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<span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Coastline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extreme_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extreme_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Extreme points</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extreme_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Georgia (country)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جغرافيا جورجيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جغرافيا جورجيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheograf%C3%ADa_de_Cheorchia" title="Cheografía de Cheorchia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cheografía de Cheorchia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeograf%C3%ADa_de_Xeorxa" title="Xeografía de Xeorxa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeografía de Xeorxa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrc%C3%BCstan_co%C4%9Frafiyas%C4%B1" title="Gürcüstan coğrafiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gürcüstan coğrafiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0)#ভূগোল" title="জর্জিয়া (রাষ্ট্র) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জিয়া (রাষ্ট্র)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%96" title="Геаграфія Грузіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геаграфія Грузіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="География на Грузия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="География на Грузия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_de_Ge%C3%B2rgia" title="Geografia de Geòrgia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Geografia de Geòrgia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa_de_Georgia" title="Geografía de Georgia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geografía de Georgia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جغرافیای گرجستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جغرافیای گرجستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_de_la_G%C3%A9orgie" title="Géographie de la Géorgie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie de la Géorgie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վրաստանի աշխարհագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վրաստանի աշխարհագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemljopis_Gruzije" title="Zemljopis Gruzije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zemljopis Gruzije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi_Georgia" title="Geografi Georgia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geografi Georgia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_della_Georgia" title="Geografia della Georgia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geografia della Georgia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="גאוגרפיה של גאורגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאוגרפיה של גאורגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="საქართველოს გეოგრაფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საქართველოს გეოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzijos_geografija" title="Gruzijos geografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gruzijos geografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Географија на Грузија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Географија на Грузија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie_van_Georgi%C3%AB" title="Geografie van Georgië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geografie van Georgië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgias_geografi" title="Georgias geografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Georgias geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgisk_geografi" title="Georgisk geografi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Georgisk geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9)" title="جغرافیہ جارجیا (ملک) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جغرافیہ جارجیا (ملک)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_Gruzji" title="Geografia Gruzji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geografia Gruzji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_da_Ge%C3%B3rgia" title="Geografia da Geórgia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geografia da Geórgia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_Georgiei" title="Geografia Georgiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Geografia Georgiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="География Грузии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="География Грузии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeografia_e_Gjeorgjis%C3%AB" title="Gjeografia e Gjeorgjisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjeografia e Gjeorgjisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija_Gruzije" title="Geografija Gruzije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Geografija Gruzije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Географија Грузије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Географија Грузије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_maantiede" title="Georgian maantiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Georgian maantiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiens_geografi" title="Georgiens geografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Georgiens geografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrcistan_co%C4%9Frafyas%C4%B1" title="Gürcistan coğrafyası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gürcistan coğrafyası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%97" title="Географія Грузії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Географія Грузії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9)" title="جغرافیہ جارجیا (ملک) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جغرافیہ جارجیا (ملک)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="格鲁吉亚地理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格鲁吉亚地理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">Geography of Georgia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Physical_Map_of_Georgia_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Physical_Map_of_Georgia_%28en%29.svg/260px-Physical_Map_of_Georgia_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Physical_Map_of_Georgia_%28en%29.svg/390px-Physical_Map_of_Georgia_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Physical_Map_of_Georgia_%28en%29.svg/520px-Physical_Map_of_Georgia_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="707" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Continent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Georgia_(country)&params=42_00_N_43_30_E_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">43°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.000°N 43.500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.000; 43.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">Ranked 119</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">69,700 km<sup>2</sup> (26,900 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">100%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coastline</th><td class="infobox-data">310 km (190 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data">1,814 km (1,127 mi) <br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (894 km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (273 km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (219 km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (428 km)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shkhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Shkhara">Mount Shkhara</a> 5,201 m (17,064 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest point</th><td class="infobox-data">Between <a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kulevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulevi">Kulevi</a>, (-1.5-2.3 m)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longest river</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alazani" title="Alazani">Alazani River</a> 407 km (253 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest lake</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paravani_Lake" title="Paravani Lake">Paravani Lake</a>, 37.5 km<sup>2</sup> (14.5 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Climate</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">Temperate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Terrain</th><td class="infobox-data">Mountainous with a