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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Imperatores_in_the_ancient_Roman_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperatores_in_the_ancient_Roman_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span><i>Imperatores</i> in the ancient Roman Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperatores_in_the_ancient_Roman_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperatores_in_the_Roman_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperatores_in_the_Roman_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>Imperatores</i> in the Roman Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperatores_in_the_Roman_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperator_as_an_imperial_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperator_as_an_imperial_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Imperator</i> as an imperial title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperator_as_an_imperial_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_eastern_Rome_and_other_post-Roman_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_eastern_Rome_and_other_post-Roman_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use in eastern Rome and other post-Roman states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_eastern_Rome_and_other_post-Roman_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperatrix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperatrix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Imperatrix</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperatrix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Derivatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="إمبراتور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراتور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC)" title="Імператар (Старажытны Рым) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імператар (Старажытны Рым)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper%C3%A1tor" title="Imperátor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Imperátor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperaator" title="Imperaator – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Imperaator" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator_(titre)" title="Imperator (titre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Imperator (titre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%84%ED%8E%98%EB%9D%BC%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%B4" title="임페라토르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="임페라토르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80_(%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4)" title="Իմպերատոր (Հին Հռոմ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իմպերատոր (Հին Հռոմ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator_(rimska_titula)" title="Imperator (rimska titula) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Imperator (rimska titula)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperatoro" title="Imperatoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Imperatoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אימפרטור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אימפרטור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Император – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Император" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator_(R%C3%B3mai_Birodalom)" title="Imperator (Római Birodalom) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Imperator (Római Birodalom)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Римски император (титула) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Римски император (титула)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator_(Rome)" title="Imperator (Rome) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Imperator (Rome)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB" title="インペラトル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インペラトル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC)" title="Император (Древний Рим) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Император (Древний Рим)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Император (римска титула) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Император (римска титула)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator_(rimska_titula)" title="Imperator (rimska titula) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Imperator (rimska titula)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperaattori" title="Imperaattori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Imperaattori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Imperator" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Імператор (почесний титул) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імператор (почесний титул)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BD%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rank in ancient Rome</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Imperator Augustus" and "Imperatrix" redirect here. For the first Roman emperor, see <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Imperatrix_(horse)" title="Imperatrix (horse)">Imperatrix (horse)</a>. For the monarchic title of a head of state, see <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Imperator_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Imperator (disambiguation)">Imperator (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Imperator" title="Special:EditPage/Imperator">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Imperator%22">"Imperator"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Imperator%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Imperator%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Imperator%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Imperator%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Imperator%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brogi,_Giacomo_(1822-1881)_-_n._4123_-_Roma_-_Vaticano_-_Cesare_Augusto_-_Statua_in_marmo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Brogi%2C_Giacomo_%281822-1881%29_-_n._4123_-_Roma_-_Vaticano_-_Cesare_Augusto_-_Statua_in_marmo.jpg/220px-Brogi%2C_Giacomo_%281822-1881%29_-_n._4123_-_Roma_-_Vaticano_-_Cesare_Augusto_-_Statua_in_marmo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Brogi%2C_Giacomo_%281822-1881%29_-_n._4123_-_Roma_-_Vaticano_-_Cesare_Augusto_-_Statua_in_marmo.jpg/330px-Brogi%2C_Giacomo_%281822-1881%29_-_n._4123_-_Roma_-_Vaticano_-_Cesare_Augusto_-_Statua_in_marmo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Brogi%2C_Giacomo_%281822-1881%29_-_n._4123_-_Roma_-_Vaticano_-_Cesare_Augusto_-_Statua_in_marmo.jpg/440px-Brogi%2C_Giacomo_%281822-1881%29_-_n._4123_-_Roma_-_Vaticano_-_Cesare_Augusto_-_Statua_in_marmo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Marble