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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sub-divisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sub-divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sub-divisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sub-divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional/managerial_middle_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional/managerial_middle_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Professional/managerial middle class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional/managerial_middle_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_middle_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_middle_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lower middle class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_middle_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working_class_majority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_class_majority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Working class majority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_class_majority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weberian_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weberian_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Weberian definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weberian_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Income</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Income-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Income subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education_and_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Education and income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Household_income_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Household_income_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Household income controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Household_income_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_occupations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_occupations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Typical occupations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_occupations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Academic models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Social class in the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album by Angaleena Presley, see <a href="/wiki/American_Middle_Class_(album)" title="American Middle Class (album)">American Middle Class (album)</a>.</div> <p> Though the <b>American middle class</b> does not have a definitive definition,<sup id="cite_ref-Christian_Science_Monitor_on_What_is_Middle_Class_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christian_Science_Monitor_on_What_is_Middle_Class-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contemporary social scientists have put forward several ostensibly congruent theories on it. Depending on the class model used, the middle class constitutes anywhere from 25% to 75% of households. </p><p>One of the first major studies of the middle class in America was <i><a href="/wiki/White_Collar:_The_American_Middle_Classes" title="White Collar: The American Middle Classes">White Collar: The American Middle Classes</a></i>, published in 1951 by <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a> <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a>. Later sociologists such as <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gilbert_(sociologist)" title="Dennis Gilbert (sociologist)">Dennis Gilbert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton College (New York)">Hamilton College</a> commonly divide the middle class into two sub-groups. Constituting roughly 15% to 20% of households is the upper or professional middle class consisting of highly educated, salaried professionals and managers. Constituting roughly one third of households is the <a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">lower middle class</a> consisting mostly of semi-professionals, skilled craftsmen and lower-level management.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle-class persons commonly have a comfortable standard of living, significant economic security, considerable <a href="/wiki/Work_autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Work autonomy">work autonomy</a> and rely on their expertise to sustain themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the middle class belong to diverse groups which overlap with each other. Overall, middle-class persons, especially upper-middle-class individuals, are characterized by conceptualizing, creating and consulting. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">college education</a> is one of the main indicators of middle-class status. Largely attributed to the nature of middle-class occupations, middle class values tend to emphasize independence, adherence to intrinsic standards, valuing innovation and respecting <a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">non-conformity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle class is more <a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">politically</a> active than other demographics.<sup id="cite_ref-Judis,_B._J._(July_11,_2003)._The_trouble_with_Howard_Dean._''Salon.com''._5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judis,_B._J._(July_11,_2003)._The_trouble_with_Howard_Dean._''Salon.com''.-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a> varies considerably, from near the national median to well in excess of $125,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a> figures do not always reflect class status and <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> as they are largely influenced by the number of <a href="/wiki/Income_earner" title="Income earner">income earners</a> and fail to recognize household size. It is therefore possible for a large, dual-earner, lower middle class household to out-earn a small, one-earner, upper middle class household.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle classes are very influential as they encompass the majority of voters, writers, teachers, journalists and editors.<sup id="cite_ref-test_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most societal trends in the U.S. originate within the middle classes.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, as defined by the Future of the Middle Class Initiative to be the middle 60 percent of the income distribution, and looking only at individuals 25-54: 59 percent were white, 18 percent Hispanic, 12 percent Black, and 10 percent “other.”<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">Social class in American history</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg/300px-2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg/450px-2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg/600px-2021_Household_wealth_by_percentile_-_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Though the 25th percentile of American households have $16,500 in net worth, the 75th percentile has $605,000 in household wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-WealthPercentile_2021_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WealthPercentile_2021-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars have a variety of technical measures of who is middle-class. By contrast public opinion has a variety of implicit measures. The definitions seem to stretch quite a great deal depending on the political cause that is being invoked or defended, as one commentator noted: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Well, it depends on whom you ask. Everyone wants to believe they are middle class. For people on the bottom and the top of the wage scale the phrase connotes a certain Regular Joe cachet. But this eagerness to be part of the group has led the definition to be stretched like a bungee cord - used to defend/attack/describe everything from the Earned Income Tax Credit to the estate tax.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some scholars have emphasized factors such as education and culture. Those households more or less at the center of society may be referred to as being part of the American middle or "middle-middle class" in vernacular language use. In some academic models of social class, however, the middle class does not constitute a strong majority of the population. Those in the middle of the socio-economic strata—the proverbial "<a href="/wiki/Average_Joe" title="Average Joe">Average Joe</a>"—are commonly in the area where the working and lower middle classes overlap.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Median_household_wealth,_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/300px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/450px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg/600px-2021_Median_household_wealth%2C_by_highest_educational_attainment_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Higher educational attainment in the US corresponds with median household wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-WealthEducation_2021_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WealthEducation_2021-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">Tertiary education</a> (or "higher education") is required for many middle-class professions, depending on how the term middle class is to be defined.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a> is also directly linked to income.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although 90% of the population has graduated from high school, the average American does not have a college degree, but has likely attended college for some time. Overall, educational attainment serves as the perhaps most essential class feature of the middle class, being directly linked to <a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">income</a> and occupation. Per the table below, as of 2018 less than half of American adults over the age of 25 had an Associate's degree or higher, and less than 40% had a Bachelor's degree or higher. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Educational attainment in the United States (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Education </th> <th>Age 25 and over </th> <th>Age 25-30 </th></tr> <tr> <td>High school diploma or <a href="/wiki/General_Educational_Development" title="General Educational Development">GED</a> </td> <td align="right">89.80% </td> <td align="right">92.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some college </td> <td align="right">61.28% </td> <td align="right">66.34% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Associate degree </td> <td align="right">45.16% </td> <td align="right">46.72% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bachelor's degree </td> <td align="right">34.98% </td> <td align="right">36.98% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Master's degree </td> <td align="right">13.04% </td> <td align="right">9.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Professional degree </td> <td align="right">3.47% </td> <td align="right">2.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doctorate </td> <td align="right">2.03% </td> <td align="right">1.12% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-divisions">Sub-divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sub-divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The middle class by one definition consists of an <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">upper middle class</a>, made up of professionals distinguished by exceptionally high educational attainment as well as high economic security; and a <a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">lower middle class</a>, consisting of semi-professionals. While the groups overlap, differences between those at the center of both groups are considerable. </p><p>The lower middle class has lower educational attainment, considerably less <a href="/wiki/Workplace_autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace autonomy">workplace autonomy</a>, and lower incomes than the upper middle class. With the emergence of a two-tier labor market, the economic benefits and life chances of upper middle class professionals have grown considerably compared to those of the lower middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lower middle class needs two income earners in order to sustain a comfortable standard of living, while many upper middle class households can maintain a similar standard of living with just one income earner.<sup id="cite_ref-Middle_income_can't_buy_Middle_class_lifestyle_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middle_income_can't_buy_Middle_class_lifestyle-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Washington_Post_on_the_Middle_class_squeeze_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_on_the_Middle_class_squeeze-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional/managerial_middle_class"><span id="Professional.2Fmanagerial_middle_class"></span>Professional/managerial middle class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Professional/managerial middle class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper middle class in the United States</a></div> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Professional%E2%80%93managerial_class" title="Professional–managerial class">professional–managerial class</a>" consists mostly of highly educated <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white collar</a> salaried professionals, whose work is largely self-directed.