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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoniem_(taksonomie)" title="Sinoniem (taksonomie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sinoniem (taksonomie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)" title="مرادف (تصنيف) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرادف (تصنيف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonimia_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Sinonimia (bioloxía) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sinonimia (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonim_(taksonomiya)" title="Sinonim (taksonomiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sinonim (taksonomiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6_(%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE)" title="প্রতিশব্দ (শ্রেণিবিন্যাসবিদ্যা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রতিশব্দ (শ্রেণিবিন্যাসবিদ্যা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A2ng-%C3%AC-mi%C3%A2" title="Siâng-ì-miâ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siâng-ì-miâ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Сінонім (таксанамія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінонім (таксанамія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80)" title="पर्यायवाची (टैक्सोनॉमी) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पर्यायवाची (टैक्सोनॉमी)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin%C3%B2nim_(taxonomia)" title="Sinònim (taxonomia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sinònim (taxonomia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonimo_(biyolohiya)" title="Sinonimo (biyolohiya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sinonimo (biyolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfystyr_(tacsonomeg)" title="Cyfystyr (tacsonomeg) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfystyr (tacsonomeg)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taksonomi)" title="Synonym (taksonomi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Synonym (taksonomi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(Taxonomie)" title="Synonym (Taxonomie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Synonym (Taxonomie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCnon%C3%BC%C3%BCm_(bioloogia)" title="Sünonüüm (bioloogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sünonüüm (bioloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonimia_(biolog%C3%ADa)" title="Sinonimia (biología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sinonimia (biología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonimo_(taksonomio)" title="Sinonimo (taksonomio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sinonimo (taksonomio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonimo_(taxonomia)" title="Sinonimo (taxonomia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sinonimo (taxonomia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="مترادف (زیست‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مترادف (زیست‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonyme_(taxinomie)" title="Synonyme (taxinomie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Synonyme (taxinomie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonimia_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Sinonimia (bioloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sinonimia (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8)" title="Синоним (таксономи) – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Синоним (таксономи)" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%99%EB%AA%85%EC%9D%B4%EB%AA%85" title="학명이명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="학명이명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonimo_(taksonomia)" title="Sinonimo (taksonomia) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sinonimo (taksonomia)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonim_(taksonomi)" title="Sinonim (taksonomi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinonim (taksonomi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samheiti_(flokkunarfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Samheiti (flokkunarfræði) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samheiti (flokkunarfræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonimo_(tassonomia)" title="Sinonimo (tassonomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sinonimo (tassonomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9D_%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A3_(%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="שם נרדף (טקסונומיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שם נרדף (טקסונומיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szinon%C3%ADmia_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Szinonímia (biológia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szinonímia (biológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Синоним (таксономија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Синоним (таксономија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82)" title="പര്യായം (വർഗീകരണം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പര്യായം (വർഗീകരണം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonim_(taksonomi)" title="Sinonim (taksonomi) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sinonim (taksonomi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonim_(taksonomi)" title="Sinonim (taksonomi) – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sinonim (taksonomi)" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A0" title="シノニム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シノニム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taksonomi)" title="Synonym (taksonomi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Synonym (taksonomi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonime_(taxinomia)" title="Sinonime (taxinomia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sinonime (taxinomia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(Taxonomie)" title="Synonym (Taxonomie) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Synonym (Taxonomie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonim_(taksonomia)" title="Synonim (taksonomia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Synonim (taksonomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinon%C3%ADmia_(taxonomia)" title="Sinonímia (taxonomia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sinonímia (taxonomia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonim_(biologie)" title="Sinonim (biologie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sinonim (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Синоним (таксономия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синоним (таксономия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Synonym (taxonomy)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonim_(taksonomija)" title="Sinonim (taksonomija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sinonim (taksonomija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syn%C5%8Dnim_(taks%C5%8Dnomij%C5%8F)" title="Synōnim (taksōnomijŏ) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Synōnim (taksōnomijŏ)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Синоним (таксономија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синоним (таксономија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonim_(taksonomi)" title="Sinonim (taksonomi) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sinonim (taksonomi)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonyymi_(taksonomia)" title="Synonyymi (taksonomia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Synonyymi (taksonomia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(biologi)" title="Synonym (biologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Synonym (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ชื่อพ้อง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชื่อพ้อง" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scientific name that also applies to a taxon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the article</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Talk:Synonym (taxonomy)">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">botanical nomenclature</a>, a <b>synonym</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">scientific name</a> that applies to a <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> that (now) goes by a different scientific name.<sup id="cite_ref-ICNsyn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICNsyn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> was the first to give a scientific name (under the currently used system of scientific nomenclature) to the Norway spruce, which he called <i>Pinus abies</i>. This name is no longer in use, so it is now a synonym of the current scientific name, <i><a href="/wiki/Picea_abies" title="Picea abies">Picea abies</a></i>.</li> <li>In zoology, moving a species from one genus to another results in a different binomen, but the name is considered an alternative combination rather than a synonym. The concept of synonymy in zoology is reserved for two names at the same rank that refers to a taxon at that rank – for example, the name <i>Papilio prorsa</i> <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> is a junior synonym of <i>Papilio levana</i> <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>, being names for different seasonal forms of the species now referred to as <i>Araschnia levana</i> <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>, the map butterfly. However, <i>Araschnia levana</i> is not a synonym of <i>Papilio levana</i> in the taxonomic sense employed by the Zoological code.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a> in other contexts, in <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> a synonym is not interchangeable with the name of which it is a synonym. In taxonomy, synonyms are not equals, but have a different status. For any taxon with a particular <a href="/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)" title="Circumscription (taxonomy)">circumscription</a>, position, and rank, only one scientific name is considered to be the correct one at any given time (this correct name is to be determined by applying the relevant <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_codes" title="Nomenclature codes">code of nomenclature</a>). A synonym cannot exist in isolation: it is always an alternative to a different scientific name. Given that the correct name of a taxon depends on the taxonomic viewpoint used (resulting in a particular circumscription, position and rank) a name that is one taxonomist's synonym may be another taxonomist's correct name (and <i>vice versa</i>). </p><p>Synonyms may arise whenever the same taxon is described and named more than once, independently. They may also arise when existing taxa are changed, as when two taxa are joined to become one, a species is moved to a different genus, a variety is moved to a different species, etc. Synonyms also come about when the codes of nomenclature change, so that older names are no longer acceptable; for example, <i>Erica herbacea</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></small> has been <a href="/wiki/Conserved_name" title="Conserved name">rejected</a> in favour of <i><a href="/wiki/Erica_carnea" title="Erica carnea">Erica carnea</a></i> <small>L.</small> and is thus its synonym.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_usage">General usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synonym_(taxonomy)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To the general user of scientific names, in fields such as agriculture, horticulture, ecology, general science, etc., a synonym is a name that was previously used as the correct scientific name (in handbooks and similar sources) but which has been displaced by another scientific name, which is now regarded as correct. Thus <i>Oxford Dictionaries Online</i> defines the term as "a taxonomic name which has the same application as another, especially one which has been superseded and is no longer valid".