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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Piracy in China" and "Chinese piracy" redirect here. For maritime piracy in China, see <a href="/wiki/Piracy#East_Asia" title="Piracy">Piracy § East Asia</a>. For allegations of intellectual piracy by China, see <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_intellectual_property_theft_by_China" title="Allegations of intellectual property theft by China">Allegations of intellectual property theft by China</a>.</div> Intellectual property rights (IPRs) have been acknowledged and protected in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> since 1980. China has acceded to the major international conventions on protection of rights to <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>. Domestically, protection of intellectual property law has also been established by government legislation, administrative regulations, and decrees in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a>. China first began accepting foreign IP concepts when foreign countries forced the Qing dynasty to accept them as part of the bilateral treaties that followed the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a>. The early People's Republic of China abolished the statutes enacted by China's Nationalist government and adopted an approach to copyright, trademark, and patent issues more consistent with the model of the Soviet Union. Chinese policymakers became interested in integrating into the global IP framework as the government sought to import more technology in the 1970s. In the 1980s, China began to join international treaties on IP issues. After joining the World Trade Organization in 2001, it assumed IP obligations under the TRIPS Agreement and revised its domestic laws to conform to the TRIPS standards. Internationally, China's view is that the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) should be the primary international forum for IP rule-making. Generally, China's approach internationally is to advocate for maintaining the TRIPS standards, sometimes joining with other developing countries to oppose an increase in obligations beyond TRIPS. China's legal framework for intellectual property protection is developing rapidly as China becomes a source of innovation, although its IP framework is still less developed than most industrialized nations as of 2023. The general trend of its IP system has been to develop towards increasing similarity with the E.U. and U.S. systems. In 2011, China became the country filing the largest number of patents.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Most patents in China are not renewed after five years.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_framework">International framework</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: International framework">edit</a>]</div> Historically, China began accepting foreign IP concepts at the start of the 20th Century, abolished them when the PRC was established, and began acknowledging IP rights during <a href="/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and opening up">Reform and Opening up</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 15  In 1902, the Qing dynasty agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a> and agreed to establish domestic laws on IP in bilateral treaties that followed.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 16–17  After the <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit of United States President Richard Nixon</a> to the People's Republic of China, China increasingly sought to import technology.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 18  The desire to important technology prompted China to begin integrating itself into the global IP framework.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 18  In 1980, China became a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO). As of at least 2023, China's view is that WIPO should be the primary international forum for IP rule-making.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 184  China acceded to the WIPO-administered<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 184  the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Industrial_Property" title="Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property">Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property</a> on 19 December 1984 and became an official member on 19 March 1985.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> China also acceded to the WIPO-administered<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 184  <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid Agreement">Madrid Agreement for the International Registration of Trademarks</a> in June 1989.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> China is also a signatory to the WIPO-administered <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Treaty_on_Audiovisual_Performances" title="Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances">Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances</a>, which enhances performers' intellectual property rights.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 185–187  It is the only IP treaty named after a Chinese city.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 185  China acceded to the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works</a> in 1992<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and assumed its obligations under the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a> (TRIPS Agreement) when it joined the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> China's adoption of TRIPS incentivized Chinese policymakers to improve the country's regulatory structure to encourage national innovation and resulted in significant domestic policy reforms.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>: 2  The TRIPS agreement is also the basis of China's domestic IP law, as China conformed its IP law, including regarding patents, trademark, and copyright, to the TRIPS standards.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 23  Following the TRIPS Agreement, a recurring issue for the WTO has been discussion over the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">geographical indications</a> register (protecting GI wine and spirits) or a geographical indication extension which would go beyond wines and spirits.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 61–63  China's regional specialties are generally more geared towards agricultural products rather than wines and spirits, and tends to favor a geographical indication extension.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 63  IP was an important consideration during the course of China's negotiations to re-enter the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT).<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 19  In 2012, China hosted the China-<a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> Seminar on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional Knowledge</a>, and Genetic Resources.<a href="#cite_note-Loh-9">[9]</a> As of at least 2023, China's general approach in addressing IP issues in international forums is to maintain TRIPS Agreement standards and sometimes joining the proposals of other developing countries to oppose further increases in IP standards.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 25  China has also been trending towards increased alignment with the positions taken by developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 27  The global regulation of IP involves multiple non-hierarchical international institutions, and China sometimes adopts different or inconsistent proposals in different forums.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 25–27  Since the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Ministry of Commerce</a> (MOFCOM) in 2003, MOFCOM has generally been China's lead negotiator on IP issues in international forums.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 210–211  As part of the <a href="/wiki/Like-Minded_Megadiverse_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries">Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries</a> (LMMC), China promotes international negotiations on the disclosure of the origin of genetic resources in the context of patents.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 83–84  China is involved in discussions on the protection of genetic resources in a variety of international forums, including the TRIPS Council, the WIPO Intergovernmental Committee, and in its free-trade agreements.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 110  As of at least 2023, multilateral negotiations on the disclosure obligation feature strong disagreements between LMMC, EU, and the United States regarding whether a disclosure obligation is necessary and if so, how one should be implemented.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 83  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_legal_framework">National legal framework</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: National legal framework">edit</a>]</div> China's legal framework for intellectual property protection is developing rapidly as China becomes a source of innovation, although its IP framework is still less developed than most industrialized nations as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 2  The general trend of its IP system has been to develop towards increasing similarity with the E.U. and U.S. systems.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 267  China established its first Trademark Law in 1982, its Patent Law in 1984, and its Copyright Law in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 19  It comprehensively amended these laws after it joined the World Trade Organization in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 52  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trademark_law">Trademark law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trademark law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trademark_law_of_China" title="Trademark law of China">Trademark law of China</a></div> In 1950, China issued Procedures for Dealing with Trademarks Registered at the Trademark Office of the Former Kuomintang Government which eliminated all trademarks registered under the Nationalist government.