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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fossil_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Fossil record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behaviour and ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Mortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural depictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Osprey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visvalk" title="Visvalk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Visvalk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عقاب نسارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقاب نسارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandion_haliaetus" title="Pandion haliaetus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pandion haliaetus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandion_haliaetus" title="Pandion haliaetus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pandion haliaetus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notcikinepikwesiw" title="Notcikinepikwesiw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Notcikinepikwesiw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ay_qaraqu%C5%9Fu" title="Çay qaraquşu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çay qaraquşu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elang_Tiram" title="Elang Tiram – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Elang Tiram" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="মাছমুরাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাছমুরাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Кәлмәргән – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кәлмәргән" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Скапа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Скапа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="पैन्डियन हैलिएटस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पैन्डियन हैलिएटस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Орел рибар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Орел рибар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erer-spluj" title="Erer-spluj – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Erer-spluj" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80guila_peixatera" title="Àguila peixatera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àguila peixatera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Пулă хурчки – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пулă хурчки" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandion_haliaetus" title="Pandion haliaetus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pandion haliaetus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlovec_%C5%99%C3%AD%C4%8Dn%C3%AD" title="Orlovec říční – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Orlovec říční" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba%C5%B5e" title="Chibaŵe – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chibaŵe" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpana" title="Alpana – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Alpana" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalch_y_pysgod" title="Gwalch y pysgod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwalch y pysgod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske%C3%B8rn" title="Fiskeørn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fiskeørn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ciek%C4%8D%C3%A1" title="Čiekčá – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Čiekčá" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischadler" title="Fischadler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fischadler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1%C5%82k%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC_naalzheeh%C3%AD" title="Táłkááʼ naalzheehí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Táłkááʼ naalzheehí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalakotkas" title="Kalakotkas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalakotkas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ψαραετός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψαραετός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandion_haliaetus" title="Pandion haliaetus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pandion haliaetus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C5%9Daglo" title="Fiŝaglo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fiŝaglo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrano_arrantzale" title="Arrano arrantzale – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arrano arrantzale" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="عقاب ماهی‌گیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عقاب ماهی‌گیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiski%C3%B8rn" title="Fiskiørn – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fiskiørn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balbuzard_p%C3%AAcheur" title="Balbuzard pêcheur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Balbuzard pêcheur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskearn" title="Fiskearn – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fiskearn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coirneach" title="Coirneach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coirneach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguia_peixeira" title="Aguia peixeira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aguia peixeira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9B%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0" title="માછીમાર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="માછીમાર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%88%98%EB%A6%AC" title="물수리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물수리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%BE" title="Ջրարծիվ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրարծիվ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buko%C4%8D" title="Bukoč – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bukoč" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar-aglo" title="Mar-aglo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mar-aglo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elang_tiram" title="Elang tiram – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elang tiram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandion_haliaetus" title="Pandion haliaetus – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pandion haliaetus" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gj%C3%B3%C3%B0ur" title="Gjóður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gjóður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandion_haliaetus" title="Pandion haliaetus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pandion haliaetus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9A" title="שלך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="შაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%88%D1%8B_%D1%82%D2%B1%D0%B9%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Балықшы тұйғын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Балықшы тұйғын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Osprey" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koho" title="Koho – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Koho" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83" title="Балыкчы кушу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Балыкчы кушу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D3%B9" title="Сексӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сексӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandion_haliaetus" title="Pandion haliaetus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pandion haliaetus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivj%C4%93rglis" title="Zivjērglis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zivjērglis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erelis_%C5%BEuvininkas" title="Erelis žuvininkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erelis žuvininkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%C3%A1szsas" title="Halászsas – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Halászsas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Орел-рибар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Орел-рибар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="താലിപ്പരുന്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താലിപ്പരുന്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="कैकर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कैकर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89" title="عقاب نسارى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقاب نسارى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%81%9F%E1%80%A1%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%82%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B6" title="ကၟအ်၊ ဂစေံ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ကၟအ်၊ ဂစေံ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung_Helang_Tiram" title="Burung Helang Tiram – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Burung Helang Tiram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%87_%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Загасч явлаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Загасч явлаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဝန်လက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝန်လက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visarend" title="Visarend – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Visarend" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="मलाहा चील – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मलाहा चील" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B5%E3%82%B4" title="ミサゴ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミサゴ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faskiarn" title="Faskiarn – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Faskiarn" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske%C3%B8rn" title="Fiskeørn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fiskeørn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske%C3%B8rn" title="Fiskeørn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fiskeørn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B0" title="କୁରର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୁରର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliqqiyg%CA%BBir" title="Baliqqiygʻir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baliqqiygʻir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%92" title="آسپرے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آسپرے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandion_halia%C3%ABtus" title="Pandion haliaëtus – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pandion haliaëtus" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rybo%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Rybołów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rybołów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandion_haliaetus" title="Pandion haliaetus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pandion haliaetus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uligan_pescar" title="Uligan pescar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Uligan pescar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Скоб – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Скоб" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Скопа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скопа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Умсан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Умсан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish-hawk" title="Fish-hawk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fish-hawk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aculoccia_di_mari" title="Aculoccia di mari – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aculoccia di mari" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Osprey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1iak_ryb%C3%A1r" title="Kršiak rybár – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kršiak rybár" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribji_orel" title="Ribji orel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ribji orel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Орао рибар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Орао рибар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orao_ribar" title="Orao ribar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Orao ribar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4%C3%A4ksi" title="Sääksi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sääksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskgjuse" title="Fiskgjuse – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fiskgjuse" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of bird</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fish hawk" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fish_Hawk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Fish Hawk (disambiguation)">Fish Hawk (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osprey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Osprey (disambiguation)">Osprey (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"River hawk" redirects here. For sports teams using this name, see <a href="/wiki/Riverhawks_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Riverhawks (disambiguation)">Riverhawks</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Osprey </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Osprey_on_nest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Osprey_on_nest.jpg/220px-Osprey_on_nest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Osprey_on_nest.jpg/330px-Osprey_on_nest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Osprey_on_nest.jpg/440px-Osprey_on_nest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4269" data-file-height="3080" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">American osprey (<i>P. h. carolinensis</i>) standing on its nest </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Pandion_haliaetus.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Pandion_haliaetus.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Pandion_haliaetus.ogg/Pandion_haliaetus.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Call </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Pandion" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pandion_(bird)" title="Pandion (bird)">Pandionidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pandion_(bird)" title="Pandion (bird)"><i>Pandion</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>P. haliaetus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Pandion haliaetus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandion_global_range.