coastal plain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural resources</th><td class="infobox-data">timber, hydropower, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> deposits, <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, minor <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> growth</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural hazards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Environmental issues</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil pollution">soil pollution</a> from toxic chemicals</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Exclusive economic zone</th><td class="infobox-data">21,946 km<sup>2</sup> (8,473 sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> is a country in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Sometimes considered a <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents" title="Boundaries between the continents">transcontinental</a> country, it is located at the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is today generally regarded as part of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is bordered to the north and northeast by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, to the south by <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, and to the southeast by <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georgia is largely surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Caucasus Mountains">Greater Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a> mountains, which form part of a natural boundary between Eastern Europe and West Asia. Because the <a href="/wiki/Europe%E2%80%93Asia_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe–Asia boundary">Europe–Asia boundary</a> is essentially a "historical and cultural construct",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgia's continental placement has varied greatly. <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> placed the boundary between Europe and Asia along the Phasis River (the modern <a href="/wiki/Rioni_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioni River">Rioni River</a>), which effectively located northern parts of Georgia in Europe and the south in Asia, a convention also followed by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one 18th century definition, which set the <a href="/wiki/Kuma%E2%80%93Manych_Depression" title="Kuma–Manych Depression">Kuma–Manych Depression</a> as the continental boundary, Georgia and the entire Caucasus fell into Asia. However, yet another definition drew the line at <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras River</a>, effectively placing all of Georgia in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notwithstanding variations in geographic placement, Georgia's proximity to the bulk of Europe, combined with various historical, cultural and political forces, has led to its inclusion in Europe. The country has joined European organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a>, and was deemed eligible to apply for membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EU_perspective_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU_perspective-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which it did in 2022 and was <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">recognized as a candidate member state</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topography">Topography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Georgia_Topography.png/220px-Georgia_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Georgia_Topography.png/330px-Georgia_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Georgia_Topography.png/440px-Georgia_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="1926" data-file-height="1217" /></a><figcaption>Topography of Georgia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Georgia_in_May_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Satellite_image_of_Georgia_in_May_2003.jpg/220px-Satellite_image_of_Georgia_in_May_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Satellite_image_of_Georgia_in_May_2003.jpg/330px-Satellite_image_of_Georgia_in_May_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Satellite_image_of_Georgia_in_May_2003.jpg/440px-Satellite_image_of_Georgia_in_May_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2211" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Georgia in late spring</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite its small area, Georgia has one of the most varied topographies of the former Soviet republics.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the most mountainous countries in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lying mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>, with its northern boundary partly defined by the Greater Caucasus range.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lesser Caucasus range, which runs parallel to the Turkish and Armenian borders, and the <a href="/wiki/Likhi_Range" title="Likhi Range">Surami Range</a>, which connects the Greater Caucasus and the Lesser Caucasus, create natural barriers that are partly responsible for cultural and linguistic differences among regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their elevation and a poorly developed transportation infrastructure, many mountain villages are virtually isolated from the outside world during the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a> in mountainous areas present a significant threat to life and property.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the most recent natural disasters were massive rock- and mudslides in Ajaria in 1989 that displaced thousands in southwestern Georgia, and two earthquakes in 1991 that destroyed several villages in <a href="/wiki/Racha" title="Racha">Racha</a>, upper <a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tskhinvali Region">Tskhinvali Region</a> (South Ossetia).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Georgia has about 25,000 rivers, many of which power small <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> stations.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drainage is into the Black Sea to the west and through Azerbaijan to the Caspian Sea to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest river is the <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kura River</a>, which flows 1,364 km from northeast Turkey across the plains of eastern Georgia, through the capital, Tbilisi, and into the Caspian Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rioni_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioni River">Rioni River</a>, the largest river in western Georgia, rises in the Greater Caucasus and empties into the Black Sea at the port of <a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet engineers turned the river lowlands along the Black Sea coast into prime subtropical agricultural land, embanked and straightened many stretches of river, and built an extensive system of canals.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deep mountain gorges form topographical belts within the Greater Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coastline">Coastline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coastline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Svaneti,_georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Svaneti%2C_georgia.jpg/220px-Svaneti%2C_georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Svaneti%2C_georgia.jpg/330px-Svaneti%2C_georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Svaneti%2C_georgia.jpg/440px-Svaneti%2C_georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Svaneti" title="Svaneti">Svaneti</a> region, northwestern Georgia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Sea_coast_of_Georgia_(country),_with_skyline_of_Batumi_on_the_horizon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Black_Sea_coast_of_Georgia_%28country%29%2C_with_skyline_of_Batumi_on_the_horizon.jpg/220px-Black_Sea_coast_of_Georgia_%28country%29%2C_with_skyline_of_Batumi_on_the_horizon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Black_Sea_coast_of_Georgia_%28country%29%2C_with_skyline_of_Batumi_on_the_horizon.jpg/330px-Black_Sea_coast_of_Georgia_%28country%29%2C_with_skyline_of_Batumi_on_the_horizon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Black_Sea_coast_of_Georgia_%28country%29%2C_with_skyline_of_Batumi_on_the_horizon.jpg/440px-Black_Sea_coast_of_Georgia_%28country%29%2C_with_skyline_of_Batumi_on_the_horizon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4577" data-file-height="2927" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast of western Georgia, with the skyline of <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> on the horizon.