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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مرزبان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرزبان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99rzban" title="Mərzban – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mərzban" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marzban" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marzban" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marzban" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مرزبان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرزبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marzban" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A6%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մարզպան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարզպան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marzban" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marzban" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%96%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მარზპანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარზპანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzbanas" title="Marzbanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marzbanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="マルズバーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルズバーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marzban" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzob%C3%A3" title="Marzobã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marzobã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Марзпан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марзпан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Марзбан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марзбан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Марзпан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марзпан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merzban" title="Merzban – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Merzban" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the villages in Iran, see <a href="/wiki/Marzban,_Iran" title="Marzban, Iran">Marzban, Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pir_Marzban" title="Pir Marzban">Pir Marzban</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the dessert, see <a href="/wiki/Marzipan" title="Marzipan">Marzipan</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#F7EC90"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" title="Military of the Sasanian Empire">Military of the</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Senmurv.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Senmurv.svg/40px-Senmurv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Senmurv.svg/60px-Senmurv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Senmurv.svg/80px-Senmurv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="645" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Armed forces and units</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">Cataphract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clibanarii" title="Clibanarii">Clibanarii</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aswaran" title="Aswaran">Aswaran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grivpanvar" title="Grivpanvar">Grivpanvar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_war_elephants" title="Persian war elephants">War elephants</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paygan" title="Paygan">Paygan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortals_(Sasanian_Empire)" title="Immortals (Sasanian Empire)">Immortals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pushtigban" title="Pushtigban">Pushtigban</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylamites" title="Daylamites">Daylamites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_warriors" title="Sogdian warriors">Sogdian warriors</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gond-i_Shahanshah" title="Gond-i Shahanshah">Gond-i Shahanshah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darigan" title="Darigan">Darigan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stor_Bezashk" title="Stor Bezashk">Stor Bezashk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_navy" title="Sasanian navy">Navy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ranks</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spahbed" title="Spahbed">Spahbed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aspbed" title="Aspbed">Aspbed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padgospan" title="Padgospan">Paygosban</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marzban</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kanarang" title="Kanarang">Kanarang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masmughan" title="Masmughan">Masmughan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pushtigban_Salar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pushtigban Salar (page does not exist)">Pushtigban Salar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hambarakapet" title="Hambarakapet">Eran anbaraghbad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argbed" title="Argbed">Argbed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hazarbed" title="Hazarbed">Hazarbed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paygan-salar" title="Paygan-salar">Paygan-salar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savaran_Sardar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Savaran Sardar (page does not exist)">Savaran Sardar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gond_Salar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gond Salar (page does not exist)">Gond Salar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darigbed" title="Darigbed">Darigbed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navbed" title="Navbed">Navbed</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_defense_lines" title="Sasanian defense lines">Defense lines</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_the_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall of the Arabs">Wall of the Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawri_Wall" title="Gawri Wall">Gawri Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan" title="Great Wall of Gorgan">Great Wall of Gorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Tammisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall of Tammisha">Wall of Tammisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbent_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Derbent Wall">Derbent Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darial_Gorge" title="Darial Gorge">Darial</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Conflicts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_II%27s_Arab_campaign" title="Shapur II's Arab campaign">Arabian tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite–Persian Wars">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk%E2%80%93Persian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk–Persian wars">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian%E2%80%93Persian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssinian–Persian wars">Ethiopians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sasanian_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Sasanian revolts and civil wars">Revolts and civil wars</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_the_Sasanian_Empire_sidebar" title="Template:Military of