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In handbooks and general texts, it is useful to have synonyms mentioned as such after the current scientific name, so as to avoid confusion. For example, if the much-advertised name change should go through and the scientific name of the <a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">fruit fly</a> were changed to <i>Sophophora melanogaster</i>, it would be very helpful if any mention of this name was accompanied by "(syn. <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>)". Synonyms used in this way may not always meet the strict definitions of the term "synonym" in the formal rules of nomenclature which govern scientific names <i>(see below)</i>. </p><p>Changes of scientific name have two causes: they may be taxonomic or nomenclatural. A name change may be caused by changes in the circumscription, position or rank of a taxon, representing a change in taxonomic, scientific insight (as would be the case for the fruit fly, mentioned above). A name change may be due to purely nomenclatural reasons, that is, based on the rules of nomenclature;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as for example when an older name is (re)discovered which has priority over the current name. Speaking in general, name changes for nomenclatural reasons have become less frequent over time as the rules of nomenclature allow for names to be conserved, so as to promote stability of scientific names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zoology">Zoology <span class="anchor" id="zoology"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synonym_(taxonomy)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Zoology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Valid_name_(zoology)" title="Valid name (zoology)">Valid name (zoology)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Zoological" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological">zoological</a> nomenclature, codified in the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a></i>, synonyms are different scientific names of the same <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">taxonomic rank</a> that pertain to that same <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a>. For example, a particular species could, over time, have had two or more <a href="/wiki/Species_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Species (biology)">species-rank</a> names published for it, while the same is applicable at higher ranks such as genera, families, orders, etc. In each case, the earliest published name is called the <b>senior synonym</b>, while the later name is the <b>junior synonym</b>. In the case where two names for the same taxon have been published simultaneously, the valid name is selected accorded to the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature#Principle_of_the_first_reviser" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">principle of the first reviser</a> such that, for example, of the names <i>Strix scandiaca</i> and <i>Strix noctua</i> (Aves), both published by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> in the same work at the same date for the taxon now determined to be the <a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">snowy owl</a>, the epithet <i>scandiaca</i> has been selected as the valid name, with <i>noctua</i> becoming the junior synonym. (Incidentally, this species has since been reclassified and currently resides in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Bubo_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubo (genus)">Bubo</a></i>, as <i>Bubo scandiacus</i><sup id="cite_ref-iucn_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>One basic principle of zoological <a href="/wiki/Scientific_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific nomenclature">nomenclature</a> is that the earliest correctly published (and thus <a href="/wiki/Available_name" title="Available name">available</a>) name, the senior synonym, by default takes precedence in <a href="/wiki/Naming_rights#Other_examples" title="Naming rights">naming rights</a> and therefore, unless other restrictions interfere, must be used for the taxon. However, junior synonyms are still important to document, because if the earliest name cannot be used (for example, because the same spelling had previously been used for a name established for another taxon), then the next available junior synonym must be used for the taxon. For other purposes, if a researcher is interested in consulting or compiling all currently known information regarding a taxon, some of this (including species descriptions, distribution, ecology and more) may well have been published under names now regarded as outdated (i.e., synonyms) and so it is again useful to know a list of historic synonyms which may have been used for a given current (valid) taxon name. </p><p><b>Objective synonyms</b><span class="anchor" id="Objective_synonym"></span> refer to taxa with the same <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">type</a> and same rank (more or less the same taxon, although circumscription may vary, even widely). This may be species-group taxa of the same rank with the same <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">type specimen</a>, genus-group taxa of the same rank with the same <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> or if their type species are themselves objective synonyms, of family-group taxa with the same type genus, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Subjective_synonym"></span>In the case of <b>subjective synonyms</b>, there is no such shared type, so the synonymy is open to taxonomic judgement,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that there is room for debate: one researcher might consider the two (or more) types to refer to one and the same taxon, another might consider them to belong to different taxa. For example, <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">John Edward Gray</a> published the name <i>Antilocapra anteflexa</i> in 1855 for a species of <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a>, based on a pair of horns. However, it is now commonly accepted that his specimen was an unusual individual of the species <i>Antilocapra americana</i> published by <a href="/wiki/George_Ord" title="George Ord">George Ord</a> in 1815. Ord's name thus takes precedence, with <i>Antilocapra anteflexa</i> being a junior subjective synonym. </p><p>Objective synonyms are common at the rank of genera, because for various reasons two genera may contain the same type species; these are objective synonyms.