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<li id="toc-Applicability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applicability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Applicability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applicability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country_of_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_of_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Country of origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_of_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Term_of_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Term_of_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Term of protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Term_of_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minimum_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimum_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Minimum standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimum_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exceptions_and_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exceptions_and_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Exceptions and limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exceptions_and_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adoption_and_implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_and_implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Adoption and implementation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_and_implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prospects_for_future_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prospects_for_future_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prospects for future reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prospects_for_future_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_countries_and_regions_that_are_not_signatories_to_the_Berne_Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_countries_and_regions_that_are_not_signatories_to_the_Berne_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of countries and regions that are not signatories to the Berne Convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_countries_and_regions_that_are_not_signatories_to_the_Berne_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Berne Convention</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اتفاقية برن لحماية المصنفات الأدبية والفنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتفاقية برن لحماية المصنفات الأدبية والفنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fd%C9%99bi_v%C9%99_inc%C9%99s%C9%99n%C9%99t_%C9%99s%C9%99rl%C9%99rinin_m%C3%BChafiz%C9%99si_haqq%C4%B1nda_Bern_Konvensiyas%C4%B1" title="Ədəbi və incəsənət əsərlərinin mühafizəsi haqqında Bern Konvensiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ədəbi və incəsənət əsərlərinin mühafizəsi haqqında Bern Konvensiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="সাহিত্য এবং শিল্প বিষয়ক কর্মের সুরক্ষার জন্য বার্ন কনভেনশন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাহিত্য এবং শিল্প বিষয়ক কর্মের সুরক্ষার জন্য বার্ন কনভেনশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бернска конвенция за закрила на литературните и художествените произведения – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бернска конвенция за закрила на литературните и художествените произведения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernska_konvencija_o_za%C5%A1titi_knji%C5%BEevnih_i_umjetni%C4%8Dkih_djela" title="Bernska konvencija o zaštiti književnih i umjetničkih djela – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bernska konvencija o zaštiti književnih i umjetničkih djela" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3_de_Berna_per_a_la_Protecci%C3%B3_d%27Obres_Liter%C3%A0ries_i_Art%C3%ADstiques" title="Convenció de Berna per a la Protecció d'Obres Literàries i Artístiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Convenció de Berna per a la Protecció d'Obres Literàries i Artístiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernsk%C3%A1_%C3%BAmluva_o_ochran%C4%9B_liter%C3%A1rn%C3%ADch_a_um%C4%9Bleck%C3%BDch_d%C4%9Bl" title="Bernská úmluva o ochraně literárních a uměleckých děl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bernská úmluva o ochraně literárních a uměleckých děl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernerkonventionen_(ophavsret)" title="Bernerkonventionen (ophavsret) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bernerkonventionen (ophavsret)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berner_%C3%9Cbereinkunft_zum_Schutz_von_Werken_der_Literatur_und_Kunst" title="Berner Übereinkunft zum Schutz von Werken der Literatur und Kunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Berner Übereinkunft zum Schutz von Werken der Literatur und Kunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenio_de_Berna_para_la_Protecci%C3%B3n_de_las_Obras_Literarias_y_Art%C3%ADsticas" title="Convenio de Berna para la Protección de las Obras Literarias y Artísticas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Convenio de Berna para la Protección de las Obras Literarias y Artísticas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvencio_de_Berno" title="Konvencio de Berno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konvencio de Berno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کنوانسیون برن برای حمایت از آثار ادبی و هنری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنوانسیون برن برای حمایت از آثار ادبی و هنری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_de_Berne_pour_la_protection_des_%C5%93uvres_litt%C3%A9raires_et_artistiques" title="Convention de Berne pour la protection des œuvres littéraires et artistiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Convention de Berne pour la protection des œuvres littéraires et artistiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3n_de_Berna_para_a_protecci%C3%B3n_das_obras_literarias_e_art%C3%ADsticas" title="Convención de Berna para a protección das obras literarias e artísticas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Convención de Berna para a protección das obras literarias e artísticas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B8_%ED%98%91%EC%95%BD" title="베른 협약 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베른 협약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1_(1886)" title="Բեռնի կոնվենցիա (1886) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեռնի կոնվենցիա (1886)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvensi_Bern_tentang_Perlindungan_Karya_Seni_dan_Sastra" title="Konvensi Bern tentang Perlindungan Karya Seni dan Sastra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konvensi Bern tentang Perlindungan Karya Seni dan Sastra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernars%C3%A1ttm%C3%A1li_til_verndar_b%C3%B3kmenntum_og_listaverkum" title="Bernarsáttmáli til verndar bókmenntum og listaverkum – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bernarsáttmáli til verndar bókmenntum og listaverkum" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenzione_di_Berna_per_la_protezione_delle_opere_letterarie_e_artistiche" title="Convenzione di Berna per la protezione delle opere letterarie e artistiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Convenzione di Berna per la protezione delle opere letterarie e artistiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אמנת ברן להגנת יצירות ספרותיות ואמנותיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנת ברן להגנת יצירות ספרותיות ואמנותיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berno_konvencija" title="Berno konvencija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Berno konvencija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvensyen_Berne_bagi_Perlindungan_Karya_Sastera_dan_Seni" title="Konvensyen Berne bagi Perlindungan Karya Sastera dan Seni – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konvensyen Berne bagi Perlindungan Karya Sastera dan Seni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berner_Conventie_(1886)" title="Berner Conventie (1886) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Berner Conventie (1886)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%8A%E3%81%B3%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93%E7%9A%84%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AE%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8C%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" title="文学的及び美術的著作物の保護に関するベルヌ条約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文学的及び美術的著作物の保護に関するベルヌ条約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernkonvensjonen_om_vern_av_litter%C3%A6re_og_kunstneriske_verk" title="Bernkonvensjonen om vern av litterære og kunstneriske verk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bernkonvensjonen om vern av litterære og kunstneriske verk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convencion_de_B%C3%A8rna_per_la_Proteccion_de_las_%C3%92bras_Liter%C3%A0rias_e_Artisticas" title="Convencion de Bèrna per la Proteccion de las Òbras Literàrias e Artisticas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Convencion de Bèrna per la Proteccion de las Òbras Literàrias e Artisticas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konwencja_berne%C5%84ska_o_ochronie_dzie%C5%82_literackich_i_artystycznych" title="Konwencja berneńska o ochronie dzieł literackich i artystycznych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konwencja berneńska o ochronie dzieł literackich i artystycznych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Berna" title="Convenção de Berna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Convenção de Berna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Бернская конвенция об охране литературных и художественных произведений – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бернская конвенция об охране литературных и художественных произведений" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernsk%C3%A1_dohoda_o_ochrane_liter%C3%A1rnych_a_umeleck%C3%BDch_diel" title="Bernská dohoda o ochrane literárnych a umeleckých diel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bernská dohoda o ochrane literárnych a umeleckých diel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Бернска конвенција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бернска конвенција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernin_sopimus_(tekij%C3%A4noikeus)" title="Bernin sopimus (tekijänoikeus) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bernin sopimus (tekijänoikeus)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernkonventionen_f%C3%B6r_skydd_av_litter%C3%A4ra_och_konstn%C3%A4rliga_verk" title="Bernkonventionen för skydd av litterära och konstnärliga verk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bernkonventionen för skydd av litterära och konstnärliga verk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="อนุสัญญากรุงเบิร์นว่าด้วยการคุ้มครองงานวรรณกรรมและศิลปกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อนุสัญญากรุงเบิร์นว่าด้วยการคุ้มครองงานวรรณกรรมและศิลปกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_S%C3%B6zle%C5%9Fmesi" title="Bern Sözleşmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bern Sözleşmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%96_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Бернська конвенція про охорону літературних і художніх творів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бернська конвенція про охорону літературних і художніх творів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convension_de_Berna_par_%C5%82a_protesion_de_%C5%82e_%C3%B2pare_leter%C3%A0rie_e_art%C3%ACsteghe" title="Convension de Berna par ła protesion de łe òpare leteràrie e artìsteghe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Convension de Berna par ła protesion de łe òpare leteràrie e artìsteghe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Bern" title="Công ước Bern – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công ước Bern" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="伯尔尼保护文学和艺术作品公约 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伯尔尼保护文学和艺术作品公约" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q217398#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Berne Convention</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above description" style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ededed">Berne Convention for the<br />Protection of Literary and Artistic Works</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berne_Convention_signatories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Berne_Convention_signatories.svg/335px-Berne_Convention_signatories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="335" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Berne_Convention_signatories.svg/503px-Berne_Convention_signatories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Berne_Convention_signatories.svg/670px-Berne_Convention_signatories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4875B5; color:white;"> </span> Map of parties to the Convention</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">9 September 1886</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, Switzerland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">5 December 1887</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">3 months after exchange of ratifications</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">181</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depositary</th><td class="infobox-data">Director General of the World Intellectual Property Organization</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">French (prevailing in case of differences in interpretation) and English, officially translated in Arabic, German, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works</b>, usually known as the <b>Berne Convention</b>, was an international assembly held in 1886 in the Swiss city of <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> by ten European countries with the goal of agreeing on a set of legal principles for the protection of <a href="/wiki/Originality" title="Originality">original work</a>. They drafted and adopted a multi-party <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> containing agreements for a uniform, border-crossing system that became known under the same name. Its rules have been updated many times since then.