the Sasanian Empire sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_the_Sasanian_Empire_sidebar" title="Template talk:Military of the Sasanian Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_the_Sasanian_Empire_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of the Sasanian Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Marzbān</b>, or <b>Marzpān</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyland201146_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyland201146-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> transliteration: mrzwpn, derived from <i>marz</i> "border, boundary" and the suffix <i>-pān</i> "guardian"; <a href="/wiki/Modern_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Persian">Modern Persian</a>: <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">مرزبان</span></span> <i>Marzbān</i>) were a class of <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">margraves</a>, warden of the marches, and by extension military commanders,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourshariati2008503_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati2008503-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in charge of border provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> (247 BC–224 AD) and mostly <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> (224–651 AD) of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marzban&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Persian word <i>marz</i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> <i>marəza</i> "frontier, border"; <i>pān/pāvan</i> is cognate with <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <i>pat</i> "protector". The word was borrowed from New Persian into Arabic as <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مرزبان</span></span> <i>marzubān</i> (plural <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مرازبة</span></span> <i>marāziba</i>). "<a href="/wiki/Al-Marzubani" title="Al-Marzubani">Al-Marzubani</a>" (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المرزباني</span></span>) has been used as a <i><a href="/wiki/Nisbat_(onomastics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisbat (onomastics)">nisba</a></i> (family title) for some Iranian families whose ancestor was a marzbān. The prominent Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a>, whose formal name is given in Islamic sources as Nu'man ibn Thabit ibn Zuta <i>ibn Marzubān</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نعمان بن ثابت بن زوطا بن مرزبان</span></span>), was descended from the marzbāns of <a href="/wiki/Kabul,_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabul, Afghanistan">Kabul</a>, where his father came from. The <a href="/wiki/Bavand_dynasty" title="Bavand dynasty">Bavand</a> (651–1349 AD) and <a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid</a> (919–1062 AD) dynasty rulers also used <i>marzubān</i> in their name. </p><p>The word marzban was borrowed into <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> as <i>marzpan</i> (մարզպան) and into <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> as <i>marzapani</i> (მარზაპანი).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marzban&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ranks tradition (primarily of <i>vāspuhrān</i> and <i>āzādān</i>) can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (550–330 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20126_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20126-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but due to lack of sources even in the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> (247 BC – 224 AD) the existence of a proper classification of ranks is unknown,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer2001138-139_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer2001138-139-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316,_224_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316,_224-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in comparison to the Sasanian royal inscriptions from the 3rd century AD when the aristocracy was divided into four or five ranks;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer2001138-139_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer2001138-139-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">šahrdārān</a></i> (kings, landholders), <i>vāspuhrān</i> (princes; the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Parthian_clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Parthian clans">seven great noble families</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <i><a href="/wiki/Wuzurgan" title="Wuzurgan">wuzurgān</a></i> (magnates; "great ones"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), lower nobility <i><a href="/wiki/Azadan" title="Azadan">āzādān</a></i> (feudal nobles; freemen), and <i>kadag-xwadāy</i> (householders).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sasanian military organization was more sophisticated than the inherited Parthian system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20126_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20126-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The caste system wasn't rigid as in India, but the ruling officiers were mostly from <i>wuzurgān</i> caste.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle199610_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199610-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There's a possibility that the Late Sasanian <i>marzbānān</i> also originated from the <i>āzādān</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakeri199530_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakeri199530-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who mostly were lords of villages (<i><a href="/wiki/Dehqan" title="Dehqan">dihqānān</a></i>), supplied the cavalry with young riders (<i><a href="/wiki/Aswaran" title="Aswaran">asbārān</a></i>), or were bodyguards and security forces with titles <i>bandagān</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ayy%C4%81r" title="Ayyār">ayyārān</a></i> or <i>jānbāzān</i>, all signifying association with the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakeri199511,_30-31_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakeri199511,_30-31-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title <i>marzbān</i> can be dated to the Parthian Empire, where in the frontier areas such as <a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a> (1st century BC<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are found titles <i>mrzwpn</i> (marzban), probably an officier in charge of the frontier troops, and <i>dyzpty</i>, an officier in charge of a fort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984224_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984224-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars consider that <i>marzbāns</i> existed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> (550–486 BC) of the Achaemenid Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some uncertainty for the exact relationship between titles <i>marzbān</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spahbed" title="Spahbed">spāhbed</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kanarang" title="Kanarang">kanārang</a></i>, <i>pāygōsbān</i> (Parthian <i>ptykwspn</i>, Sasanian <i>paygospān</i> or <i>padhospān</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984224_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984224-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <i>ostāndār</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20128_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20128-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGyselen2004_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGyselen2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical sources blur the distinction between the <i>marzbān</i> and <i>spāhbed</i> (army general or military governor), implying <i>marzbān</i> was a military title strictly limited to the frontier marches and provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20128_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20128-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The least clear is the distinction with <i>kanārang</i>, apparently an East-Iranian derivation of <i>marzbān</i> in the province <a href="/wiki/Abarshahr" title="Abarshahr">Abarshahr</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20128_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20128-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>pāygōsbān</i>, meaning "guardian of the district",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGyselen2004_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGyselen2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an uncertain title,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984224_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984224-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seemingly provincial military commanders or governors, while the <i>marzbān</i> meant "guardian of the borders, provinces".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20128_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20128-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGyselen2004_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGyselen2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the <i>pāygōsbān</i> lacked civilian duties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle199613_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199613-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>ostāndār</i> was the governor of an <i>ostān</i> (province or district within a province).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20128_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20128-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary sources imply the <i>marzbān</i> was a provincional function practiced for a single or multiple provinces,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is no evidence for a "quarter of the empire", as <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">al-Masudi</a> entitled <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Šahrwarāz</a> (629 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGyselen2004_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGyselen2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rank of <i>marzbān</i>, like most imperial administration, was mostly patrimonial, and was passed down through a single family for generations. The <i>marzbāns</i> of greatest seniority were permitted a silver throne, while <i>marzbāns</i> of the most strategic border provinces, such as the province of Armenia, were allowed a golden throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle199610_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199610-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In military campaigns the regional <i>marzbāns</i> could be regarded as field marshals, while lesser <i>spāhbeds</i> could command a field army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle199614_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199614-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The function of <i>marzbān</i> changed over the years, with smaller territorial units being part of the civil administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle199613_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199613-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early years the main <i>marzbān</i> regions were <a href="/wiki/Persian_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beth_Aramaye" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Aramaye">Beth Aramaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pars_(Sasanian_province)" title="Pars (Sasanian province)">Pars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirman_(Sasanian_province)" title="Kirman (Sasanian province)">Kirman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spahan_(province)" title="Spahan (province)">Spahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adurbadagan" title="Adurbadagan">Adurbadagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nishapur_County" title="Nishapur County">Nishapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tus,_Iran" title="Tus, Iran">Tus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakastan_(Sasanian_Province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakastan (Sasanian Province)">Sakastan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maka_(satrapy)" title="Maka (satrapy)">Mazun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harev_(province)" title="Harev (province)">Harev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Marv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarakhs" title="Sarakhs">Sarakhs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle199612-13_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199612-13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several mentioned belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle199612-13_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199612-13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some regions enjoyed considerable autonomy while other were militarily more important, for example the Adurbadagan facing the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> was special military frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle199612_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199612-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Marzbāns</i> were granted the administration of the border provinces and were responsible for maintaining the security of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade routes">trade routes</a>, fighting the encroaching nomadic tribes such as <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="White Hun">White Huns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>, and holding the first line of defense against settled enemies such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle199653_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199653-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> (531–579 AD) were held <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I#Military_reforms" title="Khosrow I">military reforms</a> by which were created <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahrest%C4%81n%C4%ABh%C4%81_%C4%AB_%C4%92r%C4%81n%C5%A1ahr#Kusts_of_Eranshahr" title="Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr">four frontier regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khwarasan" title="Khwarasan">Khwarasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwarwaran" title="Khwarwaran">Khwarwaran</a>, Nemroz, Adurbadagan) with <i>spāhbed</i> in charge, sometimes still called as <i>marzbān</i>, but now generally considered for more central provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle199651-53_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199651-53-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the