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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Farm Security Administration" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Farm Security Administration" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administraci%C3%B3n_de_Seguridad_Agraria" title="Administración de Seguridad Agraria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Administración de Seguridad Agraria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9" title="اداره حفاظت از مزارع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اداره حفاظت از مزارع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Farm Security Administration" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מנהלת החקלאות האמריקאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנהלת החקלאות האמריקאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauksaimniec%C4%ABbas_nodro%C5%A1in%C4%81%C5%A1anas_p%C4%81rvalde" title="Lauksaimniecības nodrošināšanas pārvalde – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lauksaimniecības nodrošināšanas pārvalde" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSA%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88" title="FSAプロジェクト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="FSAプロジェクト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Farm Security Administration" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2" title="Администрация по защите фермерских хозяйств – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Администрация по защите фермерских хозяйств" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Farm Security Administration" 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Farm Security Administration</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-FarmSecurityAdministration-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/US-FarmSecurityAdministration-Logo.svg/180px-US-FarmSecurityAdministration-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/US-FarmSecurityAdministration-Logo.svg/270px-US-FarmSecurityAdministration-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/US-FarmSecurityAdministration-Logo.svg/360px-US-FarmSecurityAdministration-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="592" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Farm Security Administration logo</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">September 1, 1937<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1937-09-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Resettlement_Administration" title="Resettlement Administration">Resettlement Administration</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Farmers_Home_Administration" title="Farmers Home Administration">Farmers Home Administration</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key documents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Farm Security Act</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Bankhead-Jones_Farm_Tenant_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act">Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Farm Security Administration</b> (<b>FSA</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> agency created in 1937 to combat <a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">rural poverty</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a>. It succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_Administration" title="Resettlement Administration">Resettlement Administration</a> (1935–1937).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FSA is famous for its small but highly influential photography program, 1935–1944, that portrayed the challenges of rural poverty. The photographs in the Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information (FSA/OWI) Photograph Collection form an extensive pictorial record of American life between 1935 and 1944. This U.S. government photography project was headed for most of its existence by <a href="/wiki/Roy_Stryker" title="Roy Stryker">Roy Stryker</a>, who guided the effort in a succession of government agencies: the <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_Administration" title="Resettlement Administration">Resettlement Administration</a> (1935–1937), the Farm Security Administration (1937–1942), and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_War_Information" title="United States Office of War Information">Office of War Information</a> (1942–1944). The collection also includes photographs acquired from other governmental and nongovernmental sources, including the News Bureau at the Offices of Emergency Management (OEM), various branches of the military, and industrial corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-LoC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In total, the black-and-white portion of the collection consists of about 175,000 black-and-white film negatives, encompassing both negatives that were printed for <abbr title="Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information">FSA/OWI</abbr> use and those that were not printed at the time. Color transparencies also made by the FSA/OWI are available in a separate section of the catalog, FSA/OWI Color Photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-LoC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FSA stressed "rural rehabilitation" efforts to improve the lifestyle of very poor landowning farmers, and a program to purchase submarginal land owned by poor farmers and resettle them in group farms on land more suitable for efficient farming. </p><p>Reactionary critics, including the <a href="/wiki/Farm_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm Bureau">Farm Bureau</a>, strongly opposed the FSA as an alleged experiment in <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collectivizing agriculture</a>—that is, in bringing farmers together to work on large government-owned farms using modern techniques under the supervision of experts. After the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a> took control of Congress, it transformed the FSA into a program to help poor farmers buy land, and that program continues to operate in the 21st century as the <a href="/wiki/Farmers_Home_Administration" title="Farmers Home Administration">Farmers Home Administration</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Security_Administration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allie_Mae_Burroughs_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Allie_Mae_Burroughs_print.jpg/170px-Allie_Mae_Burroughs_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Allie_Mae_Burroughs_print.jpg/255px-Allie_Mae_Burroughs_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Allie_Mae_Burroughs_print.jpg/340px-Allie_Mae_Burroughs_print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="3367" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walker_Evans" title="Walker Evans">Walker Evans</a> portrait of Allie Mae Burroughs (1936)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farmer_walking_in_dust_storm_Cimarron_County_Oklahoma2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Farmer_walking_in_dust_storm_Cimarron_County_Oklahoma2.jpg/240px-Farmer_walking_in_dust_storm_Cimarron_County_Oklahoma2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Farmer_walking_in_dust_storm_Cimarron_County_Oklahoma2.jpg/360px-Farmer_walking_in_dust_storm_Cimarron_County_Oklahoma2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Farmer_walking_in_dust_storm_Cimarron_County_Oklahoma2.jpg/480px-Farmer_walking_in_dust_storm_Cimarron_County_Oklahoma2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7284" data-file-height="7120" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rothstein" title="Arthur Rothstein">Arthur Rothstein</a> photograph "<a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl_Cimarron_County,_Oklahoma" title="Dust Bowl Cimarron County, Oklahoma">Dust Bowl Cimarron County, Oklahoma</a>" of a farmer and two sons during a dust storm in <a href="/wiki/Cimarron_County,_Oklahoma" title="Cimarron County, Oklahoma">Cimarron County, Oklahoma</a> (1936)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm_Security_Administration,_Arkansas_squatter_for_three_years_in_California_near_Bakefield,_California,_photo_by_D...._-_NARA_-_196259.