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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Conflict of the Orders</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Римски съсловни борби – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Римски съсловни борби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borba_patricija_i_plebejaca" title="Borba patricija i plebejaca – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Borba patricija i plebejaca" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflicte_dels_Ordres" title="Conflicte dels Ordres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conflicte dels Ordres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A6nderkampene" title="Stænderkampene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stænderkampene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4ndek%C3%A4mpfe_(Rom)" title="Ständekämpfe (Rom) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ständekämpfe (Rom)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflicto_patricio-plebeyo" title="Conflicto patricio-plebeyo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conflicto patricio-plebeyo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="مبارزه قانون‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مبارزه قانون‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflit_des_ordres" title="Conflit des ordres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conflit des ordres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimhlint_na_nOrd" title="Coimhlint na nOrd – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coimhlint na nOrd" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%98_%EA%B3%84%EA%B8%89_%EA%B0%88%EB%93%B1" title="로마 공화정의 계급 갈등 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마 공화정의 계급 갈등" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflitto_degli_ordini" title="Conflitto degli ordini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conflitto degli ordini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenderkampene" title="Stenderkampene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stenderkampene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflito_das_Ordens" title="Conflito das Ordens – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conflito das Ordens" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Борба патриција и плебејаца – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Борба патриција и плебејаца" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borba_patricija_i_plebejaca" title="Borba patricija i plebejaca – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Borba patricija i plebejaca" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97%D0%B2_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B2" title="Боротьба патриціїв та плебеїв – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Боротьба патриціїв та плебеїв" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political conflict in the Roman Republic, 500–287 BC</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of ancient Rome">Politics of ancient Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/225px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/300px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a></b><br />753–509 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></b><br />509–27 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b><br />27 BC – AD 395</li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 284</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />AD 284–641</li></ul> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire"><b>Western</b></a><br />AD 395–476</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><b>Eastern</b></a><br />AD 395–1453</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">Sullan republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Augustus" title="Constitutional reforms of Augustus">Augustan reforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Political institutions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Assemblies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Ordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Extraordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrector" title="Corrector">Corrector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Public law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius" title="Ius">Ius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum" title="Senatus consultum">Senatus consultum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestio_perpetua" title="Quaestio perpetua">Quaestio perpetua</a></i></li></ul> </div> <i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">Senatus consultum ultimum</a></i></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Titles and honours</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">Praeses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis" title="Triumvir monetalis">Triumvir monetalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Conflict of the Orders</b> or the <b>Struggle of the Orders</b> was a political struggle between the <a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">plebeians</a> (commoners) and <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a> (aristocrats) of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> lasting from 500 BC to 287 BC in which the plebeians sought political equality with the patricians. It played a major role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="History of the Constitution of the Roman Republic">Constitution of the Roman Republic</a>. Shortly after the founding of the Republic, this conflict led to a <a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">secession from Rome by the Plebeians</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Mount">Sacred Mount</a> at a time of war. The result of this <a href="/wiki/First_secessio_plebis" title="First secessio plebis">first secession</a> was the creation of the office of <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian tribune">plebeian tribune</a>, and with it the first acquisition of real power by the plebeians. </p><p>At first, only patricians were allowed to stand for election to political office, but over time these laws were revoked, and eventually all offices were opened to the plebeians. Since most individuals who were elected to political office were given membership in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>, this development helped to transform the Senate from a body of patricians into a body of both patrician and plebeian aristocrats. This development occurred at the same time that the plebeian legislative assembly, the <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian Council</a>, was acquiring additional power. At first, its acts ("<a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscites</a>") applied only to plebeians, although after 339 BC, with the institution of laws by the second plebeian dictator <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Publilius_Philo" title="Quintus Publilius Philo">Q. Publilius Philo</a>, these acts began to apply to both plebeians and patricians. The most fundamental change, however, was the granting of <i><a href="/wiki/Tribunicia_potestas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunicia potestas">tribunicia potestas</a></i> (tribunician power) in which tribunes of the plebs could veto unfavorable legislation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Era_of_Patricians_(494–367_BC)"><span id="The_Era_of_Patricians_.28494.E2.80.93367_BC.29"></span>The Era of Patricians (494–367 BC)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_the_Orders&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Era of Patricians (494–367 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Conflict of the Orders began less than 20 years after the Republic was founded. Under the