previous gentry rank <i>dihqānān</i> was moulded into influential "nobility of service" which became the backbone of the Sasanian state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle199653,_55_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199653,_55-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this measures of centralization caused the transfer of the power to the military (the <i>dihqānān</i> gradually became more independent from the government, while the four large <i>spāhbed</i> territories quasi-independent fiefs), and led to the eventual disintegration of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle199655_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199655-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sasanian social, administrative and military structure and system was inherited by the Medieval Islamic civilization,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle199613_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199613-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the <i>marzbāns</i> steadily disappeared depending on the region, as such in Iraq diminished and were replaced by Muslim frontier warriors <i>muqātila</i>, while in Khorasan still had special privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakeri199511,_110_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakeri199511,_110-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In generally were replaced by the title <i>dihqānān</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakeri199511,_110_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakeri199511,_110-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marzban&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Marzubani" title="Al-Marzubani">Muḥammad ibn al-Marzubani</a> (ca.910-994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marzbans" title="List of marzbans">List of marzbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marzpanate_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Marzpanate Armenia">Marzpanate Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrap</a>, the governor of the provinces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spahbed" title="Spahbed">Spahbed</a>, a similar Sassanid commandership rank</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_(title)" title="Ban (title)">Ban</a>, a noble title which was used in various South European <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> countries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_titles_and_ranks" title="List of Iranian titles and ranks">List of Iranian titles and ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" title="Military of the Sasanian Empire">Military of the Sasanian Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marzban&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyland201146-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyland201146_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyland2011">Hoyland 2011</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourshariati2008503-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourshariati2008503_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPourshariati2008">Pourshariati 2008</a>, p. 503.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRapp2014" class="citation book cs1">Rapp, Stephen H. Jr (2014). <i>The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature</i>. Routledge. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2552-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2552-2"><bdi>978-1-4724-2552-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sasanian+World+through+Georgian+Eyes%3A+Caucasia+and+the+Iranian+Commonwealth+in+Late+Antique+Georgian+Literature&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-2552-2&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarzban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrye1984">Frye 1984</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20126-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20126_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrokhMcBride20126_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarrokhMcBride2012">Farrokh & McBride 2012</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer2001138-139-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer2001138-139_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiesehöfer2001138-139_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiesehöfer2001">Wiesehöfer 2001</a>, p. 138-139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316,_224-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984316,_224_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrye1984">Frye 1984</a>, p. 316, 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTafażżolī1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tafażżolī, Ahmad (15 December 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bozorgan-mpers">"Bozorgān"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bozorg%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft.date=1989-12-15&rft.aulast=Tafa%C5%BC%C5%BCol%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbozorgan-mpers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarzban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199610-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle199610_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle199610_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicolle1996">Nicolle 1996</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakeri199530-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakeri199530_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZakeri1995">Zakeri 1995</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakeri199511,_30-31-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakeri199511,_30-31_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZakeri1995">Zakeri 1995</a>, p. 11, 30-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaki2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shaki, Mansour (21 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/class-system-iii">"Class System III: In the Parthian and Sasanian Periods"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Gropp (1969), <i>Einige neuentdeckte Inschriften aus sasanidischer Zeit</i>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>: W. 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Frye">Frye, Richard N</a> (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0y1jeSqbHLwC"><i>The History of Ancient Iran</i></a>, C.H.Beck, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-09397-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-09397-5"><bdi>978-3-406-09397-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ancient+Iran&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-3-406-09397-5&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0y1jeSqbHLwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarzban" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakeri1995" class="citation cs2">Zakeri, Mohsen (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfYnu5F20coC"><i>Sasanid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of 'Ayyārān and Futuwwa</i></a>, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03652-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03652-8"><bdi>978-3-447-03652-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sasanid+Soldiers+in+Early+Muslim+Society%3A+The+Origins+of+%27Ayy%C4%81r%C4%81n+and+Futuwwa&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03652-8&rft.aulast=Zakeri&rft.aufirst=Mohsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfYnu5F20coC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarzban" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">Nicolle, David</a> (1996), <i>Sassanian Armies: the Iranian Empire Early 3rd to Mid-7th Centuries AD</i>, Stockport: Montvert, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874101-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874101-08-6"><bdi>978-1-874101-08-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sassanian+Armies%3A+the+Iranian+Empire+Early+3rd+to+Mid-7th+Centuries+AD&rft.place=Stockport&rft.pub=Montvert&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-874101-08-6&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarzban" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesehöfer2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Wieseh%C3%B6fer" title="Josef Wiesehöfer">Wiesehöfer, Josef</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yFocMaM49SgC"><i>Ancient Persia</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. 