statue of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a>, showing him in a pose of <i>imperator</i> (1st century AD)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sestertius_from_Titus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sestertius_from_Titus.jpg/220px-Sestertius_from_Titus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sestertius_from_Titus.jpg/330px-Sestertius_from_Titus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sestertius_from_Titus.jpg/440px-Sestertius_from_Titus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sestertius</a></i> of Emperor Titus with the inscription T CAESAR VESPASIAN (Titus Caesar Vespasianus) IMP IIII (Imperator Quartum) PON (Pontifex) TR POT II (Tribunicia Potestate Secundum) COS II (Consul Secundum). IMP IIII indicates four great victories by Titus and the associated fourth acclamation as emperor.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_Hofburg_brama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wien_Hofburg_brama.jpg/220px-Wien_Hofburg_brama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wien_Hofburg_brama.jpg/330px-Wien_Hofburg_brama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wien_Hofburg_brama.jpg/440px-Wien_Hofburg_brama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Golden dedication inscription at the <i>Äusseres Burgtor</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Hofburg_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofburg Palace">Hofburg Palace</a> in Vienna of "FRANCISCUS I. IMPERATOR AUSTRIAE MDCCCXXIV" (Francis I. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of ancient Rome">Politics of ancient Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/225px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/300px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a></b><br />753–509 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></b><br />509–27 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b><br />27 BC – AD 395</li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 284</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />AD 284–641</li></ul> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire"><b>Western</b></a><br />AD 395–476</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><b>Eastern</b></a><br />AD 395–1453</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">Sullan republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Augustus" title="Constitutional reforms of Augustus">Augustan reforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Political institutions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Assemblies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Ordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Extraordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrector" title="Corrector">Corrector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Public law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius" title="Ius">Ius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum" title="Senatus consultum">Senatus consultum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestio_perpetua" title="Quaestio perpetua">Quaestio perpetua</a></i></li></ul> </div> <i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">Senatus consultum ultimum</a></i></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Titles and honours</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">Praeses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis" title="Triumvir monetalis">Triumvir monetalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The title of <i><b>imperator</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">im-pə-<span style="font-size:90%">RAH</span>-tər</i></a>) originally meant the rough equivalent of <i>commander</i> under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. Later, it became a part of the titulature of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperors</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">praenomen</a>. The Roman emperors generally based their authority on multiple titles and positions, rather than preferring any single title. Nevertheless, <i>imperator</i> was used relatively consistently as an element of a Roman ruler's title throughout the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">later Roman Empire</a>. It was abbreviated to "IMP" in inscriptions. The word derives from the stem of the verb <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">imperare</i></span>, meaning 'to order, to command'. The English word <i><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a></i> derives from <i>imperator</i> via <a href="/wiki/Old_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old French language">Old French</a>: <i lang="fro">Empereür</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperatores_in_the_ancient_Roman_Kingdom"><i>Imperatores</i> in the ancient Roman Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Imperatores in the ancient Roman Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Rome was ruled by <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">kings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be able to rule, the king had to be invested with the full regal authority and power. So, after the <a href="/wiki/Comitia_curiata" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitia curiata">comitia curiata</a> that was held to elect the king, the king also had to be conferred the <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperatores_in_the_Roman_Republic"><i>Imperatores</i> in the Roman Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Imperatores in the Roman Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republican</a> literature and epigraphy, an imperator was a magistrate with imperium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivero2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivero2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the later Roman Republic and during the late Republican civil wars, <i>imperator</i> mainly was the honorific title assumed by certain military commanders. After an especially great victory, an army's troops in the field would proclaim their commander <i>imperator</i>, an acclamation necessary for a general to apply to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a>. After being acclaimed <i>imperator</i>, the victorious general had a right to use the title after his name until the time of his triumph, where he would relinquish the title as well as his <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since a triumph was the goal of many politically ambitious commanders, republican history is full of cases where <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> were bribed to call their commander <i>imperator</i>. The title of <i>imperator</i> was given firstly to Aemilius Paulus in 189 BC, for his campaigns against the Lusitanians from 191–89 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next, it was given to Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 95 BC as governor or pro consul of the Cilician province for his returning of Ariobarzanes I to the Cappadocia throne.