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> provides authors, musicians, poets, painters, and other creators with the means to control how their works are used, by whom, and on what terms.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some jurisdictions these type of rights are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>; on the European continent they are generally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Authors%27_rights" title="Authors' rights">authors' rights</a> (from French: <i><a href="/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_en_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Droit d'auteur en France">droits d'auteur</a>)</i> or makerright (German: <i><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Germany" title="Copyright law of Germany">Urheberrecht</a></i>). </p><p>As of November 2022, the Berne Convention has been ratified by 181 states out of 195 countries in the world, most of which are also parties to the Paris Act of 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Berne Convention introduced the concept that protection exists the moment a work is "fixed", that is, written or recorded on some physical medium, and its author is automatically entitled to all copyrights in the work and to any <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative works</a>, unless and until the author explicitly disclaims them or until the copyright expires. A creator need not <a href="/wiki/Copyright_registration" title="Copyright registration">register</a> or "apply for" a copyright in countries adhering to the convention. It also enforces a requirement that countries recognize rights held by the citizens of all other parties to the convention. Foreign authors are given the same rights and privileges to copyrighted material as domestic authors in any country that ratified the convention. The countries to which the convention applies created a Union for the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works, known as the <i>Berne Union</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Berne Convention requires its parties to recognize the protection of works of authors from other parties to the convention at least as well as those of its own nationals. For example, <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_France" title="Copyright law of France">French authors' rights law</a> applies to anything published, distributed, performed, or in any other way accessible in France, regardless of where it was originally created, if the country of origin of that work is in the Berne Union. </p><p>In addition to establishing a system of equal treatment that harmonised copyright amongst parties, the agreement also required member states to provide strong minimum standards for copyright law. </p><p>Author's rights under the Berne Convention must be automatic; it is prohibited to require formal registration. However, when the United States joined the convention on 1 March 1989,<sup id="cite_ref-usco38a_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usco38a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it continued to make <a href="/wiki/Statutory_damages_for_copyright_infringement" title="Statutory damages for copyright infringement">statutory damages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attorney%27s_fees" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney's fees">attorney's fees</a> only available for registered works. </p><p>However, <i>Moberg v Leygues</i> (a 2009 decision of a Delaware Federal District Court) held that the protections of the Berne Convention are supposed to essentially be "frictionless", meaning no registration requirements can be imposed on a work from a different Berne member country. This means Berne member countries can require works originating in their own country to be registered and/or deposited, but cannot require these formalities of works from other Berne member countries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applicability">Applicability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applicability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Article 3, the protection of the Convention applies to nationals and residents of countries that are party to the convention, and to works first published or simultaneously published (under Article 3(4), "simultaneously" is defined as "within 30 days")<sup id="cite_ref-Article3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a country that is party to the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-Article3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Article 4, it also applies to cinematic works by persons who have their headquarters or habitual residence in a party country, and to architectural works situated in a party country.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country_of_origin">Country of origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Country of origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Convention relies on the concept of "country of origin". Often determining the country of origin is straightforward: when a work is published in a party country and nowhere else, this is the country of origin. However, under Article 5(4), when a work is published "simultaneously" ("within 30 days")<sup id="cite_ref-Article3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in several party countries,<sup id="cite_ref-Article3_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the country with the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_shorter_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of shorter term">shortest term</a> of protection is defined as the country of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Article5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For works simultaneously published in a party country and one or more non-parties, the party country is the country of origin. For unpublished works or works first published in a non-party country (without publication within 30 days in a party country), the author's nationality usually provides the country of origin, if a national of a party country. (There are exceptions for cinematic and architectural works.)<sup id="cite_ref-Article5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Internet age, unrestricted publication online may be considered publication in every sufficiently internet-connected jurisdiction in the world. It is not clear what this may mean for determining "country of origin". In <i><a href="/wiki/Timbaland_plagiarism_controversy" title="Timbaland plagiarism controversy">Kernel v. Mosley</a></i> (2011), a U.S. court "concluded that a work created outside of the United States, uploaded in Australia and owned by a company registered in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> was nonetheless a U.S. work by virtue of its being published online". However other U.S. courts in similar situations have reached different conclusions, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kan_Moberg_v._33T_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Håkan Moberg v. 33T LLC">Håkan Moberg v. 33T LLC</a></i> (2009).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The matter of determining the country of origin for digital publication remains a topic of controversy among law academics as well.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Term_of_protection">Term of protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Term of protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Berne Convention states that all works except photographic and cinematographic shall be protected for at least 50 years after the author's death, but parties are free to provide longer <a href="/wiki/Copyright_term" title="Copyright term">terms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Article7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> did with the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Duration_Directive" title="Copyright Duration Directive">Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection</a>. For photography, the Berne Convention sets a minimum term of 25 years from the year the photograph was created, and for cinematography the minimum is 50 years after first showing, or 50 years after creation if it has not been shown within 50 years after the creation. Countries under the older revisions of the treaty may choose to provide their own protection terms, and certain types of works (such as phonorecords and motion pictures) may be provided shorter terms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>If the author is unknown because for example the author was deliberately anonymous or worked under a pseudonym, the Convention provides for a term of 50 years after publication ("after the work has been lawfully made available to the public"). However, if the identity of the author becomes known, the copyright term for known authors (50 years after death) applies.<sup id="cite_ref-Article7_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Berne Convention states that the legislation of the country where protective rights are claimed shall be applied, Article 7(8) states that "unless the legislation of that country otherwise provides, the term shall not exceed the term fixed in the country of origin of the work",<sup id="cite_ref-Article7_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e., an author is normally not entitled a longer protection abroad than at home, even if the laws abroad give a longer term. This is commonly known as "the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_shorter_term" title="Rule of the shorter term">rule of the shorter term</a>". Not all countries have accepted this rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minimum_standards">Minimum standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Minimum standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As to works, protection must include "every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever the mode or form of its expression" (Article 2(1) of the convention). </p><p>Subject to certain allowed reservations, limitations or exceptions, the following are among the <b>rights</b> that must be recognized as exclusive rights of authorization: </p> <ul><li><b>the right to translate</b>,</li> <li><b>the right to make adaptations and arrangements</b> of the work,</li> <li><b>the right to perform in public</b> dramatic, dramatico-musical and musical works,</li> <li><b>the right to recite</b> literary works in <b>public</b>,</li> <li><b>the right to communicate to the public</b> the performance of such works,</li> <li><b>the right to broadcast</b> (with the possibility that a Contracting State may provide for a mere right to equitable remuneration instead of a right of authorization),</li> <li><b>the right to make reproductions</b> in any manner or form (with the possibility that a Contracting State may permit, in certain special cases, reproduction without authorization, provided that the reproduction does not conflict with the normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author; and the possibility that a Contracting State may provide, in the case of sound recordings of musical works, for a right to equitable remuneration),</li> <li><b>the right to use the work as a basis for an audiovisual work</b>, and the right to reproduce, distribute, perform in public or communicate to the public that audiovisual work.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exceptions_and_limitations">Exceptions and limitations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exceptions and limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Berne Convention includes a number of specific exceptions, scattered in several provisions due to the historical reason of Berne negotiations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, Article 10(2) permits Berne members to provide for a "teaching exception" within their copyright statutes. The exception is limited to a use for illustration of the subject matter taught and it must be related to teaching activities.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to specific exceptions, the Berne Convention establishes the "<a href="/wiki/Three-step_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-step test">three-step test</a>" in Article 9(2), which establishes a framework for member nations to develop their own national exceptions. The three-step test establishes three requirements: that the legislation be limited to certain (1) special cases; (2) that the exception does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work, and (3) that the exception does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author. </p><p>The Berne Convention does not expressly reference doctrines such as <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a>, leading some critics of fair use to argue that fair use violates the Berne Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-heinonline.org_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heinonline.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the United States and other fair use nations argue that flexible standards such as fair use include the factors of the three-step test, and are therefore compliant. The WTO Panel has ruled that the standards are not incompatible.