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Tauris</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-675-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-675-1"><bdi>978-1-86064-675-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Persia&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-675-1&rft.aulast=Wieseh%C3%B6fer&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyFocMaM49SgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarzban" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPourshariati2008" class="citation cs2">Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Decline and fall of the Sasanian empire: the Sasanian-Parthian confederacy and the Arab conquest of Iran</i></a>, I.B. Tauris in association with the <a href="/wiki/Iran_Heritage_Foundation" title="Iran Heritage Foundation">Iran Heritage Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-645-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-645-3"><bdi>978-1-84511-645-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decline+and+fall+of+the+Sasanian+empire%3A+the+Sasanian-Parthian+confederacy+and+the+Arab+conquest+of+Iran&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+in+association+with+the+Iran+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-645-3&rft.aulast=Pourshariati&rft.aufirst=Parvaneh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-xtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarzban" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyland2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Hoyland" title="Robert G. Hoyland">Hoyland, Robert G.</a> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CaaOWSbQ_GQC"><i>Theophilus of Edessa's Chronicle and the Circulation of Historical Knowledge in Late Antiquity and Early Islam</i></a>, Liverpool University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-697-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-697-5"><bdi>978-1-84631-697-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theophilus+of+Edessa%27s+Chronicle+and+the+Circulation+of+Historical+Knowledge+in+Late+Antiquity+and+Early+Islam&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-697-5&rft.aulast=Hoyland&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCaaOWSbQ_GQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarzban" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrokhMcBride2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kaveh_Farrokh" title="Kaveh Farrokh">Farrokh, Kaveh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Angus_McBride" title="Angus McBride">McBride, Angus</a> (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040336/https://books.google.hr/books?id=566PXereaPsC"><i>Sassanian Elite Cavalry AD 224-642</i></a>, Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-848-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-848-4"><bdi>978-1-78200-848-4</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=566PXereaPsC">the original</a> on 2016-03-04</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sassanian+Elite+Cavalry+AD+224-642&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78200-848-4&rft.aulast=Farrokh&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rft.au=McBride%2C+Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D566PXereaPsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarzban" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriant2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Briant" title="Pierre Briant">Briant, Pierre</a> (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ul_rBQAAQBAJ"><i>Darius in the Shadow of Alexander</i></a>, Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-74520-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-74520-9"><bdi>978-0-674-74520-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darius+in+the+Shadow+of+Alexander&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-74520-9&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUl_rBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarzban" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyselen2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gyselen, Rika (20 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/spahbed">"Spāhbed"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sp%C4%81hbed&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft.date=2004-07-20&rft.aulast=Gyselen&rft.aufirst=Rika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fspahbed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarzban" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marzban&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreatrexLieu2005" class="citation cs2">Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awCGAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 363-628</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-75646-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-75646-9"><bdi>978-1-134-75646-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Eastern+Frontier+and+the+Persian+Wars+AD+363-628&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-134-75646-9&rft.aulast=Greatrex&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Lieu%2C+Samuel+N.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DawCGAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarzban" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marzban&oldid=1258074525">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marzban&oldid=1258074525</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Officials_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" title="Category:Officials of the Sasanian Empire">Officials of the Sasanian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_ranks" title="Category:Military ranks">Military ranks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marquesses" title="Category:Marquesses">Marquesses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sasanian_military_offices" title="Category:Sasanian military offices">Sasanian military offices</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parthian_titles_and_offices" title="Category:Parthian titles and offices">Parthian titles and offices</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persian_words_and_phrases" title="Category:Persian words and phrases">Persian words and phrases</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 00:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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