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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sip%C9%99hsalar" title="Sipəhsalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sipəhsalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispahsalar" title="Ispahsalar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ispahsalar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispahsalar" title="Ispahsalar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ispahsalar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="سپهسالار (درجه نظامی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سپهسالار (درجه نظامی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispahsalar" title="Ispahsalar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ispahsalar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სპასალარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპასალარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military title historically used in the Islamic world</div> <p><b><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Ispahsālār</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اسپهسالار</span>) or <b><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">sipahsālār</i></span></b> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سپهسالار</span></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">army commander</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> rendered as <b><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">isfahsalār</i></span></b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إسفهسلار</span></span>) or <b><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">iṣbahsalār</i></span></b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إصبهسلار</span></span>), was a title used in much of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> during the 10th–15th centuries, to denote the senior-most military commanders, but also as a generic <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general officer</a> rank. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_East_and_Persia">Islamic East and Persia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ispahsalar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Islamic East and Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title derives from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <span title="Middle Persian-language romanization"><i lang="pal-Latn">spāh-sālār</i></span> (<span title="Middle Persian-language text"><span lang="pal-Avst" dir="rtl">𐬯𐬞𐬁𐬵⸱𐬯𐬁𐬮𐬁𐬭</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> already attested in <a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a> texts of the 9th century. It was the equivalent of the old <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> title of <span title="Middle Persian-language romanization"><i lang="pal-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Spahbed" title="Spahbed">spahbed</a></i></span> (New Persian <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">ispahbadh</i></span>), which during the Islamic era fell out of general use and became a regnal title among certain local dynasties in <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The titles of <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">ispahsalar</i></span> and <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">sipahsalar</i></span> came into prominence in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> in the later 10th century, with the rise to power of Iranian dynasties during the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Iranian Intermezzo">Iranian Intermezzo</a>". In its sense of '<a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>', the title was used in parallel to the usual Arabic titles <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hajib" title="Hajib">hajib</a> al-hujjab</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حاجب الحجاب</span></span>), <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">hajib al-kabir</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حاجب الكبير</span></span>) or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sahib al-jaysh</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صاحب الجيش</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Buyids" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyids">Buyids</a>, it was given as a sign of conciliation as well as of particular honour to two rebellious Turkish generals, <a href="/wiki/Seb%C3%BCktigin_al-Mu%27izzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebüktigin al-Mu'izzi">Sebüktigin al-Mu'izzi</a> in 971, and, after his death, <a href="/wiki/Alptakin" title="Alptakin">Alptakin</a> in 974/5. With the growing instability of the Buyid states towards the end of the century, the usage of <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">ispahsalar</i></span> became debased, and it came to mean simply 'commander' or just 'officer'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the later <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a> under <a href="/wiki/Khalaf_ibn_Ahmad" title="Khalaf ibn Ahmad">Khalaf ibn Ahmad</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 963–1002</span>), the title was applied to the commander-in-chief of the army, while the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">hajib al-hujjab</i></span> was a separate office, possibly commanding the slave troops (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamalik</a></i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">ghilman</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> dynasties, the Arabic and Persian titles were supplemented by the Turkish title <span title="Turkic languages romanization"><i lang="trk-Latn">sübashi</i></span>. The <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> employed <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">sipahsalar</i></span> and its Arabic equivalents in its original sense of "commander-in-chief", but also for commanders of specific contingents of their army, alongside the use of "plain" <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">salar</i></span> (and in Arabic, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">hajib</i></span>) for less exalted generals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Empire">Seljuq Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a> used a number of variants of the title, such as <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">ispahsalar-i buzurg</i></span> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اسپهسالار بزرگ</span></span>) or <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir">amir</a>-i ispahsalar</i></span> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">امیر اسپهسالار</span></span>), as well as a variety of other Arabic, Persian and Turkish titles both in a technical sense for the commander-in-chief of the army as well as the governors and army commanders of important regions, as well as in a more general sense of "general officer".