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Class members typically hold graduate degrees, with educational attainment serving as the main distinguishing feature of this class.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_personal_income_by_education_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_personal_income_by_education-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These professionals typically conceptualize, create, consult, and supervise. As a result, upper middle class employees enjoy great autonomy in the work place and are more satisfied with their careers than non-professional middle class individuals. In terms of financial wealth income, the professional middle class fits in the <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">top third</a>, but seldom reach the <a href="/wiki/Income_quintiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Income quintiles">top 5%</a> of American society.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_2005_Economic_Survey,_income_data_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_2005_Economic_Survey,_income_data-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to sociologists such as Dennis Gilbert, James M. Henslin, Joseph Hickey, and William Thompson, the upper middle class constitutes 15% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The upper middle class has grown... and its composition has changed. Increasingly salaried managers and professionals have replaced individual business owners and independent professionals. The key to the success of the upper-middle-class is the growing importance of educational certification... its lifestyles and opinions are becoming increasingly normative for the whole society. It is in fact a porous class, open to people... who earn the right credentials.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dennis Gilbert, <i>The American Class Structure</i>, 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Class_Structure_in_an_Age_of_Growing_Inequality_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Class_Structure_in_an_Age_of_Growing_Inequality-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Values and mannerisms are difficult to pinpoint for a group encompassing millions of persons. Naturally, any large group of people will feature social diversity to some extent. However, some generalizations can be made using education and income as class defining criteria. William Thompson and Joseph Hickey noted that upper middle class individuals have a more direct and confident manner of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her 1989 publication <i>Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech</i>, Erica Hoff-Ginsberg found that among her surveyed subjects, "upper-middle class mothers talked more per unit of time and sustained longer interactions with children". She also found that the speech of upper middle-class mothers differs "in its functional, discourse, and lexico-syntactic properties", from those in the working class.<sup id="cite_ref-Education_resource_information_center,_Effects_of_Social_Class_and_Interactive_Setting_on_Maternal_Speech_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Education_resource_information_center,_Effects_of_Social_Class_and_Interactive_Setting_on_Maternal_Speech-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upper middle-class manners tend to require individuals to engage in conversational discourse with rather distant associates and to abstain from sharing excessive personal information. This contradicts working-class speech patterns, which often include frequent mentions of one's personal life.<sup id="cite_ref-What's_Class_Got_To_Do_With_It,_American_Society_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What's_Class_Got_To_Do_With_It,_American_Society_in_the_Twenty-First_Century-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further research also suggests that working-class parents emphasize conformity, traditional <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a>, and the adherence to external standards in their children, such as being neat and clean and "[believing] in strict leadership".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasted with professional-class households, where gender roles were more egalitarian and loosely defined. Upper middle class children were largely taught to adhere to internal standards, with <a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">curiosity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">individuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-direction">self-direction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Open-mindedness" title="Open-mindedness">openness to new ideas</a> being emphasized.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Class_Structure_in_an_Age_of_Growing_Inequality_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Class_Structure_in_an_Age_of_Growing_Inequality-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_middle_class">Lower middle class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lower middle class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_education_attainment_by_year.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/US_education_attainment_by_year.svg/300px-US_education_attainment_by_year.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/US_education_attainment_by_year.svg/450px-US_education_attainment_by_year.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/US_education_attainment_by_year.svg/600px-US_education_attainment_by_year.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>US educational attainment from 1940 to 2015.</figcaption></figure> <p>The lower middle class is the 2nd most populous according to both Gilbert's as well as Thompson & Hickey's models, constituting roughly one third of the population, the same percentage as the working class. However, according to Henslin, who also divides the middle class into two sub-groups, the lower middle class is the most populous, constituting 34% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all three class models the lower middle class is said to consist of "semi-professionals" and lower level white collar employees. An adaptation by sociologists Brian K. William, Stacy C. Sawyer, and Carl M. Wahlstrom of Dennis Gilbert's class model gave the following description of the lower middle class:<sup id="cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The lower middle class... these are people in technical and lower-level management positions who work for those in the upper middle class as lower managers, craftspeople, and the like. They enjoy a reasonably comfortable standard of living, although it is constantly threatened by taxes and inflation. Generally, they have a Bachelor's and sometimes Master's college degree.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Brian K. William, Stacy C. Sawyer and Carl M. Wahlstrom, <i>Marriages, Families & Intimate Relationships</i>, 2006 (Adapted from Dennis Gilbert 1997; and Joseph Kahl 1993)<sup id="cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Taking into account the percentages provided in the six-class model by Gilbert, as well as the model of Thompson and Hickey, one can apply <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> statistics regarding <a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">income</a>. According to these class models the lower middle class is located roughly between the 52nd and 84th percentile of society. In terms of personal income distribution in 2005, that would mean <a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">gross annual personal incomes</a> from about $32,500 to $60,000.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_distribution_of_personal_income,_2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_distribution_of_personal_income,_2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As 42% of all households, and the majority of those in the top 40%, had two <a href="/wiki/Income_earner" title="Income earner">income earners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income figures</a> would be significantly higher, ranging from roughly $50,000 to $100,000 in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_2005_Economic_Survey,_income_data_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_2005_Economic_Survey,_income_data-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">educational attainment</a>, 27% of persons had a Bachelor's degree or higher. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_class_majority">Working class majority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Working class majority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seen from a sociological perspective based on class-cleavages, the majority of Americans can be described as members of the working class.<sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Perception_of_Class_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Perception_of_Class-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the term "working class" is applicable if the position of individuals, households and families in relation to the production of goods and services is the main determinant of social class. Class distinctions are seen in the distribution of individuals within society whose influence and importance differ. The nature of a person's work and the associated degrees of influence, responsibility, and complexity determine a person's social class. The higher the degree of influence and responsibility a person has or the more complex the work, the higher his or her status in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Social_Class_and_Stratification-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As qualified personnel become scarce for relatively important, responsible, and complex occupations <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">income</a> increases, following the economic theory of scarcity resulting in value. According to this approach, occupation becomes more essential in determining class than income.<sup id="cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Social_Class_and_Stratification-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas professionals tend to create, conceptualize, consult and instruct, most Americans do not enjoy a high degree of independence in their work, as they merely follow set instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Perception_of_Class_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Perception_of_Class-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Definitions of the working class are confusing. Defined in terms of income, they may be split into middle-middle or statistical middle class in order to speak to issues of class structure. Class models such as Dennis Gilbert or Thompson and Hickey estimate that roughly 53% of Americans are members of the working or lower classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society_in_Focus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-American_Class_Structure_in_an_Age_of_Growing_Inequality_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Class_Structure_in_an_Age_of_Growing_Inequality-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Factors such as nature of work and lack of influence within their jobs leads some theorists to the conclusion that most Americans are working class. They have data that shows the majority of workers are not paid to share their ideas, are closely supervised, and do not enjoy independence in their jobs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weberian_definition">Weberian definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Weberian definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some modern theories of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> consider a large middle class to be a beneficial and stabilizing influence on society because it has neither the possibly explosive revolutionary tendencies of the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">lower class</a>, nor the <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">absolutist</a> tendencies of an entrenched upper class. Most <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> definitions of middle class follow <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>. Here, the middle class is defined as consisting of professionals or business owners who share a culture of domesticity and sub-urbanity and a level of relative security against social crisis in the form of socially desired skill or wealth. Thus, the theory on the middle class by Weber can be cited as one that supports the notion of the middle class being composed of a quasi-elite of professionals and managers, who are largely immune to economic downturns and trends such as out-sourcing which affect the statistical middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-Washington_Post_on_the_Middle_class_squeeze_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_on_the_Middle_class_squeeze-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Income">Income</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Income in the US">Income in the US</a>, <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income in the United States</a></div> <p>Sociologists contend that middle class persons usually have above <a href="/wiki/Median_household_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Median household income">median</a> incomes. As social classes lack clear boundaries and overlap there are no definite income thresholds as for what is considered middle class. In 2004, sociologist Leonard Beeghley identifies a male making $57,000 and a female making $40,000 with a combined households income of $97,000 as a typical American middle-class family.