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Farm_Security_Administration%2C_Arkansas_squatter_for_three_years_in_California_near_Bakefield%2C_California%2C_photo_by_D...._-_NARA_-_196259.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Farm_Security_Administration%2C_Arkansas_squatter_for_three_years_in_California_near_Bakefield%2C_California%2C_photo_by_D...._-_NARA_-_196259.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Farm_Security_Administration%2C_Arkansas_squatter_for_three_years_in_California_near_Bakefield%2C_California%2C_photo_by_D...._-_NARA_-_196259.tif/lossy-page1-360px-Farm_Security_Administration%2C_Arkansas_squatter_for_three_years_in_California_near_Bakefield%2C_California%2C_photo_by_D...._-_NARA_-_196259.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Farm_Security_Administration%2C_Arkansas_squatter_for_three_years_in_California_near_Bakefield%2C_California%2C_photo_by_D...._-_NARA_-_196259.tif/lossy-page1-480px-Farm_Security_Administration%2C_Arkansas_squatter_for_three_years_in_California_near_Bakefield%2C_California%2C_photo_by_D...._-_NARA_-_196259.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1964" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a> photograph of an Arkansas squatter of three years near Bakersfield, California (1935)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The projects that were combined in 1935 to form the Resettlement Administration (RA) started in 1933 as an assortment of programs tried out by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a>. The RA was headed by <a href="/wiki/Rexford_Tugwell" title="Rexford Tugwell">Rexford Tugwell</a>, an economic advisor to President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kliou_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kliou-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Tugwell's goal moving 650,000 people into 100,000,000 acres (400,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of exhausted, worn-out land was unpopular among the majority in Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-kliou_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kliou-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This goal seemed <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialistic</a> to some and threatened to deprive powerful farm proprietors of their tenant workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-kliou_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kliou-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RA was thus left with only enough resources to relocate a few thousand people from 9 million acres (36,000 km<sup>2</sup>) and build several greenbelt cities,<sup id="cite_ref-kliou_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kliou-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which planners admired as models for a cooperative future that never arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-kliou_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kliou-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main focus of the RA was to now build relief camps in California for migratory workers, especially refugees from the drought-stricken Dust Bowl of the Southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-kliou_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kliou-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This move was resisted by a large share of Californians, who did not want destitute migrants to settle in their midst.<sup id="cite_ref-kliou_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kliou-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RA managed to construct 95 camps that gave migrants unaccustomed clean quarters with running water and other amenities,<sup id="cite_ref-kliou_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kliou-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the 75,000 people who had the benefit of these camps were a small share of those in need and could only stay temporarily.<sup id="cite_ref-kliou_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kliou-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After facing enormous criticism for his poor management of the RA, Tugwell resigned in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-kliou_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kliou-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 1, 1937,<sup id="cite_ref-lkj_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lkj-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with hopes of making the RA more effective, the RA was transferred to the Department of Agriculture through executive order 7530.<sup id="cite_ref-lkj_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lkj-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 22, 1937,<sup id="cite_ref-ikjh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikjh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Bankhead-Jones_Farm_Tenant_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act">Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ikjh_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikjh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law authorized a modest credit program to assist tenant farmers to purchase land,<sup id="cite_ref-ikjh_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikjh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was the culmination of a long effort to secure legislation for their benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-ikjh_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikjh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the passage of the act, Congress passed the Farm Security Act into law. The Farm Security Act officially transformed the RA into the Farm Security Administration (FSA).<sup id="cite_ref-kliou_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kliou-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FSA expanded through funds given by the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act.<sup id="cite_ref-kliou_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kliou-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relief_work">Relief work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Security_Administration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relief work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the activities performed by the RA and FSA was the buying out of small farms that were not economically viable, and the setting up of 34 subsistence homestead communities, in which groups of farmers lived together under the guidance of government experts and worked a common area. They were not allowed to purchase their farms for fear that they would fall back into inefficient practices not guided by RA and FSA experts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">The Dust Bowl</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> displaced thousands of <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecroppers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laborer" title="Laborer">laborers</a>, many of whom (known as "<a href="/wiki/Okies" class="mw-redirect" title="Okies">Okies</a>" or "Arkies") moved on to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. The FSA operated camps for them, such as <a href="/wiki/Weedpatch_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Weedpatch Camp">Weedpatch Camp</a> as depicted in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="The Grapes of Wrath">The Grapes of Wrath</a></i>. </p><p>The RA and the FSA gave educational aid to 455,000 farm families during the period 1936–1943. In June, 1936, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> wrote: "You are right about the farmers who suffer through their own fault... I wish you would have a talk with Tugwell about what he is doing to educate this type of farmer to become self-sustaining. During the past year, his organization has made 104,000 farm families practically self-sustaining by supervision and education along practical lines. That is a pretty good record!"