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href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gruppe (biologi)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 78 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson" title="Takson – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Takson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson" title="Takson – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Takson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A9" title="أصنوفة – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أصنوفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax%C3%B3n" title="Taxón – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Taxón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – arpitansk" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="arpitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax%C3%B3n" title="Taxón – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Taxón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekovemohendaha" title="Tekovemohendaha – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekovemohendaha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="ট্যাক্সন – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্যাক্সন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Биологик таксон – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Биологик таксон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Таксон – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Таксон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Таксон – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Таксон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – bairisk" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bairisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson" title="Takson – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Takson" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0xon" title="Tàxon – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tàxon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Таксон – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Таксон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacson" title="Tacson – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tacson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson" title="Takson – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Takson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax%C3%B3n" title="Taxón – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Taxón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksono" title="Taksono – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Taksono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="آرایه (زیست‌شناسی) – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرایه (زیست‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson" title="Takson – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Takson" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacs%C3%B3n" title="Tacsón – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tacsón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98%EA%B5%B0" title="분류군 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분류군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Տաքսոն – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տաքսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="टैक्सोन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टैक्सोन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson" title="Takson – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Takson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="טקסון – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טקסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson" title="Takson – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Takson" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Таксон – vestmarisk" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Таксон" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="vestmarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksons" title="Taksons – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Taksons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonas" title="Taksonas – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Taksonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Таксон – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Таксон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="ടാക്സോൺ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടാക്സോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson" title="Takson – maltesisk" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Takson" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson" title="Takson – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Takson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="タクソン – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タクソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lague" title="Lague – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Lague" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson" title="Takson – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Takson" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8" title="ਟੈਕਸੋਨ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੈਕਸੋਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ٹیکسون – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹیکسون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson" title="Takson – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Takson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1xon" title="Táxon – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Táxon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Таксон – rusinsk" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Таксон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Таксон – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таксон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Таксон – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Таксон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – saterfrisisk" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson" title="Takson – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Takson" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Taxon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax%C3%B3n" title="Taxón – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Taxón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson" title="Takson – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Takson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Таксон – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Таксон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson" title="Takson – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Takson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksoni" title="Taksoni – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taksoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="உயிரியலகு – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரியலகு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasartut" title="Tasartut – kabylsk" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasartut" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="หน่วยอนุกรมวิธาน – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยอนุกรมวิธาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson" title="Takson – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Takson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Таксон – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таксон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="ٹیکزون – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹیکزون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C6%A1n_v%E1%BB%8B_ph%C3%A2n_lo%E1%BA%A1i" title="Đơn vị phân loại – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đơn vị phân loại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%8D%95%E5%85%83" title="分类单元 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="分类单元" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83" title="分類單元 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="分類單元" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16521#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Haeckel_Trochilidae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Haeckel_Trochilidae.jpg/200px-Haeckel_Trochilidae.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Haeckel_Trochilidae.jpg/300px-Haeckel_Trochilidae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Haeckel_Trochilidae.jpg/400px-Haeckel_Trochilidae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="3308" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kolibrifamilien" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolibrifamilien">Kolibrifamilien</a> er en biologisk gruppe av <a href="/wiki/Fugler" title="Fugler">fugler</a></figcaption></figure> <p>En <b>gruppe</b>, eller et <b>takson</b>, består i den biologiske <a href="/wiki/Biologisk_systematikk" title="Biologisk systematikk">systematikken</a> av én eller flere biologiske <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">arter</a>. Eksempler på grupper er <a href="/wiki/Pattedyr" title="Pattedyr">pattedyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krypdyr" title="Krypdyr">krypdyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virveldyr" title="Virveldyr">virveldyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B8planter" title="Frøplanter">frøplanter</a> osv. Også en enkelt art – for eksempel <a href="/wiki/Menneske" title="Menneske">mennesket</a> – kan betegnes som gruppe. Noen <a href="/wiki/Biologisk_systematikk" title="Biologisk systematikk">systematikere</a> betegner også enheter som er mindre enn <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">arter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Underart" title="Underart">underarter</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Rase" title="Rase">raser</a>), som grupper. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definisjon">Definisjon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gruppe_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Definisjon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gruppe_(biologi)&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Definisjon"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fagbegrepet for en biologisk gruppe på engelsk er <i>taxon</i> (<i>taxa</i> i flertall; uttales /t<u>a</u>ksån/ og /t<u>a</u>ksa/; også et <i>takson</i> på norsk, flere <i>takson</i> eller <i>taksoner</i>; uttales /taks<u>o:</u>n/ og /taks<u>o:</u>ner/; fra <a href="/wiki/Gresk" title="Gresk">gresk</a> τάξις [<i>taxis</i>] = «ordning», «sekvens»). Ordlisten til <i><b><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a></b></i> (1999) definerer<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> et «taxon» slik: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>En systematisk enhet, enten den er navngitt eller ikke er en populasjon eller en gruppe av populasjoner av organismer som vanligvis er antatt å være fylogenetisk beslektet og har felles karaktertrekk som særmerker gruppen (dvs en geografisk enhet, en slekt, en familie, en orden) fra andre slike grupper. Et taxon omfatter alle inkluderte lavere taxa og individuelle organismer. [...]</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Det finnes også konkurrerende definisjoner, blant annet fra <a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a> som bruker grupper uten hierarki (<a href="/wiki/Slekt_(biologi)" title="Slekt (biologi)">slekt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Familie_(biologi)" title="Familie (biologi)">familie</a> etc).