometimes included as part of the Deep South: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>City </th> <th>State </th> <th>City (2022) </th> <th>Metro Area </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">MSA</a> (2022) </th> <th>National Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">CSA</a> (2022) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td>621,056 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis_metropolitan_area" title="Memphis metropolitan area">Memphis, TN MSA</a> </td> <td>1,332,305 </td> <td>43 </td> <td>1,382,503 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>* </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Geographic regions associated with the Deep South</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_Plain_Continental_Shelf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Atlantic_Plain_Continental_Shelf.jpg/184px-Atlantic_Plain_Continental_Shelf.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Atlantic_Plain_Continental_Shelf.jpg/276px-Atlantic_Plain_Continental_Shelf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Atlantic_Plain_Continental_Shelf.jpg/368px-Atlantic_Plain_Continental_Shelf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Extent of the Atlantic Plain Continental Shelf province as indicated by the 1928 work by Fenneman.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_range_of_the_American_Alligator.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_range_of_the_American_Alligator.png/250px-The_range_of_the_American_Alligator.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_range_of_the_American_Alligator.png/375px-The_range_of_the_American_Alligator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_range_of_the_American_Alligator.png/500px-The_range_of_the_American_Alligator.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Approximate range of the <a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Plain" title="Atlantic Plain">Atlantic Plain</a>, the Deep South tends to have a <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">Subtropical</a> climate with long hot summers and short mild winters. The <a href="/wiki/35th_parallel_north" title="35th parallel north">35th parallel north</a>, which is used to define the northern boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropics</a>, defines the southern border of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, and the border between <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. </p><p>The climate tends to display more pronounced Subtropical characteristics the closer one gets to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a>. For example, the Deep South substantially overlaps with the range of the <a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a>. </p><p>Crops grow readily in the Deep South due to its climate consistently providing growing seasons of at least six months before the first frost. Some common environments include <a href="/wiki/Bayous" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayous">bayous</a> and swamplands, as well as the southern <a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">pine forests</a>. Due to its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricanes">hurricanes</a> are also a frequently-occurring natural disaster. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a> wrote in his 1901 autobiography<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>I have often been asked to define the term "Black Belt". So far as I can learn, the term was first used to designate a part of the country which was distinguished by the colour of the soil. The part of the country possessing this thick, dark, and naturally rich soil was, of course, the part of the South where the slaves were most profitable, and consequently they were taken there in the largest numbers. Later, and especially since the war, the term seems to be used wholly in a political sense—that is, to designate the counties where the black people outnumber the white.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.svg/440px-Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.svg/660px-Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.svg/880px-Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>2000 Census Population Ancestry Map, with African-American ancestry in purple.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White people</a> in the Deep South who identified themselves with one <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European ethnic group</a> in the 1980 census self-identified as <a href="/wiki/English_diaspora" title="English diaspora">English</a>. This occurred in every southern state with the exception of Louisiana where more White people self-identified as <a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">French</a> than English. <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of the White population also derives from ethnic groups of Ireland (<a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a>). With regard to White people in the Deep South who reported only a single European-American ancestry group, the 1980 census showed the following self-identification in each state in this region: </p> <ul><li>Alabama – 857,864 of 2,165,653 respondents (41%) self-identified as English only, which was the state's largest ancestral group by a wide margin.</li> <li>Georgia – 1,132,184 of 3,009,486 respondents (37.62%) self-identified as English only.</li> <li>Mississippi – 496,481 of 1,551,364 respondents (32%) self-identified as English only, which was the state's largest ancestral group by a wide margin.</li> <li>Florida – 1,132,033 of 5,159,967 respondents (21.94%) self-identified as English only.</li> <li>Louisiana – 480,711 of 2,319,259 respondents (20.73%) self-identified as French only, followed closely by 440,558 English-only respondents (19%).</li> <li>South Carolina – 578,338 of 1,706,966 respondents (33.88%) self-identified as English only. This is likely due to the fact that British colonization along the coasts of present-day South Carolina began earlier than colonization of other areas commonly classified as the Deep South.</li> <li>Texas – 1,639,322 of 7,859,393 respondents (20.86%) self-identified as English only, which was the state's largest ancestral group by a large margin.</li></ul> <p>These figures do not take into account people who self-identified as English and some other ancestral group. When the two were added together, people who self-identified as being English with other ancestry, made up an even larger portion of southerners.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> As of 2003<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the majority of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black Americans</a> in the South live in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a> from Virginia to Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSEnc_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSEnc-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> largely started arriving in the Deep South during the 1990s, and their numbers have grown rapidly. Politically they have not been very active.