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FSA's primary mission was not to aid farm production or prices. Roosevelt's agricultural policy had, in fact, been to try to decrease agricultural production to increase prices. When production was discouraged, though, the tenant farmers and small holders suffered most by not being able to ship enough to market to pay rents. Many renters wanted money to buy farms, but the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture Department">Agriculture Department</a> realized there already were too many farmers, and did not have a program for farm purchases. Instead, they used education to help the poor stretch their money further. Congress, however, demanded that the FSA help tenant farmers purchase farms, and purchase loans of $191 million were made, which were eventually repaid. A much larger program was $778 million in loans (at effective rates of about 1% interest) to 950,000 tenant farmers. The goal was to make the farmer more efficient so the loans were used for new machinery, trucks, or animals, or to repay old debts. At all times, the borrower was closely advised by a government agent. Family needs were on the agenda, as the FSA set up a <a href="/wiki/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act" title="Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act">health insurance</a> program and taught farm wives how to cook and raise children. Upward of a third of the amount was never repaid, as the tenants moved to much better opportunities in the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FSA was also one of the authorities administering relief efforts in the U.S. Virgin Islands and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> during the Great Depression. Between 1938 and 1945, under the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Reconstruction_Administration" title="Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration">Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration</a>, it oversaw the purchase of 590 farms with the intent of distributing land to working and middle-class Puerto Ricans.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernization">Modernization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Security_Administration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modernization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FSA resettlement communities appear in the literature as efforts to ameliorate the wretched condition of southern sharecroppers and tenants, but those evicted to make way for the new settlers are virtually invisible in the historic record. The resettlement projects were part of larger efforts to modernize rural America. The removal of former tenants and their replacement by FSA clients in the lower <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> alluvial plain—the Delta—reveals core elements of New Deal modernizing policies. The key concepts that guided the FSA's tenant removals were: the definition of rural poverty as rooted in the problem of tenancy; the belief that economic success entailed particular cultural practices and social forms; and the commitment by those with political power to gain local support. These assumptions undergirded acceptance of racial segregation and the criteria used to select new settlers. Alternatives could only become visible through political or legal action—capacities sharecroppers seldom had. In succeeding decades, though, these modernizing assumptions created conditions for Delta African Americans on resettlement projects to challenge white supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FSA_and_its_contribution_to_society">FSA and its contribution to society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Security_Administration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: FSA and its contribution to society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">documentary photography</a> genre describes photographs that would work as a time capsule for evidence in the future or a certain method that a person can use for a frame of reference. Facts presented in a photograph can speak for themselves after the viewer gets time to analyze it. The motto of the FSA was simply, as <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Newhall" title="Beaumont Newhall">Beaumont Newhall</a> insists, "not to inform us, but to move us."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Those photographers wanted the government to move and give a hand to the people, as they were completely neglected and overlooked, thus they decided to start taking photographs in a style that we today call "documentary photography." The FSA photography has been influential due to its realist point of view, and because it works as a frame of reference and an educational tool from which later generations could learn. Society has benefited and will benefit from it for more years to come, as this photography can unveil the ambiguous and question the conditions that are taking place.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography_program">Photography program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Security_Administration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Photography program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The RA and FSA are well known for the influence of their photography program, 1935–1944. Photographers and writers were hired to report and document the plight of poor farmers. The Information Division (ID) of the FSA was responsible for providing educational materials and press information to the public. Under <a href="/wiki/Roy_Stryker" title="Roy Stryker">Roy Stryker</a>, the ID of the FSA adopted a goal of "introducing America to Americans." Many of the most famous Depression-era photographers were fostered by the FSA project. <a href="/wiki/Walker_Evans" title="Walker Evans">Walker Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a> were three of the most famous FSA alumni.