existing system, the poorer plebeians made up the bulk of the Roman army. During their military service, the farms on which their livelihood depended were left abandoned. Unable to earn a sufficient income, many turned to the patricians for aid, which left them open to abuse and even enslavement. As the patricians controlled Roman politics, the plebeians found no help from within the existing political system. Their solution was to go on strike. In 494 BC Rome was at war with three Italic tribes (the <a href="/wiki/Aequi" title="Aequi">Aequi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine">Sabine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volsci" title="Volsci">Volsci</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_28_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_28-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the plebeian soldiers, advised by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Sicinius_Vellutus" title="Lucius Sicinius Vellutus">Lucius Sicinius Vellutus</a>, refused to march against the enemy and instead <a href="/wiki/First_secessio_plebis" title="First secessio plebis">seceded</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Sacro" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Sacro">Sacred Mount</a> outside Rome. A settlement was negotiated and the patricians agreed that the plebs be given the right to meet in their own assembly, the Plebeian Council (<i>Concilium Plebis</i>), and to elect their own officials to protect their rights, the <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">plebeian tribune</a> (tribunus <i>plebis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_28_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_28-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 5th century BC, there were a number of unsuccessful attempts to reform Roman <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_law" title="Agrarian law">agrarian laws</a> to distribute newly conquered territories amongst the plebs. In a number of instances, these reforms were advocated by the plebeian tribunes. </p><p>In 471 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Lex_Publilia_(471_BC)" title="Lex Publilia (471 BC)">Lex Publilia</a> was passed, marking an important reform shifting practical power from the patricians to the plebeians. The law transferred the election of the <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">tribunes of the plebs</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal Assembly</a> (<i>comitia populi tributa)</i>, thereby freeing their election from the influence of the patrician <a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">clients</a>. </p><p>During the early years of the republic, the plebeians were not allowed to hold magisterial office. While the plebeian tribunes regularly attempted to block legislation unfavorable to their order, the patricians frequently tried to thwart them by gaining the support of another tribune. One example of this occurred in 448 BC when only five tribunes were elected to fill ten positions; following tradition and pressured by the patricians, they co-opted five colleagues, two of whom were patricians. Concerns that the patricians would attempt to influence future elections in this manner, or by obtaining the office themselves to prevent the plebeian tribunes from exercising their powers, led to the passage of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Trebonia_(448_BC)" title="Lex Trebonia (448 BC)">Lex Trebonia</a></i>, forbidding the plebeian tribunes from co-opting their colleagues in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 445 BC, the plebeians demanded the right to stand for election as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Consul">consul</a> (the chief-magistrate of the Roman Republic),<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_35_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_35-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">Roman Senate</a> refused to grant them this right. Ultimately, a compromise was reached, and while the consulship remained closed to the plebeians, consular command authority (<a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a>) was granted to a select number of military tribunes. These individuals, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Consular_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Consular Tribune">consular tribunes</a> ("military tribunes with consular powers" or <i>tribuni militum consulari potestate</i>) were elected by the <a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate Assembly</a>, and the Senate had the power to <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> any such election.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_35_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_35-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first of many attempts by the plebeians to achieve political equality with the Patricians. </p><p>Starting around the year 400 BC, a series of wars were fought against several neighboring tribes (in particular the <a href="/wiki/Aequi" title="Aequi">Aequi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Volsci" title="Volsci">Volsci</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Veii" title="Veii">Veii</a>). The disenfranchised plebeians, who made up significant portion of the army, grew restless from bloodshed while the patrician aristocracy enjoyed the fruits of the resulting conquests.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_35_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_35-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plebeians, by now exhausted and bitter, demanded real concessions, so the tribunes <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Licinius_Stolo" title="Gaius Licinius Stolo">Gaius Licinius Stolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Sextius_Lateranus" title="Lucius Sextius Lateranus">Lucius Sextius Lateranus</a> passed a law in 367 BC (the <a href="/wiki/Lex_Licinia_Sextia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex Licinia Sextia">Lex Licinia Sextia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_36,_41_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_36,_41-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which dealt with the economic plight of the plebeians. However, the law also required the election of at least one plebeian consul each year. The opening of the consulship to the plebeians was probably the cause behind the concession of 366 BC, in which the <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetorship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curule_aedile" class="mw-redirect" title="Curule aedile">curule aedile</a> were both created, but opened only to patricians.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_37_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_37-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_38_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_38-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the founding of the republic, the Centuriate Assembly became the principal <a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Roman assembly</a> in which magistrates were elected, laws were passed, and trials occurred. Also around this time, the plebeians assembled into an informal plebeian Curiae Assembly, which was the original <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian Council</a>. Since they were organized on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a> (and thus by clan), they remained dependent on their Patrician patrons. In 471 BC, a law was passed due to the efforts of the Tribune Volero Publilius,<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_29_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_29-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allowed the plebeians to organize by tribe, rather than by curia. Thus, the Plebeian Curiae Assembly became the Plebeian Tribal Assembly, and the plebeians became politically independent.