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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharnavaz_I_and_his_descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharnavaz_I_and_his_descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pharnavaz I and his descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharnavaz_I_and_his_descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_period_and_Roman/Parthian_rivalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_period_and_Roman/Parthian_rivalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Roman period and Roman/Parthian rivalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_period_and_Roman/Parthian_rivalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_Rome/Byzantium_and_Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_Rome/Byzantium_and_Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Between Rome/Byzantium and Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_Rome/Byzantium_and_Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_of_Christianity_and_Sassanid_Persian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_of_Christianity_and_Sassanid_Persian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Adoption of Christianity and Sassanid Persian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_of_Christianity_and_Sassanid_Persian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Fall of the kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_period_and_restoration_of_the_kingship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_period_and_restoration_of_the_kingship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Arab period and restoration of the kingship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_period_and_restoration_of_the_kingship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_and_Western_Iberians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_and_Western_Iberians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Eastern and Western Iberians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_and_Western_Iberians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Iberia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkryk_Iberi%C3%AB" title="Koninkryk Iberië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koninkryk Iberië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberie_Cyner%C4%ABce" title="Iberie Cynerīce – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iberie Cynerīce" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مملكة إيبيريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة إيبيريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84" title="Վիրք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վիրք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_d%27Iberia" title="Reinu d'Iberia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu d'Iberia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0beriya_%C3%A7arl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="İberiya çarlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İberiya çarlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="ایبریا شاهلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایبریا شاهلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1)" title="Иберия (батшалыҡ) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иберия (батшалыҡ)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Іберыя (царства) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іберыя (царства)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иверия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Иверия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_d%27Ib%C3%A8ria" title="Regne d'Ibèria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne d'Ibèria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ib%C3%A9rsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Ibérské království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ibérské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberien_(Kaukasien)" title="Iberien (Kaukasien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iberien (Kaukasien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βασίλειο της Ιβηρίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο της Ιβηρίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Iberia" title="Reino de Iberia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Iberia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_Iberio" title="Reĝlando Iberio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Iberio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberiako_Erresuma" title="Iberiako Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iberiako Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پادشاهی ایبری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی ایبری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_d%27Ib%C3%A9rie" title="Royaume d'Ibérie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume d'Ibérie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Iberia" title="Reino de Iberia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Iberia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD_(%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80)" title="이베리아 왕국 (고대) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이베리아 왕국 (고대)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84" title="Վիրք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիրք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevstvo_Iberija" title="Kraljevstvo Iberija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevstvo Iberija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Iberia" title="Kerajaan Iberia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Iberia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_de_Iberia" title="Regno de Iberia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Regno de Iberia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Ибери (паддзахад) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ибери (паддзахад)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_%C3%8Dber%C3%ADa" title="Konungsríkið Íbería – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Konungsríkið Íbería" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Iberia" title="Regno di Iberia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Iberia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA" title="איבריה הקווקזית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איבריה הקווקזית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იბერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იბერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Hiberiae" title="Regnum Hiberiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Hiberiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukazo_Iberija" title="Kaukazo Iberija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaukazo Iberija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ib%C3%A9riai_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Ibériai Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ibériai Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кралство Иберија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Иберија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ജോർജ്ജിയൻ ഐബീരിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർജ്ജിയൻ ഐബീരിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94" title="იბერიაშ ომაფე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იბერიაშ ომაფე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مملكة ايبيريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكة ايبيريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Iberi%C3%AB" title="Koninkrijk Iberië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Iberië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="イベリア王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イベリア王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8mmet_Iberia" title="Kongedømmet Iberia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongedømmet Iberia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiaume_d%E2%80%99Ib%C3%A8ria" title="Reiaume d’Ibèria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reiaume d’Ibèria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberiya" title="Iberiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iberiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Iberii" title="Królestwo Iberii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Iberii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_da_Ib%C3%A9ria" title="Reino da Ibéria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino da Ibéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberiya" title="Iberiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Iberiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Iberia" title="Regatul Iberia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Iberia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Иберийское царство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иберийское царство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_e_Iberis%C3%AB" title="Mbretëria e Iberisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria e Iberisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Иверија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иверија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevstvo_Iberija" title="Kraljevstvo Iberija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevstvo Iberija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_kuningaskunta" title="Iberian kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iberian kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Iberien" title="Kungariket Iberien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Iberien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0berya_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="İberya Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İberya Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Іберійське царство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іберійське царство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Iberia_(c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i)" title="Vương quốc Iberia (cổ đại) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Iberia (cổ đại)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Iberia (disambiguation)">Kingdom of Iberia (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Iberia (disambiguation)">Iberia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output 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.ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 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.ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Iberia</div><div class="ib-country-names">ქართლის სამეფო<br /><i>kartlis samepo</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 302</span> BC – 580 AD</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iberia, Kartli"><img alt="Flag of Iberia, Kartli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg/125px-Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg/188px-Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg/250px-Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)#Previous_flags" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Flag of the kingdom</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_(600-150BC)-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colchis and Iberia"><img alt="Colchis and Iberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg/250px-Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg/375px-Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg/500px-Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="696" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> and Iberia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Vassal state of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> <p>(302–159 BC) </p> <ul><li>Client state of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>(65–63 BC, 40–36 BC, 30–1 AD) </p> <ul><li>Client state of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>(1–129 AD, 131–260 AD) </p> <ul><li>Vassal state of <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Persia">Sassanid Persia</a></li></ul> <p>(260–265 AD)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Client state of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>(298–363 AD) </p> <ul><li>Vassal state of Sassanid Persia</li></ul> <p>(363–482 AD, 502–523 AD) </p> <ul><li>Direct Sassanid Persian rule</li></ul> <p>(523–580 AD) </p> <ul><li>Annexation by Sassanid Persia</li></ul> <p>(580–588 AD) </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armazi" title="Armazi">Armazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>–<a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> (language of governance, literacy and culture)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a> (literacy and native language)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Georgia2012165_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Georgia2012165-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Antiquity</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Reign of <a href="/wiki/Pharnavaz_I_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharnavaz I of Iberia">Pharnavaz I</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 302</span> BC </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a> during reign of <a href="/wiki/Mirian_III" title="Mirian III">Mirian III</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">317 AD<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Direct <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian control</a> and abolition of the monarchy </div></th><td class="infobox-data"> 580 AD</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg/20px-Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" 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1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History of Georgia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_(Georgia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/250px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/375px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/500px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kartlos" title="Kartlos">Legend of Kartlos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient history of Georgia">Ancient history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pharnavazid_dynasty" title="Pharnavazid dynasty">Pharnavazid dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Georgia in the Roman era</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia">Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_campaign_of_Pompey" title="Caucasian campaign of Pompey">Campaign of Pompey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iberian%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Iberian–Armenian War">Iberian–Armenian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Iberia">Arsacid dynasty of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chosroid_dynasty" title="Chosroid dynasty">Chosroid dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Georgia">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Iberian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Umayyad invasion of Georgia">Umayyad invasion of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule in Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)" title="Tao (historical region)">Duchy of Tao</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Klarjeti" title="Klarjeti">Duchy of Klarjeti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iberia_(theme)" title="Iberia (theme)">Theme of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kldekari" title="Duchy of Kldekari">Duchy of Kldekari</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Racha" title="Duchy of Racha">Duchy of Racha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine–Georgian wars</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_Invasion" title="Great Turkish Invasion">Great Turkish Invasion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Georgian–Seljuk wars</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Georgian Golden Age</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia_(1256%E2%80%931329)" title="Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329)">Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Western_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Western Georgia">Kingdom of Western Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timurid invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkoman invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aragvi" title="Duchy of Aragvi">Duchy of Aragvi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Collapse of the Georgian realm">Collapse of the Georgian realm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern Georgia">Early modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ksani" title="Duchy of Ksani">Duchy of Ksani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Childir_Eyalet" title="Childir Eyalet">Childir Eyalet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history of Georgia">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Georgia within the Russian Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1832_Georgian_plot" title="1832 Georgian plot">1832 Georgian plot</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gurian_Republic" title="Gurian Republic">Gurian Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)_since_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Georgia (country) since 1991">Georgia since 1991</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tbilisi" title="History of Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgian_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Georgian battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman geography">Greco-Roman geography</a>, <b>Iberia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰβηρία</span></span> <i>Iberia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Hiberia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>: <span title="Parthian-language romanization"><i lang="xpr-Latn">wurğān</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>: <span title="Middle Persian-language romanization"><i lang="pal-Latn">wiručān</i></span>) was an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> kingdom of <b>Kartli</b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: ქართლი), known after its <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">core province</a>, which during <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> was a significant <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, either as an independent state or as a dependent of larger empires, notably the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> empires.