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FSA was also cited in Gordon Parks' autobiographical novel, <i>A Choice of Weapons</i>. </p><p>The FSA's photography was one of the first large-scale visual documentations of the lives of African-Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These images were widely disseminated through the <i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Million_Black_Voices" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Million Black Voices">Twelve Million Black Voices</a></i> collection, published in October 1941, which combined FSA photographs selected by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Rosskam" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Rosskam">Edwin Rosskam</a> and text by author and poet <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photographers">Photographers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Security_Administration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Photographers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fifteen photographers (ordered by year of hire) would produce the bulk of work on this project. Their diverse, visual documentation elevated government's mission from the "relocation" tactics of a Resettlement Administration to strategic solutions which would depend on America recognizing rural and already poor Americans, facing death by depression and dust. <b>FSA photographers:</b> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rothstein" title="Arthur Rothstein">Arthur Rothstein</a> (1935), <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Jung" title="Theodor Jung">Theodor Jung</a> (1935), <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shahn" title="Ben Shahn">Ben Shahn</a> (1935), <a href="/wiki/Walker_Evans" title="Walker Evans">Walker Evans</a> (1935), <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a> (1935), <a href="/wiki/Carl_Mydans" title="Carl Mydans">Carl Mydans</a> (1935), <a href="/wiki/Russell_Lee_(photographer)" title="Russell Lee (photographer)">Russell Lee</a> (1936), <a href="/wiki/Marion_Post_Wolcott" title="Marion Post Wolcott">Marion Post Wolcott</a> (1936), <a href="/wiki/John_Vachon" title="John Vachon">John Vachon</a> (1936, photo assignments began in 1938), <a href="/wiki/Jack_Delano" title="Jack Delano">Jack Delano</a> (1940), <a href="/wiki/John_Collier_Jr." title="John Collier Jr.">John Collier</a> (1941), <a href="/wiki/Marjory_Collins" title="Marjory Collins">Marjory Collins</a> (1941), <a href="/wiki/Louise_Rosskam" title="Louise Rosskam">Louise Rosskam</a> (1941), <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a> (1942) and <a href="/wiki/Esther_Bubley" title="Esther Bubley">Esther Bubley</a> (1942). </p><p>With America's entry into World War II, FSA would focus on a different kind of relocation as orders were issued for internment of Japanese Americans. FSA photographers would be transferred to the Office of War Information during the last years of the war and completely disbanded at the war's end. Photographers like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?q=howard%20hollem">Howard R. Hollem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_T._Palmer" title="Alfred T. Palmer">Alfred T. Palmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Siegel_(photographer)" title="Arthur Siegel (photographer)">Arthur Siegel</a> and OWI's Chief of Photographers <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.utc.edu/agents/people/61">John Rous</a> were working in OWI before FSA's reorganization there. As a result of both teams coming under one unit name, these other individuals are sometimes associated with RA-FSA's pre-war images of American life. Though collectively credited with thousands of Library of Congress images, military ordered, positive-spin assignments like these four received starting in 1942, should be separately considered from pre-war, depression triggered imagery. FSA photographers were able to take time to study local circumstances and discuss editorial approaches with each other before capturing that first image. Each one talented in her or his own right, equal credit belongs to Roy Stryker who recognized, hired and empowered that talent. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Collier,_Jr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Collier Jr."><img alt="John Collier Jr." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Collier%2C_Jr.jpg/120px-John_Collier%2C_Jr.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Collier%2C_Jr.jpg/180px-John_Collier%2C_Jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Collier%2C_Jr.jpg/240px-John_Collier%2C_Jr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Collier_Jr." title="John Collier Jr.">John Collier Jr.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Delano_8b00038r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jack Delano"><img alt="Jack Delano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jack_Delano_8b00038r.jpg/85px-Jack_Delano_8b00038r.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jack_Delano_8b00038r.jpg/127px-Jack_Delano_8b00038r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jack_Delano_8b00038r.jpg/170px-Jack_Delano_8b00038r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Delano" title="Jack Delano">Jack Delano</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walker_Evans_1937-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walker Evans"><img alt="Walker Evans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Walker_Evans_1937-02.jpg/120px-Walker_Evans_1937-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Walker_Evans_1937-02.jpg/180px-Walker_Evans_1937-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Walker_Evans_1937-02.jpg/240px-Walker_Evans_1937-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5655" data-file-height="3770" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Walker_Evans" title="Walker Evans">Walker Evans</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorothea_Lange_1936_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dorothea Lange"><img alt="Dorothea Lange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Dorothea_Lange_1936_portrait.jpg/92px-Dorothea_Lange_1936_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Dorothea_Lange_1936_portrait.jpg/137px-Dorothea_Lange_1936_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Dorothea_Lange_1936_portrait.jpg/183px-Dorothea_Lange_1936_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Russell_Lee,_FSA_(Farm_Security_Administration)_photographer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russell Lee"><img alt="Russell Lee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Portrait_of_Russell_Lee%2C_FSA_%28Farm_Security_Administration%29_photographer.jpg/85px-Portrait_of_Russell_Lee%2C_FSA_%28Farm_Security_Administration%29_photographer.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Portrait_of_Russell_Lee%2C_FSA_%28Farm_Security_Administration%29_photographer.jpg/128px-Portrait_of_Russell_Lee%2C_FSA_%28Farm_Security_Administration%29_photographer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Portrait_of_Russell_Lee%2C_FSA_%28Farm_Security_Administration%29_photographer.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Russell_Lee%2C_FSA_%28Farm_Security_Administration%29_photographer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="7912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Lee_(photographer)" title="Russell Lee (photographer)">Russell Lee</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Mydans_3c22476v.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carl Mydans"><img alt="Carl Mydans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Carl_Mydans_3c22476v.jpg/95px-Carl_Mydans_3c22476v.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Carl_Mydans_3c22476v.jpg/142px-Carl_Mydans_3c22476v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Carl_Mydans_3c22476v.jpg/190px-Carl_Mydans_3c22476v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="941" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Mydans" title="Carl Mydans">Carl Mydans</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordon_Parks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gordon Parks"><img alt="Gordon Parks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gordon_Parks.jpg/93px-Gordon_Parks.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gordon_Parks.jpg/140px-Gordon_Parks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gordon_Parks.jpg/187px-Gordon_Parks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Rothstein_8a22587r_(retouch).