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Structure_of_Social_Stratification_in_the_United_States_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Structure_of_Social_Stratification_in_the_United_States-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, sociologists William Thompson and Joseph Hickey estimate an income range of roughly $35,000 to $75,000 for the lower middle class and $100,000 or more for the upper middle class. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_income">Education and income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Education and income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a> is one of the most prominent determinants of class status. Expertise is a necessary component of the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> market system, and is seen as one of the factors of production.<sup id="cite_ref-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those with higher educational attainment tend to be positioned in occupations with greater <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>, influence over the organizational process, and higher <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">financial compensation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Household_income_according_to_the_educational_attainment_of_householder_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Household_income_according_to_the_educational_attainment_of_householder-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following chart further explains the correlation between educational attainment and personal as well as household income.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_personal_income_by_education_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_personal_income_by_education-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Criteria </th> <th>TOTAL </th> <th>Less than 9th grade </th> <th>9th to 12th grade (no diploma) </th> <th>High School Graduate (includes equivalency) </th> <th>Some College, No Degree </th> <th>Associate Degree </th> <th>Bachelor's Degree or More </th> <th>Bachelor's Degree </th> <th>Master's Degree </th> <th>Professional Degree </th> <th>Doctorate Degree </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Median individual income</td> <td>Male, age 25+</td> <td>$46,680</td> <td>$22,678</td> <td>$23,649</td> <td>$36,476</td> <td>$42,379</td> <td>$50,034</td> <td>$74,161</td> <td>$65,981</td> <td>$85,600</td> <td>$120,030</td> <td>$100,658 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Female, age 25+</td> <td>$30,137</td> <td>$12,735</td> <td>$14,176</td> <td>$21,133</td> <td>$26,498</td> <td>$30,957</td> <td>$50,385</td> <td>$43,951</td> <td>$56,545</td> <td>$77,868</td> <td>$77,412 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Household_income_controversy">Household income controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Household income controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_two_plus_income_households.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Distribution_of_two_plus_income_households.svg/300px-Distribution_of_two_plus_income_households.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Distribution_of_two_plus_income_households.svg/450px-Distribution_of_two_plus_income_households.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Distribution_of_two_plus_income_households.svg/600px-Distribution_of_two_plus_income_households.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Percentage distribution of 2+ income households among the quintiles</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a> is one of a household's attributes most commonly used to determine its class status but income may not always accurately reflect a household's position within society or the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Social_Class_and_Stratification-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike personal income, household income does not reflect occupational achievement as much as it measures the number of income earners. Sociologist Dennis Gilbert acknowledges that a <a href="/wiki/American_working_class" class="mw-redirect" title="American working class">working-class</a> household with two income earners may out-earn a single-income upper-middle-class household. Furthermore, household income fails to recognize household size. For example, a single attorney, earning $95,000, may have a higher standard of living than a family of four with an income of $120,000. Yet household income is still a commonly used class indicator.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Class_Structure_in_an_Age_of_Growing_Inequality_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Class_Structure_in_an_Age_of_Growing_Inequality-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The parade [of income earners with height representing income] suggest that [the] relationship between the distribution of income and the class structure is... blurred in the middle...we saw dual-income working class marchers looking down on single-income upper-middle-class marchers. In sum, the class structures as we have defined it...does not exactly match the distribution of household income.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dennis Gilbert, <i>The American Class Structure</i>, 1998</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The influence of the middle class depends on which theory one utilizes. If the middle class is defined as a modern <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, the "middle class" has great influence. If middle class is used in a manner that includes all persons who are at neither extreme of the <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social strata</a>, it might still be influential, as such definition may include the "professional middle class", which is then commonly referred to as the "upper middle class". Despite the fact that the professional (upper) middle class is a privileged minority, it is the perhaps the most influential class in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Most ideas that find their way into the cultural mainstream... are crafted by a relative elite: people who are well educated, reasonably well-paid, and who overlap, socially and through family ties, with at least the middling levels of the business community—in short, the professional middle class.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Barbara Ehrenreich</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Several reasons can be cited as to why the <a href="/wiki/Professional_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional class">professional middle class</a> is so influential. One is that journalists, commentators, writers, professors, economists, and <a href="/wiki/Political_Scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Scientist">political scientists</a>, who are essential in shaping public opinion, are almost exclusively members of the professional middle class. Considering the overwhelming presence of professional middle-class persons in <a href="/wiki/Post_secondary_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Post secondary education">post secondary education</a>, another essential instrument in regards to shaping <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a>, it should come as no surprise that the lifestyle exclusive to this quasi-elite has become indicative of the American mainstream itself. In addition to setting trends, the professional middle class also holds occupations which include managerial duties, meaning that middle-class professionals spend much of their work-life directing others and conceptualizing the workday for the average worker.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet another reason is the economic clout generated by this class. In 2005 according to <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census">U.S. Census</a> statistics, the <a href="/wiki/Income_quintiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Income quintiles">top third</a> of society, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Income_quintiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Income quintiles">top 5%</a>, controlled the largest share of <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States#Aggregate_income_distribution" title="Household income in the United States">income</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_2005_Economic_Survey,_income_data_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_2005_Economic_Survey,_income_data-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some in the statistical middle class (for example, police officers and fire fighters in the more affluent suburbs in the San Francisco Bay Area) may have lifestyles as comfortable as those found among the ranks of the professional middle class, only few have the same degree of autonomy and influence over society as those in the professional middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other white-collar members of the statistical middle class may not only be unable to afford the middle-class lifestyle<sup id="cite_ref-Middle_income_can't_buy_Middle_class_lifestyle_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middle_income_can't_buy_Middle_class_lifestyle-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also lack the influence found in the professional middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-Class,_A_Guide_through_the_American_status_system_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Class,_A_Guide_through_the_American_status_system-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_occupations">Typical occupations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Typical occupations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salinas_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Salinas_Office.jpg/250px-Salinas_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Salinas_Office.jpg/375px-Salinas_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Salinas_Office.jpg/500px-Salinas_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Office buildings such as this are often the place of work for the vast majority of middle-class Americans, whether they are upper-middle-class professional or lower-middle-class secretaries</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the many different ways of sub-dividing the middle class, some occupations indicative of the professional middle class might be categorized as <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">upper-middle</a> or lower-middle. Typical occupations for members of the middle class are those identified as being part of "the professions" and often include managerial duties as well, with all being <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white collar</a>: <a href="/wiki/Accountants" class="mw-redirect" title="Accountants">accountants</a>, tenured professors, <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologists</a>, physicians, engineers, lawyers, commissioned <a href="/wiki/Military_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Officer">military officers</a>, architects, journalists, mid-level corporate managers, <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">writers</a>, economists, <a href="/wiki/Political_Scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Scientist">political scientists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">urban planners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial manager">financial managers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Registered_Nurses" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered Nurses">registered nurses</a> (RNs), pharmacists, and <a href="/wiki/Analysis" title="Analysis">analysts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Professional_Occupations_according_to_the_US_Department_of_Labor_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Professional_Occupations_according_to_the_US_Department_of_Labor-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a> is often seen as one of the greatest measurements of a person's class status. Even though some working class employees might also enjoy largely self-directed work, large degrees of autonomy in the work place, as well as influence over the organizational process, which are commonly the results of obtained expertise, these can still be seen as hallmarks of upper-middle-class or professional-middle-class professions.<sup id="cite_ref-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for the lower middle class, other less prestigious occupations, many sales positions, entry-level management, secretaries, etc., would be included.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times,_guidelines_for_determining_class_in_America_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times,_guidelines_for_determining_class_in_America-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to professionals whose work is largely self-directed and includes managerial duties, many other less privileged members of the statistical middle class would find themselves in semi-independent to independent <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white collar</a> positions. Many of those in the statistical middle class might work in what are called the professional support fields. These fields include occupations such as dental hygienists, and other professional and sales support. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suburban_tract_house.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Suburban_tract_house.JPG/250px-Suburban_tract_house.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Suburban_tract_house.JPG/375px-Suburban_tract_house.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Suburban_tract_house.JPG/500px-Suburban_tract_house.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>An upscale home in <a href="/wiki/Salinas,_California" title="Salinas, California">Salinas, California</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American middle class, at least those living the lifestyle, has become known around the world for <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">conspicuous consumption</a>. To this day, the professional middle class in the United States holds the world record for having the largest homes, most appliances, and most <a href="/wiki/Passenger_vehicles_in_the_United_States" title="Passenger vehicles in the United States">automobiles</a>. In 2005, the average new home had a square footage of 2,434 square feet (roughly 226 square meters) with 58% of these homes having ceilings with heights in excess of nine feet on the first floor. As new homes only represent a small portion of the housing stock in the US, with most suburban homes having been built in the 1970s when the <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_pricing" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate pricing">average square footage</a> was 1,600,<sup id="cite_ref-Realty_Times,_the_increasing_size_of_American_homes_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Realty_Times,_the_increasing_size_of_American_homes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is fair to assume that these large new suburban homes will be inhabited by members of the professional middle class. </p><p>Overall, many social critics and intellectuals, most of whom are members of the professional middle class themselves, have commented on the extravagant consumption habits of the professional middle class. It is also often pointed out that the suburban lifestyle of the American professional middle class is a major reason for its record consumption. The increasing <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>, even among such a <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">highly educated</a> class, is also often claimed to be connected to the notion of rugged individualism which gained popularity among the ranks of the professional middle class in the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Professional_Occupations_according_to_the_US_Department_of_Labor_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Professional_Occupations_according_to_the_US_Department_of_Labor-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_models">Academic models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Academic models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note that these models are from the 2000s, and are not adjusted for inflation. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin-right:60px;"> <caption>Academic class models </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gilbert_(sociologist)" title="Dennis Gilbert (sociologist)">Dennis Gilbert</a>, 2002 </th> <th colspan="2">William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, 2005 </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Beeghley" title="Leonard Beeghley">Leonard Beeghley</a>, 2004 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Class </th> <th>Typical characteristics </th> <th>Class </th> <th>Typical characteristics </th> <th>Class </th> <th>Typical characteristics </th></tr> <tr> <th>Capitalist class (1%) </th> <td>Top-level executives, high-rung politicians, heirs. Ivy League education common. </td> <th>Upper class (1%) </th> <td>Top-level executives, celebrities, heirs; income of $500,000+ common. Ivy league education common. </td> <th>The super-rich (0.9%) </th> <td>Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $3.5 million or more; includes celebrities and powerful executives/politicians. Ivy League education common. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Upper middle class<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_Social_class_in_the_US1"><a href="#endnote_Social_class_in_the_US1">[1]</a></sup> (15%) </th> <td rowspan="2">Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees), most commonly salaried, professionals and middle management with large work autonomy. </td> <th rowspan="2">Upper middle class<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold"><a href="#endnote_Social_class_in_the_US1">[1]</a></sup> (15%) </th> <td rowspan="2">Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5-figure range to commonly above $100,000. </td> <th rowspan="1">The rich (5%) </th> <td rowspan="1">Households with net worth of $1 million or more; largely in the form of home equity. Generally have college degrees. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Middle class (plurality/<br />majority?; ca. 46%) </th> <td rowspan="3">College-educated workers with considerably higher-than-average incomes and compensation; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lower middle class (30%) </th> <td>Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living. Most have some college education and are white-collar. </td> <th rowspan="2">Lower middle class (32%) </th> <td rowspan="2">Semi-professionals and craftsmen with some work autonomy; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000. Typically, some college education. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Working class (30%) </th> <td rowspan="2">Clerical and most blue-collar workers whose work is highly routinized. Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners, but is commonly just adequate. High school education. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Working class (32%) </th> <td rowspan="2">Clerical, pink- and blue-collar workers with often low job security; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000. High school education. </td> <th rowspan="3">Working class<br />(ca. 40–45%) </th> <td rowspan="3">Blue-collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical. High school education. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Working poor (13%) </th> <td rowspan="2">Service, low-rung clerical and some blue-collar workers. High economic insecurity and risk of poverty. Some high school education. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Lower class (ca. 14–20%) </th> <td rowspan="2">Those who occupy poorly-paid positions or rely on government transfers. Some high school education. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Underclass (12%) </th> <td>Those with limited or no participation in the labor force. Reliant on government transfers. Some high school education. </td> <th>The poor (ca. 12%) </th> <td>Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force; a household income of $18,000 may be typical. Some high school education. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"> <dl><dd><small>References: Gilbert, D. (2002) <i>The American Class Structure: In An Age of Growing Inequality</i>. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0534541100" title="Special:BookSources/0534541100">0534541100</a>. (see also <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Model">Gilbert Model</a>);</small></dd> <dd><small>Thompson, W. & Hickey, J. (2005). <i>Society in Focus</i>. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon; Beeghley, L. (2004). <i>The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States</i>. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon.</small></dd> <dd><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Social_class_in_the_US1"><a href="#ref_Social_class_in_the_US1"><b><sup>1</sup></b></a></span> The upper middle class may also be referred to as "Professional class" Ehrenreich, B. (1989). <i>The Inner Life of the Middle Class</i>. NY, NY: Harper-Collins.</small></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle-class_squeeze">Middle-class squeeze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Middle-class squeeze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle-class_squeeze" title="Middle-class squeeze">Middle-class squeeze</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struggle_for_reemployment:_downsizing_and_outsourcing">Struggle for reemployment: downsizing and outsourcing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Struggle for reemployment: downsizing and outsourcing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1907-_Income_inequality_and_union_participation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1907-_Income_inequality_and_union_participation.svg/250px-1907-_Income_inequality_and_union_participation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1907-_Income_inequality_and_union_participation.svg/375px-1907-_Income_inequality_and_union_participation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1907-_Income_inequality_and_union_participation.svg/500px-1907-_Income_inequality_and_union_participation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Graph showing inverse correlation between income share of the top 10% of earners and workers' union participation in the United States<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christopher B. Doob, outsourcing is companies' subcontracting of services to other companies instead of continuing to provide those services themselves. This practice takes away jobs offered in the United States and shifts them to other countries with lower average wages. Consequently, it becomes more difficult to receive and maintain employment. Outsourcing raises the unemployment rate, which has been steadily increasing since the 1990s. Some examples of companies which utilize outsourcing are<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple and<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nike. These companies outsource jobs overseas in order to preserve or increase their profit margins, without raising the prices of their products. </p><p>The deliberate <a href="/wiki/Layoff" title="Layoff">reduction</a> of permanent employees in an effort to provide an organization more efficient operations and to cut costs. Large firms like <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>, and GM are reducing their heavily middle class workforce by 10 to 20 percent because of the advancement of technology and the closing of work facilities. Downsizing has grown significantly in the States, as rising debt has forced companies to downsize so they can remain open. According to Doob, between 2005 and 2007, 3.6 million workers with three or more years on the job lost their positions because of companies closing down, relocating, having insufficient work, or due to the elimination of their positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_inequality">Increasing inequality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Increasing inequality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inequality and poverty rates are not always correlated. Poverty rates increased early in the 1980s until late in the 1990s when they started to go back down. From 2000-2010, the percentage of all people living in poverty rose from 11.3% to 15.1%. This statistical measure of the poverty rate takes into account only a household's current yearly income, while ignoring the net worth of the household.<sup id="cite_ref-Income,_Poverty,_and_Health_Insurance_Coverage_in_the_United_States:_2006_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Income,_Poverty,_and_Health_Insurance_Coverage_in_the_United_States:_2006-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Up_to_2008">Up to 2008</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Up to 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chart_showing_inflation-adjusted_percentage_increase_in_mean_after-tax_household_income_in_the_United_States_1979%E2%80%932005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chart_showing_inflation-adjusted_percentage_increase_in_mean_after-tax_household_income_in_the_United_States_1979%E2%80%932005.jpg/350px-Chart_showing_inflation-adjusted_percentage_increase_in_mean_after-tax_household_income_in_the_United_States_1979%E2%80%932005.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Chart_showing_inflation-adjusted_percentage_increase_in_mean_after-tax_household_income_in_the_United_States_1979%E2%80%932005.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Inflation adjusted percentage increase in after-tax household income for the top 1% and four of the five quintiles, between 1979 and 2005 (gains by top 1% are reflected by bottom bar; bottom quintile by top bar)<sup id="cite_ref-Aron-Dine_&_Sherman_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aron-Dine_&_Sherman-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Income data indicate that the middle class, including the upper middle class, have seen far slower income growth than the top 1% since 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston,_D._(June_5,_2005)._Richest_Are_Leaving_Even_the_Richest_Far_Behind._''The_New_York_Times''_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston,_D._(June_5,_2005)._Richest_Are_Leaving_Even_the_Richest_Far_Behind._''The_New_York_Times''-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yellen,_J._L._(November_6,_2006)._Speech_to_the_Center_for_the_Study_of_Democracy_at_the_University_of_California,_Irvine._''Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_San_Francisco''._41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yellen,_J._L._(November_6,_2006)._Speech_to_the_Center_for_the_Study_of_Democracy_at_the_University_of_California,_Irvine._''Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_San_Francisco''.