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 90 BC to <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Julius_Caesar_(consul_90_BC)" title="Lucius Julius Caesar (consul 90 BC)">Lucius Julius Caesar</a>, in 84 BC to <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</a>, in 60 BC to <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Gaius Julius Caesar</a>, relative of the previously mentioned Lucius Julius Caesar, during the 50s BC to Gaius Julius Caesar (in Gaul), in 45 BC again to Gaius Julius Caesar, in 43 BC to <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Albinus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus">Decimus Junius Brutus</a>, and in 41 BC to <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antonius_(brother_of_Mark_Antony)" title="Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)">Lucius Antonius</a> (younger brother and ally of the more famous <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Antonius">Marcus Antonius</a>). In AD 15 <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> was also <i>imperator</i> during the empire (see below) of his adoptive father <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperator_as_an_imperial_title"><i>Imperator</i> as an imperial title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Imperator as an imperial title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the title <i>imperator</i> was generally restricted to the emperor, although in the early years of the empire it would occasionally be granted to a member of his family. As a permanent title, <i>imperator</i> was used as a <a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">praenomen</a> by the Roman emperors and was taken on accession. After the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, the act of being proclaimed imperator was transformed into the act of imperial accession. In fact, if a general was acclaimed by his troops as <i>imperator</i>, it would be tantamount to a declaration of rebellion against the ruling emperor. At first the term continued to be used in the Republican sense as a <a href="/wiki/Victory_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory titles">victory title</a>, but attached to the <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, rather than the commander of the military. The title then followed the emperor's name along with the number of times he was acclaimed as such, for example <i>IMP V</i> ("imperator five times"). In time it became the title of the <i>de facto</i> monarch, pronounced upon (and synonymous with) their assumption. </p><p>As a title <i>imperator</i> was generally translated into Greek as <i><a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">autokrator</a></i> ("one who rules oneself," also sometimes used as a translation for <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Roman dictators</a></i>). This was necessarily imprecise as it lost the nuances of Latin political thought contrasting <i>imperium</i> with other forms of public authority. Nevertheless, this title (along with <i><a href="/wiki/Sebastos" title="Sebastos">sebastos</a></i> for <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a></i>) was used in Greek-language texts for Roman emperors from the establishment of the empire. </p><p>In the east, the title continued to be used into the Byzantine period, although to a lesser, and much more ceremonial extent. In most Byzantine writings, the Greek translation "Autokrator" is preferred, but "Imperator" makes an appearance in <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a>'s mid seventh century mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a>, and on various ninth century lead seals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_eastern_Rome_and_other_post-Roman_states">Use in eastern Rome and other post-Roman states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use in eastern Rome and other post-Roman states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Roman empire collapsed in the West in the fifth century, Latin continued to be used as the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. The Roman emperors of this period (historiographically referred to as <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a>) were referred to as <i>imperatores</i> in Latin texts, while the word <i>basileus</i> (king) and <i>autokrator</i> (emperor) were used in Greek. </p><p>After 800, the <i>imperator</i> was used (in conjunction with <i>augustus</i>) as a formal Latin title in succession by the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> and German <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman</a> Emperors until 1806 and by the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> Emperors until 1918. </p><p>In medieval Spain, the title <i>imperator</i> was used under a variety of circumstances from the ninth century onward, but its use peaked, as a formal and practical title, between 1086 and 1157. It primarily was used by the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of León">Kings of León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Castile">Castile</a>, but it also found currency in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a> and was employed by the <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Castile">Counts of Castile</a> and at least one <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Duke of Galicia</a>. It signalled at various points the king's equality with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, his rule by conquest or military superiority, his rule over several people groups ethnic or religious, and his claim to <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over the other kings of the peninsula, both Christian and Muslim. </p><p>Beginning in 1077, Alfonso instituted the use of the style <i>ego Adefonsus <a href="/wiki/Imperator_totius_Hispaniae" title="Imperator totius Hispaniae">imperator totius Hispaniae</a></i> ("I, Alfonso, emperor of all Spain") and its use soon became regular.