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._1960_to_1964_presidential_election_swing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/U.S._1960_to_1964_presidential_election_swing.svg/220px-U.S._1960_to_1964_presidential_election_swing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/U.S._1960_to_1964_presidential_election_swing.svg/330px-U.S._1960_to_1964_presidential_election_swing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/U.S._1960_to_1964_presidential_election_swing.svg/440px-U.S._1960_to_1964_presidential_election_swing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>This map shows the county swing in the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 presidential election</a>. The 5 Deep South states, along with <a href="/wiki/Northern_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Florida">Northern Florida</a>, had the strongest swings to Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>. Note that Texas was the home state of Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Political expert <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Phillips_(political_commentator)" title="Kevin Phillips (political commentator)">Kevin Phillips</a> states that, "From the end of Reconstruction until 1948, the Deep South Black Belts, where only whites could vote, were the nation's leading Democratic Party bastions."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the late 1870s to the mid-1960s, conservative whites of the Deep South held control of state governments and overwhelmingly identified with and supported the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most powerful leaders belonged to the party's moderate-to-conservative wing. The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> would only control mainly mountain districts in <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Southern Appalachia</a>, on the fringe of the Deep South, during the "<a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>" period.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the turn of the 20th century, all Southern states, starting with Mississippi in 1890, passed new constitutions and other laws that effectively <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">disenfranchised</a> the great majority of blacks and sometimes many <a href="/wiki/Poor_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor white">poor whites</a> as well. Blacks were excluded subsequently from the political system entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The white Democratic-dominated state legislatures passed <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> to impose <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, including caste segregation of public facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In politics, the region became known for decades as the "Solid South." While this disenfranchisement was enforced, all of the states in this region were mainly one-party states dominated by white <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a>. Southern representatives accrued outsized power in the Congress and the national Democratic Party, as they controlled all the seats apportioned to southern states based on total population, but only represented the richer subset of their white populations.<sup id="cite_ref-valelly146-147_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valelly146-147-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> received serious backlash as a Catholic, but carried all 5 Deep South states, though he nearly lost Alabama. </p><p>Major demographic changes would ensue in the 20th century. During the two waves of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> (1916–1970), a total of six million African Americans left the South for the Northeast, Midwest, and West, to escape the oppression and violence in the South. Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">Goldwater–Johnson election</a> of 1964, a significant contingent of white conservative voters in the Deep South stopped supporting national Democratic Party candidates and switched to the Republican Party. They still would vote for many Democrats at the state and local level into the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientist Seth McKee concluded that in the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 presidential election</a>, "Once again, the high level of support for <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a> in the Deep South, and especially their Black Belt counties, spoke to the enduring significance of white resistance to black progress."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White southern voters consistently voted for the Democratic Party for many years to hold onto Jim Crow Laws. Once <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> came to power <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">in 1932</a>, the limited southern electorate found itself supporting Democratic candidates who frequently did not share its views. Journalist <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Yglesias" title="Matthew Yglesias">Matthew Yglesias</a> argues: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The weird thing about Jim Crow politics is that white southerners with conservative views on taxes, moral values, and national security would vote for Democratic presidential candidates who didn't share their views. They did that as part of a strategy for maintaining white supremacy in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Kevin Phillips states that, "Beginning in 1948, however, the white voters of the Black Belts shifted partisan gears and sought to lead the Deep South out of the Democratic Party. Upcountry, pineywoods and bayou voters felt less hostility towards the New Deal and Fair Deal economic and caste policies which agitated the Black Belts, and for another decade, they kept The Deep South in the Democratic presidential column.