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arthur Rothstein"><img alt="Arthur Rothstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arthur_Rothstein_8a22587r_%28retouch%29.jpg/80px-Arthur_Rothstein_8a22587r_%28retouch%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arthur_Rothstein_8a22587r_%28retouch%29.jpg/120px-Arthur_Rothstein_8a22587r_%28retouch%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arthur_Rothstein_8a22587r_%28retouch%29.jpg/161px-Arthur_Rothstein_8a22587r_%28retouch%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="4119" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rothstein" title="Arthur Rothstein">Arthur Rothstein</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Vachon_8c51722r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Vachon"><img alt="John Vachon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/John_Vachon_8c51722r.jpg/83px-John_Vachon_8c51722r.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/John_Vachon_8c51722r.jpg/124px-John_Vachon_8c51722r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/John_Vachon_8c51722r.jpg/166px-John_Vachon_8c51722r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Vachon" title="John Vachon">John Vachon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MarionPostWolcott.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marion Post Wolcott"><img alt="Marion Post Wolcott" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MarionPostWolcott.jpg/89px-MarionPostWolcott.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MarionPostWolcott.jpg/134px-MarionPostWolcott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MarionPostWolcott.jpg/179px-MarionPostWolcott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="562" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marion_Post_Wolcott" title="Marion Post Wolcott">Marion Post Wolcott</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>These 15 photographers, some shown above, all played a significant role, not only in producing images for this project, but also in molding the resulting images in the final project through conversations held between the group members. The photographers produced images that breathed a humanistic social visual catalyst of the sort found in novels, theatrical productions, and music of the time. Their images are now regarded as a "national treasure" in the United States, which is why this project is regarded as a work of art.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pabst_Blue_Ribbon_beer_sign_in_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pabst_Blue_Ribbon_beer_sign_in_Chicago.jpg/220px-Pabst_Blue_Ribbon_beer_sign_in_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pabst_Blue_Ribbon_beer_sign_in_Chicago.jpg/330px-Pabst_Blue_Ribbon_beer_sign_in_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pabst_Blue_Ribbon_beer_sign_in_Chicago.jpg/440px-Pabst_Blue_Ribbon_beer_sign_in_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6980" data-file-height="5347" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago's</a> rail yards by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Delano" title="Jack Delano">Jack Delano</a>, <i>circa</i> 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>Together with <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a>'s <i>The Grapes of Wrath</i> (not a government project) and documentary prose (for example Walker Evans and <a href="/wiki/James_Agee" title="James Agee">James Agee</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_Now_Praise_Famous_Men" title="Let Us Now Praise Famous Men">Let Us Now Praise Famous Men</a></i>), the FSA photography project is most responsible for creating the image of the Depression in the United States. Many of the images appeared in popular magazines. The photographers were under instruction from Washington, DC, as to what overall impression the New Deal wanted to portray. Stryker's agenda focused on his faith in social engineering, the poor conditions among tenant cotton farmers, and the very poor conditions among migrant farm workers; above all, he was committed to social reform through New Deal intervention in people's lives. Stryker demanded photographs that "related people to the land and vice versa" because these photographs reinforced the RA's position that poverty could be controlled by "changing land practices." Though Stryker did not dictate to his photographers how they should compose the shots, he did send them lists of desirable themes, for example, "church", "court day", and "barns". Stryker sought photographs of migratory workers that would tell a story about how they lived day-to-day. He asked Dorothea Lange to emphasize cooking, sleeping, praying, and socializing.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RA-FSA made 250,000 images of rural poverty. Fewer than half of those images survive and are housed in the Prints and Photographs Division of the Library of Congress. The library has placed all 164,000 developed negatives online.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From these, some 77,000 different finished photographic prints were originally made for the press, plus 644 color images, from 1600 negatives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentary_films">Documentary films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Security_Administration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Documentary films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The RA also funded two documentary films by <a href="/wiki/Pare_Lorentz" title="Pare Lorentz">Pare Lorentz</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plow_That_Broke_the_Plains" title="The Plow That Broke the Plains">The Plow That Broke the Plains</a></i>, about the creation of the Dust Bowl, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_River_(1938_film)" title="The River (1938 film)">The River</a></i>, about the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. The films were deemed "culturally significant" by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Library of Congress">United States Library of Congress</a> and selected for preservation in the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II_activities">World War II activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Security_Administration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During World War II, the FSA was assigned to work under the purview of the Wartime Civil Control Administration, a subagency of the <a href="/wiki/War_Relocation_Authority" title="War Relocation Authority">War Relocation Authority</a>. These agencies were responsible for relocating Japanese Americans from their homes on the West Coast to Internment camps. The FSA controlled the agricultural part of the evacuation. Starting in March 1942 they were responsible for transferring the farms owned and operated by Japanese Americans to alternate operators. They were given the dual mandate of ensuring fair compensation for Japanese Americans, and for maintaining correct use of the agricultural land. During this period, Lawrence Hewes Jr was the regional director and in charge of these activities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reformers_ousted;_Farmers_Home_Administration"><span id="Reformers_ousted.3B_Farmers_Home_Administration"></span>Reformers ousted; Farmers Home Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Security_Administration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reformers ousted; Farmers Home Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war started and millions of factory jobs in the cities were unfilled, no need for FSA remained.