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a>: 59  Provisional Regulations on Trademark Registration, issued in the same year, allowed registration of foreign trademarks.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a>: 59  Few holders used the procedures.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a>: 59  In conformity with the TRIPS Agreement, China amended the Trademark Law in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 20  China uses a first-to-file trademark registration system.<a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-12">[12]</a>: 230  Trademark registrants do not need to demonstrate their prior use of a trademark.<a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-12">[12]</a>: 230  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_law">Copyright law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Copyright law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Software_copyright_in_China" title="Software copyright in China">Software copyright in China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The concept of copyright in China has been found to exist at least as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279). The publishers of a work at that time wrote on the final page of a text that it could not be copied. The first modern official code was implemented in 1910 at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1912). A new version was issued in 1915 during the <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yiping-13">[13]</a> On May 23, 1928, the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Government">Nationalist Government</a> enacted a copyright law that covered books, music, paintings, photographs, engravings, and models. The copyright for most items existed for 30 years after the death of the author. Translations of literary works had a 20-year copyright and photographs had a 10-year copyright after publication. Corporate copyright existed for 30 years after publication.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The People's Republic of China abolished the Republic of China statutes in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a>: 56  The PRC found the Soviet intellectual model more consistent with traditional Chinese thinking than the Republic of China model, as the Soviet model accorded with the idea that through invention or creation, people engaged in social activities drawing on a body of knowledge that belonged to all people.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a>: 56–57  In contrast to patents and trademarks, the early PRC did not issue comparable copyright regulations.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a>: 59  Instead, official policy in this area was set by resolutions passed in the early 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a>: 60  These included editorial rules by which state publishing entities were encouraged to memorialize the author-publisher relationship in contracts which would cover submitting manuscripts, publication, and payment.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a>: 60  A copyright statute was not adopted until 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Yiping-13">[13]</a> WIPO provided technical assistance to China during the drafting of the 1990 Copyright Law.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 183  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Current_law">Current law</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current law">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Copyright_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China">Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China</a></div></div></div> </div> The Copyright Law was amended in 2000 to ensure compliance with China's obligations under the TRIPS Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 20  In 2015, the National Copyright Administration required all domestic online music platforms to remove unlicensed music or face severe sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-12">[12]</a>: 103  An influential decision by the Beijing Internet Court has ruled that <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_industry_in_China" title="Artificial intelligence industry in China">artificial intelligence</a>-generated content is entitled to copyright protection.<a href="#cite_note-:023-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patent_law">Patent law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Patent law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Patent_law_of_China" title="Patent law of China">Patent law of China</a></div> In 1950, the PRC issued Provisional Regulations on the Protection of Invention Rights and Patent Rights.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a>: 57–58  The PRC's early regulations provided for inventors' patent rights, but these were abolished fairly quickly under the view that patent rights were incompatible with socialism.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 183  China then followed the model of the Soviet Union's investor certificates, honorary titles that were granted to investors without remuneration.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 183  Just prior to the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, China completely abolished its patent regulations.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 17–18  In 1984, China passed the Patent Law of the PRC to encourage invention-creation and to promote the development of science and technology.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The subsequent Implementing Regulations of the Patent Law of the PRC added clarification.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition to <a href="/wiki/Inventions_Patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventions Patents">invention patents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Design_patent" title="Design patent">design patents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utility_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Utility patents">utility patents</a> are available under Chinese law.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 140  In cases of joint patentees, the default rule in China is that each patentee can grant nonexclusive license without the other joint patentees' consent.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 140  Joint patentees can avoid application of this default rule by agreement, however.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 140  As compared to the United States, China has more non-patentable matters.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 140  Pharmaceuticals and chemicals were not patentable under the 1984 Patent Law, but became patentable after the law was amended in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 20  A bilateral memorandum of understanding with the United States made this amendment to domestic law necessary.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 20  China accepted this requirement because it would have ultimately been necessary in order for China to re-enter GATT.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 21  The Patent Law was again amended in 2000 to ensure compliance with China's obligations under the TRIPS Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 20  In 2008, amendments to the Patent Law added provisions on the protection of genetic resources.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 96–97  These amendments established a disclosure obligation for genetic resources, a domestic provision which developed from the positions China took in negotiating on this issue in the TRIPS Council.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 110  2010 Implementation Rules of the Patent Law define genetic resources as any material taken from a human, animal, plant, or microorganism containing genetically functioning units with actual or potential value.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 27  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_legislation_and_regulations">Other legislation and regulations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other legislation and regulations">edit</a>]</div> Apart from major legislation on trademarks, copyright and patents, a few other laws and regulations have been passed to deal with intellectual property related issues. In 1986, the General Principles of Civil Law was adopted to protect the lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons, and to correctly regulate civil relations. Articles 94–97 of the General Principles of Civil Law deal with intellectual property rights of Chinese citizens and legal persons.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1990s, many more pieces of legislation were passed to perfect the intellectual property protection system. These include the Regulations on Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights (1995) and the Law Against Unfair Competition of the PRC (1993).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The latter prohibited the passing off of registered trademarks, infringing trade secrets, the illegal use of well-known goods or names of other people, as well as other misleading and deceptive conduct. The Advertising Law of the PRC was passed in 1994 and extensively revised in 2015, to now include a joint liability with the advertising spokesperson, special regulations on public interest advertising, and most importantly a definition of misleading advertisement.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anti_Monopoly_Law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti Monopoly Law of China">Anti-Monopoly Law</a> provides for investigating unreasonable IP licensing fees and authority for further supplementary regulations on IP issues.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 124  The Law of Seeds (2000) established the principle of state sovereignty over the regulation of <a href="/wiki/Germplasm" title="Germplasm">germplasm</a> resources for plant seeds.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 97  Eight years later, amendments to the Patent Law more broadly addressed protection for genetic resources.