-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While its income increased as fast as that of the rich in the years following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it has since experienced far slower income gains than the top. According to economist <a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> "the growth [in real income] was heavily concentrated at the very tip of the top, that is, the top 1 percent".<sup id="cite_ref-Yellen,_J._L._(November_6,_2006)._Speech_to_the_Center_for_the_Study_of_Democracy_at_the_University_of_California,_Irvine._''Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_San_Francisco''._41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yellen,_J._L._(November_6,_2006)._Speech_to_the_Center_for_the_Study_of_Democracy_at_the_University_of_California,_Irvine._''Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_San_Francisco''.-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1979 and 2005, the mean after-tax income of the top 1% increased by an inflation adjusted 176% versus 69% for the top 20% overall. The fourth quintile saw its mean net income increase by 29%, the middle income quintile by 21%, the second quintile by 17% and the bottom quintile by 6%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Aron-Dine_&_Sherman_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aron-Dine_&_Sherman-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The share of gross annual household income of the top 1% has increased to 19.4%, the largest share since the late 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston,_D._(March_29,_2007)._Income_Gap_Is_Widening,_Data_Shows._''The_New_York_Times''_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston,_D._(March_29,_2007)._Income_Gap_Is_Widening,_Data_Shows._''The_New_York_Times''-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Piketty_&_Saez_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piketty_&_Saez-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saez_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saez-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the U.S. is home to a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive tax</a> structure the share of net-income received by the top 1% is smaller, and the share of the middle class consequently larger, than their shares of gross pre-tax income. In 2004, the top percentile's share of net income was 14%, 27.8% less than its share of gross income, but nonetheless nearly twice as large as in 1979, when it was clocked at 7.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-Aron-Dine_&_Sherman_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aron-Dine_&_Sherman-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reduced size of the share of aggregate share of income, both before and after tax, of the middle class has been attributed to the reduced bargaining power of wage earning employees, caused by the decline of unions; a lessening of government redistribution;<sup id="cite_ref-Weeks_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weeks-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and technological changes which have created opportunities for certain people to accumulate far greater relative wealth very quickly (including larger markets due to <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a> technologies allowing faster and wider distribution of work product). </p><p>In 2006 households that earn between $25,000 and $75,000 represent approximately the middle half of the income distribution tables provided by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>. Over the past two decades, the number of households in those brackets decreased by 3.9%, from 48.2% to 44.3%. During the same time period, the number of households with incomes below $25,000 decreased 3.5%, from 28.7% to 25.2%, while the number of households with incomes above $75,000 increased over 7%, from 23.2% to 30.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-Income,_Poverty,_and_Health_Insurance_Coverage_in_the_United_States:_2006_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Income,_Poverty,_and_Health_Insurance_Coverage_in_the_United_States:_2006-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A possible explanation for the increase in the higher earnings categories is that more households now have two wage earners.<sup id="cite_ref-Is_America_Becoming_More_of_a_Class_Society?_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Is_America_Becoming_More_of_a_Class_Society?-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a closer analysis reveals all of the 7% increase can be found in households who earn over $100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Income,_Poverty,_and_Health_Insurance_Coverage_in_the_United_States:_2006_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Income,_Poverty,_and_Health_Insurance_Coverage_in_the_United_States:_2006-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study by <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> in June 2006 revealed that Middle-income neighborhoods as a proportion of all metropolitan neighborhoods declined from 58 percent in 1970 to 41 percent in 2000. As housing costs increase, the middle class is squeezed and forced to live in less desirable areas making upward mobility more difficult. Safety, school systems, and even jobs are all linked to neighborhood types.<sup id="cite_ref-Where_Did_They_Go?_the_Decline_of_Middle-Income_Neighborhoods_in_Metropolitan_America_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Where_Did_They_Go?_the_Decline_of_Middle-Income_Neighborhoods_in_Metropolitan_America-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The statistics used to track the share of income going to the top 1% have been criticized by Alan Reynolds. He points out that the Tax Reform Act of 1986 changed the way that income is defined on tax returns, which is the primary source of data utilized to compile income shares.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these changes includes the fact that beginning in the 1980s, many C-Corporations switched to S-Corporations, which changed the way that their income is reported on income tax returns. S-Corporations report all income on the individual income tax returns of the owners, while C-Corporations file a separate tax return and corporate profits are not allocated to any individuals. Prior to 1986, approximately one fourth of all American corporations were S-Corporations, but by 1997 this share had risen to more than half. In addition, by 2001 S-Corporations were responsible for about 25% of before-tax profits.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This shift to S-Corporations means that income previously not included on personal income tax returns appeared there during this change, as S-Corporation investors directly pay taxes on corporate profit regardless of whether it is distributed or not. Furthermore, Reynolds points out in the same literature that tax-deferred savings accounts grew substantially from the 1980s onward, so that investment income to these accounts was not included as personal income in the years which it accrued. The CBO noted that at the end of 2002, $10.1 trillion was in tax-deferred retirement plans, and that $9 trillion of that was taxable upon withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These numbers amount to potentially large amounts of investment income to middle-class families that are no longer reported on tax returns each year, but were reported prior to the widespread growth of tax-deferred retirement plans. </p><p>Panel data that track the same individuals over time are much more informative than statistical categories that do not correspond to specific people. The Treasury did a study in 2007 that tracked the same individual taxpayers over the age of 25 from 1996 to 2005 and found differing results from what the graph above shows.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results showed that during those years, half of taxpayers moved to a different income quintile, with half of those in the bottom quintile moving to a higher one. About 60% of taxpayers in the top 1% in 1996 no longer stayed in that category by 2005. </p><p>On an absolute scale, the lowest incomes saw the greatest gains in percentage terms and the highest incomes actually declined. Half of those in the bottom 20% in 1996 saw their incomes at least double during these years, while the median income of the top 1% declined by 25.8%. The reason that the results are so inconsistent with household income statistics is that household statistics do not track the same people over time; it is important to specify how many of the households in the top 1% in a given year were still there when looking at that category years later and gauging income gains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008_and_after">2008 and after</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2008 and after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>, inequality between social classes has further increased. As <a href="/wiki/William_Lazonick" title="William Lazonick">William Lazonick</a> puts it: </p> <dl><dd>Five years after the official end of the Great Recession, corporate profits are high, and the stock markets are booming. Yet most Americans are not sharing in the recovery. While the top 0.1% of income recipients—which include most of the highest-ranking corporate executives—reap almost all the income gains, good jobs keep disappearing, and new employment opportunities tend to be insecure and underpaid.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">African-American middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plain_Folk_of_the_Old_South" title="Plain Folk of the Old South">Plain Folk of the Old South</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper middle class in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Class:_A_Guide_Through_the_American_Status_System" title="Class: A Guide Through the American Status System">Class: A Guide Through the American Status System</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American middle class</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Christian_Science_Monitor_on_What_is_Middle_Class-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christian_Science_Monitor_on_What_is_Middle_Class_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDante_Chinni2005" class="citation news cs1">Dante Chinni (May 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0510/p09s01-codc.html">"One more social security quibble: Who is Middle Class?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=One+more+social+security+quibble%3A+Who+is+Middle+Class%3F&rft.date=2005-05-10&rft.au=Dante+Chinni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2005%2F0510%2Fp09s01-codc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Society_in_Focus-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society_in_Focus_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonJoseph_Hickey2005" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, William; Joseph Hickey (2005). <i>Society in Focus</i>. Boston, MA: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-41365-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-41365-X"><bdi>0-205-41365-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+in+Focus&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-205-41365-X&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Joseph+Hickey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriages,_Families_&_Intimate_Relationships_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsStacey_C._SawyerCarl_M._Wahlstrom2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Brian; Stacey C. Sawyer; Carl M. Wahlstrom (2005). <i>Marriages, Families & Intimate Relationships</i>. Boston, MA: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-36674-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-36674-0"><bdi>0-205-36674-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriages%2C+Families+%26+Intimate+Relationships&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-205-36674-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Stacey+C.+Sawyer&rft.au=Carl+M.+Wahlstrom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_American_Class_Structure-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Class_Structure_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1998" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Dennis (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanclassstr0000gilb_c7f2"><i>The American Class Structure</i></a></span>. New York: Wadsworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-50520-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-50520-1"><bdi>0-534-50520-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Class+Structure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-534-50520-1&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanclassstr0000gilb_c7f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judis,_B._J._(July_11,_2003)._The_trouble_with_Howard_Dean._''Salon.com''.