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In late 1942, Roosevelt moved the housing programs to the National Housing Agency, and in 1943, Congress greatly reduced FSA's activities. The photographic unit was subsumed by the Office of War Information for one year, then disbanded. Finally in 1946, all the social reformers had left and FSA was replaced by a new agency, the <a href="/wiki/Farmers_Home_Administration" title="Farmers Home Administration">Farmers Home Administration</a>, which had the goal of helping finance farm purchases by tenants—and especially by war veterans—with no personal oversight by experts. It became part of <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a>'s war on poverty in the 1960s, with a greatly expanded budget to facilitate loans to low-income rural families and cooperatives, injecting $4.2 billion into rural America.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Great_Depression">The Great Depression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Security_Administration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Great Depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> began in August 1929, when the United States economy first went into an <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">economic recession</a>. Although the country spent two months with declining <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP), the effects of a declining economy were not felt until the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash in October 1929</a>, and a major worldwide economic downturn ensued. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">its causes</a> are still uncertain and controversial, the net effect was a sudden and general loss of confidence in the economic future and a reduction in living standards for most ordinary Americans. The market crash highlighted a decade of high unemployment, poverty, low profits for industrial firms, <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a>, plunging farm incomes, and lost opportunities for economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Security_Administration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGabbert" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gabbert, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524132055/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RE032.html">"Resettlement Administration"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture</i>. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RE032.html">the original</a> on 2013-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Resettlement+Administration&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Oklahoma+History+%26+Culture&rft.pub=Oklahoma+Historical+Society&rft.aulast=Gabbert&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentries%2FR%2FRE032.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarm+Security+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoC_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoC_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/fsa/about.html">"Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Black-and-White Negatives: About this Collection"</a>. Library of Congress. 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Farm+Security+Administration%2FOffice+of+War+Information+Black-and-White+Negatives%3A+About+this+Collection&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpictures%2Fcollection%2Ffsa%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarm+Security+Administration" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kliou-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kliou_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kliou_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kliou_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kliou_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kliou_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kliou_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kliou_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kliou_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kliou_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kliou_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kliou_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kliou_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714203052/http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/dah_03/dah_03_01471.html">"Farm Security Administration"</a>. <i>Novelguide</i>. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/dah_03/dah_03_01471.html">the original</a> on July 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Novelguide&rft.atitle=Farm+Security+Administration&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novelguide.com%2Fa%2Fdiscover%2Fdah_03%2Fdah_03_01471.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarm+Security+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lkj-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lkj_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lkj_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/096.html">"Records of the Farmers Home Administration [FmHA]"</a>. Archives.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Farmers+Home+Administration+%5BFmHA%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=Archives.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F096.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarm+Security+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ikjh-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ikjh_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ikjh_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ikjh_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ikjh_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/egd_01/egd_01_00057.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116075207/http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/egd_01/egd_01_00057.html">Archived</a> January 16, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baldwin 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sternsher 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meriam pp. 290–312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietz1986" class="citation book cs1">Dietz, James (1986). <i>Economic History of Puerto Rico</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+History+of+Puerto+Rico&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Dietz&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarm+Security+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane Adams and D. Gorton, "This Land Ain't My Land: The Eviction of Sharecroppers by the Farm Security Administration," <i>Agricultural History</i> Summer 2009, Vol. 83 Issue 3, pp. 323–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill Ganzel, "FSA photography," <i>Farming in the 1930s</i> (2003): 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2009" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Berkley (2009). Sterling, Christopher H. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediajour00ster_321"><i>Encyclopedia of Journalism</i></a></span>. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediajour00ster_321/page/n1094">1060</a>–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2957-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2957-4"><bdi>978-0-7619-2957-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Journalism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=1060-67&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-2957-4&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Berkley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediajour00ster_321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarm+Security+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCossu-Beaumont2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cossu-Beaumont, Laurence (30 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Ftransatlantica.7232">"Twelve Million Black Voices: Let Us Now Hear Black Voices"</a>. <i>Transatlantica</i> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Ftransatlantica.7232">10.4000/transatlantica.7232</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transatlantica&rft.atitle=Twelve+Million+Black+Voices%3A+Let+Us+Now+Hear+Black+Voices&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2014-12-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Ftransatlantica.7232&rft.aulast=Cossu-Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Ftransatlantica.7232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarm+Security+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenblum2007" class="citation book cs1">Rosenblum, Naomi, April Morganroth (2007). <i>A World History of Photography</i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780789209375" title="Special:BookSources/9780789209375"><bdi>9780789209375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+History+of+Photography&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780789209375&rft.aulast=Rosenblum&rft.aufirst=Naomi%2C+April+Morganroth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarm+Security+Administration" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finnegan 43–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/fsahtml/fahome.html">"164,000 RA-FSA photographs"</a>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=164%2C000+RA-FSA+photographs&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fammem%2Ffsahtml%2Ffahome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarm+Security+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurence I. Hewes, Final Report of the Participation of the Farm Security Administration in the Evacuation Program of the Wartime Civil Control Administration Civil Affairs Division Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, Farm Security Administration, United States Department of Agriculture, (San Francisco: 1942)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baldwin 403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Steele_Gordon" title="John Steele Gordon">Gordon, John Steele</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420194514/http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2007/1/2007_1_23.shtml">"10 Moments That Made American Business"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage</a></i>. No. February/March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2007/1/2007_1_23.shtml">the original</a> on 20 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=10+Moments+That+Made+American+Business&rft.issue=February%2FMarch+2007&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=John+Steele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Farticles%2Fmagazine%2Fah%2F2007%2F1%2F2007_1_23.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarm+Security+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Security_Administration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relief">Relief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Security_Administration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sidney Baldwin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/povertypoliticsr0000bald"><i>Poverty and Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Farm Security Administration.</i></a> Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1968</li> <li>Greta De Jong, "'With the Aid of God and the F.S.A.': The Louisiana Farmers' Union and the African American Freedom Struggle in the New Deal Era" <i>Journal of Social History</i>, Vol. 34, 2000</li> <li>Michael Johnston Grant, "Down and Out on the Family Farm: Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains, 1929–1945." Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2002</li> <li>Lewis Meriam, <i>Relief and Social Security</i> (Brookings Institution. 1946) pp 271–325. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275609">online edition</a></li> <li>Charles Kenneth Roberts, <i>Farm Security Administration and Rural Rehabilitation in the South.</i> Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2015 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Theodore Saloutos, <i>The American Farmer and the New Deal.</i> Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1982 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Bernard Sternsher, <i>Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal</i> <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. 1964 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>James T. Young, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000220859">"Origins of New Deal Agricultural Policy: Interest Groups' Role in Policy Formation."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604202029/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000220859">Archived</a> 2011-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Policy Studies Journal</i>. 21#2 1993. pp 190+.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Security_Administration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Peter Walther, <i>New Deal Photography. USA 1935-1943</i>, <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a>, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-3711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-3711-7">978-3-8365-3711-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Berger" title="Maurice Berger">Maurice Berger</a>, "FSA: The Illiterate Eye," in Berger, <i>How Art Becomes History</i>, <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, 1992</li> <li>Laurence Cossu-Beaumont, <i>Twelve Million Black Voices: Let Us Now Hear Black Voices</i>, Transatlantica (2) 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Ftransatlantica.7232">10.4000/transatlantica.7232</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Curtis1989" class="citation book cs1">James Curtis (1989). <i>Mind's eye, mind's truth: FSA photography reconsidered</i>. American civilization. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877226277" title="Special:BookSources/978-0877226277"><bdi>978-0877226277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind%27s+eye%2C+mind%27s+truth%3A+FSA+photography+reconsidered&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=American+civilization&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0877226277&rft.au=James+Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarm+Security+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pete Daniel, et al., <i>Official Images: New Deal Photography</i> Smithsonian Institution Press, 1987</li> <li>Cara A. Finnegan, <i>Picturing Poverty: Print Culture and FSA Photographs</i> Smithsonian Books, 2003</li> <li>Andrea Fisher, <i>Let Us Now Praise Famous Women</i> Pandora Press, 1987</li> <li>Carl Fleischhauer and Beverly W. Brannan, eds., <i>Documenting America, 1935–1943</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1988.</li> <li>David A. Gray, "New Uses for Old Photos: Renovating FSA Photographs in World War II Posters," <i>American Studies</i>, 47: 3/4 (Fall/Winter 2006)</li> <li>James Guimond, <i>American Photography and the American Dream</i> (1991), chap. 4: "The Signs of Hard Times"</li> <li>Jack Hurley, <i>Portrait of a Decade: Roy Stryker and the Development of Documentary Photography in the Thirties</i> <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>, 1972</li> <li>Andrew Kelly, <i>Kentucky by Design: The Decorative Arts and American Culture.