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 election</a>, George Wallace carried all five Deep South states except for South Carolina, as well as <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arkansas" title="1968 United States presidential election in Arkansas">Arkansas</a>. Phillips emphasizes the three-way 1968 presidential election: </p> <blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a> won very high support from Black Belt whites and no support at all from Black Belt Negroes. In the Black Belt counties of the Deep South, racial polarization was practically complete. Negroes voted for Hubert Humphrey, whites for George Wallace. GOP nominee Nixon garnered very little backing and counties where Barry Goldwater had captured 90 percent to 100 percent of the vote in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Republican Party in the South had been crippled by the disenfranchisement of blacks, and the national party was unable to relieve their past with the South where Reconstruction was negatively viewed. During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the administration of Democrat <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, some <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="New Deal Coalition">New Deal</a> measures were promoted as intending to aid African Americans across the country and in the poor rural South, as well as poor whites. In the post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> era, Democratic Party presidents and national politicians began to support desegregation and other elements of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, from President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>'s desegregating the military, to <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s support for non-violent protests.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These efforts culminated in <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>'s important work in gaining Congressional approval for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, upwards of 90 percent of African Americans in the South have voted for the Democratic Party,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including 93 percent for Obama in 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century_to_present">Late 20th century to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Late 20th century to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sugrue" title="Thomas Sugrue">Thomas Sugrue</a> attributes the political and cultural changes, along with the easing of racial tensions, as the reason why Southern voters began to vote for Republican national candidates, in line with their political ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, white Deep South voters have tended to vote for Republican candidates in most presidential elections. Times the Democratic Party has won in the Deep South since the late 20th century include: the <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1976" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1976">1976 election</a> when Georgia native <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> received the Democratic nomination, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1980">1980 election</a> when Carter won Georgia; the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 election</a> when Arkansas native and former governor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> won Georgia, Tennessee, Louisiana, and Arkansas, the <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996 election</a> when the incumbent president Clinton again won Louisiana, Tennessee and Arkansas, and when Georgia was won by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a>. </p><p>In 1995, Georgia Republican <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> was elected by representatives of a Republican-dominated House as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a>. The incumbent Speaker of the House since <a href="/wiki/October_2023_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election" title="October 2023 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election">October 2023</a>, Republican <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson_(Louisiana_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Johnson (Louisiana politician)">Mike Johnson</a>, is from Louisiana. </p><p>Since the 1990s the white majority has continued to shift toward Republican candidates at the state and local levels. This trend culminated in 2014 when the Republicans swept every statewide office in the Deep South region <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 2014">midterm elections</a>. As a result, the Republican party came to control all the state legislatures in the region, as well as all House seats that were not representing <a href="/wiki/Majority-minority_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority-minority districts">majority-minority districts</a>. </p><p>Presidential elections in which the Deep South diverged noticeably from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a> occurred in <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1928">1928</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1948">1948</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1964">1964</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1968">1968</a>, and, to a lesser extent, in <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1952">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1956">1956</a>, <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a>, and <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 2008">2008</a>. Former Arkansas Governor <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> fared well in the Deep South in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Republican primaries">2008 Republican primaries</a>, losing only one state (South Carolina) while running (he had dropped out of the race before the Mississippi primary).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Georgia is currently considered a <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">Swing state</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a>, the state of Georgia was considered a toss-up state hinting at a possible Democratic shift in the area. It ultimately voted Democratic, in favor of Joe Biden. During the 2021 January Senate runoff elections, Georgia also voted for two Democrats, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Ossoff" title="Jon Ossoff">Jon Ossoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Warnock" title="Raphael Warnock">Raphael Warnock</a>, with Warnock winning <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_Georgia" title="2022 United States Senate election in Georgia">re-election</a> to a full term the following year. Republicans currently hold every statewide office, its state Supreme Court, and its legislature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="States">States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">colonial times</a> to the early twentieth century, much of the Lower South had a black majority. Three <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern states</a> had populations that were majority-<a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">black</a>: Louisiana (from 1810 until about 1890<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), South Carolina (until the 1920s<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and Mississippi (from the 1830s to the 1930s<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In the same period, Georgia,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alabama,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Florida<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had populations that were nearly 50% black, while Maryland,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Carolina,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Virginia<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had black populations approaching or exceeding 40%. Texas' black population reached 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The demographics of these states changed markedly from the 1890s through the 1950s, as two waves of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> led more than 6,500,000 African-Americans to abandon the economically depressed, segregated Deep South in search of better employment opportunities and living conditions, first in Northern and Midwestern industrial cities, and later west to California. One-fifth of Florida's black population had left the state by 1940, for instance.