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This title was used throughout the period 1079–81, which represents the peak of his imperial pretensions before his capture of the <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">city of Toledo</a>, ancient capital of the Visigoths. In 1080, he introduced the form <i>ego Adefonsus Hispaniarum imperator</i> ("I, Alfonso, emperor of the Spains"), which he used again in 1090. His most elaborate imperial title was <i>ego Adefonsus imperator totius Castelle et Toleto necnon et Nazare seu Alave</i> ("I, Alfonso, emperor of all Castile and of Toledo also and of Nájera, or Álava").<sup id="cite_ref-García_Gallo_1945,_214_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-García_Gallo_1945,_214-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> conquered both the Balkan peninsula (<a href="/wiki/Rumeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumeli">Rumeli</a> in Turkish meaning "lands of Rome") and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, the Turkish ruler acclaimed to be the Caesar of Rome (<i>sultan-ı iklim-i Rûm</i>). In the fifteenth century <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a> established diplomatic relations with some Christian European states, and sent a document to the King of Poland in which he used the titles <i>Sultan Dei gratia Asie, Grecie etc. Imperator Maximus</i> ("with help of God, emperor of Asia and Greece"). Like his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> titled himself imperator in diplomatic correspondence (<i>per la Divina favente clementia Grande Imperator di Constantinopoli, di Asia, Europa, Persia, Syria et Egypto et Arabia et de li mari etc.</i>) due to his military successes.<sup id="cite_ref-İ_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-İ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperatrix"><i>Imperatrix</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Imperatrix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i><b>imperatrix</b></i> seems not to have been used in Ancient Rome to indicate the wife of an imperator or later, of an <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a>. In the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> there was no standard title or honorific for the emperor's wife, even the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">"Augusta" honorific</a> was rather exceptionally granted, and not exclusively to wives of living emperors. </p><p>It is not clear when the feminine form of the Latin term <i>imperator</i> originated or was used for the first time. It usually indicates a <i>reigning</i> monarch, and is thus used in the Latin version of titles of modern reigning empresses. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a> is identified "imperatrix mundi" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana" title="Carmina Burana">Carmina Burana</a></i>, the term describes the Goddess Fortune, or a personification of her, it is as the "ruler of the world". </p><p>The word <i>imperatrix</i>, which did not exist in Latin, is deployed by <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> for <a href="/wiki/Clodia_(wife_of_Metellus)" title="Clodia (wife of Metellus)">Clodia</a> in 56 BC; only in the mid-fifth century AD is <a href="/wiki/Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a> Augusta also imperatrix.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Christian context, <i>Imperatrix</i> became a laudatory address to the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a>, in diverse forms at least since the Middle Ages — for example, she is sometimes called "Imperatrix angelorum" ("ruler of the angels"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivatives">Derivatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperator&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Derivatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Imperator</i> is the root for the word for emperor of most Romance languages. It is the root of the English word "emperor", which entered the language via the French <i>empereur</i>, while related adjectives such as "imperial" were imported into English directly from Latin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperator&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Rex.html">Rex.A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Auctor.html">LacusCurtius • Roman Law — Auctor (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivero2006-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivero2006_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRivero2006">Rivero (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMomiglianoCornell2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Momigliano, Arnaldo; Cornell, Tim (2012). "imperator". <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.3268">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3268</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=imperator&rft.btitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.3268&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft.au=Cornell%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Oxford Classical Dictionary, entry 'Imperator', Third Edition, Oxford University Press, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ampelius 31 with Mackay (2000), pp. 178–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">The Annals</a></i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#58" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">1.58</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reilly 1988, 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-García_Gallo_1945,_214-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-García_Gallo_1945,_214_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">García Gallo 1945, 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-İ-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-İ_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKołodziejczyk2012" class="citation book cs1">Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/universal-empire/khan-caliph-tsar-and-imperator-the-multiple-identities-of-the-ottoman-sultan/519FA9B8EC1F10BC4C7BBD9FAE1838AF">"Khan, caliph, tsar and imperator: the multiple identities of the Ottoman sultan"</a>. In Bang, Peter Fibiger; Kolodziejczyk, Dariusz (eds.). <i>Universal Empire</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139136952.009">10.1017/CBO9781139136952.