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Berne Convention does not include the modern concept of <i>Internet safe harbors</i>, simply because Internet was not known as a technology at that time. The Agreed Statement of the parties to the <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_Treaty" title="WIPO Copyright Treaty">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a> of 1996 states that: "It is understood that the mere provision of physical facilities for enabling or making a communication does not in itself amount to communication within the meaning of this Treaty or the Berne Convention."<sup id="cite_ref-Travis_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Travis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This language may mean that Internet service providers are not liable for the infringing communications of their users.<sup id="cite_ref-Travis_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Travis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since companies are using internet to publish <a href="/wiki/User_generated_content" class="mw-redirect" title="User generated content">user generated content</a>, critics have argued that the Berne Convention is weak in protecting users and consumers from overbroad or harsh infringement claims, with virtually no other exceptions or limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_VIP_Treaty" title="Marrakesh VIP Treaty">Marrakesh Copyright Exceptions Treaty for the Blind and Print-Disabled</a> was the first international treaty centered around the rights of users. Treaties featuring exceptions for libraries and educational institutions are also being discussed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg/350px-Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg/525px-Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg/700px-Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7780" data-file-height="5164" /></a><figcaption><i> The Pirate Publisher—An International Burlesque that has the Longest Run on Record</i>, from <i><a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a></i>, 1886, satirizes the ability of publishers to take works from one country and publish them in another without paying the original authors.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Berne Convention was developed at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Association_Litt%C3%A9raire_et_Artistique_Internationale" title="Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale">Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus it was influenced by the French "<a href="/wiki/Authors%27_rights" title="Authors' rights">rights of the author</a>" (<i>droits d'auteur</i>), which contrasts with the <a href="/wiki/Common_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Law">Anglo-Saxon</a> concept of "copyright" which only dealt with economic concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the Berne Convention, copyright legislation remained uncoordinated at an international level.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So for example a work published in the United Kingdom by a British national would be covered by copyright there but could be copied and sold by anyone in France. Dutch publisher <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Willem_Sijthoff" title="Albertus Willem Sijthoff">Albertus Willem Sijthoff</a>, who rose to prominence in the trade of translated books, wrote to Queen <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Wilhelmina of the Netherlands</a> in 1899 in opposition to the convention over concerns that its international restrictions would stifle the Dutch print industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Publishers-Circular-1899_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Publishers-Circular-1899-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Berne Convention followed in the footsteps of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Industrial_Property" title="Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property">Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property</a> of 1883, which in the same way had created a framework for international integration of the other types of intellectual property: patents, trademarks and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial designs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the Paris Convention, the Berne Convention set up a bureau to handle administrative tasks. In 1893 these two small bureaux merged and became the <a href="/wiki/United_International_Bureaux_for_the_Protection_of_Intellectual_Property" title="United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property">United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property</a> (best known by its French acronym BIRPI), situated in Berne.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, BIRPI moved to <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, to be closer to the United Nations and other international organizations in that city.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967 it became the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO), and in 1974 became an organization within the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Berne Convention was completed in Paris in 1886, revised in Berlin in 1908, completed in Berne in 1914, revised in Rome in 1928, in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> in 1948, in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> in 1967 and in Paris in 1971, and was amended in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_Treaty" title="WIPO Copyright Treaty">World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty</a> was adopted in 1996 to address the issues raised by information technology and the Internet, which were not addressed by the Berne Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption_and_implementation">Adoption and implementation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Adoption and implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Berne_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parties to the Berne Convention">List of parties to the Berne Convention</a></div> <p>The first version of the Berne Convention treaty was signed on 9 September 1886, by Belgium, France, Germany, Haiti, Italy, Liberia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They ratified it on 5 September 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-Contracting_parties_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contracting_parties-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Britain ratified the convention in 1887, it did not implement large parts of it until 100 years later with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a>. </p><p>The United States <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">acceded</a> to the convention on 16 November 1988, and the convention entered into force for the United States on 1 March 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Contracting_parties_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contracting_parties-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States initially refused to become a party to the convention, since that would have required major changes in <a href="/wiki/United_States_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States copyright law">its copyright law</a>, particularly with regard to <a href="/wiki/Moral_rights_(copyright_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral rights (copyright law)">moral rights</a>, removal of the general requirement for registration of copyright works and elimination of mandatory copyright notice. This led first to the U.S. ratifying the <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Convention" title="Buenos Aires Convention">Buenos Aires Convention</a> (BAC) in 1910, and later the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Copyright_Convention" title="Universal Copyright Convention">Universal Copyright Convention</a> (UCC) in 1952 to accommodate the wishes of other countries. With the WIPO's Berne revision on Paris 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-berna1971_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berna1971-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many other countries joined the treaty, as expressed by <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> federal law of 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-br1975_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-br1975-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 March 1989, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988" title="Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988">Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988</a> was enacted, and the U.S. Senate advised and consented to ratification of the treaty, making the United States a party to the Berne Convention,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1988_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1988-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and making the Universal Copyright Convention nearly obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except for extremely technical points not relevant, with the accession of Nicaragua in 2000, every nation that is a member of the Buenos Aires Convention is also a member of Berne, and so the BAC has also become nearly obsolete and is essentially <a href="/wiki/Deprecated" class="mw-redirect" title="Deprecated">deprecated</a> as well. </p><p>Since almost all nations are members of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a> (TRIPS) requires non-members to accept almost all of the conditions of the Berne Convention. </p><p>As of October 2022, there are 181 states that are parties to the Berne Convention. This includes 178 <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member states</a> plus the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>. <span class="anchor" id="usage"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prospects_for_future_reform">Prospects for future reform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prospects for future reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Berne Convention was intended to be revised regularly in order to keep pace with social and technological developments. It was revised seven times between its first iteration (in 1886) and 1971, but has seen no substantive revision since then.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That means its rules were decided before widespread adoption of digital technologies and the internet. In large part, this lengthy drought between revisions comes about because the Treaty gives each member state the right to veto any substantive change. The vast number of signatory countries, plus their very different development levels, makes it exceptionally difficult to update the convention to better reflect the realities of the digital world.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Professor Sam Ricketson argued that anyone who thought that further revision would ever be realistic was "dreaming".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berne members also cannot easily create new copyright treaties to address the digital world's realities, because the Berne Convention also prohibits treaties that are inconsistent with its precepts.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legal academic Rebecca Giblin has argued that one reform avenue left to Berne members is to "take the front door out". The Berne Convention only requires member states to obey its rules for works published in other member states – not works published within its own borders. Thus member nations may lawfully introduce domestic copyright laws that have elements prohibited by Berne (such as registration formalities), so long as they only apply to their own authors. Giblin also argues that these should only be considered where the net benefit would be to benefit authors.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_countries_and_regions_that_are_not_signatories_to_the_Berne_Convention">List of countries and regions that are not signatories to the Berne Convention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: List of countries and regions that are not signatories to the Berne Convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-usco38a_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usco38a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> (but joined <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (but joined <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a> as observer)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (but joined <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a> as observer)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (but joined <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a> as observer)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> (but joined <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (but joined <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (but joined <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (but joined <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> (but joined <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> (but joined <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a> as observer)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> (but joined <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a> as observer)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (but joined <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a> as <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a> (but joined <a href="/wiki/Universal_Copyright_Convention" title="Universal Copyright Convention">Universal Copyright Convention</a> (Paris) as observer)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988" title="Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988">Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berne_three-step_test" title="Berne three-step test">Berne three-step test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Convention" title="Buenos Aires Convention">Buenos Aires Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droit_de_suite" title="Droit de suite">Droit de suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_copyright_agreements" title="List of parties to international copyright agreements">List of parties to international copyright agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_of_official_texts" title="Copyright of official texts">Copyright of official texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-colonial_copyright_crisis" title="Post-colonial copyright crisis">Post-colonial copyright crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Performers,_Producers_of_Phonograms_and_Broadcasting_Organisations" title="Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations">Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Copyright_Convention" title="Universal Copyright Convention">Universal Copyright Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Dispute_160" title="World Trade Organization Dispute 160">World Trade Organization Dispute 160</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/">"WIPO - Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WIPO+-+Berne+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+Literary+and+Artistic+Works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Ftreaties%2Fen%2Fip%2Fberne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWEX_Definitions_Team" class="citation web cs1">WEX Definitions Team. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/berne_convention">"Berne Convention"</a>. Cornell Law School.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berne+Convention&rft.pub=Cornell+Law+School&rft.au=WEX+Definitions+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Fberne_convention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/summary_berne.html">"Summary of the Berne Convention"</a>. World Intellectual Property Organization.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+the+Berne+Convention&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Ftreaties%2Fen%2Fip%2Fberne%2Fsummary_berne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/treaties/textdetails/12800">"WIPO Lex"</a>. <i>wipolex.wipo.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wipolex.wipo.int&rft.atitle=WIPO+Lex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwipolex.wipo.int%2Fen%2Ftreaties%2Ftextdetails%2F12800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/treaties/en/documents/pdf/berne.pdf"><i>Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, Status October 1, 2020</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berne+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+Literary+and+Artistic+Works%2C+Status+October+1%2C+2020&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fwww%2Ftreaties%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fpdf%2Fberne.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usco38a-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usco38a_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usco38a_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.gov/circs/circ38a.pdf"><i>Circular 38A: International Copyright Relations of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Copyright Office. 2014. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circular+38A%3A+International+Copyright+Relations+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=U.S.+Copyright+Office&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcopyright.gov%2Fcircs%2Fcirc38a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediainstitute.org/2009/10/20/borderless-publications-the-berne-convention-and-u-s-copyright-formalities/">Borderless Publications, the Berne Convention, and U.S. Copyright Formalities</a></i>, Jane C. Ginsburg, The Media Institute, 20 October 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Article3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Article3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Article3_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Article3_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berne Convention <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id=283698#P98_14701">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095521/http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id=283698#P98_14701">Archived</a> 23 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berne Convention <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id=283698#P105_16290">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095521/http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id=283698#P105_16290">Archived</a> 23 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Article5_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Article5_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berne Convention <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id=283698#P109_16834">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095521/http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id=283698#P109_16834">Archived</a> 23 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald, Brian F., Shi, Sampsung Xiaoxiang, Foong, Cheryl, & Pappalardo, Kylie M. (2011), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.qut.edu.au/48050/">Country of Origin and Internet Publication : Applying the Berne Convention in the Digital Age</a>". <i>Journal of Intellectual Property</i> (NJIP) Maiden Edition, pp. 38–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example the columns of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Ginsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Ginsburg">Jane Ginsburg</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediainstitute.org/IPI/2009/102009_BorderlessPublications.php">Borderless Publications, the Berne Convention, and U.S. Copyright Formalities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediainstitute.org/IPI/2011/062811.php">Internet Publication and U.S. Copyright Imperialism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediainstitute.org/IPI/2011/082911.php">When a Work Debuts on the Internet, What Is its Country of Origin?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediainstitute.org/IPI/2012/012312.php">Part II</a></li></ul> And the article <ul><li>Chris Dombkowski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1571&context=chtlj">SIMULTANEOUS INTERNET PUBLICATION AND THE BERNE CONVENTION</a>, SANTA CLARA COMPUTER & HIGH TECH. L.J., vol. 29, pp. 643–674</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Article7-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Article7_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Article7_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Article7_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berne Convention <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zvon.org/law/r/bern.html#p~9">Article 7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrierHugenholtz2016" class="citation book cs1">Drier, Thomas; Hugenholtz, P. Bernt (2016). <i>Concise European Copyright Law</i> (2 ed.). Wolters Kluwer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+European+Copyright+Law&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Drier&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Hugenholtz%2C+P.+Bernt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heinonline.org-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heinonline.org_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkediji" class="citation journal cs1">Okediji, Ruth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cjtl39&div=9&id=&page=">"Toward an International Fair Use Doctrine"</a>. <i>Columbia Journal of Transnational Law</i>. <b>39</b>: 75<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journal+of+Transnational+Law&rft.atitle=Toward+an+International+Fair+Use+Doctrine&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=75&rft.aulast=Okediji&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fcjtl39%26div%3D9%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis2008" class="citation news cs1">Travis, Hannibal (2008). "Opting Out of the Internet in the United States and the European Union: Copyright, Safe Harbors, and International Law". <i>Notre Dame Law Review, vol. 84, p. 383</i>. President and Trustees of Notre Dame University in South Bend, Indiana. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1221642">1221642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notre+Dame+Law+Review%2C+vol.+84%2C+p.+383&rft.atitle=Opting+Out+of+the+Internet+in+the+United+States+and+the+European+Union%3A+Copyright%2C+Safe+Harbors%2C+and+International+Law&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1221642%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Hannibal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>United States – Section 110(5) of the U.S. Copyright Act</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Travis-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Travis_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Travis_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Travis, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120227/03453017886/there-can-be-no-balance-entirely-unbalanced-system-copyright.shtml">There Can Be No 'Balance' In The Entirely Unbalanced System Of Copyright</a> – Techdirt, Mike Masnick, 1 March 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.laws.com/international-copyright/berne/berne-convention-overview">"Quick Berne Convention Overview"</a>. <i>Laws.com</i>. 4 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laws.com&rft.atitle=Quick+Berne+Convention+Overview&rft.date=2015-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcopyright.laws.com%2Finternational-copyright%2Fberne%2Fberne-convention-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutfield2008" class="citation book cs1">Dutfield, Graham (2008). <i>Global Intellectual Property Law</i>. Edward Elger Pub. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-843769422" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-843769422"><bdi>978-1-843769422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Intellectual+Property+Law&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Edward+Elger+Pub&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-843769422&rft.aulast=Dutfield&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2016" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Peter (2016). <i>The Copyright Wars: Three Centuries of Trans-Atlantic Battle</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691169095" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691169095"><bdi>978-0-691169095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Copyright+Wars%3A+Three+Centuries+of+Trans-Atlantic+Battle&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-691169095&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iprightsoffice.org/copyright_history/">"A Brief History of Copyright"</a>. <i>Intellectual Property Rights Office</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intellectual+Property+Rights+Office&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Copyright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iprightsoffice.org%2Fcopyright_history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Publishers-Circular-1899-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Publishers-Circular-1899_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGtNAAAAYAAJ&q=Albertus+Willem+Sijthoff&pg=PA597">"The Netherlands and the Berne Convention"</a>. <i>The Publishers' circular and booksellers' record of British and foreign literature, Vol. 71</i>. Sampson Low, Marston & Co. 1899. p. 597<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Publishers%27+circular+and+booksellers%27+record+of+British+and+foreign+literature%2C+Vol.+71&rft.atitle=The+Netherlands+and+the+Berne+Convention&rft.pages=597&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGtNAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DAlbertus%2BWillem%2BSijthoff%26pg%3DPA597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/summary_paris.html">"Summary of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883)"</a>. <i>World Intellectual Property Organization</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.atitle=Summary+of+the+Paris+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+Industrial+Property+%281883%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Ftreaties%2Fen%2Fip%2Fparis%2Fsummary_paris.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/history.html">"WIPO - A Brief History"</a>. <i>World Intellectual Property Organization</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.atitle=WIPO+-+A+Brief+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fabout-wipo%2Fen%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2002" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Curtis (2002). <i>Patents, Profits & Power: How Intellectual Property Rules the Global Economy</i>. Kogan Page. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-749442729" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-749442729"><bdi>978-0-749442729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patents%2C+Profits+%26+Power%3A+How+Intellectual+Property+Rules+the+Global+Economy&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Kogan+Page&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-749442729&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095521/http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id=283698">"Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works"</a>. <i>World Intellectual Property Organization</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id=283698">the original</a> on 23 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.atitle=Berne+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+Literary+and+Artistic+Works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Ftreaties%2Fen%2Ftext.jsp%3Ffile_id%3D283698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id=295166#P136_19843">"WIPO Copyright Treaty"</a>. <i>World Intellectual Property Organization</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.atitle=WIPO+Copyright+Treaty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Ftreaties%2Fen%2Ftext.jsp%3Ffile_id%3D295166%23P136_19843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolberg1908" class="citation book cs1">Solberg, Thorvald (1908). <i>Report of the Delegate of the United States to the International Conference for the Revision of the Berne Copyright Convention, Held at Berlin, Germany, 14 October to 14 November 1908</i>. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Delegate+of+the+United+States+to+the+International+Conference+for+the+Revision+of+the+Berne+Copyright+Convention%2C+Held+at+Berlin%2C+Germany%2C+14+October+to+14+November+1908&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Solberg&rft.aufirst=Thorvald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Contracting_parties-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Contracting_parties_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Contracting_parties_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?lang=en&treaty_id=15">"Contracting Parties > Berne Convention (Total Contracting Parties : 173)"</a>. <i>WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization</i>. WIPO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO+-+World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.atitle=Contracting+Parties+%3E+Berne+Convention+%28Total+Contracting+Parties+%3A+173%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Ftreaties%2Fen%2FShowResults.jsp%3Flang%3Den%26treaty_id%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/264509.pdf">"Treaties in Force – A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on January 1, 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.state.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.state.gov&rft.atitle=Treaties+in+Force+%E2%80%93+A+List+of+Treaties+and+Other+International+Agreements+of+the+United+States+in+Force+on+January+1%2C+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F264509.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berna1971-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-berna1971_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WIPO's "Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Paris Text 1971)", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://zvon.org/law/r/bern.html">http://zvon.org/law/r/bern.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-br1975-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-br1975_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brazilian's Federal Decree No. 75699 6 May 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexml.gov.br/urn/urn:lex:br:federal:decreto:1975-05-06;75699">urn:lex:br:federal:decreto:1975;75699</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1988-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1988_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolotsky1988" class="citation news cs1">Molotsky, Irvin (21 October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/21/arts/senate-approves-joining-copyright-convention.html">"Senate Approves Joining Copyright Convention"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Senate+Approves+Joining+Copyright+Convention&rft.date=1988-10-21&rft.aulast=Molotsky&rft.aufirst=Irvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F10%2F21%2Farts%2Fsenate-approves-joining-copyright-convention.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishman2011" class="citation book cs1">Fishman, Stephen (2011). <i>The Copyright Handbook: What Every Writer Needs to Know</i>. Nolo Press. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4133-1617-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4133-1617-9"><bdi>978-1-4133-1617-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/707200393">707200393</a>. <q>The UCC is not nearly as important as it used to be. Indeed, it's close to becoming obsolete</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Copyright+Handbook%3A+What+Every+Writer+Needs+to+Know&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Nolo+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F707200393&rft.isbn=978-1-4133-1617-9&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id=283698">"Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works"</a>. <i>World Intellectual Property Organisation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Intellectual+Property+Organisation&rft.atitle=Berne+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+Literary+and+Artistic+Works&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Ftreaties%2Fen%2Ftext.jsp%3Ffile_id%3D283698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicketson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ricketson, Sam (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225113854/https://lawandarts.org/article/the-international-framework-for-the-protection-of-authors-bendable-boundaries-and-immovable-obstacles/">"The International Framework for the Protection of Authors: Bendable Boundaries and Immovable Obstacles"</a>. <i>Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts</i>. <b>41</b>: 341, 348–352. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawandarts.org/article/the-international-framework-for-the-protection-of-authors-bendable-boundaries-and-immovable-obstacles/">the original</a> on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journal+of+Law+%26+the+Arts&rft.atitle=The+International+Framework+for+the+Protection+of+Authors%3A+Bendable+Boundaries+and+Immovable+Obstacles&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=341%2C+348-352&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ricketson&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawandarts.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-international-framework-for-the-protection-of-authors-bendable-boundaries-and-immovable-obstacles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicketson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ricketson, Sam (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225113854/https://lawandarts.org/article/the-international-framework-for-the-protection-of-authors-bendable-boundaries-and-immovable-obstacles/">"The International Framework for the Protection of Authors: Bendable Boundaries and Immovable Obstacles"</a>. <i>Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts</i>. <b>41</b>: 341, 353 (2018) (citing iconic Australian film "The Castle"). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawandarts.org/article/the-international-framework-for-the-protection-of-authors-bendable-boundaries-and-immovable-obstacles/">the original</a> on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journal+of+Law+%26+the+Arts&rft.atitle=The+International+Framework+for+the+Protection+of+Authors%3A+Bendable+Boundaries+and+Immovable+Obstacles&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=341%2C+353+%282018%29+%28citing+iconic+Australian+film+%22The+Castle%22%29&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ricketson&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawandarts.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-international-framework-for-the-protection-of-authors-bendable-boundaries-and-immovable-obstacles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berne Convention, Article 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiblin2019" class="citation book cs1">Giblin, Rebecca (2019). <i>A Future of International Copyright? Berne and the Front Door Out</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3351460">3351460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Future+of+International+Copyright%3F+Berne+and+the+Front+Door+Out&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3351460%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Giblin&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Berne_Convention" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Berne_Convention" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>The full text of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/treaties/text.jsp?file_id=283698">Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (as amended on 28 September 1979)</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> in the <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Lex" title="WIPO Lex">WIPO Lex</a> database – official website of <a href="/wiki/WIPO" class="mw-redirect" title="WIPO">WIPO</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/615/wipo_pub_615.pdf">"Guide to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Paris text, 1971)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>WIPO</i>. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization. 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=Guide+to+the+Berne+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+Literary+and+Artistic+Works+%28Paris+text%2C+1971%29&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Fpubdocs%2Fen%2Fcopyright%2F615%2Fwipo_pub_615.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/">WIPO-Administered Treaties</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> in the <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Lex" title="WIPO Lex">WIPO Lex</a> database – official website of <a href="/wiki/WIPO" class="mw-redirect" title="WIPO">WIPO</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zvon.org/law/r/bern.html">The 1971 Berne Convention text</a> – fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents</li> <li>Texts of the various Berne Convention revisions: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550015">1886 Berne Act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550016">1896 Paris Additional Act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550017">1908 Berlin Act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550018">1914 Additional Protocol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550019">1928 Rome Act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550020">1948 Brussels Act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550021">1967 Stockholm Act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550001">1971 Paris Text</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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title="Treaties">Treaties</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual Property<br />protection treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Treaty_on_Audiovisual_Performances" title="Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances">Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Convention_Relating_to_the_Distribution_of_Programme-Carrying_Signals_Transmitted_by_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite">Brussels Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrid_Agreement_for_the_Repression_of_False_or_Deceptive_Indications_of_Source_on_Goods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods (page does not exist)">Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_VIP_Treaty" title="Marrakesh VIP Treaty">Marrakesh VIP Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_Treaty_on_the_Protection_of_the_Olympic_Symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairobi Treaty on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol">Nairobi Treaty on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Industrial_Property" title="Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property">Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_Law_Treaty" title="Patent Law Treaty">Patent Law Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Phonograms_Convention" title="Geneva Phonograms Convention">Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Performers,_Producers_of_Phonograms_and_Broadcasting_Organisations" title="Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations">Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Treaty_on_the_Law_of_Trademarks" title="Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks">Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_Law_Treaty_of_1994" title="Trademark Law Treaty of 1994">Trademark Law Treaty of 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property_in_Respect_of_Integrated_Circuits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits (page does not exist)">Washington Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_Treaty" title="WIPO Copyright Treaty">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaty" title="WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty">WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global protection<br />system treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Treaty_on_the_International_Recognition_of_the_Deposit_of_Microorganisms_for_the_Purposes_of_Patent_Procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure">Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Agreement_Concerning_the_International_Deposit_of_Industrial_Designs" title="Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs">Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Agreement_for_the_Protection_of_Appellations_of_Origin_and_their_International_Registration" title="Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration">Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Agreement_Concerning_the_International_Registration_of_Marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks">Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Relating_to_the_Madrid_Agreement_Concerning_the_International_Registration_of_Marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks">Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_Cooperation_Treaty" title="Patent Cooperation Treaty">Patent Cooperation Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties against biopiracy<br />and misappropriation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification<br />treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locarno_Agreement_Establishing_an_International_Classification_for_Industrial_Designs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs (page does not exist)">Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_Agreement_Concerning_the_International_Classification_of_Goods_and_Services_for_the_Purposes_of_the_Registration_of_Marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks">Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Agreement_Concerning_the_International_Patent_Classification" title="Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification">Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vienna_Agreement_Establishing_an_International_Classification_of_the_Figurative_Elements_of_Marks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vienna Agreement Establishing an International Classification of the Figurative Elements of Marks (page does not exist)">Vienna Agreement Establishing an International Classification of the Figurative Elements of Marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intellectual_property_laws_in_the_European_Union_(EU)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intellectual_property_laws_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Intellectual property laws of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intellectual_property_laws_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Intellectual property laws of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Programs_Directive" title="Computer Programs Directive">Computer Programs Directive</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rental_Directive" title="Rental Directive">Rental Directive</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_and_Cable_Directive" title="Satellite and Cable Directive">Satellite and Cable Directive</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Duration_Directive" title="Copyright Duration Directive">Copyright Duration Directive</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_Directive" title="Database Directive">Database Directive</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_Access_Directive" title="Conditional Access Directive">Conditional Access Directive</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Commerce_Directive_2000" title="Electronic Commerce Directive 2000">Electronic Commerce Directive 2000</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Society_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Society Directive">Information Society Directive</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resale_Rights_Directive" title="Resale Rights Directive">Resale Rights Directive</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_the_re-use_of_public_sector_information" title="Directive on the re-use of public sector information">Directive on the re-use of public sector information</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directive" title="Enforcement Directive">Enforcement Directive</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright Term Directive">Copyright Term Directive</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_Copyright_in_the_Digital_Single_Market" title="Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market">Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Regulation_1383/2003" title="Customs Regulation 1383/2003">Customs Regulation 1383/2003</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_France" title="Copyright law of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Germany" title="Copyright law of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ireland" title="Copyright law of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Italy" title="Copyright law of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Copyright law of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Poland" title="Copyright law of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Romania" title="Copyright law of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Spain" title="Copyright law of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sweden" title="Copyright law of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Copyright law of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_mark_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Trade mark law of the European Union">Trade mark</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_trade_mark_law" title="United Kingdom trade mark law">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_trade_mark" title="European Union trade mark">European Union trade mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Marks_Directive" title="Trade Marks Directive">Trade Marks Directive</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Produits_Nestl%C3%A9_S.A._v._Cadbury_UK_Limited" title="Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. Cadbury UK Limited">Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. Cadbury UK Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patent_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Patent law of the European Union">Patent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_patent_law" title="German patent law">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_law_in_the_Netherlands" title="Patent law in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Romania" title="Intellectual property in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_the_legal_protection_of_biotechnological_inventions" title="Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions">Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_patent_law" title="European patent law">European patent law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_patent" title="Unitary patent">Unitary patent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="Industrial design rights in the European Union">Designs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Agreement_Concerning_the_International_Deposit_of_Industrial_Designs" title="Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs">Hague Agreement</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_the_legal_protection_of_designs" title="Directive on the legal protection of designs">Directive on the legal protection of designs</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_on_Community_designs" title="Regulation on Community designs">Regulation on Community designs</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_design" title="Community design">Community design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indications_and_traditional_specialities_in_the_European_Union" title="Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union">Geographical indications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin" title="Protected designation of origin">Protected designation of origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_speciality_guaranteed" title="Traditional speciality guaranteed">Traditional speciality guaranteed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_secrets_in_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade secrets in the European Union (page does not exist)">Trade secrets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_the_Protection_of_Trade_Secrets" title="Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets">Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Protection_of_Trade_Secrets" title="Law on the Protection of Trade Secrets">German Law on the Protection of Trade Secrets</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berne Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Agreement_for_the_Protection_of_Appellations_of_Origin_and_their_International_Registration" title="Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration">Lisbon Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid system">Madrid system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Industrial_Property" title="Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property">Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Performers,_Producers_of_Phonograms_and_Broadcasting_Organisations" title="Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations">Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_Treaty" title="WIPO Copyright Treaty">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaty" title="WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty">WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">Copyright law of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_U.S._Copyright_Office_Practices" title="Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices">Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Arbitration_Royalty_Panel" title="Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel">CARP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Royalty_Board" title="Copyright Royalty Board">CRB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Catalog" title="Copyright Catalog">Copyright Catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_108_Study_Group" title="Section 108 Study Group">Section 108 Study Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_subnational_governments_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States">Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1790" title="Copyright Act of 1790">Copyright Act of 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1831" title="Copyright Act of 1831">Copyright Act of 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1870" title="Copyright Act of 1870">Copyright Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Copyright_Act_of_1891" title="International Copyright Act of 1891">International Copyright Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_Act_of_1895" title="Printing Act of 1895">Printing Act of 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1909" title="Copyright Act of 1909">Copyright Act of 1909</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988" title="Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988">Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Artists_Rights_Act" title="Visual Artists Rights Act">Visual Artists Rights Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act" title="Copyright Remedy Clarification Act">Copyright Remedy Clarification Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Renewal_Act_of_1992" title="Copyright Renewal Act of 1992">Copyright Renewal Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act" title="Audio Home Recording Act">Audio Home Recording Act</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act">Uruguay Round Agreements Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Electronic_Theft_Act" title="No Electronic Theft Act">No Electronic Theft Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" title="Copyright Term Extension Act">Copyright Term Extension Act</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairness_in_Music_Licensing_Act_of_1998" title="Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998">Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (1998) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act" title="Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act">Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act" title="WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act">WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Entertainment_and_Copyright_Act" title="Family Entertainment and Copyright Act">Family Entertainment and Copyright Act</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_Consumer_Choice_and_Wireless_Competition_Act" title="Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act">Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Modernization_Act" title="Music Modernization Act">Music Modernization Act</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alternative_in_Small-Claims_Enforcement_Act_of_2020" title="Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020">CASE Act</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precedents<br />and rulings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_copyright_case_law" title="List of United States Supreme Court copyright case law">Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_v._Peters" title="Wheaton v. Peters">Wheaton v. Peters</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Selden" title="Baker v. Selden">Baker v. Selden</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trade-Mark_Cases" title="Trade-Mark Cases">Trade-Mark Cases</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burrow-Giles_Lithographic_Co._v._Sarony" title="Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony">Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banks_v._Manchester" title="Banks v. Manchester">Banks v. Manchester</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callaghan_v._Myers" title="Callaghan v. Myers">Callaghan v. Myers</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill_Co._v._Straus" title="Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus">Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White-Smith_Music_Publishing_Co._v._Apollo_Co." title="White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.">White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_%26_Wilkins_Co._v._United_States" title="Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States">Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc." title="Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.">Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feist_Publications,_Inc.,_v._Rural_Telephone_Service_Co." title="Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.">Feist v. Rural</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quality_King_Distributors_Inc.,_v._L%27anza_Research_International_Inc." title="Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.">Quality King v. L'anza</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega,_S._A." title="Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.">Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golan_v._Holder" title="Golan v. Holder">Golan v. Holder</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc." title="Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.">Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Cos.,_Inc._v._Aereo,_Inc." title="American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.">American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Athletica,_LLC_v._Varsity_Brands,_Inc." title="Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.">Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate_Public_Benefit_Corp._v._Wall-Street.com" title="Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com">Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Public.Resource.Org,_Inc." title="Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.">Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Foundation_for_the_Visual_Arts,_Inc._v._Goldsmith" title="Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith">Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appeals courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Berlin_v._E.C._Publications,_Inc." title="Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.">Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roth_Greeting_Cards_v._United_Card_Co." title="Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.">Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.