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 96–97  Although rarely enforced, the Administration of Technology Import/Export Regulations (TIER) previously prohibited foreign enterprises licensing their technology to China from restricting where that technology could be used and required them to waive any rights related to subsequent improvements to the technology.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 100  The provisions of TIER had been the subject of a number of WTO disputes.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 100  In March 2019, China agreed to revoke some of the TIER provisions.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 100 A Foreign Investment Law introduced in late 2019 banned forced technology transfers.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a>: 170  With regard to artificial intelligence, the <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Cyberspace Administration of China</a> issued draft measures which, among other provisions, obligate tech companies to implement safeguards to ensure their <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_industry_in_China" title="Artificial intelligence industry in China">artificial intelligence</a> platforms respect intellectual property rights.<a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-12">[12]</a>: 278  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_indications">Geographical indications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geographical indications">edit</a>]</div> The use of place names as part of product names to emphasize regional specialties existed in China for over 3,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 49  China first encountered European-style <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">geographical indications</a> as intellectual property following <a href="/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and opening up">Reform and Opening Up</a> in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 49  Under China's 1984 Trademark Law, geographical names were excluded from trademark registration and in 1986, the <a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Industry_and_Commerce" title="State Administration for Industry and Commerce">State Administration for Industry and Commerce</a> prohibited the use of geographical names of administrative divisions at or above the county levels as trademarks.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 50  However, regulators in China began protecting foreign geographical indications on a case-by-case basis.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 51–52  In the 2001 amendments to China's Trademark Law, China adopted the provision on geographical indications from the TRIPS Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 53  Under this standard, if a trademark contains a place name but the product does not originate in that area, the geographical name should not be used or registered given the risk of misleading the public.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 53  A <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandfather clause</a> provides an exception where an otherwise prohibited trademark already registered in good faith remains valid.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 53  The <a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Quality_Supervision,_Inspection_and_Quarantine" title="General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine">General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine</a> (AQSIQ) established a <a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a> system to cover the use of geographical indication products through the 2005 Provisions on the Protection of GI Products.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 53  These regulations establish protection and requirements for products using place names if (1) the product is grown or bred from a certain place name location and all of the raw materials come from that place, (2) products produced elsewhere but for which all of the raw materials come from the place name location, and (3) products where some of the raw materials come from elsewhere but are produced in the place name location using specialized techniques.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 53–54  This approach is intended to accommodate the use of geographical indications in handicrafts like embroidery or ceramics.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 54  The regulation sets strict standards for products produced under the geographical indication, and non-compliance results in a producer losing the ability to use the place name.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 54  In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(China)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (China)">Ministry of Agriculture</a> (MOA) issued a regulation on the protection of agricultural geographical indication products.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 54  These are defined as including plants, animals, and microorganisms.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 54  <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">China and the European Union</a> signed a GI agreement in September 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 67  The agreement developed from pilot programs over the preceding eight years in which China and the EU worked on mutual registering and protection of geographical indications.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 67  The 2020 agreement extends mutual recognition of geographical indications to 275 from each side.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 67  The 2020 U.S.-China Economic and Trade Agreement required China to amend its domestic regulations regarding geographic indications, including to provide that geographical indications may become generic over time.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 68  As of 2023, nine of China's bilateral <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreements</a> include provisions dealing with geographical indications.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 69  China has generally taken a flexible approach with regard to these provisions and proceeds on the basis of reciprocity.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 74  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Implementation">edit</a>]</div> More than 30 government ministries are involved in domestic IP governance.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 26  To enforce IPR protection, an administrative system has been established within the government. After the reshuffle of the State Council in March 1998, the Patent Office became part of the <a href="/wiki/State_Intellectual_Property_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="State Intellectual Property Office">State Intellectual Property Office</a> (SIPO). In 2011, SIPO became the world's largest patent office.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 4  SIPO developed its own Traditional Chinese Medicine Patent database compiling patents granted for <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 214  In September 2018, SIPO was renamed the China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA).<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 213  The Trademarks Office is still under the authority of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Copyright Office falls within the State Administration for Press and Publication. A similar system exists at various levels of local government. Commonly, enforcement of IPRs will be carried out by local IPRs personnel, assisted by police from the local Public Security Bureau.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] China's IP regulators and policy-makers generally maintain close contact with their peers from developed countries and in international institutions.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 26  In addition to government bodies, non-state actors are also involved in China's engagement on IP issues.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 26  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy_approach">Policy approach</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Policy approach">edit</a>]</div> China released its National IP Strategy in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 4  Since 2012, China frames intellectual property as an important part of its strategy of driving development through innovation.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 4  In 2013, China issued its Action Plan on Further Implementing the National IP Strategy (2014–2020).<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 21  It sets numerical targets for patent applications, trademark registrations, and copyright registrations.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 22  In 2015, China described its IP as an important mechanism for stimulating innovation, increasing China's technological competitiveness, and facilitating development.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 22  Influenced by these policies, China in 2019 became the largest user of the WIPO's <a href="/wiki/Patent_Cooperation_Treaty" title="Patent Cooperation Treaty">Patent Cooperation Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 22  Since the 2010s, continuing through at least 2023, China has been active in negotiating IP rules in regional trade agreements like <a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">RCEP</a>, bilateral agreements, and the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 4  In conjunction with the BRI, China does not attempt to impose IP standards on participating countries.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 242  It works with WIPO to implement training and events design to increase the IP governing capacity of BRI countries.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 242  In 2016, WIPO initiated the High-Level Conference on Intellectual Property for BRI Countries, where WIPO Director General <a href="/wiki/Francis_Gurry" title="Francis Gurry">Francis Gurry</a> encouraged participating countries to use WIPO tools like its global IP services and databases and to join WIPO-administered IP treaties.