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139136952" title="Special:BookSources/9781139136952"><bdi>9781139136952</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khan%2C+caliph%2C+tsar+and+imperator%3A+the+multiple+identities+of+the+Ottoman+sultan&rft.btitle=Universal+Empire&rft.pages=175-193&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139136952.009&rft.isbn=9781139136952&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%82odziejczyk&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Funiversal-empire%2Fkhan-caliph-tsar-and-imperator-the-multiple-identities-of-the-ottoman-sultan%2F519FA9B8EC1F10BC4C7BBD9FAE1838AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevick2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Levick" title="Barbara Levick">Levick, Barbara</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVWpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31"><i>Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age</i></a>. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537941-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537941-9"><bdi>978-0-19-537941-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faustina+I+and+II%3A+Imperial+Women+of+the+Golden+Age&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537941-9&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVWpAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperator&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCombès1966" class="citation book cs1">Combès, Robert (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230065124/http://recherche.univ-montp3.fr/cercam/article.php3?id_article=404"><i>Imperator : Recherches sur l'emploi et la signification du titre d'Imperator dans la Rome républicaine</i></a>. Paris: Presses universitaires de France; Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences humaines de l’Université de Montpellier. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://recherche.univ-montp3.fr/cercam/article.php3?id_article=404">the original</a> on 2010-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperator+%3A+Recherches+sur+l%27emploi+et+la+signification+du+titre+d%27Imperator+dans+la+Rome+r%C3%A9publicaine&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France%3B+Publications+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+des+Lettres+et+Sciences+humaines+de+l%E2%80%99Universit%C3%A9+de+Montpellier&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Comb%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecherche.univ-montp3.fr%2Fcercam%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperator" class="Z3988"></span> 489 p.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivero2006" class="citation book cs1">Rivero, Pilar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifc.dpz.es/publicaciones/ver/id/2630"><i>Imperator Populi Romani: una aproximación al poder republicano</i></a>. Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperator+Populi+Romani%3A+una+aproximaci%C3%B3n+al+poder+republicano&rft.place=Zaragoza&rft.pub=Instituci%C3%B3n+Fernando+el+Cat%C3%B3lico&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rivero&rft.aufirst=Pilar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fifc.dpz.es%2Fpublicaciones%2Fver%2Fid%2F2630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperator" class="Z3988"></span> 514 p. (Biblioteca virtual at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ifc.dpz.es">http://ifc.dpz.es</a>).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Augustus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Augustus" title="Template:Augustus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Augustus" title="Template talk:Augustus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Augustus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Augustus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Augustus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Gaius Octavius · Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (<a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Augustus" title="Early life of Augustus">Octavian</a>) · <i>Imperator</i> Caesar Augustus</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">Princeps</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)"><i>Augustus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)"><i>Caesar</i></a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divi_filius" title="Divi filius">Divi filius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pater_patriae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pater patriae">Pater patriae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Augustus" title="Wars of Augustus">Wars of Augustus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">War of Mutina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutina" title="Battle of Mutina">battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forum_Gallorum" title="Battle of Forum Gallorum">Forum Gallorum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Philippi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(30_BC)" title="Battle of Alexandria (30 BC)">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum"><i>Bellum Batonianum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Germanic War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Teutoburg</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Reforms_of_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Reforms of Augustus">Constitutional Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia#Augustan_leges_Juliae" title="Lex Julia"><i>leges Juliae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_reform_of_Augustus" title="Coinage reform of Augustus">Coinage reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierzo_Edict" title="Bierzo Edict">Bierzo Edict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Augustan_Rome" title="Propaganda in Augustan Rome">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Argonautarum" title="Porticus Argonautarum">Porticus Argonautarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarium_Augusti" title="Solarium Augusti">Solarium Augusti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Montecitorio" title="Obelisk