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iberia, centered on present-day Eastern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, was bordered by <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> in the west, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a> in the east and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> in the south. </p><p>Its population, the <b>Iberians</b>, formed the nucleus of the <b>Kartvelians</b> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>). Iberia, ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Pharnavazid_dynasty" title="Pharnavazid dynasty">Pharnavazid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia">Artaxiad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Iberia">Arsacid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chosroid_dynasty" title="Chosroid dynasty">Chosroid</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal dynasties</a>, together with Colchis to its west, would form the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Georgia">unified</a> medieval <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 4th century, after the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Mirian_III" title="Mirian III">Mirian III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was made the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of the kingdom. Starting in the early 6th century AD, the kingdom's position as a <a href="/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian Empire">Sassanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> was changed into direct Persian rule. In 580, king <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> (578–590) abolished the monarchy after the death of King <a href="/wiki/Bakur_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakur III">Bakur III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Iberia became a Persian province</a> ruled by a <i><a href="/wiki/Marzpan" class="mw-redirect" title="Marzpan">marzpan</a></i> (governor). </p><p>The term "Caucasian Iberia" is also used to distinguish it from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in Southwestern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Iberia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Georgia (country)">Name of Georgia (country)</a></div> <p>All exonyms are likely derived from <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">gorğān</i></span> (<span lang="fa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:گرگان">گرگان</a></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> designation of the Georgians, evolving from <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> <span title="Parthian-language romanization"><i lang="xpr-Latn">wurğān</i></span> (<span title="Parthian-language text"><span lang="xpr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%AD%85%F0%90%AD%93%F0%90%AD%8A%F0%90%AD%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐭅𐭓𐭊𐭍">𐭅𐭓𐭊𐭍</a></span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <span title="Middle Persian-language romanization"><i lang="pal-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">wiručān</a></i></span> (<span lang="pal"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%AD%A5%F0%90%AD%AB%F0%90%AD%A5%F0%90%AD%B0%F0%90%AD%A0%F0%90%AD%AD#Pahlavi" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭰𐭠𐭭">𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭰𐭠𐭭</a></span>), rooting out from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">vrkān</i></span> (<span lang="peo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%BA%F0%90%8E%BC%F0%90%8E%A3%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%B4#Old_Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴">𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴</a></span>) meaning "the land of the <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>". This is also reflected in <a href="/wiki/Old_Armenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Armenian">Old Armenian</a> <span title="Old Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="xcl-Latn">virk</i></span> (<span lang="xcl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BE%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84#Old_Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:վիրք">վիրք</a></span>), it being a source of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ibēríā</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%B8%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἰβηρία">Ἰβηρία</a></span>), that entered <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hiberia#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:Hiberia">Hiberia</a></i>. The transformation of <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">vrkān</i></span> into <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">gorğān</i></span> and alteration of <i><b>v</b></i> into <i><b>g</b></i> was a phonetic phenomenon in the <a href="/wiki/Word_formation" title="Word formation">word formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Aryan">Proto-Aryan</a> and ancient <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>. All exonyms are simply phonetic variations of the same root <i>vrk/varka</i> (<span lang="peo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%BA%F0%90%8E%BC%F0%90%8E%A3#Old_Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎺𐎼𐎣">𐎺𐎼𐎣</a></span>) meaning <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolfo_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Monedero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolfo Domínguez Monedero (page does not exist)">Adolfo Domínguez Monedero</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Monedero" class="extiw" title="es:Adolfo Domínguez Monedero">es</a>]</span> argues that the name <i>Iberian</i> was given by Ancient Greeks to two different peoples located at the extremities of their world (in the Iberian Peninsula and the Caucasus) due to the mythical wealth associated with them (<a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a> of Colchis).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Iberia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Iberia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colchis_and_Iberia,_1706.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Colchis_and_Iberia%2C_1706.jpg/220px-Colchis_and_Iberia%2C_1706.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Colchis_and_Iberia%2C_1706.jpg/330px-Colchis_and_Iberia%2C_1706.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Colchis_and_Iberia%2C_1706.jpg/440px-Colchis_and_Iberia%2C_1706.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Map of Iberia and Colchis by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Cellarius" title="Christoph Cellarius">Christoph Cellarius</a> printed in Leipzig in 1706</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">earliest times</a>, the area of Caucasian Iberia was inhabited by several related tribes stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Kura-Araxes_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura-Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes culture</a>. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Toumanoff" title="Cyril Toumanoff">Cyril Toumanoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Moschians</a> were the early proto-Georgian tribe which played a leading role in the consolidation of Iberian tribes largely inhabiting eastern and southern Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moschians may have moved slowly to the northeast forming settlements as they traveled.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these was <a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a>, the future capital of the Kingdom of Iberia. The Mtskheta tribe was later ruled by a prince locally known as <i>mamasakhlisi</i> (“father of the household” in Georgian). </p><p>The written sources for the early periods of Iberia's history are mostly medieval Georgian chronicles, that modern scholarship interpret as a semi-legendary narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such chronicle, <i>Moktsevay Kartlisay</i> (“<a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Kartli" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of Kartli">Conversion of Kartli</a>”) mentions that a ruler named <a href="/wiki/Azo_(Georgian_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azo (Georgian history)">Azo</a> and his people came from <a href="/wiki/Arian-Kartli" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian-Kartli">Arian-Kartli</a> – the initial home of the proto-Iberians, which had been under <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> rule until the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a> – and settled on the site where <a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a> was to be founded. Another Georgian chronicle, <i>Kartlis Tskhovreba</i> (“History of Kartli”) claims Azo to be an officer of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>’s, who massacred a local ruling family and conquered the area, until being defeated at the end of the 4th century BC by Prince <a href="/wiki/Pharnavaz_I_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharnavaz I of Iberia">Pharnavaz</a>, at that time a local chief. </p><p>The story of Alexander's invasion of Kartli, although legendary, nevertheless reflects the establishment of Georgian monarchy in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> and the desire of later Georgian literati to connect this event to the celebrated conqueror.