-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Judis,_B._J._(July_11,_2003)._The_trouble_with_Howard_Dean._''Salon.com''._5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_B._Judis2003" class="citation web cs1">John B. Judis (July 11, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713020535/http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2003/07/11/dean/index.html">"The trouble with Howard Dean"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2003/07/11/dean/index.html">the original</a> on July 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=The+trouble+with+Howard+Dean&rft.date=2003-07-11&rft.au=John+B.+Judis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdir.salon.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F2003%2F07%2F11%2Fdean%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-test_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2007/1/2007_1_23.shtml">John Steele Gordon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420194514/http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2007/1/2007_1_23.shtml">Archived</a> April 20, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "10 Moments That Made American Business", <i>American Heritage</i>, February/March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Inner_Life_of_the_Middle_Class_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenreich1989" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenreich, Barbara (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fearoffallinginn00ehre"><i>Fear of Falling, The Inner Life of the Middle Class</i></a>. New York, NY: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-097333-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-097333-1"><bdi>0-06-097333-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+of+Falling%2C+The+Inner+Life+of+the+Middle+Class&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-06-097333-1&rft.aulast=Ehrenreich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffearoffallinginn00ehre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulliamReevesShiro2020" class="citation web cs1">Pulliam, Christoper; Reeves, Richard; Shiro, Ariel (October 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-middle-class-is-already-racially-diverse/">"The middle class is already racially diverse"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+middle+class+is+already+racially+diverse&rft.date=2020-10-30&rft.aulast=Pulliam&rft.aufirst=Christoper&rft.au=Reeves%2C+Richard&rft.au=Shiro%2C+Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Fthe-middle-class-is-already-racially-diverse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WealthPercentile_2021-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WealthPercentile_2021_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanHaysBennett2023" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Brianna; Hays, Donald; Bennett, Neil (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf">"The Wealth of Households: 2021 / Current Population Reports / P70BR-183"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Census Bureau. p. 2 (Table 1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240524023705/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wealth+of+Households%3A+2021+%2F+Current+Population+Reports+%2F+P70BR-183&rft.pages=2+%28Table+1%29&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2023-06&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Brianna&rft.au=Hays%2C+Donald&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FCensus%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2023%2Fdemo%2Fp70br-183.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dante Chinni, "One more Social Security quibble: Who is middle class?" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0510/p09s01-codc.html"><i>Christian Science Monitor</i> MAY 10, 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WealthEducation_2021-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WealthEducation_2021_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanHaysBennett2023" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Brianna; Hays, Donald; Bennett, Neil (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf">"The Wealth of Households: 2021 / Current Population Reports / P70BR-183"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Census Bureau. p. 5 (Figure 2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240524023705/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2023/demo/p70br-183.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wealth+of+Households%3A+2021+%2F+Current+Population+Reports+%2F+P70BR-183&rft.pages=5+%28Figure+2%29&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2023-06&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Brianna&rft.au=Hays%2C+Donald&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FCensus%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2023%2Fdemo%2Fp70br-183.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf">"United States Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States, 2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Census+Bureau+report+on+educational+attainment+in+the+United+States%2C+2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2004pubs%2Fp20-550.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that these add up to more than 100% because they are cumulative; e.g. it is assumed that all people with doctorates also have undergraduate and high school degrees, and are thus counted twice in the "lower" categories. Age 25 is used rather than age 18 because there are few people aged 18 or over with advanced degrees. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2018/demo/education-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html">"Educational Attainment in the United States: 2018"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Educational+Attainment+in+the+United+States%3A+2018&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2F2018%2Fdemo%2Feducation-attainment%2Fcps-detailed-tables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span> Percentages are calculated based on census data by counting people that had attained that level or higher.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Middle_income_can't_buy_Middle_class_lifestyle-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Middle_income_can't_buy_Middle_class_lifestyle_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Middle_income_can't_buy_Middle_class_lifestyle_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeth_Potier2003" class="citation web cs1">Beth Potier (October 30, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060623090832/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/10.30/19-bankruptcy.html">"Middle income can't buy Middle class lifestyle"</a>. Harvard Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/10.30/19-bankruptcy.html">the original</a> on June 23, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+income+can%27t+buy+Middle+class+lifestyle&rft.pub=Harvard+Gazette&rft.date=2003-10-30&rft.au=Beth+Potier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2F2003%2F10.30%2F19-bankruptcy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington_Post_on_the_Middle_class_squeeze-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_on_the_Middle_class_squeeze_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post_on_the_Middle_class_squeeze_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriff_Witte2004" class="citation news cs1">Griff Witte (September 20, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050527020324/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A34235-2004Sep19?language=printer">"As Income Gap Widens, Uncertainty Spreads"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A34235-2004Sep19?language=printer">the original</a> on May 27, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=As+Income+Gap+Widens%2C+Uncertainty+Spreads&rft.date=2004-09-20&rft.au=Griff+Witte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fac2%2Fwp-dyn%2FA34235-2004Sep19%3Flanguage%3Dprinter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Occupation_and_Class_Consciousness_in_America_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichar1989" class="citation book cs1">Eichar, Douglas (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/occupationclassc00eich"><i>Occupation and Class Consciousness in America</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26111-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26111-3"><bdi>0-313-26111-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occupation+and+Class+Consciousness+in+America&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-313-26111-3&rft.aulast=Eichar&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foccupationclassc00eich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_personal_income_by_education-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_personal_income_by_education_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_personal_income_by_education_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061009023311/http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/p16.html">"US Census Bureau, personal income by education"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/p16.html">the original</a> on October 9, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Census+Bureau%2C+personal+income+by+education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhhes%2Fincome%2Fhistinc%2Fp16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Census_2005_Economic_Survey,_income_data-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_Census_2005_Economic_Survey,_income_data_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_Census_2005_Economic_Survey,_income_data_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_Census_2005_Economic_Survey,_income_data_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630005924/http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032005/hhinc/new06_000.htm">"U.S. Census 2005 Economic Survey, income data"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032005/hhinc/new06_000.htm">the original</a> on June 30, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Census+2005+Economic+Survey%2C+income+data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubdb3.census.gov%2Fmacro%2F032005%2Fhhinc%2Fnew06_000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Class_Structure_in_an_Age_of_Growing_Inequality-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-American_Class_Structure_in_an_Age_of_Growing_Inequality_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Class_Structure_in_an_Age_of_Growing_Inequality_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Class_Structure_in_an_Age_of_Growing_Inequality_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Class_Structure_in_an_Age_of_Growing_Inequality_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1997" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Dennis (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanclassstr0000gilb_c7f2"><i>American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality</i></a></span>. Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-50520-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-50520-2"><bdi>978-0-534-50520-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Class+Structure+in+an+Age+of+Growing+Inequality&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-534-50520-2&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanclassstr0000gilb_c7f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Education_resource_information_center,_Effects_of_Social_Class_and_Interactive_Setting_on_Maternal_Speech-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Education_resource_information_center,_Effects_of_Social_Class_and_Interactive_Setting_on_Maternal_Speech_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED309843&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&objectId=0900000b800472a5">"Education resource information center, Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+resource+information+center%2C+Effects+of+Social+Class+and+Interactive+Setting+on+Maternal+Speech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2FERICWebPortal%2FHome.portal%3F_nfpb%3Dtrue%26_pageLabel%3DRecordDetails%26ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0%3DED309843%26ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0%3Deric_accno%26objectId%3D0900000b800472a5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-What's_Class_Got_To_Do_With_It,_American_Society_in_the_Twenty-First_Century-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-What's_Class_Got_To_Do_With_It,_American_Society_in_the_Twenty-First_Century_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZweig2004" class="citation book cs1">Zweig, Michael (2004). <i>What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century</i>. New York, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8899-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8899-0"><bdi>0-8014-8899-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+Class+Got+To+Do+With+It%2C+American+Society+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8014-8899-0&rft.aulast=Zweig&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_distribution_of_personal_income,_2006-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US_Census_Bureau,_distribution_of_personal_income,_2006_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061214003616/http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new01_001.htm">"U.S. Census Bureau, distribution of personal