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_29_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_29-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the regal period, the king nominated two <a href="/wiki/Equestrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrians">equestrians</a> to serve as his assistants, and after the overthrow of the monarchy, the Consuls retained this authority. However, in 447 BC, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> tells us that the Equators began to be elected by a tribal assembly that was presided over by a magistrate.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_33_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems as though this was the first instance of a joint Patricia-Plebeian Tribal Assembly, and thus was probably an enormous gain for the plebeians. While patricians were able to vote in a joint assembly, there were never very many Patricians in Rome. Thus, most of the electors were plebeians, and yet any magistrate elected by a joint assembly had jurisdiction over both plebeians and patricians. Therefore, for the first time, the plebeians seemed to have indirectly acquired authority over Patricians.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_33_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most contemporary accounts of an assembly of the Tribes refer specifically to the <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian Council</a>. </p><p>The distinction between the joint <a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal Assembly</a> (composed of both Patricians and Plebeians) and the Plebeian Council (composed only of Plebeians) is not well defined in the contemporary accounts, and because of this, the very existence of a joint Tribal Assembly can only be assumed through indirect evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_33_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 5th century BC, a series of reforms were passed (the <i>leges Valeria Horatio</i> or the "laws of the consuls <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Valerius_Poplicola_Potitus" title="Lucius Valerius Poplicola Potitus">Valerius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Horatius_Barbatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Horatius Barbatus">Horatius</a>"), which ultimately required that any law passed by the Plebeian Council have the full force of law over both plebeians and Patricians. This gave the plebeian tribunes, who presided over the Plebeian Council, a positive character for the first time. Before these laws were passed, tribunes could only interpose the sacrosanct of their person (<i>intercessio</i>) to veto acts of the Senate, assemblies, or magistrates. It was a modification to the Valerian law in 449 BC which first allowed acts of the Plebeian Council to have the full force of law over both plebeians and patricians, but eventually the final law in the series was passed (the "Shortening Law"), which removed the last check that the patricians in the Senate had over this power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_end_of_the_Conflict_of_the_Orders_(367–287_BC)"><span id="The_end_of_the_Conflict_of_the_Orders_.28367.E2.80.93287_BC.29"></span>The end of the Conflict of the Orders (367–287 BC)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_the_Orders&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The end of the Conflict of the Orders (367–287 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the decades following the passage of the Licinio-Sextian law of 367 BC, a series of laws were passed which ultimately granted plebeians political equality with patricians.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_41_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_41-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patrician era came to a complete end in 287 BC, with the passage of the Hortensian law.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_41_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_41-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the curule <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">aedileship</a> had been created, it had only been opened to Patricians. However, an agreement was ultimately secured between the plebeians and the patricians. One year, the curule <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">aedileship</a> was to be open to plebeians, and the next year, it was only to be open to patricians.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_42-43_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_42-43-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, however, this agreement was abandoned and the plebeians won full admission to the curule aedileship. In addition, after the consulship had been opened to the plebeians, the plebs acquired a <i>de facto</i> right to hold both the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Dictator">Roman dictatorship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Roman censorship</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_37_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_37-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since only former consuls could hold either office. 356 BC saw the appointment of the first plebeian dictator,<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_42_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_42-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 339 BC the plebeians facilitated the passage of a law (the <i>lex Publilia</i>), which required the election of at least one plebeian censor for each five-year term.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_42_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_42-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 337 BC, the first plebeian praetor (Q. Publilius Philo) was elected.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_42_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_42-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, during these years, the plebeian Tribunes and the senators grew increasingly close.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_44_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_44-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate realized the need to use plebeian officials to accomplish desired goals,<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_44_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_44-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so to win over the tribunes, senators gave the tribunes a great deal of power, and unsurprisingly, the tribunes began to feel obligated to the Senate. As the tribunes and the senators grew closer, plebeian senators were often able to secure the tribunate for members of their own families.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_45_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_45-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In time, the tribunate became a <a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">stepping stone</a> to higher office.