</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naturlige,_unaturlige_og_kunstige_grupper"><span id="Naturlige.2C_unaturlige_og_kunstige_grupper"></span>Naturlige, unaturlige og kunstige grupper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gruppe_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Naturlige, unaturlige og kunstige grupper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gruppe_(biologi)&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Naturlige, unaturlige og kunstige grupper"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biologiske grupper deles opp i forskjellige kategorier på grunnlag av deres <a href="/wiki/Fylogenetikk" title="Fylogenetikk">fylogenetikk</a> (slektskap) og <a href="/wiki/Anatomi" title="Anatomi">anatomi</a>. Grupper er enten definert ved egenskaper (<a href="/wiki/Apomorfi" title="Apomorfi">apomorfier</a>) eller ved slektskap. <a href="/wiki/Virveldyr" title="Virveldyr">Virveldyr</a> er for eksempel alle dyr med <a href="/wiki/Ryggrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryggrad">ryggrad</a>, alternativt <a href="/wiki/Slim%C3%A5l" title="Slimål">slimål</a> og <a href="/wiki/Menneske" title="Menneske">menneske</a> og alle etterkommere etter deres felles stamfar. Begge måtene er gyldige definisjoner, og så lenge vi forholder oss til nålevende arter vil innholdet i de to gruppene være identisk. Alle grupper det er mulig å konstruere vil være av en av tre typer: </p> <ul><li><b>Naturlige grupper</b> eller <b>komplette grupper</b> er grupper som eksisterer som fullstendige «grener» i <a href="/wiki/Stamtre_(evolusjon)" title="Stamtre (evolusjon)">stamtreet</a>, der <i>alle</i> etterkommere etter den felles <a href="/wiki/Stamart" title="Stamart">stamfaren</a> er regnet med. Slike grupper kalles <i><a href="/wiki/Monofyletisk_gruppe" title="Monofyletisk gruppe">monofyletisk taxa</a></i> (<i>monofylum</i>, flertall: monofyla). Et eksempel er virveldyr som alle virveldyr går tilbake på én felles stamform, og fordi denne stamformen kun har gitt opphav til virveldyr (se <a href="/wiki/Evolusjon" title="Evolusjon">evolusjon</a>). Alle virveldyr er m.a.o. nærmere <a href="/wiki/Slektskap_(evolusjon)" title="Slektskap (evolusjon)">beslektet</a> med hverandre enn med arter som ikke er virveldyr.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Ukomplette grupper</b> er grupper der deler av gruppa ikke regnes med (slik som <a href="/wiki/Fisk" title="Fisk">fisk</a>, som også har gitt opphav til og derved burde omfatte <a href="/wiki/Landlevende_virveldyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlevende virveldyr">landlevende virveldyr</a>). Slike grupper kalles <i><a href="/wiki/Parafyletisk_gruppe" title="Parafyletisk gruppe">parafyletiske taxa</a></i> og kan være nyttige i noen sammenhenger, men blir forsøkt unngått i <a href="/wiki/Biologisk_systematikk" title="Biologisk systematikk">systematikken</a>. Likevel er fortsatt en del slike grupper i bruk (for eksempel <a href="/wiki/Krypdyr" title="Krypdyr">krypdyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beinfisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinfisk">beinfisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moser" title="Moser">moser</a> og mer). Grunnen til dette er at disse gruppene representerer lett identifiserbare biologiske eller evolusjonære enheter og var i bruk fra lenge før <a href="/wiki/Fylogenetisk_nomenklatur" title="Fylogenetisk nomenklatur">fylogenetisk nomenklatur</a> ble vanlig. Disse kalles også av enkelte <i>unaturlige grupper</i>, selv om de forsåvidt er naturlige (stammer fra en enkelt stamfar), men ikke komplette.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Kunstige grupper</b> er kunstige samlinger av organismer som har forskjellige opphav, slik som «alle dyr som kan fly», som omfatter både <a href="/wiki/Fugler" title="Fugler">fugler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flaggermus" title="Flaggermus">flaggermus</a> og <a href="/wiki/Insekter" title="Insekter">insekter</a>. Slike grupper kalles <i><a href="/wiki/Polyfyletisk_gruppe" title="Polyfyletisk gruppe">polyfyletiske taxa</a></i> og brukes ikke lenger i systematikken.</li></ul> <p>Ukomplette og kunstige grupper dukker av og til opp i <a href="/wiki/Biologisk_systematikk" title="Biologisk systematikk">systematikken</a> der arter og grupper av arter som ikke passer inn i det øvrige systemet har blitt samlet i <a href="/wiki/Oppsamlingstaxon" title="Oppsamlingstaxon">oppsamlingstaxa</a>. En del systematisk arbeide går ut på å identifisere slike grupper og sortere artene i naturlige grupper. Se for øvrig <a href="/wiki/Biologisk_systematikk" title="Biologisk systematikk">systematikk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klade" title="Klade">klade</a> og <a href="/wiki/Grade" title="Grade">grade</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overordnede_og_delgrupper">Overordnede og delgrupper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gruppe_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Overordnede og delgrupper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gruppe_(biologi)&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Overordnede og delgrupper"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Haeckel_arbol_bn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/200px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/300px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/400px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="3307" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stamtre_(evolusjon)" title="Stamtre (evolusjon)">Livets tre</a>, tegnet av <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> i 1866. Moderne stamtrær