of Montecitorio">obelisk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saepta_Julia" title="Saepta Julia">Saepta Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diribitorium" title="Diribitorium">Diribitorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Agrippae" title="Campus Agrippae">Campus Agrippae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Vipsania" title="Porticus Vipsania">Porticus Vipsania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Octaviae" title="Porticus Octaviae">Porticus Octaviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_of_Livia" title="Porticus of Livia">Porticus of Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_Liviae" title="Macellum Liviae">Macellum Liviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Palatine_Apollo" title="Library of Palatine Apollo">Library of Palatine Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Marcellus" title="Theatre of Marcellus">Theatre of Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Agora" title="Roman Agora">Roman Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropaeum_Alpium" title="Tropaeum Alpium">Tropaeum Alpium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesareum_of_Alexandria" title="Caesareum of Alexandria">Caesareum of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Augustus" title="House of Augustus">House of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">Gardens of Maecenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_a_Mare" title="Palazzo a Mare">Palazzo a Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia_(Ventotene)" title="Villa Giulia (Ventotene)">Villa Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Augustus" title="Villa of Augustus">Villa of Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Neptune" title="Basilica of Neptune">Basilica of Neptune</a></li> <li>Temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus" title="Temple of Apollo Palatinus">Apollo Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Sosianus" title="Temple of Apollo Sosianus">Apollo Sosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Mars_Ultor" title="Temple of Mars Ultor">Mars Ultor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Castor_and_Pollux" title="Temple of Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus,_Pula" title="Temple of Augustus, Pula">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Rome_and_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Rome and Augustus">Rome and Augustus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">Aqueducts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Virgo" title="Aqua Virgo">Aqua Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alsietina" title="Aqua Alsietina">Aqua Alsietina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Julia" title="Aqua Julia">Aqua Julia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milliarium_Aureum" title="Milliarium Aureum">Milliarium Aureum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Julia_Augusta" title="Via Julia Augusta">Via Julia Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Augusta" title="Via Augusta">Via Augusta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Aosta)" title="Arch of Augustus (Aosta)">Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Ber%C3%A0" title="Arc de Berà">Berà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Fano)" title="Arch of Augustus (Fano)">Fano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_of_Orange" title="Triumphal Arch of Orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus,_Rome" title="Arch of Augustus, Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)" title="Arch of Augustus (Rimini)">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Susa)" title="Arch of Augustus (Susa)">Susa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti"><i>Res Gestae Divi Augusti</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memoirs_of_Augustus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memoirs of Augustus (page does not exist)">Memoirs of Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature_(ancient_Rome)" title="Augustan literature (ancient Rome)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Augustan and Julio-Claudian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Maecenas" title="Gaius Maecenas">Gaius Maecenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parents and siblings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_(father_of_Augustus)" title="Gaius Octavius (father of Augustus)">Gaius Octavius</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (adoptive father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atia_(mother_of_Augustus)" title="Atia (mother of Augustus)">Atia</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Elder" title="Octavia the Elder">Octavia the Elder</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia the Younger</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Claudia (wife of Octavian)">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribonia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Scribonia (wife of Octavian)">Scribonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_Postumus" title="Agrippa Postumus">Agrippa Postumus</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Drusus</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(stepdaughter_of_Augustus)" title="Cornelia (stepdaughter of Augustus)">Cornelia</a> (stepdaughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Caesoninus_(consul_15_BC)" title="Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 15 BC)">Piso Caesoninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_(nephew_of_Augustus)" title="Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)">Marcellus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Licinus" title="Julius Licinus">Julius Licinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Gaius Julius Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus_(freedman_of_Augustus)" title="Epaphroditus (freedman of Augustus)">Epaphroditus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Prima Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Labicana_Augustus" title="Via Labicana Augustus">Via Labicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB_Head" title="Meroë Head">Meroë Head</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Temples of Augustus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Divus_Augustus" title="Temple of Divus Augustus">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus_and_Rome" title="Temple