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_45_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_45-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the era of the kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman King">Roman King</a> appointed new senators through a process called <i>lectio senatus</i>, but after the overthrow of the kingdom, the consuls acquired this power. Around the middle of the 4th century BC, however, the Plebeian Assembly enacted the "<a href="/wiki/Ovinian_Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovinian Plebiscite">Ovinian Plebiscite</a>" (<i>plebiscitum Ovinium</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_46_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_46-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which gave the power to appoint new senators to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Censors" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Censors">Roman censors</a>. It also codified a commonplace practice, which all but required the censor to appoint any newly elected magistrate to the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_46_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_46-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this was not an absolute requirement, the language in the law was so strict that the censors rarely disobeyed it. It is not known what year this law was passed, although it was probably passed between the opening of the censorship to plebeians (in 339 BC) and the first known <i>lectio senatus</i> by a censor (in 312 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_47_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_47-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this point, plebeians were already holding a significant number of magisterial offices, and so the number of plebeian senators probably increased quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_47_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_47-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was, in all likelihood, simply a matter of time before the plebeians came to dominate the Senate. </p><p>Under the new system, newly elected magistrates were awarded with automatic membership in the Senate, although it remained difficult for a plebeian from an unknown family to enter the Senate. On the rare occasion that an individual of an unknown family (<i>ignobilis</i>) was elected to high office, it was usually due to the unusual character of that individual, as was the case for both <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_47_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_47-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several factors made it difficult for individuals from unknown families to be elected to high office, in particular the very presence of a long-standing nobility, as this appealed to the deeply rooted Roman respect for the past.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_47_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_47-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, elections were expensive, neither senators nor magistrates were paid, and the Senate often did not reimburse magistrates for expenses associated with their official duties. Therefore, an individual usually had to be independently wealthy before seeking high office.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_47_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_47-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, a new <a href="/wiki/Nobiles" title="Nobiles">patricio-plebeian aristocracy</a> (<i>nobilitas</i>) emerged,<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_47_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_47-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which replaced the old patrician nobility. It was the dominance of the long-standing patrician nobility which ultimately forced the plebeians to wage their long struggle for political power. The new nobility, however, was fundamentally different from the old nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_48_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old nobility existed through the force of law, because only patricians were allowed to stand for high office, and it was ultimately overthrown after those laws were changed. Now, however, the new nobility existed due to the organization of society, and as such, it could only be overthrown through a revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_48_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Conflict of the Orders was finally coming to an end, since the plebeians had achieved political equality with the patricians.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_48_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small number of plebeian families had achieved the same standing that the old aristocratic Patrician families had always had, but these new plebeian aristocrats were as uninterested in the plight of the average plebeian as the old patrician aristocrats had always been.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_48_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time period, the plebeian plight had been mitigated due to the constant state of war that Rome was in.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_49_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_49-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These wars provided employment, income, and glory for the average plebeian, and the sense of patriotism that resulted from these wars also eliminated any real threat of plebeian unrest. The <i>lex Publilia</i>, which had required the election of at least one plebeian censor every five years, contained another provision. Before this time, any bill passed by an assembly could only become a law after the patrician senators gave their approval. This approval came in the form of an <i>auctoritas patrum</i> ("authority of the fathers").<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>lex Publilia</i> modified this process, requiring the <i>auctoritas patrum</i> to be passed before a law could be voted on by one of the assemblies, rather than after the law had already been voted on.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_50_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_50-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known why, but this modification seems to have made the <i>auctoritas patrum</i> irrelevant.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_51_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_51-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 287 BC, the economic condition of the average plebeian had become poor. The problem appears to have centered around widespread indebtedness,<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_52_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_52-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the plebeians quickly demanded relief. The senators, most of whom belonged to the creditor class, refused to abide by the demands of the plebeians, and the result was the final plebeian secession. The Plebeians seceded to the <a href="/wiki/Janiculum" title="Janiculum">Janiculum Hill</a>, and to end the secession, a dictator named <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Hortensius_(dictator)" title="Quintus Hortensius (dictator)">Quintus Hortensius</a> was appointed. Hortensius, a plebeian, passed the <a href="/wiki/Lex_Hortensia" title="Lex Hortensia">lex Hortensia</a> which ended the requirement that an <i>auctoritas patrum</i> be passed before any bill could be considered by either the Plebeian Council or the Tribal Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_52_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_52-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The requirement was not changed for the Centuriate Assembly. The Hortensian Law also reaffirmed the principle that an act of the Plebeian Council have the full force of law over both plebeians and patricians, which it had originally acquired as early as 449 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_51_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_51-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of the Hortensian law was in that it removed from the patrician senators their final check over the Plebeian Council.