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208–209_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208–209-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title was also used by the <a href="/wiki/Khwarizmshahs" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarizmshahs">Khwarizmshahs</a>, originally Seljuq vassals, who employed a unique variant, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">qir isfahsalar</i></span> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">قیر اسفهسالار</span></span>), for commanders of frontier regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol conquests</a> diminished the use of the title, bringing to the fore Turkish and Mongol ones instead, but it remained in widespread use in the isolated and conservative regions of <a href="/wiki/Gilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan">Gilan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daylam" title="Daylam">Daylam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Caspia" title="Caspia">Caspian</a> shore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Persia proper, it was revived by the <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a> under <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abbas_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abbas I">Shah Abbas I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1587–1629</span>), replacing the Arabic title <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">amir al-umara</a></i></span>, used until then. The office was apparently usually held by the <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Beglerbegi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beglerbegi">beglerbegi</a></i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Rustam_Khan_(Sipahsalar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustam Khan (Sipahsalar)">Rustam Khan</a> the most prominent person to occupy it. The post was abolished again in 1664/77, after which a commander-in-chief (<span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">sardar</a></i></span>) was appointed only in wartime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title re-appeared in the form <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">sipahsalar i-a'zam</i></span> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سپهسالار اعظم</span></span>) under the late <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a>, being held as an honorific by Minister of War <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Muhammad_Khan_Qajar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirza Muhammad Khan Qajar (page does not exist)">Mirza Muhammad Khan Qajar</a> in 1858, the reformist Minister of War (and soon after <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">chief minister</a>) <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Husayn_Khan_Qazwini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Husayn Khan Qazwini">Mirza Husayn Khan Qazwini</a>—who also built the namesake <a href="/wiki/Sepahsalar_Mosque" title="Sepahsalar Mosque">Sepahsalar Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>—in 1871, and by chief minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Vali_Khan_Tonekaboni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni">Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni</a> in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatouzian200626–27,_35,_203_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatouzian200626–27,_35,_203-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_the_Caucasus_and_the_Mashriq">Use in the Caucasus and the Mashriq</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ispahsalar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use in the Caucasus and the Mashriq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buyid, and especially Seljuq influence, led to the spread of <i>Ispahsalar</i>, alongside other Persian titles, westwards to the <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a> and even the Christian countries of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>: in Armenian it became <i>[a]spasalar</i>, and in Georgian <i><a href="/wiki/Amirspasalari" class="mw-redirect" title="Amirspasalari">Amirspasalari</a></i>, one of the four great ministers of state of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian realm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title was also in common use among the Turkic <i><a href="/wiki/Atabeg" title="Atabeg">Atabeg</a></i> dynasties of <a href="/wiki/Al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sham">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubids">Ayyubids</a>, both for regional military commanders but also, uniquely, as one of the personal titles of the <i>Atabegs</i> themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209–210_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209–210-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the <i>Isfahsalar</i> was the commander-in-chief of the army and jointly responsible with the Head Chamberlain (<i><a href="/wiki/Sahib_al-Bab" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahib al-Bab">Ṣāhib al-Bāb</a></i>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صاحب الباب</span></span> or <i>Wazīr al-Ṣaghīr</i>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وزير الصغير</span>) for military organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title survived among the <a href="/wiki/Mamluks_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks of Egypt">Mamluks of Egypt</a>, where both <i>Isfahsalar</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">nisba</a></i> "<i>al-Isfahsalārī</i>" (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الإسفهسلاري</span></span>) were commonly used in the titulature of the senior commanders in the 13th century, but it seems to have been debased and fallen out of use thereafter. It is still attested as late as 1475 for a Mamluk commander-in-chief, but by this time the term <i>isbahsalar</i> was also applied generally to the guards of the Mamluk sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978210_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978210-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, <i>sipāhsālār</i> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">سپاهسالار</span></span>) continued to be used but in a generic sense, the usual terms for commander-in-chief being <i><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">serdār</a></i> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">سردار</span></span>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Serasker" title="Serasker">serasker</a></i> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">سرعسكر</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978210_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978210-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_South_Asia">Islamic South Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ispahsalar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Islamic South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the Ghaznavids, the title also passed to the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a>, rulers of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Under the Ghurids, <i>Isfahsalar</i> signified the commander-in-chief, but in the 13th century it denoted an officer in command of 100 cavalry, and under the <a href="/wiki/Tughluqids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughluqids">Tughluqids</a> it declined to signify the commander of ten men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978210_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978210-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from this technical meaning, the term continued to be used in the Muslim states of India in the 14th–15th centuries as a generic term for "general officer", e.g. under the <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a>, or as "commander-in-chief", e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a>, it was a title sometimes given to the <i>Khankhanan</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> of Khans"), the Mughal commander-in-chief, especially when he led the army in place of the Mughal emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978210_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978210-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ispahsalar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amirspasalar" title="Amirspasalar">Amirspasalar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ispahsalar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Kursi-i hazrat Zartosht", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/pahlavi/nirangs1.htm"><i>Nirangs</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworthDigby1978">Bosworth & Digby 1978</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208–209-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978208–209_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworthDigby1978">Bosworth & Digby 1978</a>, pp. 208–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworthDigby1978">Bosworth & Digby 1978</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatouzian200626–27,_35,_203-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatouzian200626–27,_35,_203_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatouzian2006">Katouzian 2006</a>, pp. 26–27, 35, 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209–210-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978209–210_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworthDigby1978">Bosworth & Digby 1978</a>, pp. 