<sup id="cite_ref-Rapp_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapp-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharnavaz_I_and_his_descendants">Pharnavaz I and his descendants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Iberia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pharnavaz I and his descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pharnavaz_I_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharnavaz I of Iberia">Pharnavaz</a>, victorious in a power struggle, became the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Caucasian_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Caucasian Iberia">king of Iberia</a> (c. 302 – c. 237 BC). According to the later Georgian chronicles, after driving back an invasion, he subjugated the neighboring areas, including a significant part of the western Georgian state of Colchis (locally known as <a href="/wiki/Egrisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Egrisi">Egrisi</a>), and seems to have secured recognition of the newly founded state by the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. Pharnavaz is also said to have built a major citadel, the <a href="/wiki/Armaztsikhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Armaztsikhe">Armaztsikhe</a>, and a temple to the god <a href="/wiki/Armazi" title="Armazi">Armazi</a>, and to have created a new system of administration, subdividing the country into several counties called <i><a href="/wiki/Eristavi" title="Eristavi">saeristavos</a></i>. </p><p>His successors controlled the mountain passes of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Daryal" class="mw-redirect" title="Daryal">Daryal</a> (also known as the Iberian Gates) being the most important of them. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pharnavazid_dynasty" title="Pharnavazid dynasty">Pharnavazid dynasty</a></div> <p>The period following this time of prosperity was one of incessant warfare as Iberia was forced to defend against numerous invasions into its territories. Some southern parts of Iberia, that were conquered from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a>, in the 2nd century BC were reunited to Armenia and the Colchian lands seceded to form separate princedoms (<i>sceptuchoi</i>). At the end of the 2nd century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Parnavazian" class="mw-redirect" title="Parnavazian">Pharnavazid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Pharnajom_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharnajom of Iberia">Pharnajom</a> was dethroned by his own subjects, after converting to Zoroastrianism, and the crown given to the Armenian prince <a href="/wiki/Artaxias_I_of_Iberia" title="Artaxias I of Iberia">Artaxias</a> who ascended the Iberian throne in 93 BC, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia">Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp2014230-231_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp2014230-231-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_period_and_Roman/Parthian_rivalry"><span id="Roman_period_and_Roman.2FParthian_rivalry"></span>Roman period and Roman/Parthian rivalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Iberia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman period and Roman/Parthian rivalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Georgia in the Roman era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_campaign_of_Pompey" title="Caucasian campaign of Pompey">Caucasian campaign of Pompey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman-Parthian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Parthian Wars">Roman-Parthian Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/260px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/390px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/520px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Iberia during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This close association with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a> brought upon the country <a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_Iberian_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey's Iberian campaign">an invasion</a> (65 BC) by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> general <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, who was then at war with <a href="/wiki/Mithradates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithradates VI of Pontus">Mithradates VI of Pontus</a>, and Armenia; but Rome did not establish her power permanently over Iberia. Twenty-nine years later, the Romans again marched (36 BC) on Iberia forcing King <a href="/wiki/Pharnavaz_II_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharnavaz II of Iberia">Pharnavaz II</a> to join their campaign against <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Albania</a>. </p><p>While another Georgian kingdom of Colchis was administered as a Roman province, Iberia freely accepted the Roman Imperial protection. A stone inscription discovered at <a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a> speaks of the 1st-century ruler <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates I of Iberia">Mihdrat I</a> (AD 58–106) as "the friend of the Caesars" and the king "of the Roman-loving Iberians." Emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> fortified the ancient Mtskheta site of Arzami for the Iberian kings in AD 75. </p><p>The next two centuries saw a continuation of Roman influence over the area, but by the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Pharsman_II_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharsman II of Iberia">Pharsman II</a> (116–132) Iberia had regained some of its former power. Relations between the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> and Pharsman II were strained, though Hadrian is said to have sought to appease Pharsman. However, it was only under Hadrian's successor <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> that relations improved to the extent that Pharsman is said to have even visited <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a> reports that a statue was erected in his honor and that rights to sacrifice were given. The period brought a major change to the political status of Iberia with Rome recognizing them as an ally, rather than their former status as a subject state, a political situation which remained the same, even during the Empire's hostilities with the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a>. </p><p>From the first centuries of the Christian era, the cult of <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> were commonly practiced in Iberia. Excavation of rich burials in Bori, Armazi, and Zguderi has produced silver drinking cups with the impression of a horse either standing at a fire-altar or with its right foreleg raised above the altar.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cult of Mithras, distinguished by its syncretic character and thus complementary to local cults within <a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian mythology</a>, especially the cult of the Sun, gradually came to merge with ancient Georgian beliefs. It is even thought that Mithras must have been the precursor of St. George in pagan Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Step by step, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> beliefs and ways of life penetrated deeply the practices of the Iberian court and elite: the Armazian script and “language,” which is based on Aramaic (see Tsereteli), was adopted officially (a number of inscriptions in Aramaic of the Classical/Hellenistic periods are known from <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> as well);<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the court was organized on Iranian models, the elite dress was influenced by Iranian costume, the Iberian elite adopted Iranian personal names,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the official cult of Armazi (q.v.) was introduced by King <a href="/wiki/Pharnavaz" title="Pharnavaz">Pharnavaz</a> in the 3rd century BC (connected by the medieval Georgian chronicle to Zoroastrianism)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_Rome/Byzantium_and_Persia"><span id="Between_Rome.2FByzantium_and_Persia"></span>Between Rome/Byzantium and Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Iberia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Between Rome/Byzantium and Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Decisive for the future history of Iberia was