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the last thirty years of the twentieth century into the twenty-first century, scholars have documented a reverse <a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a> of black people back to southern states, but typically to destinations in the <a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New South</a>, which have the best jobs and developing economies.<sup id="cite_ref-NewGM_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewGM-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The District of Columbia, one of the magnets for black people during the Great Migration, was long the sole majority-minority federal jurisdiction in the continental U.S. The black proportion has declined since the 1990s due to <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> and expanding opportunities, with many black people moving to southern states such as Texas, Georgia, Florida, and Maryland and others migrating to jobs in states of the <a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New South</a> in a reverse of the Great Migration.<sup id="cite_ref-NewGM_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewGM-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_90" title="U.S. Route 90">U.S. Route 90</a> runs from Van Horn, Texas to Jacksonville, Florida.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_11" title="U.S. Route 11">U.S. Route 11</a> runs through the Deep South to the Canadian border in New York.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_10" title="Interstate 10">Interstate 10</a> is a major transcontinental east–west highway that travels through the far southern portion of the Deep South, with its eastern terminus at <a href="/wiki/Interstate_95" title="Interstate 95">I-95</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_55" title="Interstate 55">Interstate 55</a> is a major north–south route traveling from <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, Illinois</a> to New Orleans, Louisiana. The interstate travels through the Deep South cities of Memphis, Jackson, and New Orleans.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_40" title="Interstate 40">Interstate 40</a> is a major transcontinental east–west route that travels from <a href="/wiki/Barstow,_California" title="Barstow, California">Barstow, California</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>. It meets Interstate 55 in Memphis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_49_in_Louisiana" title="Interstate 49 in Louisiana">Interstate 49</a> is a partially complete interstate running north–south centrally in the United States. It runs currently in the Deep South from <a href="/wiki/Texarkana,_Arkansas" title="Texarkana, Arkansas">Texarkana, Arkansas</a> through Shreveport, and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria</a> to Lafayette, Louisiana.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_20" title="Interstate 20">Interstate 20</a> runs from West Texas to <a href="/wiki/Florence,_South_Carolina" title="Florence, South Carolina">Florence, South Carolina</a>. It travels through the Deep South cities of <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyler Texas">Tyler</a>, Shreveport, Jackson, Birmingham, Atlanta, Augusta, and Columbia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_75" title="Interstate 75">Interstate 75</a> runs from Chattanooga, Tennessee through Georgia down to Miami, Florida.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFryer" class="citation web cs1">Fryer, Darcy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lehigh.edu/~ejg1/sylx/fryer.htm">"The Origins of the Lower South"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_University" title="Lehigh University">Lehigh University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Lower+South&rft.pub=Lehigh+University&rft.aulast=Fryer&rft.aufirst=Darcy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lehigh.edu%2F~ejg1%2Fsylx%2Ffryer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreehling1994" class="citation book cs1">Freehling, William (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOainyyGxhsC&pg=PA10">"The Editorial Revolution, Virginia, and the Coming of the Civil War: A Review Essay"</a>. <i>The Reintegration of American History</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508808-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508808-3"><bdi>978-0-19-508808-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Editorial+Revolution%2C+Virginia%2C+and+the+Coming+of+the+Civil+War%3A+A+Review+Essay&rft.btitle=The+Reintegration+of+American+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508808-3&rft.aulast=Freehling&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOainyyGxhsC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freedict-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-freedict_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Deep+South">"Deep South"</a>. <i>The Free Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Deep+South&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FDeep%2BSouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neal_R._Pierce_1974_pp_123-61-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neal_R._Pierce_1974_pp_123-61_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neal_R._Pierce_1974_pp_123-61_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Neal R. Pierce, <i>The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven States of the Deep South</i> (1974), pp 123–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/anglo-american-colonization">"Anglo-American Colonization"</a>. <i>Texas State Historical Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Cotton&rft.au=Randal+Rust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftennesseeencyclopedia.net%2Fentries%2Fcotton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/locations/lowermsdeltaregion/history-and-culture-of-the-mississippi-delta-region.htm">"History and Culture of the Mississippi Delta Region - Lower Mississippi Delta Region (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=History+and+Culture+of+the+Mississippi+Delta+Region+-+Lower+Mississippi+Delta+Region+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Flocations%2Flowermsdeltaregion%2Fhistory-and-culture-of-the-mississippi-delta-region.