</a></i> (9th Cir. 1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eltra_Corp._v._Ringer" title="Eltra Corp. v. Ringer">Eltra Corp. v. Ringer</a></i> (4th Cir. 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Productions_v._Air_Pirates" title="Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates">Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates</a></i> (9th Cir. 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midway_Manufacturing_Co._v._Artic_International,_Inc." title="Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.">Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.</a></i> (7th Cir. 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Franklin_Computer_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.">Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.</a></i> (3d Cir. 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._Dees" title="Fisher v. Dees">Fisher v. Dees</a></i> (9th Cir. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whelan_v._Jaslow" title="Whelan v. Jaslow">Whelan v. Jaslow</a></i> (3d Cir. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vault_Corp._v._Quaid_Software_Ltd." title="Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.">Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.</a></i> (5th Cir. 1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Koons" title="Rogers v. Koons">Rogers v. Koons</a></i> (2nd Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Associates_International,_Inc._v._Altai,_Inc." title="Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.">Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union_v._Texaco,_Inc." title="American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.">American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss_Enters.,_L.P._v._Penguin_Books_USA,_Inc." title="Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.">Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.</a></i>(9th Cir. 1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itar-Tass_Russian_News_Agency_v._Russian_Kurier,_Inc." title="Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.">Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment,_Inc._v._Connectix_Corp." title="Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.">Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nunez_v._Caribbean_Int%27l_News_Corp." title="Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.">Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.</a></i> (1st Cir. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A%26M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc." title="A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.">A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veeck_v._Southern_Building_Code_Congress_Int%27l" title="Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l">Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l</a></i> (5th Cir. 2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelly_v._Arriba_Soft_Corp." title="Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.">Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2002 / 2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Aimster_Copyright_Litigation" title="In re Aimster Copyright Litigation">In re Aimster Copyright Litigation</a></i> (7th Cir. 2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NXIVM_Corp._v._Ross_Institute" title="NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute">NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute</a></i> (2d Cir. 2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BMG_Music_v._Gonzalez" title="BMG Music v. Gonzalez">BMG Music v. Gonzalez</a></i> (7th Cir. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_Archives_v._Dorling_Kindersley,_Ltd." title="Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.">Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanch_v._Koons" title="Blanch v. Koons">Blanch v. Koons</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network,_LP_v._CSC_Holdings,_Inc." title="Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.">Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahanchian_v._Xenon_Pictures,_Inc." title="Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.">Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group_(USA)_Inc._v._American_Buddha" title="Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha">Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha</a></i> (2d Cir. 2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monge_v._Maya_Magazines,_Inc." title="Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.">Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seltzer_v._Green_Day,_Inc" title="Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc">Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc</a></i> (9th Cir. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Naruto v. Slater</a></i> (9th Cir. 2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Folsom_v._Marsh" title="Folsom v. Marsh">Folsom v. Marsh</a></i> (C.C.D. Mass. 1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_Records_Co._v._Gem_Electronic_Distributors,_Inc." title="Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.">Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.</a></i> (E.D.N.Y. 1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broderbund_Software_Inc._v._Unison_World,_Inc." title="Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.">Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.</a></i> (N.D. Cal. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playboy_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Frena" title="Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena">Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena</a></i> (M.D. Fla. 1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridgeman_Art_Library_v._Corel_Corp." title="Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.">Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RealNetworks,_Inc._v._Streambox,_Inc." title="RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.">RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.</a></i> (W.D. Wash. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mannion_v._Coors_Brewing_Co." title="Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.">Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arista_Records_LLC_v._Lime_Group_LLC" title="Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC">Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records,_LLC_v._ReDigi_Inc." title="Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.">Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equals_Three,_LLC_v._Jukin_Media,_Inc." title="Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.">Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.</a></i> (C.D. Cal. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hachette_v._Internet_Archive" title="Hachette v. Internet Archive">Hachette v. Internet Archive</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berne Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round" title="Uruguay Round">Uruguay Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Copy_That_Floppy" title="Don't Copy That Floppy">Don't Copy That Floppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Recording_Rights_Coalition" title="Home Recording Rights Coalition">Home Recording Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimmer_on_Copyright" title="Nimmer on Copyright">Nimmer on Copyright</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You_Wouldn%27t_Steal_a_Car" title="You Wouldn't Steal a Car">You Wouldn't Steal a Car</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copyright_law_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Template:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Template talk:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copyright_law_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Copyright law by country</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_copyright_acts" title="List of copyright acts">Copyright acts by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_copyright_case_law" title="List of copyright case law">Copyright case law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries%27_copyright_lengths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries' copyright lengths">Copyright lengths by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_copyright_treaties" title="International copyright treaties">International copyright treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_copyright_agreements" title="List of parties to international copyright agreements">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_treaties_protecting_rights_related_to_copyright" title="List of parties to international treaties protecting rights related to copyright">related rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_shorter_term" title="Rule of the shorter term">Rule of the shorter term</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_au_B%C3%A9nin" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur au Bénin">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Burundi" title="Copyright law of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Cameroon" title="Copyright law of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Egypt" title="Copyright law of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_en_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur en Côte d'Ivoire">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_%C3%A0_Madagascar" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur à Madagascar">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_d%27auteur_et_droits_voisins_au_Maroc" class="extiw" title="fr:Droits d'auteur et droits voisins au Maroc">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Мозамбике">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of Senegal">Senegal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_(S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal)" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur (Sénégal)">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_South_Africa" title="Copyright law of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/90px-Copyright.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/135px-Copyright.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/180px-Copyright.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="197" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Argentina" title="Copyright law of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Bermuda" title="Copyright in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Bolivia" title="Copyright law of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Brazil" title="Copyright law of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Canada" title="Copyright law of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Chile" title="Copyright law of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Copyright in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_autor_en_Ecuador" class="extiw" title="es:Derecho de autor en Ecuador">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_El_Salvador" title="Copyright law of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Honduras" title="Copyright law of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Panama" title="Copyright law of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Peru" title="Copyright law of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_autor_en_Uruguay" class="extiw" title="es:Derecho de autor en Uruguay">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Venezuela" title="Copyright law of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_and_copyright_issues" title="Afghanistan and copyright issues">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Azerbaijan" title="Copyright law of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Bangladesh" title="Copyright law of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Copyright law of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_India" title="Copyright law of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Indonesia" title="Copyright law of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Израиле">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Japan" title="Copyright law of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Jordan" title="Copyright law of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Kazakhstan" title="Copyright law