the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> (or Sassanid) Empire in 224 by <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpaeth2013133_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpaeth2013133-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By replacing the weak Parthian realm with a strong, centralized state, it changed the political orientation of Iberia away from Rome. Iberia became a tributary of the Sasanian state during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> (241–272). Relations between the two countries seem to have been friendly at first, as Iberia cooperated in Persian campaigns against Rome, and the Iberian king <a href="/wiki/Amazasp_III_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazasp III of Iberia">Amazasp III</a> (260–265) was listed as a high dignitary of the Sasanian realm, not a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> who had been subdued by force of arms. But the aggressive tendencies of the Sasanians were evident in their propagation of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, which was probably established in Iberia between the 260s and 290s. </p><p>However, in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Nisibis_(299)" title="Peace of Nisibis (299)">Peace of Nisibis</a> (298) while the Roman empire obtained control of Caucasian Iberia again as a vassal state and acknowledged the reign over all the Caucasian area, it recognized <a href="/wiki/Mirian_III_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirian III of Iberia">Mirian III</a>, the first of the Chosroid dynasty, as king of Iberia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption_of_Christianity_and_Sassanid_Persian_period">Adoption of Christianity and Sassanid Persian period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Iberia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adoption of Christianity and Sassanid Persian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a></div> <p>Roman predominance proved crucial in religious matters, since King Mirian III and leading nobles converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Christianity in Georgia (country)">Christianity</a> around 317 and declared as <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>. The event is related with the mission of a <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocian</a> woman, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a>, who since 303 had preached Christianity in the Georgian kingdom of Iberia (Eastern Georgia). </p><p>The religion would become a strong tie between <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and Rome (later <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>) and have a large scale impact on the state's culture and society. Iranian elements in Georgian art gradually ceased with the adoptation of Christianity in the fourth century.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, after the <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">emperor Julian</a> was slain during his failed campaign in Persia in 363, Rome ceded control of Iberia to Persia, and King Varaz-Bakur I (Asphagur) (363–365) became a Persian vassal, an outcome confirmed by the Peace of <a href="/wiki/Hachdeanq" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachdeanq">Acilisene</a> in 387.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a later ruler of Kartli, Pharsman IV (406–409), preserved his country's autonomy and ceased to pay tribute to Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persia prevailed, and Sassanian kings began to appoint a viceroy (<i>pitiaxae</i>/<i>bidaxae</i>) to keep watch on their vassal.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They eventually made the office hereditary in the ruling house of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Kartli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Kartli">Lower Kartli</a>, thus inaugurating the Kartli <i>pitiaxate</i>, which brought an extensive territory under its control.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it remained a part of the kingdom of Kartli, its viceroys turned their domain into a center of Persian influence.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sasanian rulers put the Christianity of the Georgians to a severe test. They promoted the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, and by the middle of the 5th century <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> had become a second official religion in eastern Georgia alongside Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early reign of the Iberian king <a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_I_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhtang I of Iberia">Vakhtang I</a> dubbed <i>Gorgasali</i> (447–502) was marked by the relative revival of the kingdom. Formally a vassal of the Persians, he secured the northern borders by subjugating the Caucasian mountaineers, and brought the adjacent western and southern Georgian lands under his control. He established an <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalic</a> patriarchate at <a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a>, and made <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> his capital. In 482 he led a general uprising against Persia and started a desperate war for independence that lasted for twenty years. He could not get Byzantine support and was eventually defeated, dying in battle in 502.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_the_kingdom">Fall of the kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Iberia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fall of the kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></div> <p>The continuing rivalry between <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Persia</a> for supremacy in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and the next unsuccessful insurrection (523) of the Georgians under Gurgen had severe consequences for the country. Thereafter, the king of Iberia had only nominal power, while the country was effectively ruled by the Persians. In 580, <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> (578–590) abolished the monarchy after the death of <a href="/wiki/Bacurius_III_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacurius III of Iberia">King Bacurius III of Iberia</a>, and Iberia became a Persian province ruled by a <i><a href="/wiki/Marzpan" class="mw-redirect" title="Marzpan">marzpan</a></i> (governor). Georgian nobles urged the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> to revive the kingdom of Iberia in 582, but in 591 Byzantium and Persia agreed to divide Iberia between them, with <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> to be in Persian hands and <a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a> to be under Byzantine control.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 7th century, the truce between Byzantium and Persia collapsed. The Iberian prince <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Iberia" title="Stephen I of Iberia">Stephan I</a> (c. 590 – 627), decided in 607 to join forces with Persia in order to reunite all the territories of Iberia, a goal he seems to have accomplished. But Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>'s offensive in 627 and 628 brought victory over the Georgians and Persians and ensured Byzantine predominance in western and eastern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> until the invasion of the Caucasus by the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Arabs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_period_and_restoration_of_the_kingship">Arab period and restoration of the kingship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Iberia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arab period and restoration of the kingship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule in Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagratid Iberia">Bagratid Iberia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> reached Iberia about 645 and forced its <a href="/wiki/Eristavi" title="Eristavi">eristavi</a> (prince), Stephanoz II (637 – c. 650), to abandon his allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> and recognize the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph</a> as his suzerain. Iberia thus became a tributary state and an Arab <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">emir was installed in Tbilisi</a> about 653. At the beginning of the 9th century, eristavi <a href="/wiki/Ashot_I_Kuropalates" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashot I Kuropalates">Ashot I</a> (813–830) of the new <a href="/wiki/Bagrationi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrationi">Bagrationi</a> dynasty, from his base in southwestern Georgia, took advantage of the weakening of the Arab rule to establish himself as hereditary prince (with the Byzantine title <i><a href="/wiki/Kouropalates" title="Kouropalates">kouropalates</a></i>) of Iberia. A successor, <a href="/wiki/Adarnase_IV_of_Iberia" title="Adarnase IV of Iberia">Adarnase IV of Iberia</a>, formally a vassal of Byzantium, was crowned as the “king of Iberia” in 888. His descendant <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_III_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat III of Georgia">Bagrat III</a> (r. 975–1014), brought the various principalities together to form a united <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_and_Western_Iberians">Eastern and Western Iberians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Iberia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eastern and Western Iberians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The similarity of the name with the old inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a>, the 'Western' <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a>, has led to an idea of ethnogenetical kinship between them and the people of Caucasian Iberia (called the 'Eastern' Iberians). </p><p>It has been advocated by various ancient and medieval authors, although they differed in approach to the problem of the initial place of their origin. The theory seems to have been popular in medieval <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. The prominent Georgian religious writer <a href="/wiki/George_the_Hagiorite" title="George the Hagiorite">George the Hagiorite</a> (1009–1065) wrote about the wish of certain Georgian nobles to travel to the Iberian peninsula and visit the local <i>Georgians of the West</i>, as he called them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Iberia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_monarchs_family_tree_of_Iberia" title="Georgian monarchs family tree of Iberia">Georgian monarchs family tree of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Iberian War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Iberia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2012" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2012). <i>Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia</i>. pp. 26, 29, 417.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.pages=26%2C+29%2C+417&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Iberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Grigor Suny. <i>The Making of the Georgian Nation</i>. p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2012" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2012). <i>Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia</i>. pp. 29–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.pages=29-35&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Iberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braund pp.233–237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2012" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2012). <i>Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia</i>. pp. 35–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.pages=35-36&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Iberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2012" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2012). <i>Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia</i>. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Iberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Furtwängler, I. Gagoshidze, H. Löhr and N. Ludwig(2008) - Iberia and Rome. Page - 25-26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Georgia2012165-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Georgia2012165_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_of_Georgia2012">History of Georgia 2012</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2012" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2012). <i>Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia</i>. p. 39. <q>The year 317 is the only one that century when a total eclipse of the sun was visible at Mtskheta. To convert before the Council of Nicaea in 325.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Iberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhsan_Yarshater1983" class="citation book cs1">Ehsan Yarshater (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA520"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 520–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20092-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20092-9"><bdi>978-0-521-20092-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian%2C+and+Sasanian+periods&rft.pages=520-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20092-9&rft.au=Ehsan+Yarshater&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKo_RafMSGLkC%26pg%3DPA520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Iberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Ronald Grigor Suny</a>. <i>The Making of the Georgian Nation</i>. Indiana University Press, p. 13 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3">0-253-20915-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Coffman McDermott, Wallace Everett Caldwell. <i>Readings in the History of the Ancient World</i>. p. 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikaberidze, p. 360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elguja_Khintibidze" title="Elguja Khintibidze">Khintibidze, Elguja</a> (1998), The Designations of the Georgians and Their Etymology, pp. 85-86-87, <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_University" title="Tbilisi State University">Tbilisi State University</a> Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-511-00775-7" title="Special:BookSources/5-511-00775-7">5-511-00775-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomínguez_Monedero1983" class="citation journal cs1">Domínguez Monedero, Adolfo Jerónimo (1983). "Los términos "Iberia" e "Íberos" en las fuentes grecolatinas: estudio acerca de su origen y ámbito de aplicación". <i>Lucentum</i> (2): 203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14198%2FLVCENTVM1983.2.10">10.14198/LVCENTVM1983.2.10</a></span> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10045%2F4504">10045/4504</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1989-9904">1989-9904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lucentum&rft.atitle=Los+t%C3%A9rminos+%22Iberia%22+e+%22%C3%8Dberos%22+en+las+fuentes+grecolatinas%3A+estudio+acerca+de+su+origen+y+%C3%A1mbito+de+aplicaci%C3%B3n&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=203&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10045%2F4504&rft.issn=1989-9904&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14198%2FLVCENTVM1983.2.10&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez+Monedero&rft.aufirst=Adolfo+Jer%C3%B3nimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Iberia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Toumanoff" title="Cyril Toumanoff">Toumanoff, Cyril</a> (1967). <i>Studies in Christian Caucasian History</i>, p 80. <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Press" title="Georgetown University Press">Georgetown University Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia</i> (1984), v. 7, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen H. Rapp. <i>Studies in medieval Georgian historiography: early texts and Eurasian contexts</i>, vol 601. Peeters Publishers, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1318-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1318-5">90-429-1318-5</a>, 9789042913189. P. 275. "While P’arnavaz may in fact be a fabrication, it is more feasible that over time the memory of the historical P’arnavaz accumulated a legendary facade."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rapp-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rapp_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rapp, Stephen H. (2003), <i>Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts</i>, pp. 141-142. Peeters Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1318-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1318-5">90-429-1318-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERapp2014230-231-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERapp2014230-231_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRapp2014">Rapp 2014</a>, p. 230-231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Machabeli, pp. 37, 51–54, 65–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makalatia, pp. 184–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braund, pp. 126–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braund, pp. 212–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apakidze, pp. 397–401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpaeth2013133-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpaeth2013133_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpaeth2013">Spaeth 2013</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitchins2001">Hitchins 2001</a>, pp. 464–470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muskhelishvili, David; Samsonadze, Mikheil; Daushvili, Alexander (2009). History of Georgia: from ancient times to 2009. Tbilisi, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-iii-art-and-archeology-">"GEORGIA iii. Iranian elements in Georgian art and archeology"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GEORGIA+iii.+Iranian+elements+in+Georgian+art+and+archeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgeorgia-iii-art-and-archeology-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Iberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.nl-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Mikaberidze. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNNQCgAAQBAJ&dq=iberia+vassal+sasanian+empire+363&pg=PA528"><i>Historical Dictionary of Georgia</i></a> Rowman & Littlefield, 6 feb. 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442241466" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442241466">978-1442241466</a> p 528</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1994" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC&q=zoroastrianism+georgia+sassanid&pg=PA22"><i>The Making of the Georgian Nation</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253209153" title="Special:BookSources/0253209153"><bdi>0253209153</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Georgian+Nation&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0253209153&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriW0kKzat2sC%26q%3Dzoroastrianism%2Bgeorgia%2Bsassanid%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Iberia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mariam Lortkipanidze, Roin Metreveli, Kings of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2007, p. 41 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99928-58-36-2" title="Special:BookSources/99928-58-36-2">99928-58-36-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Muskhelishvili (2003). <i>Georgia in the 4th-8th cent</i>, Matiane, Tbilisi, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">აბაშიძე ზ., ბახტაძე მ, ჯანელიძე ო., „საქართველო და ქართველები“, თბილისი, 2013. — გვ. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivane Javakhishvili (1983). <i>History of the Georgian Nation</i>, p. 121. Tbilisi: Georgia.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Iberia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Braund, David. <i>Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC-AD 562</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814473-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814473-3">0-19-814473-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchins2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hitchins, Keith (2001). "GEORGIA ii. History of Iranian-Georgian Relations". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-ii-history-"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 4</i></a>. pp. 464–470.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GEORGIA+ii.+History+of+Iranian-Georgian+Relations&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+X%2C+Fasc.+4&rft.pages=464-470&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hitchins&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgeorgia-ii-history-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Iberia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaeth2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbette_Spaeth" title="Barbette Spaeth">Spaeth, Barbette Stanley</a> (2013). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Mediterranean Religions</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521113960" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521113960"><bdi>978-0521113960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Ancient+Mediterranean+Religions&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0521113960&rft.aulast=Spaeth&rft.aufirst=Barbette+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Iberia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lang, David Marshall. <i>The Georgians</i> (London: Thames & Hudson, 1966)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistory_of_Georgia2012" class="citation book cs1">Lortkipanidze, Mariam; Japaridze, Otar; Muskhelishvili, David; Metreveli, Roin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/87813"><i>History of Georgia in four volumes, vol. I - History of Georgia from ancient times to the 4th century AD</i></a>. Tbilisi: National Academy of Sciences of Georgia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-19-405-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9941-19-405-4"><bdi>978-9941-19-405-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Georgia+in+four+volumes%2C+vol.+I+-+History+of+Georgia+from+ancient+times+to+the+4th+century+AD&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+Georgia&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9941-19-405-4&rft.aulast=Lortkipanidze&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rft.au=Japaridze%2C+Otar&rft.au=Muskhelishvili%2C+David&rft.au=Metreveli%2C+Roin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.nplg.gov.ge%2Fhandle%2F1234%2F87813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Iberia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Preud'homme, Nicolas Joseph. <i>À la porte des mondes. Histoire de l'Ibérie du Caucase</i>, Bordeaux, Ausonius, 2024, ISBN 978-2356136084.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapp2014" class="citation book cs1">Rapp, Stephen H. (2014). <i>The Sasanian World Through Georgian Eyes: The Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sasanian+World+Through+Georgian+Eyes%3A+The+Iranian+Commonwealth+in+Late+Antique+Georgian+Literature&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Iberia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Roger Rosen, Jeffrey Jay Foxx. <i>Georgia: A sovereign country of the Caucasus</i></li> <li>Schleicher, Frank. <i>Iberia Caucasia. Ein Kleinkönigreich im Spannungsfeld großer Imperien.</i> Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2021.</li> <li>Thomson, Robert W. <i>Rewriting Caucasian History</i> (1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826373-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-826373-2">0-19-826373-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toumanoff,_Cyril" class="mw-redirect" title="Toumanoff, Cyril">Toumanoff, Cyril</a>. <i>Studies in Christian Caucasian History</i>. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1963</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Historical_states_of_Georgia" title="Template:Historical states of Georgia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_states_of_Georgia" title="Template talk:Historical states of Georgia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_states_of_Georgia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical states of Georgia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgian_states_throughout_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> states throughout <a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">history</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Early<br />Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagratid Iberia">Bagratid Iberia</a> <ul><li>Principalities of <a href="/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)" title="Tao (historical region)">Tao</a> & <a href="/wiki/Klarjeti" title="Klarjeti">Klarjeti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Kingdom_of_Kakheti" class="mw-redirect" title="First Kingdom of Kakheti">First Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">High and Late<br />Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe_atabegate" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtskhe atabegate">Principality of Samtskhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurian_Republic" title="Gurian Republic">Republic of Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Georgian Empire"><img alt="Georgian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg/142px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg/213px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg/284px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sasanian_Provinces" title="Template:Sasanian Provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sasanian_Provinces" title="Template talk:Sasanian Provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sasanian_Provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sasanian Provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abarshahr" title="Abarshahr">Abarshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adurbadagan" title="Adurbadagan">Adurbadagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania_(Sasanian_province)" title="Caucasian Albania (Sasanian province)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbayistan" title="Arbayistan">Arbayistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Asoristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagan" title="Balasagan">Balasagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garmai" title="Beth Garmai">Beth Garmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dihistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Egypt</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eran-Khwarrah-Yazdegerd" title="Eran-Khwarrah-Yazdegerd">Eran-Khwarrah-Yazdegerd</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garamig_ud_Nodardashiragan" title="Garamig ud Nodardashiragan">Garamig ud Nodardashiragan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmekan" title="Garmekan">Garmekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Gurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harev_(province)" title="Harev (province)">Harev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hind_(Sasanian_province)" title="Hind (Sasanian