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">coastline</a> of Georgia about 315 kilometres (196 mi):<sup id="cite_ref-NationsEncyclopedia_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationsEncyclopedia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the coastline, 57 kilometres (35 mi) is the coastline of <a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Ajaria</a> (Ajara)<sup id="cite_ref-goBatumi_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goBatumi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 200 kilometres (120 mi) is the coastline of <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Proletarskaya_Gazeta_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proletarskaya_Gazeta-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgia has an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive Economic Zone">Exclusive Economic Zone</a> of 21,946 km<sup>2</sup> (8,473 sq mi) in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GEO_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Koppen-Geiger_Map_GEO_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_GEO_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Koppen-Geiger_Map_GEO_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_GEO_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Koppen-Geiger_Map_GEO_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_GEO_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate classification regions.</figcaption></figure> <p>Georgia's climate is affected by <a href="/wiki/Humid_temperate_climate" title="Humid temperate climate">temperate humid</a> influences from the west and <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a> influences from the east.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greater Caucasus range moderates local climate by serving as a barrier against cold air from the north.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warm, moist air from the Black Sea moves easily into the coastal lowlands from the west.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climatic zones are determined by distance from the Black Sea and by altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the Black Sea coast, from Abkhazia to the Turkish border, and in the region known as the <a href="/wiki/Colchis_Lowland" title="Colchis Lowland">Colchis Lowland</a> inland from the coast, the dominant subtropical climate features high humidity and heavy precipitation (1,000 to 2,000 mm or 39.4 to 78.7 in per year; the Black Sea port of Batumi receives 2,500 mm or 98.4 in per year).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several varieties of <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm trees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> grow in these regions, where the midwinter average temperature is 5 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (41 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>) and the midsummer average is 22 °C (71.6 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plains of eastern Georgia are shielded from the influence of the Black Sea by mountains that provide a more <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summer temperatures average 20 to 24 °C (68.0 to 75.2 °F), winter temperatures 2 to 4 °C (35.6 to 39.2 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humidity is lower, and rainfall averages 500 to 800 mm (19.7 to 31.5 in) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">Alpine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highland_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland (geography)">highland</a> regions in the east and west, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a> region on the <a href="/wiki/Iori_Plateau" title="Iori Plateau">Iori Plateau</a> to the southeast, have distinct microclimates.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At higher elevations, precipitation is sometimes twice as heavy as in the eastern plains.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the west, the climate is subtropical to about 650 m (2,133 ft); above that altitude (and to the north and east) is a band of moist and moderately warm weather, then a band of cool and wet conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alpine conditions begin at about 2,100 m (6,890 ft), and above 3,600 m (11,811 ft) snow and ice are present year-round.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Tbilisi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1<br />(95.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.2<br />(104.4) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0<br />(107.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4<br />(104.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.9<br />(100.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.0<br />(107.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1<br />(82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.4<br />(−11.9) </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.8<br />(5.4) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.8<br />(9.0) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8<br />(25.2) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4<br />(20.5) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1<br />(19.2) </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.5<br />(−4.9) </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−24.4<br />(−11.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #DFFFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21<br />(0.8) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92<br />(3.6) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85<br />(3.3) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #D5FFD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #DCFFDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">507<br />(20.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">100 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">69 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #ACAC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99 </td> <td style="background: #B2B276; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102 </td> <td style="background: #C0C023; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">249 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">256 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">206 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164 </td> <td style="background: #B0B085; color:#000000;" class="notheme">103 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,046 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net<sup id="cite_ref-Tbilisipogoda_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tbilisipogoda-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: NOAA (Sunshine hours 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAATbilisi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAATbilisi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Mta-Sabueti (1991-2020, extremes 1981-2020) <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Georgia_(country)&params=42_02_N_43_28_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°02′N</span> <span class="longitude">43°28′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.033°N 43.467°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.033; 43.467</span></span></span></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(32.5) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7<br />(23.5) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8<br />(23.4) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0<br />(26.6) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.3<br />(−0.9) </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.2<br />(−0.8) </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.6<br />(5.7) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.8<br />(10.8) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.2<br />(22.6) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.6<br />(16.5) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.4<br />(7.9) </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−18.3<br />(−0.