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pandion_global_range.svg/220px-Pandion_global_range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pandion_global_range.svg/330px-Pandion_global_range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pandion_global_range.svg/440px-Pandion_global_range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="927" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Global range of <i>Pandion haliaetus</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Falco haliaetus</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Linnaeus, 1758</span> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>osprey</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><b>Pandion haliaetus</b></i>), historically known as <b>sea hawk</b>, <b>river hawk</b>, and <b>fish hawk</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piscivore" title="Piscivore">fish-eating</a> <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">bird of prey</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmopolitan range">cosmopolitan range</a>. It is a large <a href="/wiki/Raptor_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raptor (bird)">raptor</a>, reaching more than 60 cm (24 in) in length and 180 cm (71 in) across the wings. It is brown on the upperparts and predominantly greyish on the head and underparts. </p><p>The osprey tolerates a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>, nesting in any location near a body of water providing an adequate food supply. It is found on all continents except Antarctica, although in South America it occurs only as a non-breeding <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrant</a>. </p><p>As its other common names suggest, the osprey's diet consists almost exclusively of fish. It possesses specialised physical characteristics and unique behaviour in hunting its <a href="/wiki/Prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey">prey</a>. Because of its unique characteristics it is classified in its own <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a>, <i>Pandion</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>, Pandionidae. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The osprey was described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> under the name <i>Falco haliaetus</i> in his landmark <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">tenth edition</a> of his <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mayr_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linnaeus specified the <a href="/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Type locality (biology)">type locality</a> as Europe, but in 1761 he restricted the locality to Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-mayr_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The osprey is the only species placed in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i>Pandion</i> that was introduced by the French zoologist <a href="/wiki/Marie_Jules_C%C3%A9sar_Savigny" title="Marie Jules César Savigny">Marie Jules César Savigny</a> in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ioc_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus is the sole member of the family Pandionidae.<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species has always presented a riddle to taxonomists, but here it is treated as the sole <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">living member</a> of the family Pandionidae, and the family listed in its traditional place as part of the order <a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a>. Other schemes place it alongside the hawks and eagles in the family <a href="/wiki/Accipitridae" title="Accipitridae">Accipitridae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mayr_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sibley-Ahlquist_taxonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy">Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy</a> has placed it together with the other diurnal raptors in a greatly enlarged <a href="/wiki/Ciconiiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciconiiformes">Ciconiiformes</a>, but this results in an unnatural <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> classification.<sup id="cite_ref-Salzman1993_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salzman1993-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">Molecular phylogenetic</a> analysis has found that the family Pandionidae is <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister</a> to the family Accipitridae. It is estimated that the two families diverged around 50.8 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandion_haliaetus_(Nagarhole,_2010)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eurasian osprey (P. h. haliaetus), in India"><img alt="Eurasian osprey (P. h. haliaetus), in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pandion_haliaetus_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/251px-Pandion_haliaetus_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pandion_haliaetus_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/377px-Pandion_haliaetus_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pandion_haliaetus_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/502px-Pandion_haliaetus_%28Nagarhole%2C_2010%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1761" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eurasian osprey <br /> <small>(<i>P. h. haliaetus</i>)</small>, <br /> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osprey_mg_9605_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American osprey (P. h. carolinensis), in the USA"><img alt="American osprey (P. h. carolinensis), in the USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Osprey_mg_9605_%28cropped%29.jpg/172px-Osprey_mg_9605_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Osprey_mg_9605_%28cropped%29.jpg/258px-Osprey_mg_9605_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Osprey_mg_9605_%28cropped%29.jpg/344px-Osprey_mg_9605_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">American osprey <br /> <small>(<i>P. h. carolinensis</i>)</small>, <br /> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osprey_(6916938314)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caribbean osprey (P. h. ridgwayi), in the Bahamas"><img alt="Caribbean osprey (P. h. ridgwayi), in the Bahamas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Osprey_%286916938314%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/235px-Osprey_%286916938314%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Osprey_%286916938314%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/354px-Osprey_%286916938314%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Osprey_%286916938314%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/471px-Osprey_%286916938314%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1951" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caribbean osprey <br /><small>(<i>P. h. ridgwayi</i>)</small>, <br />in <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Osprey_(Pandion_cristatus)_at_Point_Grey,_Western_Australia,_August_2023_08_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Australasian osprey (P. h. cristatus), in Australia"><img alt="Australasian osprey (P. h. cristatus), in Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Eastern_Osprey_%28Pandion_cristatus%29_at_Point_Grey%2C_Western_Australia%2C_August_2023_08_%28cropped%29.jpg/212px-Eastern_Osprey_%28Pandion_cristatus%29_at_Point_Grey%2C_Western_Australia%2C_August_2023_08_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Eastern_Osprey_%28Pandion_cristatus%29_at_Point_Grey%2C_Western_Australia%2C_August_2023_08_%28cropped%29.jpg/318px-Eastern_Osprey_%28Pandion_cristatus%29_at_Point_Grey%2C_Western_Australia%2C_August_2023_08_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Eastern_Osprey_%28Pandion_cristatus%29_at_Point_Grey%2C_Western_Australia%2C_August_2023_08_%28cropped%29.jpg/424px-Eastern_Osprey_%28Pandion_cristatus%29_at_Point_Grey%2C_Western_Australia%2C_August_2023_08_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1963" data-file-height="2641" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Australasian osprey <br /> <small>(<i>P. h. cristatus</i>)</small>, <br />in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></div> </li> </ul><p>The osprey is unusual in that it is a sole living species that occurs nearly worldwide. Even the few <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> are not unequivocally separable. There are four generally recognised subspecies, although differences are small, and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a> lists only the first three.<sup id="cite_ref-ITIS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITIS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul><li><i>Pandion haliaetus haliaetus</i> <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> – the Eurasian osprey is the nominate subspecies that occurs across the <a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic realm</a> and several parts of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> east to Japan and <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a>, throughout <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the Indian subcontinent, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and much of the African coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-Tesky_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tesky-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>P. haliaetus carolinensis</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin" title="Johann Friedrich Gmelin">Gmelin</a>, 1788)</small>– the American or North American osprey occurs from Alaska and Canada to much of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, except Chile and Patagonia. It is larger, darker bodied and has a paler breast than the European osprey.<sup id="cite_ref-Tesky_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tesky-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>P. haliaetus ridgwayi</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Charles_Johnson_Maynard" title="Charles Johnson Maynard">Maynard</a>, 1887</small> – Ridgway's osprey occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> islands. It has a very pale head and breast and a weak eye mask.<sup id="cite_ref-Tesky_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tesky-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is non-migratory. Its scientific name commemorates <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ridgway" title="Robert Ridgway">Robert Ridgway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow1998_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pandion_haliaetus_cristatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandion haliaetus cristatus">P. haliaetus cristatus</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Louis_Pierre_Vieillot" title="Louis Pierre Vieillot">Vieillot</a>, 1816)</small> – the Australasian osprey is the smallest and most distinctive subspecies that occurs along the entire marine coastline of Australia and some larger freshwater rivers as well as in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>. It is not migratory.<sup id="cite_ref-Tesky_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tesky-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authorities have assigned it full species-status<sup id="cite_ref-Christidis2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christidis2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <i><a href="/wiki/Pandion_cristatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandion cristatus">Pandion cristatus</a></i>, also known as the <b>eastern osprey</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-avibase_cristatus_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avibase_cristatus-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 genetic study using <a href="/wiki/Microsatellite" title="Microsatellite">microsatellite</a> data showed only low <a href="/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">genetic divergence</a> between <i>cristatus</i> and the other subspecies.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fossil record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> species were named from the fossil record.<sup id="cite_ref-Avibase_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avibase-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pandion homalopteron</i> described by Stuart L. Warter in 1976 was found in marine <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle Miocene</a> deposits of the <a href="/wiki/Barstovian" title="Barstovian">Barstovian</a> age in the southern part of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. The second species <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandion_lovensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandion lovensis (page does not exist)">Pandion lovensis</a></i> was described by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_J._Becker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan J. Becker (page does not exist)">Jonathan J. Becker</a> in 1985 and found in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>; it dates to the Late <a href="/wiki/Clarendonian" title="Clarendonian">Clarendonian</a> and possibly represents a separate lineage from that of <i>P. homalopteron</i> and <i>P. haliaetus</i>. A number of claw fossils have been recovered from Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments in Florida and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The oldest recognized family Pandionidae fossils were recovered from the Oligocene age <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Qatrani_Formation" title="Jebel Qatrani Formation">Jebel Qatrani Formation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Faiyum_Governorate" title="Faiyum Governorate">Faiyum Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. However, they are not complete enough to assign to a specific genus.