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 187  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courts_and_tribunals">Courts and tribunals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Courts and tribunals">edit</a>]</div> In the 1980s, Chinese courts and regulators began to enforce intellectual property protections on the basis international treaties China had signed before corresponding domestic IP laws were yet in place.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 216  The number of IP cases prosecuted criminally in Chinese courts has been on a significant upward trend from 2005 to 2015,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> suggesting tougher enforcement of IP laws.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a>: 169  In patent litigation, infringement and invalidation claims generally proceed separately rather than being addressed at the same trial.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 140  Foreign firms have been increasingly successful in litigating patent infringement suits in China, winning approximately 70% of the time in the period 2006 to 2011, and rising to approximately 80% in the late 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a>: 169–170  Since 2008, filings for patent and trademark protection by both Chinese and national firms have skyrocketed, leading to increased government focus on IP protection, including establishing specialized intellectual property courts to more effectively resolve disputes.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a>: 169  In October 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a> provided additional regulatory guidance on specialized intellectual property court jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> The specialized IP courts sit at the intermediate court level and have first instance jurisdiction over all technically complex civil and administrative IP cases (including patents, new plant varieties, integrated circuit layout designs, trade secrets, and computer software). They also have first instance jurisdiction over well-known trademarks and deal with all other IP cases upon appeal from the basic people's courts in their province.86 In terms of administrative law, the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Intellectual_Property_Court" title="Beijing Intellectual Property Court">Beijing Intellectual Property Court</a> also has special, first-instance jurisdiction over administrative appeals brought against decisions issued by administrative IP adjudication bodies.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> Since 2017, the system has expanded to include 20 specialized IP tribunals across the country.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[20]</a> Although these tribunals are administratively a part of the intermediate people's court in their city, they have cross-regional and exclusive subject matter jurisdiction over IP cases—similar to the IP courts established in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[20]</a> In 2019, the city of <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> established a pilot program artificial intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate internet-related intellectual property claims as well as ecommerce disputes.<a href="#cite_note-:9222-21">[21]</a>: 124  Parties appear before the court via videoconference and AI evaluates the evidence presented and applies relevant legal standards.<a href="#cite_note-:9222-21">[21]</a>: 124  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difficulties">Difficulties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Difficulties">edit</a>]</div> Sometimes local protectionism may dilute the strength of central legislation or the power of law enforcement. For example, local governments might not want to genuinely support the work of copyright protection supervisors. It may create obstacles during IPRs investigation and assist local counterfeiters by letting them hide their production lines in safer places. When counterfeiters have good connections with local governmental or law enforcement officials, they may find an umbrella for their counterfeiting activity.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Chinese government-sponsored search-engine <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> provides links to third-party websites that offer online counterfeit products as well as access to counterfeit hardware and merchandise. The Chinese government dominates 70% of its country's search engine revenue and has been called on by US officials to limit the activity of online counterfeiting groups.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cases">Cases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cases">edit</a>]</div> The first major dispute on violation of intellectual property rights was filed in April 1992 by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yongmin" title="Wang Yongmin">Wang Yongmin</a>, the inventor of <a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi</a>, against <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dongnan_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dongnan Corporation (page does not exist)">Dongnan Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-qq-25">[25]</a> In March 1992 Chinese authorities found that Shenzhen reflective materials institute had copied 650,000 Microsoft Corporation holograms. The institute was found to be guilty of trademark infringement against Microsoft and was fined US$252. Losses to Microsoft as a result of the infringement are estimated at US$30 million.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In the 1994 Disney v. Beijing Publishing House case dealt with how a Chinese court would apply international agreements in copyright disputes.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 216  The dispute resulted when Disney licensed its copyright to a licensee, who in turn violated the license agreement by improperly licensing copyright material to Beijing Publishing House.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 216  Disney sued for copyright infringement, but the licensing agreement pre-dated the 1992 China-U.S. Memorandum of Understanding that first provided for reciprocal copyright protection between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 216  The court decided to apply the MOU to the dispute and to construe it as a treaty, ordering Beijing Publishing House to pay damages to Disney.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 216–217  In 2001, the China Environmental Project Tech Inc. filed a patent infringement lawsuit against American company Huayang Electronics Co. and Japanese FKK after those companies profited using a CEPT patented technique for using seawater in a fuel gas desulphurization process.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Though the Supreme Court ruled in favor of CEPT, the court failed to issue an injunction because the infringing process was being used to generate electricity and an injunction would interfere with the public interest. The court instead awarded RMB 50 million to CEPT.<a href="#cite_note-MWE_China_Law_Offices-28">[28]</a> In 2007, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CHINT_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CHINT Group (page does not exist)">CHINT Group</a> Co. Ltd sued French low-voltage electronics manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Schneider_Electric" title="Schneider Electric">Schneider</a> for infringement of a circuit breaker utility model patent. The Wenzhou Intermediate People's Court ruled in CHINT's favor, awarding RMB 334.8 million to the Chinese manufacturer, the highest amount ever in a Chinese IP case. After Schneider appealed to the High Court of Zhejiang province, the courts mediated the issue and the parties settled for RMB 157.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-MWE_China_Law_Offices-28">[28]</a> In its judgement, the Wenzhou Intermediate People's Court labeled the case "the no. 1 case of patent infringement in China". At the EU–China summit 2007, <a href="/wiki/EU_Trade_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Trade Commissioner">EU Trade Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Peter Mandelson</a> said, "I regard the SCHNEIDER case as a test case of the level playing field in China on intellectual property protection that we want to see".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a> sued its major competitor <a href="/wiki/NetEase" title="NetEase">NetEase</a> alleging copyright infringement.<a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-12">[12]</a>: 102  Tencent used its leverage from the suit to convince NetEase to sublicense music rights from Tencent.<a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-12">[12]</a>: 102  The sub-licensing arrangement that resulted then became a model used by other online music platforms in China.<a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-12">[12]</a>: 102  In 2016 <a href="/wiki/The_Lego_Group" title="The Lego Group">the Lego group</a> sued a manufacturer in China over copyright infringement involving sales worth more than 330 million RMB. In 2020 a Shanghai court sentenced nine individuals to three to six years of prison time and fines of up to 90 million RMB.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 2018 <a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron Technology</a>, a U.S. memory chip maker, accused Chinese competitor <a href="/wiki/Fujian_Jinhua_Integrated_Circuit" title="Fujian Jinhua Integrated Circuit">Fujian Jinhua</a> and Taiwanese manufacturer <a href="/wiki/United_Microelectronics_Corporation" title="United Microelectronics Corporation">UMC</a> of stealing chip designs.<a href="#cite_note-:02-32">[32]</a> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> (DOJ) announced an indictment against Fujian Jinhua and UMC.<a href="#cite_note-:12-33">[33]</a> In October 2020, UMC pleaded guilty and agreed to pay a fine in exchange for cooperating with the DOJ.