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #1FFF1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">150.1<br />(5.91) </td> <td style="background: #32FF32; color:#000000;" class="notheme">124.8<br />(4.91) </td> <td style="background: #4EFF4E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118.6<br />(4.67) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.6<br />(3.09) </td> <td style="background: #72FF72; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.2<br />(3.71) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.6<br />(3.13) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.3<br />(2.14) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.1<br />(2.13) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.3<br />(2.73) </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.4<br />(3.52) </td> <td style="background: #41FF41; color:#000000;" class="notheme">122.8<br />(4.83) </td> <td style="background: #40FF40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">128.1<br />(5.04) </td> <td style="background: #6BFF6B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,163.9<br />(45.81) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.2 </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.8 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.9 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">145.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000AA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000AA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000B2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000C3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000BA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000B2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000B4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000AD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #0000AC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000B3; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">86.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/NCEI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCEI">NCEI</a><sup id="cite_ref-ncei91_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncei91-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clino81_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clino81-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Georgia">Environmental issues in Georgia</a></div> <p>Beginning in the 1980s, Black Sea pollution has greatly harmed Georgia's tourist industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inadequate sewage treatment is the main cause of that condition.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Batumi, for example, only 18 percent of wastewater was treated before release into the sea as of the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the early 1990s, an estimated 70 percent of surface water contained health-endangering bacteria to which Georgia's high rate of intestinal disease was attributed.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war in Abkhazia did substantial damage to the ecological habitats unique to that region.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other respects, experts considered Georgia's environmental problems less serious than those of more industrialized former Soviet republics.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solving Georgia's environmental problems was not a high priority of the national government in the post-Soviet years, however; in 1993 the minister for protection of the environment resigned to protest this inactivity.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1994, the Cabinet of Ministers announced a new, interdepartmental environmental monitoring system to centralize separate programs under the direction of the Ministry of Protection of the Environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system would include a central environmental and information and research agency.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (Georgia)">Green Party</a> used its small contingent in the parliament to press environmental issues in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Georgia participates in a number of international environmental agreements. It is a party to: <a href="/wiki/Air_Pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Pollution">Air Pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate Change">Climate Change</a>, Climate Change-<a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a>, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea</a>, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, and Wetlands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extreme_points">Extreme points</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Extreme points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Northernmost point: (<i>de jure</i>): <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li>Northernmost point (<i>de facto</i>): <a href="/wiki/Mestia_Municipality" title="Mestia Municipality">Mestia Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samegrelo-Zemo_Svaneti" title="Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti">Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti</a></li> <li>Southernmost point: <a href="/wiki/Dedoplistsqaro_Municipality" title="Dedoplistsqaro Municipality">Dedoplistsqaro Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a></li> <li>Westernmost point (<i>de jure</i>): Abkhazia</li> <li>Westernmost point (<i>de facto</i>): <a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a></li> <li>Easternmost point: Dedoplistsqaro Municipality, Kakheti (border with <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_Georgia" title="Glaciers of Georgia">Glaciers of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of earthquakes in Georgia (country)">List of earthquakes in Georgia (country)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geography of Georgia - 9th grade book; G. Chanturia, D. Kereselidze; p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Caucasus">"Caucasus - region and mountains, Eurasia"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caucasus+-+region+and+mountains%2C+Eurasia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FCaucasus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Georgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: “One widely accepted scheme draws the dividing line along the crest of the Greater Caucasus range, putting the portion of the region north of the line in Europe...another scheme identifies the Aras River and the Turkish border as the line of continental demarcation, thereby locating...Georgia in Europe.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Geographic Encyclopaedia and Atlas. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>: p. 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedic World Atlas, George Philip & Son, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopedicworl0000geor/page/104/mode/2up">p.104</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/georgia">"Georgia - 46 States, one Europe"</a>. <i>Council of Europe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+of+Europe&rft.atitle=Georgia+-+46+States%2C+one+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fportal%2Fgeorgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Georgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/georgia">"Europe - Georgia"</a>. <i>World Health Organization</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Europe+-+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fgeorgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Georgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nana_Bolashvili" title="Nana Bolashvili">Nana Bolashvili</a>, Andreas Dittmann, Lorenz King, Vazha Neidze (eds.): <i><a href="/wiki/National_Atlas_of_Georgia" title="National Atlas of Georgia">National Atlas of Georgia</a></i>, 138 pages, Steiner Verlag, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-12057-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-12057-9">978-3-515-12057-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/place/Asia">Asia</a>:"The land boundary between Asia and Europe is a historical and cultural construct that has been defined variously" June 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i> 4.38. C.f. James Rennell, <i>The geographical system of Herodotus examined and explained</i>, Volume 1, Rivington 1830, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_enQ-AAAAcAAJ/page/n274">p. 244</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>”, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, June 2021: “another scheme identifies the Aras River and the Turkish border as the line of continental demarcation, thereby locating Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in Europe.