</i> Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-5567-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-5567-8">978-0-8131-5567-8</a></li> <li>Michael Leicht, <i>Wie Katie Tingle sich weigerte, ordentlich zu posieren und Walker Evans darüber nicht grollte</i>, Bielefeld: transcript 2006</li> <li>Dorothea Lange and Paul Schuster Taylor, <i>An American Exodus: A Record of Human Erosion</i> (1939); second revised edition, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 1969.</li> <li>Nicholas Natanson, <i>The Black Image in the New Deal: The Politics of FSA Photography</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Press" title="University of Tennessee Press">University of Tennessee Press</a>, 1992</li> <li>Roy Stryker & Nancy Wood, <i>In This Proud Land: America 1935–1943 As Seen In The FSA Photographs</i>, Secker & Warburg/New York Graphic Society, 197</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Security_Administration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Farm_Security_Administration" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123659/https://calisphere.org/search/?q=BANC+PIC+1942.008">Farm Security Administration photograph collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Library" title="Bancroft Library">The Bancroft Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/fsahtml/fahome.html">The Library of Congress has placed 164,000 FSA images online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/farm-security-administration-photographs#/?tab=navigation">The New York Public Library has 2,581 FSA images online.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf096n9889/">Ralph W. Hollenberg collection of materials relating to the Farm Security Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Library" title="Bancroft Library">The Bancroft Library</a></li> <li>During World War II the FSA administered the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist8/land4.html">Use of farmland owned by interned Japanese farmers</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newdeal.feri.org/survey/34011.htm">Subsistence Homesteads</a> by Survey Graphic</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shorpy.com/search/node/Farm+Security+Administration">High Resolution photos taken for the FSA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/F/FA015.html">Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Farm Security Administration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090610064729/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/F/FA015.html">Archived</a> 2009-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histclo.com/essay/war/dep/cou/us/nd/agncy/nda-fsa.html">Farm Security Administration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120819204635/http://histclo.com/essay/war/dep/cou/us/nd/agncy/nda-fsa.html">Archived</a> 2012-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulib.iupui.edu/IFSAP">Indiana Farm Security Administration Photographs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203235816/http://www.ulib.iupui.edu/IFSAP">Archived</a> 2017-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/207">"Sunny California"</a> as sung by Americans who were supported by the FSA in 1941, from the <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063642/https://calisphere.org/search/?q=BANC+PIC+1988.027--PIC">Mary A. Sears collection of photographs pertaining to the Agricultural Workers Health and Medical Association in California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Library" title="Bancroft Library">The Bancroft Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="New Deal">New Deal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Trust">Brain Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_critics_of_the_New_Deal" title="List of critics of the New Deal">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Deal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy Act">Economy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6102" title="Executive Order 6102">Executive Order 6102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeowners_Refinancing_Act" title="Homeowners Refinancing Act">Homeowners Refinancing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Credit_Administration" title="Farm Credit Administration">Farm Credit Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier%E2%80%93Lemke_Farm_Bankruptcy_Act" title="Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act">Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_legislation" title="Glass–Steagall legislation">Glass–Steagall Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Industrial Recovery Act">National Industrial Recovery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Housing_Act_of_1934" title="National Housing Act of 1934">National Housing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration (PWA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_of_Art_Project" title="Public Works of Art Project">Public Works of Art Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Tariff_Act" title="Reciprocal Tariff Act">Reciprocal Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad Retirement Act">Railroad Retirement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second New Deal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration (WPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Project_Number_One" title="Federal Project Number One">Federal Project Number One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Farm Security Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Procedures Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guffey_Coal_Act" title="Guffey Coal Act">National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935" title="National Labor Relations Act of 1935">Act</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Electrification_Act" title="Rural Electrification Act">Rural Electrification Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Utilities_Service" title="Rural Utilities Service">Rural Electrification Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Housing_Authority" title="United States Housing Authority">United States Housing Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Labor Standards Act">Fair Labor Standards Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Robert F. Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Deal" title="Category:New Deal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:New_Deal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:New Deal">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204493#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204493#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204493#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011942766X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157054481">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2105906-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50067296">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12516390k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12516390k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States. Farm Security Administration"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35567512">Australia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007312645005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03578426?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/6461">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/998757">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034405046">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States. 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