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliard_B._Gatewood_Jr.Jeannie_M._Whayne1996" class="citation book cs1">Williard B. Gatewood Jr.; Jeannie M. Whayne, eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWI2SXH20QAC&pg=PA3"><i>The Arkansas Delta: Land of Paradox</i></a>. University of Arkansas Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61075-032-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61075-032-5"><bdi>978-1-61075-032-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arkansas+Delta%3A+Land+of+Paradox&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-61075-032-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZWI2SXH20QAC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiane_D._BlairJay_Barth2005" class="citation book cs1">Diane D. Blair; Jay Barth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0iBvLIkf7AoC&pg=PA66"><i>Arkansas Politics and Government</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-0489-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-0489-2"><bdi>0-8032-0489-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arkansas+Politics+and+Government&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8032-0489-2&rft.au=Diane+D.+Blair&rft.au=Jay+Barth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0iBvLIkf7AoC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Reed and Dale Volberg Reed, <i>1001 Things Everyone Should Know About the South</i>, Doubleday, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James C. Cobb, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Southern_Place_on_Earth:_The_Mississippi_Delta_and_the_Roots_of_Regional_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity">The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity</a></i> (1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ira Berlin, <i>Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves</i> (2003) pp. 272–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Hall, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.common-place-archives.org/vol-03/no-01/reviews/hall.shtml">"The Great Indian Slave Caper", review of Alan Gallay, <i>The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717</i></a>, <i>Common-place,</i> vol. 3, no. 1 (October 2002), accessed 5 March 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_B._Sheridan1974" class="citation book cs1">Richard B. Sheridan (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QUV98bwrqscC&pg=PA415"><i>Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775</i></a>. Canoe Press. pp. 415–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789768125132" title="Special:BookSources/9789768125132"><bdi>9789768125132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sugar+and+Slavery%3A+An+Economic+History+of+the+British+West+Indies%2C+1623%E2%80%931775&rft.pages=415-26&rft.pub=Canoe+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9789768125132&rft.au=Richard+B.+Sheridan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQUV98bwrqscC%26pg%3DPA415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/royal-georgia-1752-1776">"Royal Georgia, 1752-1776"</a>. <i>New Georgia Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Georgia+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Royal+Georgia%2C+1752-1776&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgiaencyclopedia.org%2Farticles%2Fhistory-archaeology%2Froyal-georgia-1752-1776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cob-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cob_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cob_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_C._Cobb2005" class="citation book cs1">James C. Cobb (2005). <i>Away Down South A History of Southern Identity</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198025016" title="Special:BookSources/9780198025016"><bdi>9780198025016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Away+Down+South+A+History+of+Southern+Identity&rft.pages=10-12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780198025016&rft.au=James+C.+Cobb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html#y1860">"1860 Census of Population and Housing"</a>. Census.gov. January 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1860+Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft.date=2009-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html%23y1860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roller, David C., and Twyman, Robert W., editors (1979). <i>The Encyclopedia of Southern History</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James C. Cobb, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Southern_Place_on_Earth:_The_Mississippi_Delta_and_the_Roots_of_Regional_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity">The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity</a></i> (1992) p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Writers'_Project1939" class="citation book cs1">Federal Writers' Project (1939). <i>Florida. A Guide to the Southernmost State</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florida.+A+Guide+to+the+Southernmost+State&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Federal+Writers%27+Project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ted Ownby, "The Defeated Generation at Work: White Farmers in the Deep South, 1865–1890". <i>Southern Studies</i> 23 (1984): 325–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward L. Ayers, <i>The promise of the new South: Life after reconstruction</i> (Oxford University Press, 2007) 187–214, 283–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Antebellum differences between the Upper South and Lower South, see Meinig (1998) pp. 222–224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CV_-_EV-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CV_-_EV_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/colonial-virginia/">"Colonial Virginia"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Virginia&rft.atitle=Colonial+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2Fentries%2Fcolonial-virginia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutway2014" class="citation web cs1">Cutway, Adrienne (October 21, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/features/gone-viral/os-state-of-south-florida-20141021-post.html">"Officials want South Florida to break off into its own state"</a>. <i>Orlandosentinel.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orlandosentinel.com&rft.atitle=Officials+want+South+Florida+to+break+off+into+its+own+state&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft.aulast=Cutway&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2Ffeatures%2Fgone-viral%2Fos-state-of-south-florida-20141021-post.