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EU_perspective-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EU_perspective_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P8-TA-2014-0009">European Parliament Resolution 2014/2717(RSP)</a>, 17 July 2014: "...pursuant to Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine – like any other European state – have a European perspective and may apply to become members of the Union…"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_12-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1995" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Glenn E. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/94045459/"><i>Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia : country studies</i></a> (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>. pp. 175–177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0848-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0848-4"><bdi>0-8444-0848-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31709972">31709972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%2C+Azerbaijan%2C+and+Georgia+%3A+country+studies&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=175-177&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31709972&rft.isbn=0-8444-0848-4&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Glenn+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F94045459%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Georgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Economic Commission for Europe. "Environmental Performance Reviews: Georgia", <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>: 2016, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationsEncyclopedia-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationsEncyclopedia_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Europe/Georgia.html">"Georgia"</a>. Encyclopedia of the Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2012</span>. <q>The country has a coastline of 315 kilometers (196 miles).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+the+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsencyclopedia.com%2Feconomies%2FEurope%2FGeorgia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Georgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goBatumi-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goBatumi_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFgoBatumi.com" class="citation web cs1">goBatumi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409130828/http://gobatumi.com/en/feelit/nature-geography">"Geography"</a>. Website of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tourism_and_Resorts_of_Ajara_Autonomous_Republic" title="Department of Tourism and Resorts of Ajara Autonomous Republic">Department of Tourism and Resorts of Ajara Autonomous Republic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gobatumi.com/en/feelit/nature-geography">the original</a> on 9 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2012</span>. <q>The Ajara coastline is 57 km long.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.pub=Website+of+the+Department+of+Tourism+and+Resorts+of+Ajara+Autonomous+Republic&rft.au=goBatumi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgobatumi.com%2Fen%2Ffeelit%2Fnature-geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Georgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proletarskaya_Gazeta-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Proletarskaya_Gazeta_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleksey_Danko2008" class="citation web cs1">Aleksey Danko (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv14n2/pgossetia.htm">"The Class Roots and Sources of the Aggressive Actions of Georgia Against South Ossetia and Abkhazia and the Aggravation of the Situation in the Caucasus"</a>. Proletarskaya Gazeta #30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2012</span>. <q>Moreover, the Abkhazian coast stretches 200 kilometres, which has the potential to significantly increase the influence of either Russia or Georgia on the Black sea, including their military presence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Class+Roots+and+Sources+of+the+Aggressive+Actions+of+Georgia+Against+South+Ossetia+and+Abkhazia+and+the+Aggravation+of+the+Situation+in+the+Caucasus&rft.pub=Proletarskaya+Gazeta+%2330&rft.date=2008-11&rft.au=Aleksey+Danko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revolutionarydemocracy.org%2Frdv14n2%2Fpgossetia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Georgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tbilisipogoda-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tbilisipogoda_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/37545.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Погода и Климат</bdi></a> (in Russian). Pogodaiklimat.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322113406/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/37545.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82&rft.pub=Pogodaiklimat.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate2%2F37545.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Georgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAATbilisi-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAATbilisi_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/GA/37549.TXT">"Tbilisi/Novoalexeye Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tbilisi%2FNovoalexeye+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_VI%2FGA%2F37549.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Georgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncei91-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ncei91_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Georgia/CSV/MtaSabueti_37665.csv">"WMO Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Mta-Sabueti-37665"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(CSV)</span>. <i>ncei.noaa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncei.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=WMO+Climate+Normals+for+1991-2020%3A+Mta-Sabueti-37665&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FGeorgia%2FCSV%2FMtaSabueti_37665.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Georgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clino81-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clino81_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Georgia/WMO_Normals_Georgia.xls">"WMO Climate Normals for 1981-2010: Mta Sabueti"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span>. <i>ncei.noaa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncei.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=WMO+Climate+Normals+for+1981-2010%3A+Mta+Sabueti&rft.pages=6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1981-2010%2FRA-VI%2FGeorgia%2FWMO_Normals_Georgia.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Georgia+%28country%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template talk:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Seljuk wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timur's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkmen incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">1795 Persian Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Absorption by the Russian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Independent_Georgia" title="History of Georgia (country)">Independent Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Names of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of battles involving Georgia (country)">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Timeline of Georgian history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Georgia" title="Template:Borders of Georgia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of birds of Georgia (country)">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Georgia" title="List of earthquakes in Georgia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_Georgia" title="Glaciers of Georgia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of lakes of Georgia (country)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of mammals of Georgia (country)">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Georgia" title="National parks of Georgia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of protected areas of Georgia (country)">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Georgia" title="List of volcanoes in Georgia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Geography