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_53_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_53-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_the_Orders&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional account was long accepted as factual, but it has a number of problems and inconsistencies, and almost every element of the story is controversial today. For instance, the <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti" title="Fasti">fasti</a></i> report a number of consuls with plebeian names during the 5th century BC, when the consulate was supposedly only open to patricians, and explanations to the effect that previously patrician <i><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gentes</a></i> somehow became plebeians later are difficult to prove. Another point of difficulty is the apparent absence of armed revolt; as the history of the late Republic shows, similar types of grievances tended to lead to bloodshed rather quickly, yet Livy's account seems to entail debate mostly, with the occasional threat of <i>secessio</i>. None of this is helped by our basic uncertainty as to who the <i>plebs</i> actually were; many of them are known to have been wealthy landowners, and the "lower class" label dates from the late Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaaflaub1986_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaaflaub1986-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some scholars, such as Richard E. Mitchell, have even argued that there was no conflict at all, the Romans of the late Republic having interpreted events of their distant past as if they were comparable to the class struggles of their own time. The crux of the problem is that there is no contemporaneous account of the conflict; writers such as <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, who might have met persons whose grandparents participated in the conflict, do not mention it (which may not be surprising, since Polybius' history covered a period after the conflict), while the writers who do speak of the conflict, such as Livy or <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, are sometimes thought to have reported fact and fable equally readily, and sometimes assume that there were no fundamental changes in Roman institutions in nearly 500 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_the_Orders&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Law">Roman Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuria" title="Centuria">Centuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Roman censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Dictator">Roman Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Horse" title="Master of the Horse">Master of the Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate" title="Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">Procurator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Senatus" title="Acta Senatus">Acta Senatus</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_the_Orders&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_28-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_28_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_28_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGwyn2012" class="citation book cs1">Gwyn, David (2012). <i>The Roman Republic: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199595112" title="Special:BookSources/9780199595112"><bdi>9780199595112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Republic%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199595112&rft.aulast=Gwyn&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConflict+of+the+Orders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri">Ab Urbe Condita</a></i>, iii. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_35-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_35_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_35_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_35_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_36,_41-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_36,_41_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 36, 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_37-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_37_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_37_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_38-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_38_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_29-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_29_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_29_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_33-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_33_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_33_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_33_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShindler" class="citation web cs1">Shindler, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520004912/http://theapollonianrevolt.com/patricians-plebeians-early-rome/">"Patrician and Plebeian Sociopolitical Dynamics in Early Rome"</a>. <i>The Apollonian Revolt</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theapollonianrevolt.com/patricians-plebeians-early-rome/">the original</a> on 20 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Apollonian+Revolt&rft.atitle=Patrician+and+Plebeian+Sociopolitical+Dynamics+in+Early+Rome&rft.aulast=Shindler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheapollonianrevolt.com%2Fpatricians-plebeians-early-rome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConflict+of+the+Orders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_41-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_41_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_41_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_42-43-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_42-43_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 42-43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_42-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_42_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_42_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_42_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_44-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_44_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_44_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_45-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_45_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_45_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_46-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_46_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_46_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_47-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_47_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_47_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_47_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_47_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_47_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_47_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_48-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_48_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_48_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_48_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_48_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShindler2014" class="citation journal cs1">Shindler, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520004912/http://theapollonianrevolt.com/patricians-plebeians-early-rome/">"Patrician and Plebeian Sociopolitical Dynamics in Early Rome"</a>. <i>The Apollonian Revolt</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theapollonianrevolt.com/patricians-plebeians-early-rome/">the original</a> on 20 