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson1985_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson1985-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Pandionidae claw fossil was recovered from <a href="/wiki/Early_Oligocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Oligocene">Early Oligocene</a> deposits in the <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> basin, Germany, and was described in 2006 by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Mayr" title="Gerald Mayr">Gerald Mayr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayr2006_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus name <i><a href="/wiki/Pandion_(bird)" title="Pandion (bird)">Pandion</a></i> derives from <i>Pandíōn</i> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Πανδίων</span></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythical</a> Greek <a href="/wiki/King_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Athens">king of Athens</a> and grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandion_II" title="Pandion II">Pandion II</a>. The species name <i>haliaetus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">haliaeetus</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comes from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἁλιάετος</span></span> <i>haliáetos</i> "sea-eagle" (also <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἁλιαίετος</span></span> <i>haliaietos</i>) from the combining form <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἁλι-</span></span> <i>hali-</i> of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἅλς</span></span> <i>hals</i> "sea" and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀετός</span></span> <i>aetos</i>, "eagle".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LSJ_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSJ-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of <i>osprey</i> are obscure;<sup id="cite_ref-Livingston1943_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingston1943-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the word itself was first recorded around 1460, derived via the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-French</a> <i>ospriet</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <i>avis prede</i> "bird of prey," from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>avis praedae</i> though the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> notes a connection with the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>ossifraga</i> or "bone breaker" of <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris1969_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris1969-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-etymonline_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this term referred to the <a href="/wiki/Bearded_vulture" title="Bearded vulture">bearded vulture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Osprey-CootesParadise.webm/220px--Osprey-CootesParadise.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Osprey-CootesParadise.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Osprey-CootesParadise.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Osprey-CootesParadise.webm/Osprey-CootesParadise.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Osprey-CootesParadise.webm/Osprey-CootesParadise.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Osprey-CootesParadise.webm/Osprey-CootesParadise.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Osprey-CootesParadise.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Osprey-CootesParadise.webm/Osprey-CootesParadise.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Osprey-CootesParadise.webm/Osprey-CootesParadise.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Osprey-CootesParadise.webm/Osprey-CootesParadise.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Osprey-CootesParadise.webm/Osprey-CootesParadise.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Osprey at <a href="/wiki/Cootes_Paradise" title="Cootes Paradise">Cootes Paradise</a>, Hamilton, Ontario</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osprey_-_Lee_Point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Osprey_-_Lee_Point.jpg/220px-Osprey_-_Lee_Point.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Osprey_-_Lee_Point.jpg/330px-Osprey_-_Lee_Point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Osprey_-_Lee_Point.jpg/440px-Osprey_-_Lee_Point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4367" data-file-height="2911" /></a><figcaption>Eurasian osprey in flight, Northern Territory, Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>The osprey differs in several respects from other <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal animal">diurnal</a> birds of prey. Its toes are of equal length, its <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">tarsi</a> are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reticulate" class="extiw" title="wikt:reticulate">reticulate</a>, and its talons are rounded, rather than grooved. The osprey and owls are the only raptors whose outer toe is reversible, allowing them to grasp their prey with two toes in front and two behind. This is particularly helpful when they grab slippery fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Terres_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terres-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The osprey is 0.9–2.1 kg (2.0–4.6 lb) in weight and 50–66 cm (20–26 in) in length with a 127–180 cm (50–71 in) wingspan. It is, thus, of similar size to the largest members of the <i><a href="/wiki/Buteo" title="Buteo">Buteo</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Falco_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falco (bird)">Falco</a></i> genera. The subspecies are fairly close in size, with the nominate subspecies averaging 1.53 kg (3.4 lb), <i>P. h. carolinensis</i> averaging 1.7 kg (3.7 lb) and <i>P. h. cristatus</i> averaging 1.25 kg (2.8 lb). The <a href="/wiki/Wing_chord_(biology)" title="Wing chord (biology)">wing chord</a> measures 38 to 52 cm (15 to 20 in), the tail measures 16.5 to 24 cm (6.5 to 9.4 in) and the tarsus is 5.2–6.6 cm (2.0–2.6 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson-Lees2001_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-Lees2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAB_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAB-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The upperparts are a deep, glossy brown, while the breast is white, sometimes streaked with brown, and the underparts are pure white. The head is white with a dark mask across the eyes, reaching to the sides of the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-CTDEP_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTDEP-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The irises of the eyes are golden to brown, and the transparent nictitating membrane is pale blue. The bill is black, with a blue <a href="/wiki/Cere" class="mw-redirect" title="Cere">cere</a>, and the feet are white with black talons.<sup id="cite_ref-Terres_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terres-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the underside of the wings the wrists are black, which serves as a <a href="/wiki/Field_mark" title="Field mark">field mark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A short tail and long, narrow wings with four long, finger-like feathers, and a shorter fifth, give it a very distinctive appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsman_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsman-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sexes appear fairly similar, but the adult male can be distinguished from the female by its slimmer body and narrower wings. The breast band of the male is also weaker than that of the female or is non-existent, and the underwing coverts of the male are more uniformly pale. It is straightforward to determine the sex in a breeding pair, but harder with individual birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsman_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsman-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The juvenile osprey may be identified by buff fringes to the plumage of the upperparts, a buff tone to the underparts, and streaked feathers on the head. During spring, barring on the underwings and flight feathers is a better indicator of a young bird, due to wear on the upperparts.<sup id="cite_ref-CTDEP_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTDEP-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In flight, the osprey has arched wings and drooping "hands", giving it a <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gull-like</a> appearance. The call is a series of sharp whistles, described as <i>cheep, cheep,</i> or <i>yewk, yewk</i>. If disturbed by activity near the nest, the call is a frenzied <i>cheereek</i>!<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson1999_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson1999-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 213.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 211.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osprey,_Pandion_haliaetus,_2015-5997_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eurasian osprey (P. h. haliaetus)"><img alt="Eurasian osprey (P. h. haliaetus)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Osprey%2C_Pandion_haliaetus%2C_2015-5997_%28cropped%29.jpg/317px-Osprey%2C_Pandion_haliaetus%2C_2015-5997_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Osprey%2C_Pandion_haliaetus%2C_2015-5997_%28cropped%29.jpg/476px-Osprey%2C_Pandion_haliaetus%2C_2015-5997_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Osprey%2C_Pandion_haliaetus%2C_2015-5997_%28cropped%29.jpg/633px-Osprey%2C_Pandion_haliaetus%2C_2015-5997_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4262" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eurasian osprey <br /> (<i>P. h. haliaetus</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20240531_osprey_wethersfield_cove_PD207397_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American osprey (P. h. carolinensis)"><img alt="American osprey (P. h. carolinensis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/20240531_osprey_wethersfield_cove_PD207397_%28cropped%29.jpg/303px-20240531_osprey_wethersfield_cove_PD207397_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/20240531_osprey_wethersfield_cove_PD207397_%28cropped%29.jpg/456px-20240531_osprey_wethersfield_cove_PD207397_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/20240531_osprey_wethersfield_cove_PD207397_%28cropped%29.jpg/606px-20240531_osprey_wethersfield_cove_PD207397_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="849" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">American osprey <br /> (<i>P. h. carolinensis</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 239.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 237.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandion_haliaetus_ridgwayi_360420053_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caribbean osprey (P. h. ridgwayi)"><img alt="Caribbean osprey (P. h. ridgwayi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pandion_haliaetus_ridgwayi_360420053_%28cropped%29.jpg/356px-Pandion_haliaetus_ridgwayi_360420053_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pandion_haliaetus_ridgwayi_360420053_%28cropped%29.jpg/534px-Pandion_haliaetus_ridgwayi_360420053_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pandion_haliaetus_ridgwayi_360420053_%28cropped%29.jpg/711px-Pandion_haliaetus_ridgwayi_360420053_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caribbean osprey <br /> (<i>P. h. ridgwayi</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osprey-Pandion_cristatus_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Australasian osprey (P. h. cristatus)"><img alt="Australasian osprey (P. h. cristatus)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Osprey-Pandion_cristatus_%28cropped%29.jpg/336px-Osprey-Pandion_cristatus_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Osprey-Pandion_cristatus_%28cropped%29.jpg/505px-Osprey-Pandion_cristatus_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Osprey-Pandion_cristatus_%28cropped%29.jpg/671px-Osprey-Pandion_cristatus_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1593" data-file-height="641" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Australasian osprey <br /> (<i>P. h. cristatus</i>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osprey_at_Shadow_Mountain_Lake,_CO_8-27-12_(8054292660).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Osprey_at_Shadow_Mountain_Lake%2C_CO_8-27-12_%288054292660%29.jpg/140px-Osprey_at_Shadow_Mountain_Lake%2C_CO_8-27-12_%288054292660%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Osprey_at_Shadow_Mountain_Lake%2C_CO_8-27-12_%288054292660%29.jpg/210px-Osprey_at_Shadow_Mountain_Lake%2C_CO_8-27-12_%288054292660%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Osprey_at_Shadow_Mountain_Lake%2C_CO_8-27-12_%288054292660%29.jpg/280px-Osprey_at_Shadow_Mountain_Lake%2C_CO_8-27-12_%288054292660%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>American osprey pursued by a <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagle</a> attempting to steal a fish it caught. In <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ospreys_in_Britain" title="Ospreys in Britain">Ospreys in Britain</a></div> <p>The osprey is the second most widely distributed raptor species, after the <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a>, and is one of only six land-birds with a worldwide distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is found in temperate and tropical regions of all continents, except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. In North America it breeds from <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a> south to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, wintering further south from the southern United States through to Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-Bull87_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bull87-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is found in summer throughout Europe north into Ireland, Scandinavia, Finland and Great Britain though not Iceland, and winters in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hume2002_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hume2002-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia it is mainly <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a> and found patchily around the coastline, though it is a non-breeding visitor to eastern <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpsday_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpsday-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a 1,000 km (620 mi) gap, corresponding with the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Plain" title="Nullarbor Plain">Nullarbor Plain</a>, between its westernmost breeding site in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and the nearest breeding sites to the west in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis2007a_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis2007a-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> it is found in the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismarck Islands">Bismarck Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> remains of adults and juveniles have been found in <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, where it probably was wiped out by arriving humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Steadman2006_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steadman2006-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible it may once have ranged across <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> as well. It is an uncommon to fairly common winter visitor to all parts of South Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-Rasmussen2005_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> through to <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> and southern China, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, Malaysia, and the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Strange2000_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strange2000-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Behaviour and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The osprey is <a href="/wiki/Piscivore" title="Piscivore">piscivorous</a>, with fish making up 99% of its diet.