income, 2006"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new01_001.htm">the original</a> on December 14, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau%2C+distribution+of+personal+income%2C+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubdb3.census.gov%2Fmacro%2F032006%2Fperinc%2Fnew01_001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_American_Perception_of_Class-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Perception_of_Class_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Perception_of_Class_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVannemanLynn_Weber_Cannon1988" class="citation book cs1">Vanneman, Reeve; Lynn Weber Cannon (1988). <i>The American Perception of Class</i>. New York, NY: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87722-593-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87722-593-1"><bdi>0-87722-593-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Perception+of+Class&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-87722-593-1&rft.aulast=Vanneman&rft.aufirst=Reeve&rft.au=Lynn+Weber+Cannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Social_Class_and_Stratification-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1998" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Rhonda (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialclassstrat00levi"><i>Social Class and Stratification</i></a>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-8543-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-8543-8"><bdi>0-8476-8543-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Class+and+Stratification&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8476-8543-8&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Rhonda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialclassstrat00levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Structure_of_Social_Stratification_in_the_United_States-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Structure_of_Social_Stratification_in_the_United_States_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeghley2004" class="citation book cs1">Beeghley, Leonard (2004). <i>The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States</i>. New York, NY: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-37558-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-37558-8"><bdi>0-205-37558-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Social+Stratification+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-205-37558-8&rft.aulast=Beeghley&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Household_income_according_to_the_educational_attainment_of_householder-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Household_income_according_to_the_educational_attainment_of_householder_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090710001930/http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/h13.html">"Household income according to the educational attainment of householder"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/h13.html">the original</a> on July 10, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Household+income+according+to+the+educational+attainment+of+householder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhhes%2Fwww%2Fincome%2Fhistinc%2Fh13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-income-people.html">"Historical Income Tables: People"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Income+Tables%3A+People&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Fincome-poverty%2Fhistorical-income-people.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Class,_A_Guide_through_the_American_status_system-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Class,_A_Guide_through_the_American_status_system_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFussel1983" class="citation book cs1">Fussel, Paul (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/class00paul"><i>Class, A Guide through the American status system</i></a>. New York, NY: Touchstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-79225-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-79225-3"><bdi>0-671-79225-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class%2C+A+Guide+through+the+American+status+system&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-671-79225-3&rft.aulast=Fussel&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclass00paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Professional_Occupations_according_to_the_US_Department_of_Labor-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Professional_Occupations_according_to_the_US_Department_of_Labor_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Professional_Occupations_according_to_the_US_Department_of_Labor_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/oco/oco1002.htm">"Professional Occupations according to the US Department of Labor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721030440/http://www.bls.gov/oco/oco1002.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professional+Occupations+according+to+the+US+Department+of+Labor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Foco%2Foco1002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times,_guidelines_for_determining_class_in_America-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times,_guidelines_for_determining_class_in_America_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/pages/national/class/">"The New York Times, guidelines for determining class in America"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times%2C+guidelines+for+determining+class+in+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fpages%2Fnational%2Fclass%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Realty_Times,_the_increasing_size_of_American_homes-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Realty_Times,_the_increasing_size_of_American_homes_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060621213449/http://realtytimes.com/rtapages/20060619_downsizinghomes.htm">"Realty Times, the increasing size of American homes"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Realty+Times%2C+the+increasing+size+of+American+homes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frealtytimes.com%2Frtapages%2F20060619_downsizinghomes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonhardt2023" class="citation news cs1">Leonhardt, David (July 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/07/briefing/unions-living-wage-working-documentary.html">"How Elba Makes a Living Wage"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708002328/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/07/briefing/unions-living-wage-working-documentary.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Elba+Makes+a+Living+Wage&rft.date=2023-07-07&rft.aulast=Leonhardt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F07%2F07%2Fbriefing%2Funions-living-wage-working-documentary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doob, Christopher B. <i>Social Inequality and Social Stratification in U.S. Society</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.custom.cengage.com/makeityours/hitt9e/data/Apple_PrintOnly.pdf">"Cengage Learning"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cengage+Learning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.custom.cengage.com%2Fmakeityours%2Fhitt9e%2Fdata%2FApple_PrintOnly.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~andrewsr/ints092/vandu.html">"The Manufacturing Practices of Nike and its competitors"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Manufacturing+Practices+of+Nike+and+its+competitors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2F~andrewsr%2Fints092%2Fvandu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Income,_Poverty,_and_Health_Insurance_Coverage_in_the_United_States:_2006-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Income,_Poverty,_and_Health_Insurance_Coverage_in_the_United_States:_2006_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Income,_Poverty,_and_Health_Insurance_Coverage_in_the_United_States:_2006_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Income,_Poverty,_and_Health_Insurance_Coverage_in_the_United_States:_2006_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/p60-233.pdf">"Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(29 March 2007). Income Gap Is Widening, Data Shows. <i>The New York Times</i>"</a>. March 29, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Johnston%2C+D.+%2829+March+2007%29.+Income+Gap+Is+Widening%2C+Data+Shows.+The+New+York+Times&rft.date=2007-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F29%2Fbusiness%2F29tax.html%3Fex%3D1332820800%26en%3Dfb472e72466c34c8%26ei%3D5088%26partner%3Drssnyt%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piketty_&_Saez-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piketty_&_Saez_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saez, E. & Piketty, T. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/pikettyqje.pdf">Income inequality in the United States: 1913–1998</a>. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 1–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saez-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saez_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/TabFig2005prel.xls">"Saez, E. (October, 2007). Table A1: Top fractiles income shares (excluding capital gains) in the U.S., 1913–2005"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saez%2C+E.+%28October%2C+2007%29.+Table+A1%3A+Top+fractiles+income+shares+%28excluding+capital+gains%29+in+the+U.S.%2C+1913%E2%80%932005.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felsa.berkeley.edu%2F~saez%2FTabFig2005prel.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weeks_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weeks, J. (2007). Inequality Trends in Some Developed OECD countries. In J. K. S. & J. Baudot (Ed.), <i>Flat World, Big Gaps</i> (159–174). New York: ZED Books (published in association with the United Nations).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Is_America_Becoming_More_of_a_Class_Society?-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Is_America_Becoming_More_of_a_Class_Society?_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1996" class="citation news cs1">Bernstein, Aaron (February 26, 1996). "Is America Becoming More of a Class Society?". <i>BusinessWeek</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=Is+America+Becoming+More+of+a+Class+Society%3F&rft.date=1996-02-26&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Where_Did_They_Go?_the_Decline_of_Middle-Income_Neighborhoods_in_Metropolitan_America-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Where_Did_They_Go?_the_Decline_of_Middle-Income_Neighborhoods_in_Metropolitan_America_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121171136/http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2006/06poverty_booza.aspx">"Where Did They Go? the Decline of Middle-Income Neighborhoods in Metropolitan America"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2006/06poverty_booza.aspx">the original</a> on November 21, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+Did+They+Go%3F+the+Decline+of+Middle-Income+Neighborhoods+in+Metropolitan+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Freports%2F2006%2F06poverty_booza.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, Alan. Income and Wealth. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2006. 73-108. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan J. Auerbach, "Who Bears the Corporate Tax?" NBER Working Paper 11686 (October 2005), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional Budget Office, Tax-Deferred Retirement Savings in Long-Term Revenue Projections (May 2004), p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cfm?index=5418andsequence=0">http://www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cfm?index=5418andsequence=0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of Treasury. "Income Mobility in the U.S. from 1996 to 2005". November 13, 2007. Web. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/Documents/incomemobilitystudy03-08revise.pdf">http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/Documents/incomemobilitystudy03-08revise.pdf</a>> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505172648/http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/Documents/incomemobilitystudy03-08revise.pdf">Archived</a> May 5, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Laconic, <i>Profits without Prosperity</i>. In: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvard_Business_Review2015" class="citation book cs1">Harvard Business Review (November 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t0NBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT13"><i>HBR's 10 Must Reads 2016: The Definitive Management Ideas of the Year from Harvard Business Review</i></a>. Harvard Business Review Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63369-081-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63369-081-3"><bdi>978-1-63369-081-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HBR%27s+10+Must+Reads+2016%3A+The+Definitive+Management+Ideas+of+the+Year+from+Harvard+Business+Review&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+Review+Press&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft.isbn=978-1-63369-081-3&rft.au=Harvard+Business+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt0NBCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baritz, Loren. <i>The Good Life: The Meaning of Success for the American Middle Class</i> (1989)</li> <li>Beckert, Sven, and Julia B. Rosenbaum, eds. <i>The American Bourgeoisie: Distinction and Identity in the Nineteenth Century</i> (Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 284 pages; Scholarly studies on the habits, manners, networks, institutions, and public roles of the American middle class with a focus on cities in the North.