province)">Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadagistan" title="Kadagistan">Kadagistan</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzistan_(Sasanian_province)" title="Khuzistan (Sasanian province)">Khuzistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirman_(Sasanian_province)" title="Kirman (Sasanian province)">Kirman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushanshahr" title="Kushanshahr">Kushanshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Khwarazm" title="Sasanian Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machelones" title="Machelones">Machelonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Marw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazun_(Sasanian_province)" title="Mazun (Sasanian province)">Mazun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshan" title="Meshan">Meshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene#As_a_province_of_Sassanid_Persia" title="Adiabene">Nodardashiragan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradan" title="Paradan">Paradan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padishkhwargar" title="Padishkhwargar">Padishkhwargar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_(Sasanian_province)" title="Pars (Sasanian province)">Pars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakastan_(Sasanian_province)" title="Sakastan (Sasanian province)">Sakastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spahan_(province)" title="Spahan (province)">Spahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suristan" title="Suristan">Suristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan_(Sasanian_province)" title="Turan (Sasanian province)">Turan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Yemen" title="Sasanian Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sasanian_Empire_621_A.D.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Extent of the Sasanian Empire"><img alt="Extent of the Sasanian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sasanian_Empire_621_A.D.jpg/50px-Sasanian_Empire_621_A.D.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sasanian_Empire_621_A.D.jpg/75px-Sasanian_Empire_621_A.D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sasanian_Empire_621_A.D.jpg/100px-Sasanian_Empire_621_A.D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="1106" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span style="font-size:85%;">* indicates short living provinces</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territories_with_limited_Roman_Empire_occupation_and_contact" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territories_with_limited_Roman_Empire_occupation_and_contact" title="Template:Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation and contact"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territories_with_limited_Roman_Empire_occupation_and_contact" title="Template talk:Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation and contact"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territories_with_limited_Roman_Empire_occupation_and_contact" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation and contact"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_with_limited_Roman_Empire_occupation_and_contact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories with limited <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> occupation and contact</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupied<br />partially or temporarily</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_influence_in_Caucasian_Albania" title="Roman influence in Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Crimea">Roman Crimea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Cherson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_Persia" title="Romans in Persia">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Nubian_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman–Nubian relations">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/100px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/200px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contacts &<br />explorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands_in_pre-colonial_times#Historical_background" title="Canary Islands in pre-colonial times">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Roman_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo–Roman relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Roman_relations" title="Hiberno-Roman relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-Roman_contacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-Roman contacts">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero%27s_exploration_of_the_Nile_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Nero's exploration of the Nile river">Equatorial Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders of the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template talk:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Seljuk wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timur's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkmen incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">1795 Persian Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Absorption by the Russian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Independent_Georgia" title="History of Georgia (country)">Independent Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Names of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of battles involving Georgia (country)">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Timeline of Georgian history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Georgia" title="Template:Borders of Georgia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of birds of Georgia (country)">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)#Climate" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Georgia" title="List of earthquakes in Georgia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_Georgia" title="Glaciers of Georgia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of lakes of Georgia (country)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of mammals of Georgia (country)">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Georgia" title="National parks of Georgia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of protected areas of Georgia (country)">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Georgia" title="List of volcanoes in Georgia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Geography of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Regions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Subdivisions of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian-occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Georgia" title="Foreign relations of Georgia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia" title="Human rights in Georgia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" title="LGBTQ rights in Georgia (country)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_of_Georgia" title="Defence Forces of Georgia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of political parties in Georgia (country)">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Agriculture in Georgia (country)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of companies of Georgia (country)">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Lari (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mining in Georgia (country)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Stock_Exchange" title="Georgian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Tourism in Georgia (country)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Transport</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Economy of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia" title="Architecture of Georgia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">Chokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Georgia" title="Gambling in Georgia">Gambling</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mass media in Georgia (country)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Georgia" title="Public holidays in Georgia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Sport in Georgia (country)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Georgia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Georgia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Culture of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgians" title="List of Georgians">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Healthcare in Georgia (country)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Demographics of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tavisupleba" title="Tavisupleba">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_cross" title="Bolnisi cross">Bolnisi cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Borjgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia" title="Coat of arms of Georgia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_ertobashia" title="Dzala ertobashia">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div 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