<sup id="cite_ref-evans82_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans82-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It typically takes live fish weighing 150–300 g (5.3–10.6 oz) and about 25–35 cm (9.8–13.8 in) in length, but virtually any type of fish from 50 g (1.8 oz) to 2 kg (4.4 lb) can be taken.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson-Lees2001_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-Lees2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even larger 2.8 kg (6.2 lb) <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">northern pike</a> (<i>Esox lucius</i>) has been taken in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species rarely scavenges dead or dying fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson-Lees,_J._2001_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-Lees,_J._2001-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ospreys have a vision that is well adapted to detecting underwater objects from the air. Prey is first sighted when the osprey is 10–40 m (33–131 ft) above the water, after which the bird hovers momentarily and then plunges feet first into the water.<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They catch fish by diving into a body of water, oftentimes completely submerging their entire bodies. As an osprey dives it adjusts the angle of its flight to account for the distortion of the fish's image caused by <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a>. Ospreys will typically eat on a nearby perch but have also been known to carry fish for longer distances.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Occasionally, the osprey may prey on <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conchs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson-Lees,_J._2001_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-Lees,_J._2001-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goenka1985_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goenka1985-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports of ospreys feeding on carrion are rare. They have been observed eating dead <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Virginia opossums</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osprey_with_Rainbow_Trout.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American osprey with rainbow trout"><img alt="American osprey with rainbow trout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Osprey_with_Rainbow_Trout.jpg/301px-Osprey_with_Rainbow_Trout.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Osprey_with_Rainbow_Trout.jpg/451px-Osprey_with_Rainbow_Trout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Osprey_with_Rainbow_Trout.jpg/601px-Osprey_with_Rainbow_Trout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4105" data-file-height="2051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">American osprey with <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osprey_Fish_Nictitating.png" class="mw-file-description" title="American osprey with American gizzard shad"><img alt="American osprey with American gizzard shad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Osprey_Fish_Nictitating.png/210px-Osprey_Fish_Nictitating.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Osprey_Fish_Nictitating.png/315px-Osprey_Fish_Nictitating.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Osprey_Fish_Nictitating.png/420px-Osprey_Fish_Nictitating.png 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">American osprey with <a href="/wiki/American_gizzard_shad" title="American gizzard shad">American gizzard shad</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandion_haliaetus_-San_Francisco_Bay,_California,_USA-head-8_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American osprey with scraps of fish on its beak"><img alt="American osprey with scraps of fish on its beak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pandion_haliaetus_-San_Francisco_Bay%2C_California%2C_USA-head-8_%282%29.jpg/184px-Pandion_haliaetus_-San_Francisco_Bay%2C_California%2C_USA-head-8_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pandion_haliaetus_-San_Francisco_Bay%2C_California%2C_USA-head-8_%282%29.jpg/275px-Pandion_haliaetus_-San_Francisco_Bay%2C_California%2C_USA-head-8_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pandion_haliaetus_-San_Francisco_Bay%2C_California%2C_USA-head-8_%282%29.jpg/367px-Pandion_haliaetus_-San_Francisco_Bay%2C_California%2C_USA-head-8_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2086" data-file-height="1706" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">American osprey with scraps of fish on its beak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WesternOsprey_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eurasian osprey feeding on a fish in Kartung, the Gambia. Characteristically its tongue often pokes out whilst swallowing food."><img alt="Eurasian osprey feeding on a fish in Kartung, the Gambia. Characteristically its tongue often pokes out whilst swallowing food." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/WesternOsprey_%28cropped%29.jpg/253px-WesternOsprey_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/WesternOsprey_%28cropped%29.jpg/380px-WesternOsprey_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/WesternOsprey_%28cropped%29.jpg/506px-WesternOsprey_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="977" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eurasian osprey feeding on a fish in <a href="/wiki/Kartung" title="Kartung">Kartung</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">the Gambia</a>. Characteristically its tongue often pokes out whilst swallowing food.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The osprey has several <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptations</a> that suit its piscivorous lifestyle. These include reversible outer toes,<sup id="cite_ref-Clark1987_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sharp <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spicule" class="extiw" title="wikt:spicule">spicules</a> on the underside of the toes,<sup id="cite_ref-Clark1987_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> closable nostrils to keep out water during dives, backward-facing scales on the talons which act as barbs to help hold its catch and dense plumage which is oily and prevents its feathers from getting waterlogged.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osprey_prepare_to_mate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Osprey_prepare_to_mate.jpg/220px-Osprey_prepare_to_mate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Osprey_prepare_to_mate.jpg/330px-Osprey_prepare_to_mate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Osprey_prepare_to_mate.jpg/440px-Osprey_prepare_to_mate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>American ospreys preparing to mate on the nest</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osprey_with_its_nest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Osprey_with_its_nest.jpg/220px-Osprey_with_its_nest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Osprey_with_its_nest.jpg/330px-Osprey_with_its_nest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Osprey_with_its_nest.jpg/440px-Osprey_with_its_nest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Eurasian osprey standing next to its nest showing their relative sizes</figcaption></figure> <p>The osprey breeds near freshwater lakes and rivers, and sometimes on coastal brackish waters. Rocky outcrops just offshore are used in <a href="/wiki/Rottnest_Island" title="Rottnest Island">Rottnest Island</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, where there are 14 or so similar nesting sites of which five to seven are used in any one year. Many are renovated each season, and some have been used for 70 years. The nest is a large heap of sticks, driftwood, turf, or seaweed built in forks of trees, rocky outcrops, utility poles, artificial platforms, or offshore islets.<sup id="cite_ref-evans82_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans82-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berulds03_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berulds03-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As wide as 2 meters and weighing about 135 kg (298 lb), large nests on utility poles may be <a href="/wiki/Fire_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire hazard">fire hazards</a> and have caused <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, ospreys reach sexual maturity and begin breeding around the age of three to four, though in some regions with high osprey densities, such as <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> in the United States, they may not start breeding until five to seven years old, and there may be a shortage of suitable tall structures. If there are no nesting sites available, young ospreys may be forced to delay breeding. To ease this problem, posts are sometimes erected to provide more sites suitable for nest building.<sup id="cite_ref-chesapeake_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chesapeake-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nesting platform design developed by the organization <a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_to_Protect_the_Maurice_River_and_Its_Tributaries,_Inc." title="Citizens United to Protect the Maurice River and Its Tributaries, Inc.">Citizens United to Protect the Maurice River and Its Tributaries, Inc.</a> has become the official design of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="State of New Jersey">State of New Jersey</a>, U.S. The nesting platform plans and materials list, available online, have been utilized by people from a number of different geographical regions.<sup id="cite_ref-cumauriceriver_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cumauriceriver-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a global site for mapping osprey nest locations and logging observations on reproductive success.<sup id="cite_ref-osprey-watch_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osprey-watch-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ospreys usually mate for life. Rarely, <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_animals" title="Polyandry in animals">polyandry</a> has been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis2007b_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis2007b-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breeding season varies according to latitude: spring (September–October) in southern Australia, April to July in northern Australia, and winter (June–August) in southern Queensland.<sup id="cite_ref-Berulds03_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berulds03-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spring, the pair begins a five-month period of partnership to raise their young. The female lays two to four <a href="/wiki/Bird_egg" title="Bird egg">eggs</a> within a month and relies on the size of the nest to conserve heat. The eggs are whitish with bold splotches of reddish-brown and are about 6.2 cm × 4.5 cm (2.4 in × 1.8 in) and weigh about 65 g (2.3 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-Berulds03_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berulds03-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eggs are incubated for about 35–43 days to hatching.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The newly hatched chicks weigh only 50–60 g (1.8–2.1 oz), but fledge in 8–10 weeks. A study on <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_Island" title="Kangaroo Island">Kangaroo Island</a>, South Australia, had an average time between hatching and fledging of 69 days. The same study found an average of 0.66 young fledged per year per occupied territory, and 0.92 young fledged per year per active nest. Some 22% of surviving young either remained on the island or returned at maturity to join the breeding population.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis2007b_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis2007b-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When food is scarce, the first chicks to hatch are most likely to survive. The typical lifespan is 7–10 years, though rarely individuals can grow to as old as 20–25 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The oldest European wild osprey on record lived to be over thirty years of age.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandion_haliaetus_MWNH_0705.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Egg, collection of the Museum Wiesbaden"><img alt="Egg, collection of the Museum Wiesbaden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pandion_haliaetus_MWNH_0705.JPG/138px-Pandion_haliaetus_MWNH_0705.JPG" decoding="async" width="92" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pandion_haliaetus_MWNH_0705.JPG/207px-Pandion_haliaetus_MWNH_0705.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pandion_haliaetus_MWNH_0705.JPG/277px-Pandion_haliaetus_MWNH_0705.