of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Кыргызстане">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_North_Korea" title="Copyright law of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_South_Korea" title="Copyright law of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Ливане">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Malaysia" title="Copyright law of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Монголии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Myanmar" title="Copyright law of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Nepal" title="Copyright law of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Oman" title="Copyright law of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Pakistan" title="Copyright law of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Philippines" title="Copyright law of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Copyright law of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Copyright law of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Syria" title="Copyright law of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Tajikistan" title="Copyright law of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Thailand" title="Copyright law of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(Vereinigte_Arabische_Emirate)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Vereinigte Arabische Emirate)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Узбекистане">ru</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(%C3%96sterreich)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Österreich)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_en_Belgique" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur en Belgique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_France" title="Copyright law of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Germany" title="Copyright law of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Greece" title="Copyright law of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ireland" title="Copyright law of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Italy" title="Copyright law of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Латвии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Литве">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(Luxemburg)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Luxemburg)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Copyright law of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Poland" title="Copyright law of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Romania" title="Copyright law of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Spain" title="Copyright law of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sweden" title="Copyright law of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Армении">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Белоруссии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Georgia" title="Copyright law of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Kazakhstan" title="Copyright law of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Киргизии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Moldova" title="Copyright law of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Russia" title="Copyright law of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Copyright law of the Soviet Union">USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Copyright law of the Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Serbia" title="Copyright law of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Switzerland" title="Copyright law of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Turkey" title="Copyright law of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Ukraine" title="Copyright in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Copyright law of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Australia" title="Copyright law of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_New_Zealand" title="Copyright law of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Category:Copyright law by country">Category:Copyright law by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Victor_Hugo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Victor_Hugo" title="Template:Victor Hugo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Victor_Hugo" title="Template talk:Victor Hugo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Victor_Hugo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Victor Hugo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Victor_Hugo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hans_of_Iceland" title="Hans of Iceland">Hans of Iceland</a></i> (1823)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug-Jargal" title="Bug-Jargal">Bug-Jargal</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Day_of_a_Condemned_Man" title="The Last Day of a Condemned Man">The Last Day of a Condemned Man</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i> (1862)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toilers_of_the_Sea" title="Toilers of the Sea">Toilers of the Sea</a></i> (1866)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Laughs" title="The Man Who Laughs">The Man Who Laughs</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-Three" title="Ninety-Three">Ninety-Three</a></i> (1874)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inez_de_Castro_(melodrama)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inez de Castro (melodrama) (page does not exist)">Inez de Castro</a></i> (1820; published in 1863)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_(play)" title="Cromwell (play)">Cromwell</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amy_Robsart_(play)" title="Amy Robsart (play)">Amy Robsart</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernani_(drama)" title="Hernani (drama)">Hernani</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marion_de_Lorme_(Hugo)" title="Marion de Lorme (Hugo)">Marion de Lorme</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_roi_s%27amuse" title="Le roi s'amuse">Le roi s'amuse</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia_(play)" title="Lucrezia Borgia (play)">Lucrezia Borgia</a></i> (1833)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Tudor" title="Marie Tudor">Marie Tudor</a></i> (1833)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo,_Tyrant_of_Padua" title="Angelo, Tyrant of Padua">Angelo, Tyrant of Padua</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Esmeralda_(opera)" title="La Esmeralda (opera)"> La Esmeralda</a></i> (1836; libretto only)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruy_Blas" title="Ruy Blas">Ruy Blas</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Burgraves" title="Les Burgraves">Les Burgraves</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torquemada_(play)" title="Torquemada (play)">Torquemada</a></i> (1882)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Claude_Gueux" title="Claude Gueux">Claude Gueux</a>" (1834)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry<br />collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odes_et_po%C3%A9sies_diverses" class="mw-redirect" title="Odes et poésies diverses">Odes et poésies diverses</a></i> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelles_Odes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouvelles Odes">Nouvelles Odes</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odes_et_Ballades" title="Odes et Ballades">Odes et Ballades</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Orientales" title="Les Orientales">Les Orientales</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Feuilles_d%27automne" title="Les Feuilles d'automne">Les Feuilles d'automne</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Chants_du_cr%C3%A9puscule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Chants du crépuscule (page does not exist)">Les Chants du crépuscule</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Voix_int%C3%A9rieures" title="Les Voix intérieures">Les Voix intérieures</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Rayons_et_les_Ombres" title="Les Rayons et les Ombres">Les Rayons et les Ombres</a></i> (1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Ch%C3%A2timents" title="Les Châtiments">Les Châtiments</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Contemplations" title="Les Contemplations">Les Contemplations</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%A9gende_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="La Légende des siècles">La Légende des siècles</a></i> (Part One 1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Chansons_des_rues_et_des_bois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Chansons des rues et des bois (page does not exist)">Les Chansons des rues et des bois</a></i> (1865)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_terrible" title="L'Année terrible">L'Année terrible</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Art_d%27%C3%AAtre_grand-p%C3%A8re" title="L'Art d'être grand-père">L'Art d'être grand-père</a></i> (1877)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%A9gende_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="La Légende des siècles">La Légende des siècles</a></i> (Part Two 1877)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Pape" title="Le Pape">Le Pape</a></i> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Piti%C3%A9_supr%C3%AAme" title="La Pitié suprême">La Pitié suprême</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%82ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Âne (page does not exist)">L'Âne</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Quatre_Vents_de_l%27esprit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Quatre Vents de l'esprit (page does not exist)">Les Quatre Vents de l'esprit</a></i> (1881)</li> <li>Final part of <i><a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%A9gende_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="La Légende des siècles">La Légende des siècles</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Fin_de_Satan" title="La Fin de Satan">La Fin de Satan</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dieu" title="Dieu">Dieu</a></i> (1891, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toute_la_Lyre" title="Toute la Lyre">Toute la Lyre</a></i> (1888, 1893, 1897, 1935-1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Ann%C3%A9es_funestes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Années funestes (page does not exist)">Les Années funestes</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derni%C3%A8re_Gerbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dernière Gerbe (page does not exist)">Dernière Gerbe</a></i> (1902, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oc%C3%A9an,_Tas_de_pierres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Océan, Tas de pierres (page does not exist)">Océan, Tas de pierres</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Verso_de_la_page&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Verso de la page (page does not exist)">Le Verso de la page</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i>Œuvres d'enfance et de jeunesse, 1814-20</i> (<a href="/wiki/Juvenilia" title="Juvenilia">juvenilia</a>, 1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Rhin" title="Le Rhin">Le Rhin</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_le_Petit" title="Napoléon le Petit">Napoléon le Petit</a></i> (1852 pamphlet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare_(essay)" title="William Shakespeare (essay)">William Shakespeare</a></i> (1864 essay)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actes_et_Paroles" title="Actes et Paroles">Actes et Paroles</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_a_Crime" title="The History of a Crime">The History of a Crime</a></i> (1877)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Religions_et_religion" title="Religions et religion">Religions et religion</a></i> (1880)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opoldine_Hugo" title="Léopoldine Hugo">Léopoldine Hugo</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hugo_(writer)" title="Charles Hugo (writer)">Charles Hugo</a> <small>(son)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Victor_Hugo" title="François-Victor Hugo">François-Victor Hugo</a> <small>(son)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Hugo" title="Adèle Hugo">Adèle Hugo</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Hugo" title="Jeanne Hugo">Jeanne Hugo</a> <small>(granddaughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L%C3%A9opold_Sigisbert_Hugo" title="Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo">Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo</a> <small>(father)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_Litt%C3%A9raire_et_Artistique_Internationale" title="Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale">Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berne Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauteville_House" title="Hauteville House">Hauteville House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Victor_Hugo" title="Maison de Victor Hugo">Maison de Victor Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Drouet" title="Juliette Drouet">Juliette Drouet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Victor-Hugo_(Paris)" title="Avenue Victor-Hugo (Paris)">Avenue Victor-Hugo (Paris)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Victor_Hugo" title="Bust of Victor Hugo">Bust of Victor Hugo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Soeur_de_la_reine" title="La Soeur de la reine">La Soeur de la reine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_(crater)" title="Hugo (crater)">Hugo (crater)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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