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141022020503/http://www.firstcoastnews.com/story/news/politics/2014/10/21/new-state-south-florida/17673069/">"Officials want to create 51st state in South Florida"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstcoastnews.com/story/news/politics/2014/10/21/new-state-south-florida/17673069/">the original</a> on October 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Officials+want+to+create+51st+state+in+South+Florida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstcoastnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2014%2F10%2F21%2Fnew-state-south-florida%2F17673069%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarence Lang, "Locating the civil rights movement: An essay on the Deep South, Midwest, and border South in Black Freedom Studies." <i>Journal of Social History</i> 47.2 (2013): 371–400. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43305919">Online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howell Raines, <i>My soul is rested: Movement days in the deep south remembered</i> (Penguin, 1983).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington1901" class="citation book cs1">Washington, Booker T. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/92/up-from-slavery/1600/chapter-7-early-days-at-tuskegee/"><i>Up From Slavery</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Up+From+Slavery&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Washington&rft.aufirst=Booker+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetc.usf.edu%2Flit2go%2F92%2Fup-from-slavery%2F1600%2Fchapter-7-early-days-at-tuskegee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grady McWhiney, <i>Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South</i> (1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Hackett Fischer, <i>Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America</i> (1989) pp 605–757.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026113708/https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03a.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03a.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fcensusdata%2Ffiles%2Fpc80-s1-10%2Ftab03a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_D._BeanGillian_Stevens2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Bean" title="Frank D. Bean">Frank D. Bean</a>; Gillian Stevens (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasnewcomer00fran"><i>America's Newcomers and the Dynamics of Diversity</i></a></span>. Russell Sage Foundation. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasnewcomer00fran/page/213">213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61044-035-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61044-035-6"><bdi>978-1-61044-035-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610440356">10.7758/9781610440356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Newcomers+and+the+Dynamics+of+Diversity&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Russell+Sage+Foundation&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7758%2F9781610440356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-61044-035-6&rft.au=Frank+D.+Bean&rft.au=Gillian+Stevens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasnewcomer00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSEnc-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSEnc_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilson, Charles Reagan (October 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/black-belt-prairie/">"Black Belt/Prairie"</a>. <i>Mississippi Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Mississippi Black Belt is part of a larger region, stretching from Virginia south to the Carolinas and west through the Deep South, defined by a majority African American population and a long history of cotton production.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Black+Belt%2FPrairie&rft.btitle=Mississippi+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Reagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmississippiencyclopedia.org%2Fentries%2Fblack-belt-prairie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles S. Bullock, and M. V. Hood, "A Mile‐Wide Gap: The Evolution of Hispanic Political Emergence in the Deep South." <i>Social Science Quarterly</i> 87.5 (2006): 1117–1135. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/50056086/j.1540-6237.2006.00419.x20161102-6575-1ckeysq.pdf">Online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Phillips, <i>The Emerging Republican Majority: Updated Edition</i> (2nd ed. 2917) p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Perman, <i>Pursuit of unity: a political history of the American South</i> (U of North Carolina Press, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">6 J. Morgan Kousser, <i>The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Rise of the One-Party South, 1880–1910</i> (Yale UP, 1974).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Perman, <i>Struggle for mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908</i> (U of North Carolina Press, 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabriel J. Chin & Randy Wagner, "The Tyranny of the Minority: Jim Crow and the Counter-Majoritarian Difficulty, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=963036&high=%20Gabriel%20CHin">43 <i>Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review</i> 65 (2008)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-valelly146-147-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-valelly146-147_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValelly2009" class="citation book cs1">Valelly, Richard M. (October 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4__EYITWk4C&q=Effects+of+southern+black+disfranchisement+on+1912+presidential+election&pg=PA128"><i>The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226845272" title="Special:BookSources/9780226845272"><bdi>9780226845272</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Reconstructions%3A+The+Struggle+for+Black+Enfranchisement&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009-10-02&rft.isbn=9780226845272&rft.aulast=Valelly&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV4__EYITWk4C%26q%3DEffects%2Bof%2Bsouthern%2Bblack%2Bdisfranchisement%2Bon%2B1912%2Bpresidential%2Belection%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earl Black and Merle Black, <i>The rise of southern Republicans</i> (Harvard University Press, 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seth C. McKee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&sxsrf=ALeKk03oxBRxxcJ_bhCvSFUcwipwYuxBrQ%3A1582209399544&ei=d5lOXujsIJLZ9APZ54KYCw&q=%22Especially+their+Black+belt+counties%22+inauthor%3Amckee&oq=%22Especially+their+Black+belt+counties%22+inauthor%3Amckee&gs_l=psy-ab.3...25231.26678.0.27181.17.5.0.0.0.0.137.467.3j2.5.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..14.0.0....0.IsWoYDnoam8"><i>The Past, Present, and Future of Southern Politics</i> (2012) online</a>. Google.