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In February 2024, US District Judge <a href="/wiki/Maxine_M._Chesney" title="Maxine M. Chesney">Maxine M. Chesney</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> acquitted Fujian Jinhua of the charge in a non-jury verdict, judging that the prosecutor failed to provide sufficient evidence.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In September 2019, Levi's won final judgment in <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Intellectual_Property_Court" title="Beijing Intellectual Property Court">Guangzhou IP Court</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Trademark_infringement" title="Trademark infringement">trademark infringement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhou, China">Guangzhou, China</a>. The case centred on the "arcuate design on two pockets at the back of jeans", which has been protected in China since its registration there in 2005. The company won damages and costs in addition to a ban on future infringements. The infringer's ignorance of the trademark was no bar to punishment.<a href="#cite_note-lex19-38">[38]</a> In 2021 Belgian artist Christian Silvain sued Chinese artist Ye Yongqing for plagiarism. Since the 1990s, Ye's works have taken on composition and motifs similar to those of Silvain. On 24 August 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Intellectual_Property_Court" title="Beijing Intellectual Property Court">Beijing Intellectual Property Court</a> awarded €650,000 ($696,000) in damages to Silvain, the highest amount so far for cases related to fine arts in China, and ordered Ye to make a public apology in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a>. It was still lower than what Silvain had hoped for, but as of September 2023 his lawyers had not appealed the ruling for a larger sum.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S.–China_relations">U.S.–China relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: U.S.–China relations">edit</a>]</div> IP first became a significant negotiating point between the countries in establishing the U.S.-China Agreement on High Energy Physics and the U.S.-China Agreement on Trade Relations.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 19  Those agreements were reached in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 19  The two countries negotiated four bilateral <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memoranda of understanding</a> dealing with IP issues over the period 1988 to 1996.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 19  During the early 1990s, the U.S. often criticized China's IP protections and at times threatened unilateral retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 184  WIPO defended China's progress and in 1993 WIPO Director General <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Bogsch" title="Árpád Bogsch">Árpád Bogsch</a> described China's intellectual property development as unprecedented in the history of intellectual property.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 184  China cited Bogsch's statement in responding to U.S. criticism and the dynamic led to growth in the China-WIPO relationship.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 184  In 2007, the U.S. sued China in the WTO, resulting in China's further amendment of domestic IP laws to comply with the WTO panel's decision.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 21  To streamline the patent application process for patentees filing under both the Chinese and United States systems, the <a href="/wiki/State_Intellectual_Property_Office_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Intellectual Property Office of the People's Republic of China">State Intellectual Property Office of the People's Republic of China</a> (SIPO) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">U.S. Patent and Trademark Office</a> (USPTO) established a <a href="/wiki/Patent_Prosecution_Highway" title="Patent Prosecution Highway">Patent Prosecution Highway</a> (PPH) pilot program on December 1, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 141  In an effort to facilitate renewable energy research and development collaboration by providing more predictability to the patent process, the <a href="/wiki/US%E2%80%93China_Clean_Energy_Research_Center" title="US–China Clean Energy Research Center">U.S.–China Clean Energy Research Center</a> (CERC) established a novel Technology Management Plan to govern intellectual property issues arising under its projects.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 130–131  Within CERC, owners who brought IP to CERC retained "all right, title, and interest in their background IP" and were not required to license, assign, or transfer it.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 131  The CERC Technology Management Plan required, in the event of dispute, that the parties should attempt to reach a mutually agreeable resolution.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 132  If none could be reached, the Technology Management Plan required submission of the dispute to arbitration in accordance with the rules of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law" title="United Nations Commission on International Trade Law">United Nations Commission on International Trade Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 132  No instances of arbitration were ultimately required by CERC.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 132  In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Office of the United States Trade Representative</a> once again placed China on its "priority watch list" for <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights violations, along with other nations.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In addition, the U.S., based on claims brought to it by the China Copyright Alliance (CCA)—a group of major copyright industry associations and select companies—brought two <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) cases against China, one focused on intellectual property rights violations, and one based on market access deficiencies. In both cases, it was ruled that China must change its operating standards to comply with WTO rules; in the IPR case, a helpful standard was established as to the definition of "commercial scale" for which criminal penalties would be required, but found that the U.S. had not supplied sufficient evidence to show that China's 500 copy threshold for criminal liability left some "commercial scale" infringement cases without a criminal remedy.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Chamber_of_Commerce_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="American Chamber of Commerce in the People's Republic of China">American Chamber of Commerce in the People's Republic of China</a> surveyed over 500 of its members doing business in China regarding IPR for its 2016 China Business Climate Survey Report, and found that IPR enforcement is improving, but significant challenges still remain. The results show that the laws in place exceed their actual enforcement, with patent protection receiving the highest approval rate, while protection of trade secrets lags far behind. Many US companies have said that Chinese companies have stolen their intellectual property some time between 2009 and 2019.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> There are three main ways to address this issue. One is to bring a case to the WTO, which usually takes years to reach a final decision and requires a standard of proof against Chinese laws with respect to WTO rules that can be difficult to meet. Another avenue is unilateral restrictions on Chinese exports and investment, possibly leading to retaliations and a trade war. A third avenue is the negotiation of a bilateral investment treaty (BIT) with China that contains a dispute settlement mechanism between states and investors in order to ensure effective enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The 2020 U.S.-China Economic and Trade Agreement includes the highest IP enforcement standards of any U.S. bilateral agreement.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 4  It includes provisions on patent linkages, patent term extensions, data exclusivity, trade secrets, and higher criminal standards for infringement.<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a>: 22  Although legal disputes between American and Chinese entities alleging mishandling or misappropriation of intellectual property occur, the most frequent basis for disputes stems from misunderstandings based on the differing IP rules and legal systems of the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 141  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_intellectual_property_theft_by_China" title="Allegations of intellectual property theft by China">Allegations of intellectual property theft by China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_International_Copyright_Expo" title="China International Copyright Expo">China International Copyright Expo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Technology_Trade#First_Sino-American_Forum_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" title="International Association for Technology Trade">First Sino-American Forum of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_copyright_infringement_in_China" title="Music copyright infringement in China">Music copyright infringement in China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHuZhangZhao2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hu, Albert G.Z.; Zhang, Peng; Zhao, Lijing (January 2017). 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CNBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Chinese+theft+of+trade+secrets+on+the+rise%2C+the+US+Justice+Department+warns&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft.aulast=Hungerford&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F09%2F23%2Fchinese-theft-of-trade-secrets-is-on-the-rise-us-doj-warns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+property+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2017/10/03/section-301-us-investigates-allegations-of-forced-technology-transfers-to-china/">"Section 301: US investigates allegations of forced technology transfers to China"</a>. East Asia Forum. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Asia+Forum&rft.atitle=Section+301%3A+US+investigates+allegations+of+forced+technology+transfers+to+China&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastasiaforum.org%2F2017%2F10%2F03%2Fsection-301-us-investigates-allegations-of-forced-technology-transfers-to-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+property+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_property_in_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Clark, Douglas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/patent-litigation-in-china-2e-9780198724445?cc=hk&lang=en&">Patent Litigation China</a>, 2nd Ed (2015), Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Farah, Paolo Davide and Cima, Elena, "China's Participation in the World Trade Organization: Trade in Goods, Services, Intellectual Property Rights and Transparency Issues" in Aurelio Lopez-Tarruella Martinez (ed.), El comercio con China. Oportunidades empresariales, incertidumbres jurídicas, Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia (Spain) 2010, pp. 85–121. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8456-981-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8456-981-7">978-84-8456-981-7</a>. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1527992">SSRN.com</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeng2003" class="citation book cs1">Feng, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s9E5AQAAIAAJ">Intellectual Property in China</a> (2 ed.). Sweet & Maxwell Asia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-661-217-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-661-217-0"><bdi>978-962-661-217-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Property+in+China&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Sweet+%26+Maxwell+Asia&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-962-661-217-0&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds9E5AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+property+in+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2005" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Christopher, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIE1feDHAyUC&q=Intellectual%20Property%20Law%20in%20China&pg=PP1">Intellectual Property Law in China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kluwer_Law_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer Law International">Kluwer Law International</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789041123404" title="Special:BookSources/9789041123404"><bdi>9789041123404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Property+Law+in+China&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789041123404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVIE1feDHAyUC%26q%3DIntellectual%2520Property%2520Law%2520in%2520China%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+property+in+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMertha2005" class="citation book cs1">Mertha, Andrew C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofpiracy00mert">The Politics of Piracy: Intellectual Property in Contemporary China</a>. Ithaca, New York: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801443644" title="Special:BookSources/0801443644"><bdi>0801443644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Piracy%3A+Intellectual+Property+in+Contemporary+China&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0801443644&rft.aulast=Mertha&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsofpiracy00mert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+property+in+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPang2006" class="citation book cs1">Pang, Laikwan (2006). Cultural control and globalization in Asia: copyright, piracy, and cinema. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35201-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35201-7"><bdi>978-0-415-35201-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+control+and+globalization+in+Asia%3A+copyright%2C+piracy%2C+and+cinema&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35201-7&rft.aulast=Pang&rft.aufirst=Laikwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+property+in+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Safran, Brian J., "Western Perceptions of China's Intellectual Property System," U. Puerto Rico Bus. L.J. (Vol. 3, Iss. 2) Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uprblj.org/issues/volume%203%20issue%202/articles/3.2-UPRBLJ-135-Brian-Safran-A-Critical-Look-at-Western-Perceptions-of-Chinas-Intellectual-Property-System-06-01-2012.pdf">uprblj.com</a></li> <li>Suttmeier, Richard P. and Xiangkui Yao, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=520">China's IP Transition: Rethinking Intellectual Property Rights in a Rising China</a> (NBR Special Report, July 2011)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXue_HongZheng_Chengsi2002" class="citation book cs1">Xue Hong; Zheng Chengsi (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9tI5AQAAIAAJ">Chinese Intellectual Property Law: In the 21st Century</a>. Sweet & Maxwell Asia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-661-044-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-661-044-2"><bdi>978-962-661-044-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Intellectual+Property+Law%3A+In+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Sweet+%26+Maxwell+Asia&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-962-661-044-2&rft.au=Xue+Hong&rft.au=Zheng+Chengsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9tI5AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntellectual+property+in+China" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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China">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China" title="Hedge fund industry in China">Hedge fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Media</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_China" title="Category:Mining in China">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">gold mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_industry_in_China" title="Mobile phone industry in China">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Online gaming in China">Online gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_farming_industry_in_China" title="Pearl farming industry in China">Pearl farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China" title="Pharmaceutical industry in China">Pharmaceuticals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_in_China" title="Pharmacy in China">pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing_industry_in_China" title="Publishing industry in China">Publishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing_in_China" title="Academic publishing in China">academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_China" title="Radio in China">Radio</a></li> <li>Railway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_equipment_industry_in_China" title="Railway equipment industry in China">equipment industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_industry_in_China" title="Rare earth industry in China">Rare earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_China" title="Real estate in China">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_industry_in_China" title="Securities industry in China">Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy_industry_in_China" title="Sex toy industry in China">Sex toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_in_China" title="Silk industry in China">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_industry_in_China" title="Software industry in China">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry_in_China" title="Telecommunications industry in China">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in China">Video gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/National_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones" title="National Economic and Technological Development Zones">Development Zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_Software_Park" title="Dalian Software Park">Dalian Software Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China" title="Megalopolises in China">Megalopolises in China </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special Economic Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_Industrial_Park" title="Suzhou Industrial Park">Suzhou Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiang_Hi-Tech_Park" title="Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park">Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_China" title="Category:Energy in China">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_China" title="Oil shale in China">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refineries_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refineries in China">Oil refineries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China" title="Nuclear power in China">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_China" title="Wind power in China">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_China" title="Solar power in China">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_China" title="Geothermal power in China">Geothermal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_in_China" title="Category:Trade in China">Trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Infrastructure_in_China" title="Category:Infrastructure in China">infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_for_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of trade for the People's Republic of China">Trade history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_China_World_Trade_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The China World Trade Center">World Trade Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_China" title="Postage stamps and postal history of China">Postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">Illegal drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Trade_Development_Council" title="Hong Kong Trade Development Council">Hong Kong Trade Development Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ports_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ports