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2409" data-file-height="2612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Egg, collection of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_Wiesbaden" title="Museum Wiesbaden">Museum Wiesbaden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osprey_chicks_at_Back_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge_in_Virginia._(5343668960).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hatchling chicks"><img alt="Hatchling chicks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Osprey_chicks_at_Back_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge_in_Virginia._%285343668960%29.jpg/200px-Osprey_chicks_at_Back_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge_in_Virginia._%285343668960%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Osprey_chicks_at_Back_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge_in_Virginia._%285343668960%29.jpg/300px-Osprey_chicks_at_Back_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge_in_Virginia._%285343668960%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Osprey_chicks_at_Back_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge_in_Virginia._%285343668960%29.jpg/400px-Osprey_chicks_at_Back_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge_in_Virginia._%285343668960%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hatchling chicks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 157.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osprey_Chicks_(26177677892)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="5 week old chicks"><img alt="5 week old chicks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Osprey_Chicks_%2826177677892%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/233px-Osprey_Chicks_%2826177677892%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Osprey_Chicks_%2826177677892%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/349px-Osprey_Chicks_%2826177677892%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Osprey_Chicks_%2826177677892%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/465px-Osprey_Chicks_%2826177677892%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="964" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">5 week old chicks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osprey_Fledgling_(16995065659)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fledgling juvenile"><img alt="Fledgling juvenile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Osprey_Fledgling_%2816995065659%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/212px-Osprey_Fledgling_%2816995065659%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Osprey_Fledgling_%2816995065659%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/318px-Osprey_Fledgling_%2816995065659%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Osprey_Fledgling_%2816995065659%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/423px-Osprey_Fledgling_%2816995065659%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3209" data-file-height="2275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fledgling juvenile</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandion_haliaetus_-San_Francisco_Bay,_California,_USA_-head-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adult"><img alt="Adult" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pandion_haliaetus_-San_Francisco_Bay%2C_California%2C_USA_-head-8.jpg/223px-Pandion_haliaetus_-San_Francisco_Bay%2C_California%2C_USA_-head-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pandion_haliaetus_-San_Francisco_Bay%2C_California%2C_USA_-head-8.jpg/334px-Pandion_haliaetus_-San_Francisco_Bay%2C_California%2C_USA_-head-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pandion_haliaetus_-San_Francisco_Bay%2C_California%2C_USA_-head-8.jpg/445px-Pandion_haliaetus_-San_Francisco_Bay%2C_California%2C_USA_-head-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3421" data-file-height="2308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adult</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European breeders winter in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American and Canadian breeders winter in South America, although some stay in the southernmost U.S. states such as <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-microwave_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microwave-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ospreys from Florida migrate to South America.<sup id="cite_ref-Martell2004_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martell2004-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasian</a> ospreys tend not to <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrate</a>. </p><p>Studies of Swedish ospreys showed that females tend to migrate to Africa earlier than males. More stopovers are made during their autumn migration. The variation of timing and duration in autumn was more variable than in spring. Although migrating predominantly during the day, they sometimes fly in the dark hours, particularly in crossings over water and cover on average 260–280 km (160–170 mi) per day with a maximum of 431 km (268 mi) per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Alerstam2006_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alerstam2006-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European birds may also winter in South Asia, as indicated by an osprey tagged in Norway being monitored in western India.<sup id="cite_ref-Mundkur1988_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mundkur1988-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Mediterranean, ospreys show partial migratory behaviour with some individuals remaining resident, whilst others undertake relatively short migration trips.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortality">Mortality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mortality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swedish ospreys have a significantly higher mortality rate during migration seasons than during stationary periods, with more than half of the total annual mortality occurring during migration.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These deaths can also be categorized into spatial patterns: Spring mortality occurs mainly in Africa, which can be traced to crossing the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara desert">Sahara desert</a>. Mortality can also occur through mishaps with human utilities, such as nesting near overhead electric cables or collisions with aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ospreys_in_Sandy_Hook_(70331).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ospreys_in_Sandy_Hook_%2870331%29.jpg/220px-Ospreys_in_Sandy_Hook_%2870331%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ospreys_in_Sandy_Hook_%2870331%29.jpg/330px-Ospreys_in_Sandy_Hook_%2870331%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ospreys_in_Sandy_Hook_%2870331%29.jpg/440px-Ospreys_in_Sandy_Hook_%2870331%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3564" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption>Adult American ospreys on a man-made nest in New Jersey, US</figcaption></figure> <p>The osprey has a large range, covering 9,670,000 km<sup>2</sup> (3,730,000 sq mi) in just Africa and the Americas, and has a large global population estimated at 460,000 individuals. Although global population trends have not been quantified, the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), and for these reasons, the species is evaluated as <a href="/wiki/Least-concern_species" title="Least-concern species">Least Concern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence for regional decline in South Australia where former territories at locations in the <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Gulf" title="Spencer Gulf">Spencer Gulf</a> and along the lower <a href="/wiki/Murray_River" title="Murray River">Murray River</a> have been vacant for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis2007a_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis2007a-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the main threats to osprey populations were egg collectors and hunting of the adults along with other birds of prey,<sup id="cite_ref-UM_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UM-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cocker_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cocker-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but osprey populations declined drastically in many areas in the 1950s and 1960s; this appeared to be in part due to the toxic effects of insecticides such as <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> on reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-Ames1966_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ames1966-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pesticide interfered with the bird's <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> metabolism which resulted in thin-shelled, easily broken or infertile eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-Bull87_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bull87-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possibly because of the banning of DDT in many countries in the early 1970s, together with reduced persecution, the osprey, as well as other affected <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">bird of prey</a> species, have made significant recoveries.<sup id="cite_ref-evans82_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans82-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Australia, nesting sites on the <a href="/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula" title="Eyre Peninsula">Eyre Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_Island" title="Kangaroo Island">Kangaroo Island</a> are vulnerable to unmanaged coastal recreation and encroaching urban development.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis2007a_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis2007a-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Roman writer <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> reported that parent ospreys made their young fly up to the sun as a test, and dispatched any that failed.<sup id="cite_ref-deVries76_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deVries76-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Another odd legend regarding this fish-eating bird of prey, derived from the writings of <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> and recorded in <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Holinshed" title="Raphael Holinshed">Holinshed</a>'s <i>Chronicles</i>, was that it had one webbed foot and one taloned foot.<sup id="cite_ref-Cocker_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cocker-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cooper92_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper92-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The osprey is mentioned in the famous Chinese folk poem "<a href="/wiki/Guan_ju" title="Guan ju">guan guan ju jiu</a>" (關關雎鳩); "ju jiu" 雎鳩 refers to the osprey, and "guan guan" (關關) to its voice. In the poem, the osprey is considered to be an icon of fidelity and harmony between wife and husband, due to its highly monogamous habits. Some commentators have claimed that "ju jiu" in the poem is not the osprey but the <a href="/wiki/Mallard_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallard duck">mallard duck</a>, since the osprey cannot make the sound "guan guan".<sup id="cite_ref-vogel_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogel-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jiang_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jiang-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Irish poet <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a> used a grey wandering osprey as a representation of sorrow in <i>The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems</i> (1889).<sup id="cite_ref-deVries76_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deVries76-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There was a medieval belief that fish were so mesmerised by the osprey that they turned belly-up in surrender,<sup id="cite_ref-Cocker_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cocker-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this is referenced by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> in Act 4 Scene 5 of <i><a href="/wiki/Coriolanus_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolanus (play)">Coriolanus</a></i>:</li></ul> <blockquote> <p>I think he'll be to Rome<br /> As is the osprey to the fish, who takes it<br /> By sovereignty of nature. </p> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A4%C3%A4ksm%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/S%C3%A4%C3%A4ksm%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg/130px-S%C3%A4%C3%A4ksm%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/S%C3%A4%C3%A4ksm%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg/195px-S%C3%A4%C3%A4ksm%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/S%C3%A4%C3%A4ksm%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg/260px-S%C3%A4%C3%A4ksm%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>The osprey pictured in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4%C3%A4ksm%C3%A4ki" title="Sääksmäki">Sääksmäki</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selous-Scouts-cap-badge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Selous-Scouts-cap-badge.png/130px-Selous-Scouts-cap-badge.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Selous-Scouts-cap-badge.png/195px-Selous-Scouts-cap-badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Selous-Scouts-cap-badge.png/260px-Selous-Scouts-cap-badge.png 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cap_badge" title="Cap badge">Cap badge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Selous_Scouts" title="Selous Scouts">Selous Scouts</a> was a stylized osprey</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iconography">Iconography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, the osprey is typically depicted as a white eagle,<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper92_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper92-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often maintaining a fish in its talons or beak, and termed a "sea-eagle". It is historically regarded as a symbol of vision and abundance; more recently it has become a symbol of positive responses to nature,<sup id="cite_ref-Cocker_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cocker-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been featured on more than 50 international <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stamp_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stamp-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Provincial_bird"></span>In 1994, the osprey was declared the provincial bird of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-gov.ns.ca_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov.ns.ca-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sports clubs are named after the osprey such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Florida" title="University of North Florida">University of North Florida</a>'s <a href="/wiki/North_Florida_Ospreys" title="North Florida Ospreys">North Florida Ospreys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missoula_Osprey" class="mw-redirect" title="Missoula Osprey">Missoula Osprey</a> baseball team.