of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Regions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Subdivisions of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian-occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Georgia" title="Foreign relations of Georgia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia" title="Human rights in Georgia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" title="LGBTQ rights in Georgia (country)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_of_Georgia" title="Defence Forces of Georgia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of political parties in Georgia (country)">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Agriculture in Georgia (country)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of companies of Georgia (country)">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Lari (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mining in Georgia (country)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Stock_Exchange" title="Georgian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Tourism in Georgia (country)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Transport</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Economy of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia" title="Architecture of Georgia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">Chokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Georgia" title="Gambling in Georgia">Gambling</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mass media in Georgia (country)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Georgia" title="Public holidays in Georgia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Sport in Georgia (country)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Georgia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Georgia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Culture of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgians" title="List of Georgians">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Healthcare in Georgia (country)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Demographics of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tavisupleba" title="Tavisupleba">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_cross" title="Bolnisi cross">Bolnisi cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Borjgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia" title="Coat of arms of Georgia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_ertobashia" title="Dzala ertobashia">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Outline of Georgia (country)">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Georgia (country)">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(country)" title="Portal:Georgia (country)">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Europe" title="Template:Geography of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Geography of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Andorra" title="Geography of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Austria" title="Geography of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belarus" title="Geography of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belgium" title="Geography of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bulgaria" title="Geography of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Croatia" title="Geography of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cyprus" title="Geography of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Geography of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Denmark" title="Geography of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Estonia" title="Geography of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia" title="Geography of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Liechtenstein" title="Geography of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lithuania" title="Geography of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Luxembourg" title="Geography of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malta" title="Geography of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Moldova" title="Geography of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montenegro" title="Geography of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geography of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geography of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway" title="Geography of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Poland" title="Geography of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Portugal" title="Geography of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Romania" title="Geography of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_San_Marino" title="Geography of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Serbia" title="Geography of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Slovakia" title="Geography of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Slovenia" title="Geography of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sweden" title="Geography of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vatican_City" title="Geography of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Abkhazia" title="Geography of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kosovo" title="Geography of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_%C3%85land" title="Geography of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Geography of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Geography of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jersey" title="Geography of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Svalbard" title="Geography of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Asia" title="Template:Geography of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Geography of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Asia" title="Geography of Asia">Geography of Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bahrain" title="Geography of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan" title="Geography of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brunei" title="Geography of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cambodia" title="Geography of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cyprus" title="Geography of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_East_Timor" title="Geography of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Israel" title="Geography of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jordan" title="Geography of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Korea" title="Geography of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Korea" title="Geography of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kuwait" title="Geography of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Geography of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Laos" title="Geography of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon" title="Geography of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malaysia" title="Geography of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Maldives" title="Geography of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Myanmar" title="Geography of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Oman" title="Geography of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Qatar" title="Geography of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Geography of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore" title="Geography of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tajikistan" title="Geography of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand" title="Geography of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkmenistan" title="Geography of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Geography of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uzbekistan" title="Geography of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vietnam" title="Geography of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Yemen" title="Geography of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Abkhazia" title="Geography of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Geography of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Geography of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Macau" title="Geography of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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