</li> <li>Blau, Peter & Duncan Otis D.; <i>The American Occupational Structure</i> (1967) classic study of structure and mobility</li> <li>Curwood, Anastasia C. ed. <i>Stormy Weather: Middle-Class African American Marriages Between the Two World Wars</i> (University of North Carolina Press; 2011) 240 pages; explores the public and private views of upwardly mobile African-Americans between 1918 and 1942.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fussell" title="Paul Fussell">Fussell, Paul</a>; <i>Class (a painfully accurate guide through the American status system)</i>, (1983) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-31816-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-31816-1">0-345-31816-1</a>)</li> <li>Grusky, David B. ed.; <i>Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective</i> (2001) scholarly articles</li> <li>Hart, Emma, "Work, Family, and the Eighteenth-Century History of a Middle Class in the American South," <i>Journal of Southern History,</i> 78 (2012), 551–78.</li> <li>Hazelrigg, Lawrence E. & Lopreato, Joseph; <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/05/11/are-you-in-the-american-middle-class/">Class</a>, Conflict, and Mobility: Theories and Studies of Class Structure</i> (1972).</li> <li>Hoberek, Andrew. <i>The Twilight of the Middle Class: Post-World War II American Fiction and White-Collar Work</i> (2005)</li> <li>Huffington, Arianna. <i>Third World America: How our politicians are abandoning the middle class and betraying the American dream</i> (Broadway Books, 2011).</li> <li>Hyman, Louis. <i>Borrow: The American way of debt</i> (Vintage, 2012); argues that personal credit created the American Middle Class and almost bankrupted the nation.</li> <li>Hymowitz, Kay; <i>Marriage and Caste in America: Separate and Unequal Families in a Post-Marital Age</i> (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56663-709-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56663-709-0">1-56663-709-0</a></li> <li>Jackson, Brenda K. <i>Domesticating the West: The Re-creation of the Nineteenth-century American Middle Class</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 2005).</li> <li>Lamont, Michèle. <i>Money, morals, and manners: The culture of the French and the American upper-middle class</i> (U of Chicago Press, 1992).</li> <li>McComb, Mary C. <i>Great Depression and the Middle Class: Experts, Collegiate Youth and Business Ideology, 1929-1941</i> (Routledge, 2013).</li> <li>Mills, C. Wright. <i>White Collar: the American Middle Classes</i>, (Oxford University Press, 1956).</li> <li>Newman, Katherine S. <i>Falling from grace: The experience of downward mobility in the American middle class</i> (Free Press, 1988).</li> <li>Pearson, Joseph W. <i>The Whigs' America: Middle-Class Political Thought in the Age of Jackson and Clay</i> (University Press of Kentucky, 2020).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuart2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alissa_Quart" title="Alissa Quart">Quart, Alissa</a> (2018). <i>Squeezed: Why Our Families Can't Afford America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ecco_Press" title="Ecco Press">Ecco Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062412256" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062412256"><bdi>978-0062412256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Squeezed%3A+Why+Our+Families+Can%27t+Afford+America&rft.pub=Ecco+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0062412256&rft.aulast=Quart&rft.aufirst=Alissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Reeves, Richard V. <i>Dream hoarders: How the American upper middle class is leaving everyone else in the dust, why that is a problem, and what to do about it</i> (Brookings Institution Press, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Spring-2019-Economics-Catalog.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemin2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Temin" title="Peter Temin">Temin, Peter</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/vanishing-middle-class"><i>The Vanishing Middle Class: Prejudice and Power in a Dual Economy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262036160" title="Special:BookSources/9780262036160"><bdi>9780262036160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vanishing+Middle+Class%3A+Prejudice+and+Power+in+a+Dual+Economy&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780262036160&rft.aulast=Temin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2Fbooks%2Fvanishing-middle-class&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+middle+class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ware, Leland, and Theodore J. Davis, "Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Time: The Black Middle-Class in the Age of Obama," <i>Howard Law Journal</i>, 55 (Winter 2012), 533–74.</li> <li>Webb, Sheila. "The Consumer-Citizen: 'Life' Magazine's Construction of a Middle-Class Lifestyle Through Consumption Scenarios." <i>Studies in Popular Culture</i> 34.2 (2012): 23-47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23416397">online</a></li> <li>Whitaker, Jan. <i>Service and style: How the American department store fashioned the middle class</i> (Macmillan, 2006).</li> <li>Whyte, William H. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Organization_Man" title="The Organization Man">The Organization Man</a></i> (1956), a famous classic</li> <li>Zussman, Robert. <i>Mechanics of the middle class</i> (U of California Press, 2020).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_articles">News articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: News articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/23/upshot/the-american-middle-class-is-no-longer-the-worlds-richest.html?_r=0">The American Middle Class Is No Longer the World's Richest</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</i> April 22, 2014.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/26/business/economy/middle-class-shrinks-further-as-more-fall-out-instead-of-climbing-up.html">Middle Class Shrinks Further as More Fall Out Instead of Climbing Up</a>. <i>The New York Times.</i> January 25, 2015.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/in-plain-sight/middle-class-betrayal-why-working-hard-no-longer-enough-america-n291741">Middle-Class Betrayal? Why Working Hard Is No Longer Enough in America</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>.</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-e-stiglitz/us-middle-class-society_b_8759752.html">Why the U.S. Could Soon Be the World's First Former Middle Class Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> for <i>The Huffington Post.</i> December 9, 2015.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/12/is-shrinking-the-middle-class-a-good-thing.html">Is shrinking the middle class a good thing?</a> <i>Al Jazeera America.</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/05/11/are-you-in-the-american-middle-class/">Are you in the American middle class? Find out with our income calculator</a> May 11, 2016</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://areyoumiddleclass.com/">Are You Middle Class?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vice.com/story/politics-have-been-getting-more-extreme-as-the-middle-class-shrinks">No more middle ground: Politics have been getting more extreme as the middle class shrinks</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a>.</i> August 25, 2017</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/families-go-deep-in-debt-to-stay-in-the-middle-class-11564673734">Families Go Deep in Debt to Stay in the Middle Class</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. August 1, 2019</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_middle_class&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewWeb&articleId=11943">What's (Not) the Matter With the Middle Class?</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083957/http://fora.tv/fora/showthread.php?t=441">Lou Dobbs discusses "The War on the Middle Class"</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> on October 17, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,439766,00.html">A SUPERPOWER IN DECLINE: America's Middle Class Has Become Globalization's Loser</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gabor_Steingart" title="Gabor Steingart">Gabor Steingart</a> (spiegel online) October 24, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/12/09/the-american-middle-class-is-losing-ground/">American 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" title="Category:Social classes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic history</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By economic<br />and social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States" title="Emigration from the United States">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBT demographics of the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">Racial wage gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate">Unemployment by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_States" title="Baháʼí Faith in the United States">Baha'is</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_the_United_States" title="Ahmadiyya in the United States">Ahmadiyyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">Value Creators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in the United States">Neopagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Non-religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">Rastafaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">By continent and<br />ethnic ancestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican Americans (Dominica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Americans" title="Saint Lucian Americans">Saint Lucian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Virgin_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateside Virgin Islands Americans">Stateside Virgin Islands Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Americans" title="Vincentian Americans">Vincentian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="East Africans in the United States">East Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans">Bissau-Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan American">Moroccan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Americans">Turkmen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Iu Mien Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Romani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian Slovak Gypsies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Middle Eastern Americans">West Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini Americans">Bahraini Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Americans" title="Jordanian Americans">Jordanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Americans" title="Kuwaiti Americans">Kuwaiti Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Americans">Omani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Americans">Qatari Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Americans" title="Luxembourgish Americans">Luxembourgish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Nordic and Scandinavian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Americans">Slovenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Diegueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Esselen people">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomo people">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinan people">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisun_people" title="Suisun people">Suisunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohlone people">Ohlone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaswas" title="Awaswas">Awaswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_people" title="Chalon people">Chalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen people">Tamyen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongva people">Tongva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintun" title="Wintun">Wintun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute" title="Paiute">Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> <ul><li>Central America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Americans">Puerto Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">Tongan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americans of Euro Oceanic origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealand Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto#United_States" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People of the United States / Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American ancestry">Native American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Maps of American ancestries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the census</a></li></ul></li> <li>Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_(EEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity (EEO)">Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in 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