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2007/08/why-did-the-south-turn-republican/45956/">Matthew Yglesias, "Why did the South turn Republican?"</a>, <i>The Atlantic</i> August 24, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips, p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvard Sitkoff, "Harry Truman and the Election of 1948: The Coming of Age of Civil Rights in American Politics." <i>Journal of Southern History</i> 37.4 (1971): 597–616</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Stern, <i>Calculating visions: Kennedy, Johnson, and civil rights</i> (Rutgers UP, 1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brad Lockerbie, "Race and religion: Voting behavior and political attitudes." <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Quarterly" title="Social Science Quarterly">Social Science Quarterly</a></i> 94.4 (2013): 1145–1158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/its-not-dixies-fault/2015/07/17/7bf77a2e-2bd6-11e5-bd33-395c05608059_story.html">Thomas J. Sugrue, "It's Not Dixie's Fault"</a>, <i>The Washington Post</i>, July 17, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles S. Bullock III and Mark J. Rozell, eds. <i>The New Politics of the Old South: An Introduction to Southern Politics</i> (2009) p 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327164251/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab33.pdf">"Table 33. Louisiana – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1810 to 1990"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab33.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+33.+Louisiana+%E2%80%93+Race+and+Hispanic+Origin%3A+1810+to+1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0056%2Ftab33.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207234436/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab55.pdf">"Race and Hispanic Origin for States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab55.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Race+and+Hispanic+Origin+for+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0056%2Ftab55.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327164055/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab39.pdf">"Table 39. Mississippi – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab39.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+39.+Mississippi+%E2%80%93+Race+and+Hispanic+Origin%3A+1800+to+1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0056%2Ftab39.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023104229/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab25.pdf">"Table 25. Georgia – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab25.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+25.+Georgia+%E2%80%93+Race+and+Hispanic+Origin%3A+1790+to+1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0056%2Ftab25.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023102631/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab15.pdf">"Table 15. Alabama – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab15.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+15.+Alabama+%E2%80%93+Race+and+Hispanic+Origin%3A+1800+to+1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0056%2Ftab15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327163939/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab24.pdf">"Table 24. Florida – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1830 to 1990"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab24.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+24.+Florida+%E2%80%93+Race+and+Hispanic+Origin%3A+1830+to+1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0056%2Ftab24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120083102/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab35.pdf">"Race and Hispanic Origin for States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab35.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Race+and+Hispanic+Origin+for+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0056%2Ftab35.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120030725/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab48.pdf">"Race and Hispanic Origin for States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab48.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Race+and+Hispanic+Origin+for+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0056%2Ftab48.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327164156/https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab61.pdf">"Table 61. Virginia – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab61.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+61.+Virginia+%E2%80%93+Race+and+Hispanic+Origin%3A+1790+to+1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0056%2Ftab61.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pkaan">African Americans</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a></i>. Retrieved on December 17, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maxine D. Rogers, et al., <i>Documented History of the Incident Which Occurred at Rosewood, Florida in January 1923</i>, December 1993, p. 5 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515152951/http://mailer.fsu.edu/~mjones/rosewood/rosewood.html">"Rosewood"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mailer.fsu.edu/~mjones/rosewood/rosewood.html">the original</a> on May 15, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rosewood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmailer.fsu.edu%2F~mjones%2Frosewood%2Frosewood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span>, March 28, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewGM-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewGM_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewGM_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. Frey, "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000", The Brookings Institution, May 2004, pp. 1–5 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080428042235/http://www.brookings.edu/urban/pubs/20040524_Frey.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/urban/pubs/20040524_Frey.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Furban%2Fpubs%2F20040524_Frey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+South" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span>, accessed March 19, 2008</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Black, Merle, and Earl Black. "Deep South politics: the enduring racial division in national elections". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195381948.013.0018">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195381948.013.0018</a>.</li> <li>Brown, D. Clayton. <i>King Cotton: A Cultural, Political, and Economic History since 1945</i> (University Press of Mississippi, 2011) 440 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-798-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-798-1">978-1-60473-798-1</a></li> <li>Davis, Allison. <i>Deep South: A Social Anthropological Study of Caste and Class</i> (1941) classic case study from the late 1930s</li> <li>Dollard, John. <i>Caste and Class in a Southern Town</i> (1941), a classic case study</li> <li>Fite, Gilbert C. <i>Cotton fields no more: Southern agriculture, 1865–1980</i> (University Press of Kentucky, 2015).