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Seahawks", another term for osprey, is also common among sports teams. The <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks" title="Seattle Seahawks">Seattle Seahawks</a>, a professional <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> team in the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>, received their identity from a naming contest, defeating 1,740 others.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to team general manager <a href="/wiki/John_Thompson_(American_football_executive)" title="John Thompson (American football executive)">John Thompson</a>, the name "shows aggressiveness, reflects our soaring Northwest heritage and belongs to no other major league team."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>So-called "osprey" plumes were an important item in the <a href="/wiki/Plume_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Plume trade">plume trade</a> of the late 19th century and used in hats including those used as part of the army uniform. Despite their name, these plumes were actually obtained from <a href="/wiki/Egret" title="Egret">egrets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-birdnotesnews_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birdnotesnews-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2017 regular session of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon Legislature">Oregon Legislature</a>, there was a short-lived controversy over the <a href="/wiki/Western_meadowlark" title="Western meadowlark">western meadowlark</a>'s status as the state bird versus the osprey. The sometimes-spirited debate included state representative <a href="/wiki/Rich_Vial" title="Rich Vial">Rich Vial</a> playing the meadowlark's song on his smartphone over the House microphone.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A compromise was reached in SCR 18,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was passed on the last day of the session, designating the western meadowlark as the state <a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">songbird</a> and the osprey as the state <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">raptor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2021" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694938/206628879">"<i>Pandion haliaetus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2021</b>: e.T22694938A206628879. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694938A206628879.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694938A206628879.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Pandion+haliaetus&rft.volume=2021&rft.pages=e.T22694938A206628879&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694938A206628879.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22694938%2F206628879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"osprey". <i>The Chambers Dictionary</i> (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-550-10105-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-550-10105-5"><bdi>0-550-10105-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=osprey&rft.btitle=The+Chambers+Dictionary&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Chambers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-550-10105-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727000"><i>Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i></a> (in Latin). 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Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+Naturae+per+regna+tria+naturae%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis&rft.place=Holmiae+%28Stockholm%29&rft.pages=91&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F727000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mayr-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mayr_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mayr_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mayr_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayrCottrell1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Mayr, Ernst</a>; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108919"><i>Check-List of Birds of the World</i></a>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 279.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Check-List+of+Birds+of+the+World&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=279&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Museum+of+Comparative+Zoology&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F16108919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1761" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1761). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32170491"><i>Fauna svecica, sistens animalia sveciae regni mammalia, aves amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes</i></a> (in Latin) (2nd ed.). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scricciolo.com/classificazione/sequence4.htm">the original</a> on 13 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birding&rft.atitle=Sibley%27s+Classification+of+Birds&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=91-98&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Salzman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scricciolo.com%2Fclassificazione%2Fsequence4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatanachHalleyPirro2024" class="citation journal cs1">Catanach, T.A.; Halley, M.R.; Pirro, S. (2024). "Enigmas no longer: using ultraconserved elements to place several unusual hawk taxa and address the non-monophyly of the genus <i>Accipiter</i> (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae)". <i>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>: blae028. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiolinnean%2Fblae028">10.1093/biolinnean/blae028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Enigmas+no+longer%3A+using+ultraconserved+elements+to+place+several+unusual+hawk+taxa+and+address+the+non-monophyly+of+the+genus+Accipiter+%28Accipitriformes%3A+Accipitridae%29&rft.pages=blae028&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiolinnean%2Fblae028&rft.aulast=Catanach&rft.aufirst=T.A.&rft.au=Halley%2C+M.R.&rft.au=Pirro%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITIS-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITIS_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=175590">"<i>Pandion haliaetus</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pandion+haliaetus&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D175590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tesky-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tesky_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tesky_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tesky_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tesky_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesky1993" class="citation web cs1">Tesky, Julie L. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/paha/all.html">"<i>Pandion haliaetus</i>"</a>. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pandion+haliaetus&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Forest+Service&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Tesky&rft.aufirst=Julie+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fdatabase%2Ffeis%2Fanimals%2Fbird%2Fpaha%2Fall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow1998-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrow1998_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow1998" class="citation book cs1">Barrow, M.V. (1998). <i>A passion for Birds: American ornithology after Audubon</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04402-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04402-3"><bdi>0-691-04402-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+passion+for+Birds%3A+American+ornithology+after+Audubon&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-691-04402-3&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=M.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christidis2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christidis2008_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristidisBoles2008" class="citation book cs1">Christidis, L.; Boles, W.E. 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Csiro Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0643065116" title="Special:BookSources/978-0643065116"><bdi>978-0643065116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematics+and+Taxonomy+of+Australian+Birds&rft.pub=Csiro+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0643065116&rft.aulast=Christidis&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Boles%2C+W.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-avibase_cristatus-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-avibase_cristatus_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=CC2A77A9">"Pandion cristatus"</a>. <i>Avibase</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avibase&rft.atitle=Pandion+cristatus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favibase.bsc-eoc.org%2Fspecies.jsp%3Flang%3DEN%26avibaseid%3DCC2A77A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontiDelfourArnalZenboudji2018" class="citation journal cs1">Monti, F.; Delfour, F.; Arnal, V.; Zenboudji, S.; Duriez, O.; Montgelard, C. (2018). "Genetic connectivity among osprey populations and consequences for conservation: philopatry versus dispersal as key factors". <i>Conservation Genetics</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 839–851. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ConG...19..839M">2018ConG...19..839M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10592-018-1058-7">10.1007/s10592-018-1058-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+connectivity+among+osprey+populations+and+consequences+for+conservation%3A+philopatry+versus+dispersal+as+key+factors&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=839-851&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10592-018-1058-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ConG...19..839M&rft.aulast=Monti&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Delfour%2C+F.&rft.au=Arnal%2C+V.&rft.au=Zenboudji%2C+S.&rft.au=Duriez%2C+O.&rft.au=Montgelard%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avibase-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Avibase_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/avibase.jsp?ts=1117487225820&pg=search&qstr=Pandion">"<i>Pandion</i> entry"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobling2010" class="citation book cs1">Jobling, James A (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling"><i>The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names</i></a>. London: Christopher Helm. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n185">185</a>, 290–291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4"><bdi>978-1-4081-2501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Helm+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Bird+Names&rft.place=London&rft.pages=185%2C+290-291&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4&rft.aulast=Jobling&rft.aufirst=James+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHelm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LSJ-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LSJ_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a(lia/etos"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἁλιάετος</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a(/ls2"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἅλς</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)eto/s"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀετός</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livingston1943-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Livingston1943_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston1943" class="citation journal cs1">Livingston, C.H. 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(1969). <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i>. Boston: American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. and Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=American+Heritage+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc.+and+Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etymonline_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=osprey">"Osprey"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Osprey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dosprey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonWeiner1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Simpson, J.; Weiner, E., eds. (1989). "Osprey". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861186-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861186-2"><bdi>0-19-861186-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Osprey&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-19-861186-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Terres-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Terres_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terres_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerres1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Terres" title="John Kenneth Terres">Terres, J.K.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyen00terr/page/644"><i>The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds</i></a>. New York, NY: Knopf. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyen00terr/page/644">644–646</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-46651-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-46651-9"><bdi>0-394-46651-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Audubon+Society+Encyclopedia+of+North+American+Birds&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=644-646&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-394-46651-9&rft.aulast=Terres&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faudubonsocietyen00terr%2Fpage%2F644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-Lees2001-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson-Lees2001_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson-Lees2001_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson-LeesChristie2001" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D.A. (2001). <i>Raptors of the World</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12762-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12762-7"><bdi>978-0-618-12762-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raptors+of+the+World&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-618-12762-7&rft.aulast=Ferguson-Lees&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Christie%2C+D.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAB-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAB_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Osprey/id">"Osprey"</a>. <i>All About Birds</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Lab_of_Ornithology" title="Cornell Lab of Ornithology">Cornell Lab of Ornithology</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+About+Birds&rft.atitle=Osprey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutbirds.org%2Fguide%2FOsprey%2Fid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span> – <i>P. h. carolinensis</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTDEP-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CTDEP_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CTDEP_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610145703/http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/wildlife/pdf_files/outreach/fact_sheets/osprey.pdf">"Osprey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/wildlife/pdf_files/outreach/fact_sheets/osprey.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Osprey&rft.pub=Connecticut+Department+of+Environmental+Protection&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ct.gov%2Fdep%2Flib%2Fdep%2Fwildlife%2Fpdf_files%2Foutreach%2Ffact_sheets%2Fosprey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbinsBruunZimSinger1983" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, C. S.; Bruun, Bertel; Zim, H. S.; Singer, A. (1983). <i>Birds of North America</i> (Revised ed.). New York: Golden Press. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-307-37002-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-307-37002-X"><bdi>0-307-37002-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+of+North+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=78-79&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Golden+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-307-37002-X&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft.au=Bruun%2C+Bertel&rft.au=Zim%2C+H.+S.&rft.au=Singer%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forsman-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forsman_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsman_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsman2008" class="citation book cs1">Forsman, Dick (2008). <i>The Raptors of Europe & the Middle East: A Handbook of Field Identification</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 21–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85661-098-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85661-098-1"><bdi>978-0-85661-098-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Raptors+of+Europe+%26+the+Middle+East%3A+A+Handbook+of+Field+Identification&rft.pages=21-25&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-85661-098-1&rft.aulast=Forsman&rft.aufirst=Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson1999-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peterson1999_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Tory_Peterson" title="Roger Tory Peterson">Peterson, Roger Tory</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetobird00roge_1/page/136"><i>A Field Guide to the Birds</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetobird00roge_1/page/136">136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-91176-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-91176-1"><bdi>978-0-395-91176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+the+Birds&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-395-91176-1&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Roger+Tory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffieldguidetobird00roge_1%2Fpage%2F136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontiDuriezArnalDominici2015" class="citation journal cs1">Monti, Flavio; Duriez, Olivier; Arnal, Véronique; Dominici, Jean-Marie; Sforzi, Andrea; Fusani, Leonida; Grémillet, David; Montgelard, Claudine (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4650845">"Being cosmopolitan: evolutionary history and phylogeography of a specialized raptor, the Osprey <i>Pandion haliaetus</i>"</a>. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 255. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015BMCEE..15..255M">2015BMCEE..15..255M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12862-015-0535-6">10.1186/s12862-015-0535-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4650845">4650845</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26577665">26577665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Being+cosmopolitan%3A+evolutionary+history+and+phylogeography+of+a+specialized+raptor%2C+the+Osprey+Pandion+haliaetus&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=255&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4650845%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26577665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12862-015-0535-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015BMCEE..15..255M&rft.aulast=Monti&rft.aufirst=Flavio&rft.au=Duriez%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Arnal%2C+V%C3%A9ronique&rft.au=Dominici%2C+Jean-Marie&rft.au=Sforzi%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Fusani%2C+Leonida&rft.au=Gr%C3%A9millet%2C+David&rft.au=Montgelard%2C+Claudine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4650845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bull87-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bull87_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bull87_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullFarrand1987" class="citation book cs1">Bull, J.; Farrand, J. Jr (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi0000bull/page/469"><i>Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds: Eastern Region</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi0000bull/page/469">469</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-41405-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-41405-5"><bdi>0-394-41405-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Audubon+Society+Field+Guide+to+North+American+Birds%3A+Eastern+Region&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=469&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-394-41405-5&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Farrand%2C+J.+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faudubonsocietyfi0000bull%2Fpage%2F469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hume2002-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hume2002_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume2002" class="citation book cs1">Hume, R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rspbbirdsofbrita0000hume/page/89"><i>RSPB Birds of Britain and Europe</i></a>. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rspbbirdsofbrita0000hume/page/89">89</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7513-1234-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7513-1234-7"><bdi>0-7513-1234-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RSPB+Birds+of+Britain+and+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7513-1234-7&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frspbbirdsofbrita0000hume%2Fpage%2F89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpsday-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simpsday_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonDayTrusler1993" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, K.; Day, N.; Trusler, P. (1993). <a href="/wiki/Field_Guide_to_the_Birds_of_Australia_(Simpson_%26_Day)" title="Field Guide to the Birds of Australia (Simpson & Day)"><i>Field Guide to the Birds of Australia</i></a>. Ringwood, Victoria: Viking O'Neil. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-90478-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-90478-3"><bdi>0-670-90478-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Guide+to+the+Birds+of+Australia&rft.place=Ringwood%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Viking+O%27Neil&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-670-90478-3&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Day%2C+N.&rft.au=Trusler%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dennis2007a-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis2007a_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis2007a_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis2007a_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dennis, T.E. (2007). "Distribution and status of the Osprey (<i>Pandion haliaetus</i>) in South Australia". <i>Emu</i>. <b>107</b> (4): 294–299. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EmuAO.107..294D">2007EmuAO.107..294D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FMU07009">10.1071/MU07009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84883853">84883853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emu&rft.atitle=Distribution+and+status+of+the+Osprey+%28Pandion+haliaetus%29+in+South+Australia&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=294-299&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84883853%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FMU07009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007EmuAO.107..294D&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=T.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steadman2006-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steadman2006_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteadman2006" class="citation book cs1">Steadman, D. (2006). <i>Extinction and Biogeography in Tropical Pacific Birds</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77142-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77142-7"><bdi>978-0-226-77142-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extinction+and+Biogeography+in+Tropical+Pacific+Birds&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-226-77142-7&rft.aulast=Steadman&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rasmussen2005-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rasmussen2005_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussenAnderton2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pamela_C._Rasmussen" title="Pamela C. Rasmussen">Rasmussen, P.C.</a>; Anderton, J.C. (2005). <i>Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide Vols 1 & 2</i>. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8496553859" title="Special:BookSources/978-8496553859"><bdi>978-8496553859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+of+South+Asia.+The+Ripley+Guide+Vols+1+%26+2&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+and+Lynx+Edicions&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8496553859&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=P.C.&rft.au=Anderton%2C+J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strange2000-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strange2000_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrange2000" class="citation book cs1">Strange, M. (2000). <i>A Photographic Guide to the Birds of Southeast Asia including the Philippines and Borneo</i>. Singapore: Periplus. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-593-403-0" title="Special:BookSources/962-593-403-0"><bdi>962-593-403-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Photographic+Guide+to+the+Birds+of+Southeast+Asia+including+the+Philippines+and+Borneo&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Periplus&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=962-593-403-0&rft.aulast=Strange&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evans82-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-evans82_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evans82_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evans82_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1982" class="citation report cs1">Evans, D.L. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/specialscientifi238unit/specialscientifi238unit_djvu.txt">Status Reports on Twelve Raptors: Special Scientific Report Wildlife</a> (Report). U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Status+Reports+on+Twelve+Raptors%3A+Special+Scientific+Report+Wildlife&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior%2C+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=D.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fspecialscientifi238unit%2Fspecialscientifi238unit_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrianova, Olga V. & Boris N. Kashevarov. "Some results of long-term raptor monitoring in the Kostomuksha Nature Reserve." Status of Raptor Populations in Eastern Fennoscandia. Kostomuksha (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-Lees,_J._2001-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson-Lees,_J._2001_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson-Lees,_J._2001_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson-LeesChristieFranklinMead2001" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D.A.; Franklin, K.; Mead, D.; Burton, P. (2001). <i>Raptors of the world</i>. Helm Identification Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780618127627" title="Special:BookSources/9780618127627"><bdi>9780618127627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raptors+of+the+world&rft.series=Helm+Identification+Guides&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780618127627&rft.aulast=Ferguson-Lees&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Christie%2C+D.A.&rft.au=Franklin%2C+K.&rft.au=Mead%2C+D.&rft.au=Burton%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNA-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BNA_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPooleBierregaardMartell2002" class="citation journal cs1">Poole, A.F.; Bierregaard, R.O.; Martell, M.S. (2002). Poole, A.; Gill, F. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2173/tbna.683.p">"Osprey (<i>Pandion haliaetus</i>)"</a></span>. <i>The Birds of North America</i>. <b>683</b> (683). Philadelphia, PA: The Birds of North America, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2173%2Ftbna.683.p">10.2173/tbna.683.p</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Birds+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Osprey+%28Pandion+haliaetus%29&rft.volume=683&rft.issue=683&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2173%2Ftbna.683.p&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=A.F.&rft.au=Bierregaard%2C+R.O.&rft.au=Martell%2C+M.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2173%2Ftbna.683.p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunne2012" class="citation book cs1">Dunne, P. (2012). <i>Hawks in flight : the flight identification of North American raptors</i> (Second ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-70959-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-70959-7"><bdi>978-0-395-70959-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawks+in+flight+%3A+the+flight+identification+of+North+American+raptors&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-395-70959-7&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peregrinefund.org/explore-raptors-species/osprey/osprey">"Osprey"</a>. <i>The Peregrine Fund</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Peregrine+Fund&rft.atitle=Osprey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peregrinefund.org%2Fexplore-raptors-species%2Fosprey%2Fosprey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goenka1985-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goenka1985_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoenka1985" class="citation journal cs1">Goenka, D.N. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50394857">"The Osprey (<i>Pandion haliaetus haliaetus</i>) preying on a Gull"</a>. <i>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society</i>. <b>82</b> (1): 193–194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Bombay+Natural+History+Society&rft.atitle=The+Osprey+%28Pandion+haliaetus+haliaetus%29+preying+on+a+Gull&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=193-194&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Goenka&rft.aufirst=D.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F50394857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pandion_haliaetus/">"<i>Pandion haliaetus</i> (Osprey)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">Animal Diversity Web</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animal+Diversity+Web&rft.atitle=Pandion+haliaetus+%28Osprey%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanimaldiversity.org%2Faccounts%2FPandion_haliaetus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark1987-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark1987_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark1987_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkWheeler1987" class="citation book cs1">Clark, W.S.; Wheeler, B.K. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetohawk00clar"><i>A field guide to Hawks of North America</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-36001-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-36001-3"><bdi>0-395-36001-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+field+guide+to+Hawks+of+North+America&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-395-36001-3&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=W.S.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+B.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffieldguidetohawk00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/zoology/Pandion_haliaetus.pdf">"<i>Pandion haliaetu</i>s Linnaeus Osprey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Michigan Natural Features Inventory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pandion+haliaetus+Linnaeus+Osprey&rft.pub=Michigan+Natural+Features+Inventory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmnfi.anr.msu.edu%2Fabstracts%2Fzoology%2FPandion_haliaetus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berulds03-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berulds03_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berulds03_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berulds03_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeruldsen2003" class="citation book cs1">Beruldsen, G. (2003). <i>Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs</i>. Kenmore Hills, Queensland: G. Beruldsen. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-42798-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-646-42798-9"><bdi>0-646-42798-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Birds%3A+Their+Nests+and+Eggs&rft.place=Kenmore+Hills%2C+Queensland&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=G.+Beruldsen&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-646-42798-9&rft.aulast=Beruldsen&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/osprey-nest-moved-by-bc-hydro-crews-weighs-300-pounds-1.2853873">"Osprey nest moved by BC Hydro crews weighs 300 pounds"</a>. CBC News - British Columbia, Canada. 28 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Osprey+nest+moved+by+BC+Hydro+crews+weighs+300+pounds&rft.pub=CBC+News+-+British+Columbia%2C+Canada&rft.date=2014-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fosprey-nest-moved-by-bc-hydro-crews-weighs-300-pounds-1.2853873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chesapeake-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chesapeake_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesapeakebay.net/fieldguide/critter/osprey">"Osprey"</a>. Chesapeake Bay Program<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Osprey&rft.pub=Chesapeake+Bay+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesapeakebay.net%2Ffieldguide%2Fcritter%2Fosprey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cumauriceriver-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cumauriceriver_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cumauriceriver.org/pages/npmats.html">"Osprey platform plans"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1992). <i>Symbolic and Mythological Animals</i>. London: Aquarian Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85538-118-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85538-118-4"><bdi>1-85538-118-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbolic+and+Mythological+Animals&rft.place=London&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Aquarian+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-85538-118-4&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vogel-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vogel_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._U._VogelG._N._Dux2010" class="citation book cs1">H. U. Vogel; G. N. Dux, eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=state.or.us&rft.atitle=SCR+18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folis.leg.state.or.us%2Fliz%2F2017R1%2FDownloads%2FMeasureDocument%2FSCR18%2FEnrolled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsprey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osprey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/osprey/overview">Pandion haliaetus species account</a> at Neotropical Birds (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/bird-a-z/osprey/">UK Osprey Information</a> Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.arkive.org/">Osprey</a> media from <a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25332#P2833" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/170.pdf">Osprey species text in <i>The Atlas of Southern African Birds</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221101529/http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i3640id.html">Osprey – <i>Pandion haliaetus</i></a> – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pandion_haliaetus.html">Osprey Info</a> Animal Diversity Web</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/paha/all.html">USDA Forest Service osprey data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osprey-watch.org/">Osprey Nest Monitoring Program at OspreyWatch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opb.org/television/programs/ofg/segment/ospreys-rebound-rely-on-help-from-humans/"><i>Ospreys Rebound, Rely On Help From Humans</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150205095949/http://www.opb.org/television/programs/ofg/segment/ospreys-rebound-rely-on-help-from-humans/">Archived</a> 5 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Documentary produced by <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Field_Guide" title="Oregon Field Guide">Oregon Field Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cams.allaboutbirds.org/channel/27/Hellgate_Ospreys/">Hellgate Ospreys Bird Cam</a> Montana Osprey Project, hosted by the Cornell Lab</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><b><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Family</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sagittariidae (<a href="/wiki/Secretarybird" title="Secretarybird">secretarybird</a>)</li> <li>Pandionidae (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">osprey</a>)</li> <li>Accipitridae (<a href="/wiki/Accipitridae" title="Accipitridae">buzzards, eagles, harriers, hawks, kites, and Old World vultures</a>)</li> <li>Cathartidae (<a href="/wiki/New_World_vulture" title="New World vulture">New World vultures</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 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class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/16px-Eagle_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/24px-Eagle_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/32px-Eagle_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="381" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Birds</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/42px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Pandion haliaetus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25332" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q25332">Q25332</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pandion_haliaetus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pandion haliaetus">Pandion haliaetus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">ABA</a>: <span class="uid">osprey</span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pandion_haliaetus/">Pandion_haliaetus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Pandion_haliaetus">Pandion_haliaetus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=5BCF1891777ED3D3">5BCF1891777ED3D3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id8540">8540</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22694938">22694938</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=12487">12487</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/osprey">osprey</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" title="British Trust for Ornithology">BTO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob3010.htm">bob3010</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4CBTY">4CBTY</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals" title="Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals">CMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cms.int/en/species/pandion-haliaetus">pandion-haliaetus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/osprey">osprey</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/45509079">45509079</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PNDNHA">PNDNHA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/1176">1176</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp3010.htm">3010</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:96736">96736</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/762ac6f4-8808-419f-a44f-b7a7fa4a2f05">762ac6f4-8808-419f-a44f-b7a7fa4a2f05</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FEIS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/bird/paha/all.html">paha</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2480726">2480726</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">GNAB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/osprey">osprey</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World" title="Handbook of the Birds of the World">IBC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/osprey-pandion-haliaetus">osprey-pandion-haliaetus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/116999">116999</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11334237">11334237</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=175590">175590</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22694938">22694938</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105808/">2.105808</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000000292">NBNSYS0000000292</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=56262">56262</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_Birds_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropical Birds Online">Neotropical</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/osprey">osprey</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/346/">346</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/159377">159377</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Ohio Department of Natural Resources">ODNR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/http://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/species-and-habitats/species-guide-index/birds/osprey">osprey</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=509837">509837</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=368439">368439</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/10360">10360</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=12797">12797</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=159377">159377</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Pandion-haliaetus">Pandion-haliaetus</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Falco haliaetus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122583299" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q122583299">Q122583299</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4408415">4408415</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/4AC02A13-AB28-455E-90DA-6D899E80079B">4AC02A13-AB28-455E-90DA-6D899E80079B</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85095938">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553480305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10676124">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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