of Augustus and Rome">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Divus_Augustus,_Nola" title="Temple of Divus Augustus, Nola">Nola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus,_Barcelona" title="Temple of Augustus, Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Temple_of_%C3%89vora" title="Roman Temple of Évora">Roman Temple of Évora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodales_Augustales" title="Sodales Augustales">Sodales Augustales</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Felicior_Augusto,_melior_Traiano" title="Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano">Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Augustus" title="Cultural depictions of Augustus">Cultural depictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Augustus" title="Category:Augustus">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Highest_military_ranks" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Highest_Military_Ranks" title="Template:Highest Military Ranks"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Highest_Military_Ranks" title="Template talk:Highest Military Ranks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Highest_Military_Ranks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Highest Military Ranks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Highest_military_ranks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Highest_military_ranks" title="Highest military ranks">Highest military ranks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">General officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">Flag officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_officer" title="Air officer">Air officer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">Amir al-umara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataman" title="Ataman">Ataman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">Autokrator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constable_of_France" title="Constable of France">Constable of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dux_bellorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dux bellorum">Dux bellorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Domestic" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Domestic">Grand Domestic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ispahsalar" title="Ispahsalar">Ispahsalar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemarch" title="Polemarch">Polemarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Realm_(Denmark)" title="Marshal of the Realm (Denmark)">Rigsmarsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serasker" title="Serasker">Serasker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">Shōgun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spahbed" title="Spahbed">Spahbed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparapet" title="Sparapet">Sparapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">Hetman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_fleet" title="Admiral of the fleet">Admiral of the fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Navy" title="Admiral of the Navy">Admiral of the Navy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aluf" title="Aluf">Aluf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dayuanshuai" title="Dayuanshuai">Dayuanshuai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dai-gensui" title="Dai-gensui">Dai-gensui</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_marshal_of_the_empire" title="First marshal of the empire">First marshal of the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Air_Force" title="General of the Air Force">General of the Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Armies" title="General of the Armies">General of the Armies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Generalissimo</a></i></li> <li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalissimo_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Generalissimo of the Soviet Union">Generalissimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_marshal" title="Grand marshal">Grand marshal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Highest_Commander_of_the_Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Highest Commander of the Royal Thai Armed Forces">Chom Thap Thai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(Indonesia)" title="General of the Army (Indonesia)">Jenderal besar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">Marshal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mare%C5%9Fal_(Turkey)" title="Mareşal (Turkey)">Mareşal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Italy" title="Marshal of Italy">Marshal of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_air_force" title="Marshal of the air force">Marshal of the air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic">Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Peru" title="Marshal of Peru">Marshal of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland" title="Marshal of Poland">Marshal of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Marshal of the Russian Federation">Marshal of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" title="Marshal of the German Democratic Republic">Marshal of the German Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(Uganda)" title="Field marshal (Uganda)">Field marshal (Uganda)</a></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vojvoda_(Serbia_and_Yugoslavia)" title="Vojvoda (Serbia and Yugoslavia)">Field Marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_(Yugoslav_People%27s_Army)" title="General (Yugoslav People's Army)">General (YPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia" title="Marshal of Yugoslavia">Marshal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mushir" title="Mushir">Mushir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsmarschall" title="Reichsmarschall">Reichsmarschall</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander" title="Supreme Allied Commander">Supreme Allied Commander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taewonsu" title="Taewonsu">Taewonsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wonsu" title="Wonsu">Wonsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuanshuai" title="Yuanshuai">Yuanshuai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marshal_(Brazil)" title="Marshal (Brazil)">Marshal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" 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