</li> <li>Gulley, Harold E. "Women and the lost cause: Preserving a Confederate identity in the American Deep South". <i>Journal of historical geography</i> 19.2 (1993): 125–141.</li> <li>Harris, J. William. <i>Deep Souths: Delta, Piedmont, and Sea Island Society in the Age of Segregation</i> (2003)</li> <li>Hughes, Dudley J. <i>Oil in the Deep South: A History of the Oil Business in Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, 1859–1945</i> (University Press of Mississippi, 1993).</li> <li>Key, V.O. <i>Southern Politics in State and Nation</i> (1951) classic political analysis, state by state. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Statistical%20atlas%20of%20southern%20counties%29">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Kirby, Jack Temple. <i>Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920–1960</i> (Louisiana State University Press, 1986) major scholarly survey with detailed bibliography; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ruralworldslosta0000kirb">online free to borrow</a>.</li> <li>Lang, Clarence. "Locating the civil rights movement: An essay on the Deep South, Midwest, and border South in Black Freedom Studies". <i>Journal of Social History</i> 47.2 (2013): 371–400. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43305919">Online</a></li> <li>Pierce, Neal R. <i>The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven States of the Deep South</i> (1974) in-depth study of politics and issues, state by state</li> <li>Rogers, William Warren, et al. <i>Alabama: The history of a deep south state</i> (University of Alabama Press, 2018).</li> <li>Roller, David C. and Robert W. Twyman, eds. <i>The Encyclopedia of Southern History</i> (Louisiana State University Press, 1979)</li> <li>Rothman, Adam. <i>Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South</i> (2007)</li> <li>Thornton, J. Mills. <i>Politics and power in a slave society: Alabama, 1800–1860</i> (1978) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicspowerins0000thor">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Vance, Rupert B. <i>Regionalism and the South</i> (UNC Press Books, 1982).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_South&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carson, Clayborne et al. eds. <i>The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader: Documents, Speeches, and Firsthand Accounts from the Black Freedom Struggle</i> (Penguin, 1991), 784pp.</li> <li>Johnson, Charles S. <i>Statistical atlas of southern counties: listing and analysis of socio-economic indices of 1104 southern counties</i> (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Statistical_Atlas_of_Southern_Counties_L.html?id=ATjQAAAAMAAJ">excerpt</a></li> <li>Raines, Howell, ed. <i>My soul is rested: Movement days in the deep south remembered</i> (Penguin, 1983).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal domestic dependent nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty#Maritime_territory_of_the_United_States" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Maritime territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_Time_Zone" title="Chamorro Time Zone">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_Time_Zone" title="Samoa Time Zone">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii%E2%80%93Aleutian_Time_Zone" title="Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone">Hawaii–Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Time_Zone" title="Alaska Time Zone">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific states">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">E N Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_states" title="West North Central states">W N Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Middle Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_states" title="South Atlantic states">S Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_South_Central_states" title="East South Central states">E S Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">W S Central</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of<br />appeals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">11th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Physiographic regions of the United States">Physiographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges" title="Pacific Coast Ranges">Pacific Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermontane_Plateaus" title="Intermontane Plateaus">Intermontane Plateaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Upland" title="Laurentian Upland">Laurentian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Interior_Highlands" title="U.S. Interior Highlands">Interior Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Highlands" title="Appalachian Highlands">Appalachian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Plain" title="Atlantic Plain">Atlantic Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_coastline" title="List of U.S. states and territories by coastline">Coastal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Acquisitions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Tutuila" title="Treaty of Cession of Tutuila">Cession of Tutuila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Manu%27a" title="Treaty of Cession of Manu'a">Cession of Manu'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Annexation of the Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Treaty of the Danish West Indies">Treaty of the Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands#United_Nations_trusteeship" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">Old South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie" title="Dixie">Dixie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Northeast" title="Atlantic Northeast">Atlantic Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Californias" title="The Californias">The Californias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Pothole_Region" title="Prairie Pothole Region">Prairie Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)" title="High Plains (United States)">High Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermountain_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermountain states">Intermountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_border_states_of_the_United_States" title="International border states of the United States">International border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-South_(region)" title="Mid-South (region)">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">List</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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