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Apollonian+Revolt&rft.atitle=Patrician+and+Plebeian+Sociopolitical+Dynamics+in+Early+Rome&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Shindler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheapollonianrevolt.com%2Fpatricians-plebeians-early-rome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConflict+of+the+Orders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_49-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_49_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomiglianoCornell2016" class="citation web cs1">Momigliano, Arnaldo; Cornell, Tim (2016-03-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-4793">"patrum auctoritas"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.4793">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4793</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Classics&rft.atitle=patrum+auctoritas&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.4793&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft.au=Cornell%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fclassics%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199381135-e-4793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConflict+of+the+Orders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_50-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_50_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_51-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_51_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_51_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_52-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_52_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_52_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_53-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_53_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott 1901, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaaflaub1986-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaaflaub1986_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaaflaub1986">Raaflaub 1986</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_the_Orders&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Abbott, Frank Frost (1901). <i>A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions</i>. Elibron Classics (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-543-92749-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-543-92749-0">0-543-92749-0</a>).</li> <li>Byrd, Robert (1995). <i>The Senate of the Roman Republic</i>. U.S. Government Printing Office, Senate Document 103-23.</li> <li>Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1841). <i>The Political Works of Marcus Tullius Cicero: Comprising his Treatise on the Commonwealth; and his Treatise on the Laws. Translated from the original, with Dissertations and Notes in Two Volumes</i>. By Francis Barham, Esq. London: Edmund Spettigue. Vol. 1.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lintott" title="Andrew Lintott">Lintott, Andrew</a> (1999). <i>The Constitution of the Roman Republic</i>. Oxford University Press (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926108-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926108-3">0-19-926108-3</a>).</li> <li>Polybius (1823). <i>The General History of Polybius: Translated from the Greek</i>. By <a href="/wiki/James_Hampton_(priest)" title="James Hampton (priest)">James Hampton</a>. Oxford: Printed by W. Baxter. Fifth Edition, Vol 2.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lily_Ross_Taylor" title="Lily Ross Taylor">Taylor, Lily Ross</a> (1966). <i>Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar</i>. The University of Michigan Press (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08125-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08125-X">0-472-08125-X</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaaflaub1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Raaflaub" title="Kurt Raaflaub">Raaflaub, Kurt</a>, ed. (1986). <i>Social struggles in archaic Rome: New perspectives on the Conflict of Orders</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05528-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05528-4"><bdi>0-520-05528-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+struggles+in+archaic+Rome%3A+New+perspectives+on+the+Conflict+of+Orders&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-520-05528-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConflict+of+the+Orders" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Shindler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Shindler (page does not exist)">Shindler, Michael</a> (2014). <i>Patrician and Plebeian Sociopolitical Dynamics in Early Rome</i>. The Apollonian Revolt.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_the_Orders&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Conflict of the Orders</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Conflict+of+the+Orders&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Conflict+of+the+Orders">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Conflict+of+the+Orders&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ihne, Wilhelm. <i>Researches Into the History of the Roman Constitution</i>. William Pickering. 1853.</li> <li>Johnston, Harold Whetstone. <i>Orations and Letters of Cicero: With Historical Introduction, An Outline of the Roman Constitution, Notes, Vocabulary and Index</i>. Scott, Foresman and Company. 1891.</li> <li>Mommsen, Theodor. <i>Roman Constitutional Law</i>. 1871-1888</li> <li>Tighe, Ambrose. <i>The Development of the Roman Constitution</i>. D. Apple & Co. 1886.</li> <li>Von Fritz, Kurt. <i>The Theory of the Mixed Constitution in Antiquity</i>. Columbia University Press, New York. 1975.</li> <li><i>The Histories</i> by <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li>Cambridge Ancient History, Volumes 9–13.</li> <li>A. Cameron, <i>The Later Roman Empire</i>, (Fontana Press, 1993).</li> <li>M. Crawford, <i>The Roman Republic</i>, (Fontana Press, 1978).</li> <li>E. S. Gruen, "The Last Generation of the Roman Republic" (U California Press, 1974)</li> <li>F. Millar, <i>The Emperor in the Roman World</i>, (Duckworth, 1977, 1992).</li> <li>A. Lintott, "The Constitution of the Roman Republic" (Oxford University Press, 1999)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_the_Orders&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=546&chapter=83299&layout=html&Itemid=27">Cicero's De Re Publica, Book Two</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/HALSALL/ANCIENT/polybius6.html">Rome at the End of the Punic Wars: An Analysis of the Roman Government; by Polybius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205073306/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/polybius6.html">Archived</a> 2007-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_the_Orders&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mailer.fsu.edu/~njumonvi/montesquieu_romans.htm">Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline, by Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829134354/http://www.uah.edu/student_life/organizations/SAL/texts/misc/romancon.html">The Roman Constitution to the Time of Cicero</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/30/opinion/30harris.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">What a Terrorist Incident in Ancient Rome Can Teach Us</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Legislative_Assemblies_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Empire">Assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Magistrates of the Roman Empire">Magistrates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Obligations_in_Roman_law" title="Template:Obligations in Roman law">Obligation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_the_Orders&oldid=1255728052">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_the_Orders&oldid=1255728052</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_Republic" title="Category:Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" 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