er mye mer detaljerte</figcaption></figure> <p>Alle grupper – bortsett fra <a href="/wiki/Liv#Liv_på_jorden" title="Liv">helheten av alt liv på jorden</a> – er del av større grupper. Tilsvarende består alle grupper – bortsett fra enkelte arter – av flere mindre grupper. De større gruppene som et gitt takson hører til, kalles for <b>overordnede</b> (eller <i>superordinerte</i>) grupper. Gruppene <a href="/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr">dyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryggstrengdyr" title="Ryggstrengdyr">ryggstrengdyr</a> og <a href="/wiki/Virveldyr" title="Virveldyr">virveldyr</a> er for eksempel overordnet <a href="/wiki/Pattedyr" title="Pattedyr">pattedyr</a>; og gruppene <a href="/wiki/Blomsterplanter" title="Blomsterplanter">blomsterplanter</a> og <a href="/wiki/Enfr%C3%B8bladete_planter" title="Enfrøbladete planter">enfrøbladete planter</a> er overordnet <a href="/wiki/Orkid%C3%A9familien" title="Orkidéfamilien">orkideer</a>. Det ligger i dette at for eksempel virveldyr inkluderer samtlige pattedyr, men samtidig er mer omfattende enn disse. Motsatt er pattedyr <b>underordnet</b> (eller <i>subordinert</i>) blant annet virveldyr, ryggstrengdyr og dyr. Naturlige grupper er <a href="/wiki/Hierarki" title="Hierarki">hierarkisk</a> organisert <sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Trenger_referanse" title="Hjelp:Trenger referanse"><span title="Foregående påstand trenger referanse">trenger referanse</span></a></i>]</sup>. Dette er en av grunnene til at slektskapsforhold mellom arter kan illustreres som et <a href="/wiki/Stamtre_(evolusjon)" title="Stamtre (evolusjon)">tre</a>. </p><p>Vanligvis angis grupper med en <a href="/wiki/Kategori_(biologi)" title="Kategori (biologi)">kategori</a> etter et system grunnlagt av <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné">Carl von Linné</a>. Disse kategoriene er et redskap for å skape oversikt, men gir i seg selv ikke noen informasjon ut over på hvilket nivå innenfor dette systemet man befinner seg. De formelle kategoriene er <a href="/wiki/Slekt_(biologi)" title="Slekt (biologi)">slekt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Familie_(biologi)" title="Familie (biologi)">familie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orden_(biologi)" title="Orden (biologi)">orden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klasse_(biologi)" title="Klasse (biologi)">klasse</a> og henholdsvis <a href="/wiki/Rekke_(biologi)" title="Rekke (biologi)">divisjon</a> og <a href="/wiki/Rekke_(biologi)" title="Rekke (biologi)">rekke</a> i botanikk og zoologi. Disse nivåene vil ofte være kjente og lett identifiserbare grupper, slik som <a href="/wiki/Pattedyr" title="Pattedyr">pattedyr</a> og <a href="/wiki/Fugler" title="Fugler">fugler</a>. Mange mulige grupper faller mellom disse kategoriene, og det er derfor en laget en del ekstra kategorier med forstavelser som super-, over-, under- og infra-. Mange grupper får ingen kategori i det hele tatt, og i forskere som jobber med <a href="/wiki/Fylogenetikk" title="Fylogenetikk">fylogenetikk</a> og kjenner stamteet de jobber med godt, bruker gjerne ikke kategorier i det hele tatt. </p><p>Antallet grupper et gitt taxson er en delgruppe av, kommer an på antall grener stamtreet har «under» det respektive taksonet. Ved hver forgrening i stamtreet oppstår en ny gruppe. Bare et fåtall av disse gruppene har norske navn, og heller ikke alle har fått <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatur_(biologi)" title="Nomenklatur (biologi)">vitenskapelige navn</a>. Pattedyr er for eksempel ikke bare medlem av gruppene virveldyr og dyr, men også av <a href="/wiki/Amniondyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniondyr">amniondyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landlevende_virveldyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlevende virveldyr">landlevende virveldyr</a>, Choanata, <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a>, Osteognathostomata, <a href="/wiki/Kjevemunner" title="Kjevemunner">kjevemunner</a> (mellom pattedyr og virveldyr), Notochordata, <a href="/wiki/Ryggstrengdyr" title="Ryggstrengdyr">ryggstrengdyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deuterostomier" title="Deuterostomier">deuterostomier</a>, Eutriploblastica, <a href="/wiki/Bilaterier" title="Bilaterier">bilaterier</a>, Acrosomata, Eumetazoa, Epitheliozoa (mellom virveldyr og dyr), og enda flere mer omfattende grupper. </p><p>Antallet grupper som er delgrupper av et gitt takson, kommer helt an på detaljnivået man velger. Det er for eksempel akkurat like korrekt å si at pattedyr består av kloakkdyr og egentlige pattedyr (to grupper) som å si at pattedyr består av nebbdyret, maurpinnsvin, pungdyr, gomlere, flaggermus, primater, rovdyr m.fl. (la oss si 30 grupper). I det andre tilfellet ble det ramset opp delgruppene av (delgruppene av) delgruppene, noe som nødvendigvis resulterer i et større tall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gruppe_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gruppe_(biologi)&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamtre_(evolusjon)" title="Stamtre (evolusjon)">Stamtre (evolusjon)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gruppe_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gruppe_(biologi)&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">ICZN (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp?booksection=glossary&nfv=true&mF=">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Glossary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050103202015/http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp?booksection=glossary&nfv=true&mF=">Arkivert</a> 3. januar 2005 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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