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978210-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978210_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978210_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978210_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthDigby1978210_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworthDigby1978">Bosworth & Digby 1978</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ispahsalar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBosworthDigby1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. E. & Digby, S. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Ispahs%C4%81l%C4%81r%2C+Sipahs%C4%81l%C4%81r&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo">"Ispahsālār, Sipahsālār"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume IV:<i> Iran–Kha</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 208–210. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758278456">758278456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ispahs%C4%81l%C4%81r%2C+Sipahs%C4%81l%C4%81r&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+IV%3A+Iran%E2%80%93Kha&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=208-210&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758278456&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft.au=Digby%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DIspahs%25C4%2581l%25C4%2581r%252C%2BSipahs%25C4%2581l%25C4%2581r%26source%3D%252Fdb%252Feieo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIspahsalar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatouzian2006" class="citation book cs1">Katouzian, Homa (2006). <i>State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis</i>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845112725" title="Special:BookSources/1845112725"><bdi>1845112725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Society+in+Iran%3A+The+Eclipse+of+the+Qajars+and+the+Emergence+of+the+Pahlavis&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1845112725&rft.aulast=Katouzian&rft.aufirst=Homa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIspahsalar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">Flag officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_officer" title="Air officer">Air officer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">Amir al-umara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataman" title="Ataman">Ataman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">Autokrator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constable_of_France" title="Constable of France">Constable of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dux_bellorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dux bellorum">Dux bellorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Domestic" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Domestic">Grand Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ispahsalar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemarch" title="Polemarch">Polemarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Realm_(Denmark)" title="Marshal of the Realm (Denmark)">Rigsmarsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serasker" title="Serasker">Serasker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">Shōgun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spahbed" title="Spahbed">Spahbed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparapet" title="Sparapet">Sparapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">Hetman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_fleet" title="Admiral of the fleet">Admiral of the fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Navy" title="Admiral of the Navy">Admiral of the Navy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aluf" title="Aluf">Aluf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dayuanshuai" title="Dayuanshuai">Dayuanshuai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dai-gensui" title="Dai-gensui">Dai-gensui</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_marshal_of_the_empire" title="First marshal of the empire">First marshal of the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Air_Force" title="General of the Air Force">General of the Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Armies" title="General of the Armies">General of the Armies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Generalissimo</a></i></li> <li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalissimo_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Generalissimo of the Soviet Union">Generalissimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_marshal" title="Grand marshal">Grand marshal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Highest_Commander_of_the_Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Highest Commander of the Royal Thai Armed Forces">Chom Thap Thai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(Indonesia)" title="General of the Army (Indonesia)">Jenderal besar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">Marshal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mare%C5%9Fal_(Turkey)" title="Mareşal (Turkey)">Mareşal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Italy" title="Marshal of Italy">Marshal of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_air_force" title="Marshal of the air force">Marshal of the air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic">Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Peru" title="Marshal of Peru">Marshal of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland" title="Marshal of Poland">Marshal of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Marshal of the Russian Federation">Marshal of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" title="Marshal of the German Democratic Republic">Marshal of the German Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(Uganda)" title="Field marshal (Uganda)">Field marshal (Uganda)</a></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vojvoda_(Serbia_and_Yugoslavia)" title="Vojvoda (Serbia and Yugoslavia)">Field Marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_(Yugoslav_People%27s_Army)" title="General (Yugoslav People's Army)">General (YPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia" title="Marshal of Yugoslavia">Marshal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mushir" title="Mushir">Mushir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsmarschall" title="Reichsmarschall">Reichsmarschall</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander" title="Supreme Allied Commander">Supreme Allied Commander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taewonsu" title="Taewonsu">Taewonsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wonsu" title="Wonsu">Wonsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuanshuai" title="Yuanshuai">Yuanshuai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marshal_(Brazil)" title="Marshal (Brazil)">Marshal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ispahsalar&oldid=1252984227">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ispahsalar&oldid=1252984227</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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