of China">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_China" title="List of exports of China">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_China" title="List of the largest trading partners of China">Trading partners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">Law and regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Tax system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China">Labor contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_relations_in_China" title="Labor relations in China">Labor relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intellectual property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Finance_in_China" title="Category:Finance in China">Finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Banking_in_China" title="Category:Banking in China">banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Accounting_in_China" title="Category:Accounting in China">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_China" title="History of banking in China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_China" title="List of banks in China">Other banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Financial_Street" title="Beijing Financial Street">Beijing Financial Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese financial system">Financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Banknote_Printing_and_Minting_Corporation" title="China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation">China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Chengtong_Holdings_Group" title="China Chengtong Holdings Group">China Chengtong Holdings Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Government_Guidance_Fund" title="China Government Guidance Fund">China Government Guidance Fund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China-Africa_Development_Fund" title="China-Africa Development Fund">China-Africa Development Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Integrated_Circuit_Industry_Investment_Fund" title="China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund">China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Internet_Investment_Fund" title="China Internet Investment Fund">China Internet Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Reform_Holdings_Corporation" title="China Reform Holdings Corporation">China Reform Holdings Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fund_for_Technology_Transfer_and_Commercialisation" title="National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation">National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Investment_Corporation" title="China Investment Corporation">China Investment Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CITIC_Group" title="CITIC Group">CITIC Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_China" title="Financial services in China">Financial services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign exchange reserves of China">Foreign exchange reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China" title="Hedge fund industry in China">Hedge fund industry</a></li> <li>Stock Exchanges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_Commodity_Exchange" title="Dalian Commodity Exchange">Dalian Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Equities_Exchange_and_Quotations" title="National Equities Exchange and Quotations">National Equities Exchange and Quotations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Stock_Exchange" title="Beijing Stock Exchange">Beijing Stock Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange">Shanghai Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SSE_Composite_Index" title="SSE Composite Index">SSE Composite Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Metal_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Metal Exchange">Shanghai Metal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_Executive_Council" title="Stock Exchange Executive Council">Stock Exchange Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange" title="Shenzhen Stock Exchange">Shenzhen Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SZSE_Component_Index" title="SZSE Component Index">SZSE Component Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Commodity_Exchange" title="Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange">Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_China" title="Category:Economy of China">Government institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce" title="All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce">All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-China Federation of Trade Unions">All-China Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Council_for_the_Promotion_of_International_Trade" title="China Council for the Promotion of International Trade">China Council for the Promotion of International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Securities_Regulatory_Commission" title="China Securities Regulatory Commission">China Securities Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs" title="General Administration of Customs">General Administration of Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology" title="Ministry of Industry and Information Technology">Ministry of Industry and Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Financial_Regulatory_Administration_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Financial Regulatory Administration (China)">National Financial Regulatory Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development and Reform Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Commission" title="National Energy Commission">National Energy Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission">State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Market_Regulation" title="State Administration for Market Regulation">State Administration for Market Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Foreign_Exchange" title="State Administration of Foreign Exchange">State Administration of Foreign Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration of Taxation">State Administration of Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_development_in_China" title="Category:Economic development in China">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_China" title="International rankings of China">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare in China">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_China" title="Income inequality in China">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_credit_cooperative" title="Rural credit cooperative">Rural credit cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">National economic initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_prosperity" title="Common prosperity">Common prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_circulation" title="Dual circulation">Dual circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">Go Out policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Made_in_China_2025" title="Made in China 2025">Made in China 2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Business_China" title="Youth Business China">Youth Business China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regional economic initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beibu_Gulf_Economic_Rim" title="Beibu Gulf Economic Rim">Beibu Gulf Economic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Economic_Rim" title="Bohai Economic Rim">Bohai Economic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Macau_Greater_Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area">Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Revitalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast China Revitalization">Northeast China Revitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta_Economic_Zone" title="Pearl River Delta Economic Zone">Pearl River Delta Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Central_China_Plan" title="Rise of Central China Plan">Rise of Central China Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Taiwan_Straits_Economic_Zone" title="Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone">Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone">Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Economic_Zone" title="Zhongyuan Economic Zone">Zhongyuan Economic Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_bubble_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Chinese property bubble (2005–2011)">2005–2011 property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_export_recalls" title="2007 Chinese export recalls">2007 export</a> / <a href="/wiki/2007_pet_food_recalls" title="2007 pet food recalls">pet food recalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007" title="Chinese stock bubble of 2007">2007 stock bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_slave_scandal" title="2007 Chinese slave scandal">2007 slave scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_stimulus_program" title="Chinese economic stimulus program">2008–2009 economic stimulus plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">2010 Expo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence">2015–16 stock market turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_protein_export_contamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese protein export contamination">Protein export contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree" title="2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree">2020–2021 reform spree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_China" title="Bankruptcy in China">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_China" title="List of companies of China">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Chinese_companies" title="List of largest Chinese companies">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_500_Enterprises_of_China" title="Top 500 Enterprises of China">Top 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_State-owned_enterprises_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of State-owned enterprises in China">Largest SOEs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hongs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hongs">The Hongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_in_China" title="Globalization in China">Globalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_women_in_China" title="Globalization and women in China">Globalization and women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Standards_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Standards of the People's Republic of China">National Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Compulsory_Certificate" title="China Compulsory Certificate">China Compulsory Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Made_in_China" title="Made in China">Made in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingong" title="Mingong">Mingong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_by_net_worth" title="List of Chinese by net worth">List of Chinese by net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_economists" title="Category:Chinese economists">Chinese economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_China" title="Category:Economy of China">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia" title="Economy of East Asia">Economy of East Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copyright_law_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Template:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Template talk:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copyright_law_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Copyright law by country</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_copyright_acts" title="List of copyright acts">Copyright acts by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_copyright_case_law" title="List of copyright case law">Copyright case law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries%27_copyright_lengths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries' copyright lengths">Copyright lengths by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_copyright_treaties" title="International copyright treaties">International copyright treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_copyright_agreements" title="List of parties to international copyright agreements">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_treaties_protecting_rights_related_to_copyright" title="List of parties to international treaties protecting rights related to copyright">related rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_shorter_term" title="Rule of the shorter term">Rule of the shorter term</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_au_B%C3%A9nin" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur au Bénin">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Burundi" title="Copyright law of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Cameroon" title="Copyright law of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Egypt" title="Copyright law of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_en_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur en Côte d'Ivoire">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_%C3%A0_Madagascar" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur à Madagascar">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_d%27auteur_et_droits_voisins_au_Maroc" class="extiw" title="fr:Droits d'auteur et droits voisins au Maroc">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Мозамбике">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of Senegal">Senegal</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_(S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal)" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur (Sénégal)">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_South_Africa" title="Copyright law of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/90px-Copyright.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/135px-Copyright.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/180px-Copyright.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="197" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Argentina" title="Copyright law of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Bermuda" title="Copyright in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Bolivia" title="Copyright law of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Brazil" title="Copyright law of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Canada" title="Copyright law of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Chile" title="Copyright law of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Copyright in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_autor_en_Ecuador" class="extiw" title="es:Derecho de autor en Ecuador">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_El_Salvador" title="Copyright law of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Honduras" title="Copyright law of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Panama" title="Copyright law of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Peru" title="Copyright law of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_autor_en_Uruguay" class="extiw" title="es:Derecho de autor en Uruguay">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Venezuela" title="Copyright law of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_and_copyright_issues" title="Afghanistan and copyright issues">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Azerbaijan" title="Copyright law of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Bangladesh" title="Copyright law of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Copyright law of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_India" title="Copyright law of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Indonesia" title="Copyright law of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Израиле">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Japan" title="Copyright law of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Jordan" title="Copyright law of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Kazakhstan" title="Copyright law of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Кыргызстане">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_North_Korea" title="Copyright law of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_South_Korea" title="Copyright law of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Ливане">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Malaysia" title="Copyright law of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Монголии">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Myanmar" title="Copyright law of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Nepal" title="Copyright law of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Oman" title="Copyright law of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Pakistan" title="Copyright law of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Philippines" title="Copyright law of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Copyright law of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Copyright law of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Syria" title="Copyright law of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Tajikistan" title="Copyright law of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Thailand" title="Copyright law of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(Vereinigte_Arabische_Emirate)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Vereinigte Arabische Emirate)">de</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Узбекистане">ru</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(%C3%96sterreich)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Österreich)">de</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_en_Belgique" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur en Belgique">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_France" title="Copyright law of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Germany" title="Copyright law of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Greece" title="Copyright law of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ireland" title="Copyright law of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Italy" title="Copyright law of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Латвии">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Литве">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(Luxemburg)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Luxemburg)">de</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Copyright law of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Poland" title="Copyright law of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Romania" title="Copyright law of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Spain" title="Copyright law of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sweden" title="Copyright law of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Армении">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Белоруссии">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Georgia" title="Copyright law of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Kazakhstan" title="Copyright law of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Киргизии">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Moldova" title="Copyright law of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Russia" title="Copyright law of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Copyright law of the Soviet Union">USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Copyright law of the Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Serbia" title="Copyright law of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Switzerland" title="Copyright law of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Turkey" title="Copyright law of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Ukraine" title="Copyright in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Copyright law of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Australia" title="Copyright law of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_New_Zealand" title="Copyright law of New Zealand">New 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