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cases researchers established new generic names because they thought this was necessary or did not know that others had previously established another genus for the same group of species. An example is the genus <i>Pomatia</i> Beck, 1837,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was established for a group of terrestrial snails containing as its type species the Burgundy or Roman snail <i><a href="/wiki/Helix_pomatia" title="Helix pomatia">Helix pomatia</a></i>—since <i>Helix pomatia</i> was already the type species for the genus <i>Helix</i> Linnaeus, 1758, the genus <i>Pomatia</i> was an objective synonym (and useless). On the same occasion, <i>Helix</i> is also a synonym of <i>Pomatia</i>, but it is older and so it has precedence. </p><p>At the species level, subjective synonyms are common because of an unexpectedly large range of variation in a species, or simple ignorance about an earlier description, may lead a biologist to describe a newly discovered specimen as a new species. A common reason for objective synonyms at this level is the creation of a replacement name. </p><p>A junior synonym can be given precedence over a senior synonym,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primarily when the senior name has not been used since 1899, and the junior name is in common use. The older name may be declared to be a <i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_oblitum" title="Nomen oblitum">nomen oblitum</a></i>, and the junior name declared a <i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_oblitum" title="Nomen oblitum">nomen protectum</a></i>. This rule exists primarily to prevent the confusion that would result if a well-known name, with a large accompanying body of literature, were to be replaced by a completely unfamiliar name. An example is the European land snail <i><a href="/wiki/Petasina_edentula" title="Petasina edentula">Petasina edentula</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Jacques_Philippe_Raymond_Draparnaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud">Draparnaud</a>, 1805). In 2002, researchers found that an older name <i>Helix depilata</i> Draparnaud, 1801 referred to the same species, but this name had never been used after 1899 and was fixed as a <i>nomen oblitum</i> under this rule by Falkner <i>et al.</i> 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such a reversal of precedence is also possible if the senior synonym was established after 1900, but only if the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature</a> (ICZN) approves an application. (Here the C in ICZN stands for Commission, not Code as it does at the beginning of <a href="#Zoology">§ Zoology</a>. The two are related, with only one word difference between their names.) For example, the scientific name of the <a href="/wiki/Red_imported_fire_ant" title="Red imported fire ant">red imported fire ant</a>, <i>Solenopsis invicta</i> was published by Buren in 1972, who did not know that this species was first named <i>Solenopsis saevissima wagneri</i> by Santschi in 1916; as there were thousands of publications using the name <i>invicta</i> before anyone discovered the synonymy, the ICZN, in 2001, ruled that <i>invicta</i> would be given precedence over <i>wagneri</i>. </p><p>To qualify as a synonym in zoology, a name must be properly published in accordance with the rules. Manuscript names and names that were mentioned without any description (<i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nudum" title="Nomen nudum">nomina nuda</a></i>) are not considered as synonyms in zoological nomenclature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Botany">Botany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synonym_(taxonomy)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Botany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">botanical nomenclature</a>, a synonym is a name that is not correct for the <a href="/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)" title="Circumscription (taxonomy)">circumscription</a>, position, and <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">rank</a> of the taxon as considered in the particular botanical publication. It is always "a synonym of the correct scientific name", but which name is correct depends on the taxonomic opinion of the author. In botany the various kinds of synonyms are: </p> <ul><li><b>Homotypic</b>,<span class="anchor" id="Homotypic_synonym"></span> or nomenclatural, synonyms (sometimes indicated by <a href="/wiki/Triple_bar" title="Triple bar">≡</a>) have the same <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">type</a> (specimen) and the same <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">taxonomic rank</a>. The Linnaean name <i>Pinus abies</i> L. has the same type as <i>Picea abies</i> (L.) H.Karst. When <i>Picea</i> is taken to be the correct genus for this species (there is almost complete consensus on that), <i>Pinus abies</i> is a homotypic synonym of <i>Picea abies</i>. However, if the species were considered to belong to <i>Pinus</i> (now unlikely) the relationship would be reversed and <i>Picea abies</i> would become a homotypic synonym of <i>Pinus abies</i>. A homotypic synonym need not share an epithet or name with the correct name; what matters is that it shares the type. For example, the name <i>Taraxacum officinale</i> for a species of dandelion has the same type as <i>Leontodon taraxacum</i> L. The latter is a homotypic synonym of <i>Taraxacum officinale</i> F.H.Wigg.</li> <li><b>Heterotypic</b>, <span class="anchor" id="Heterotypic_synonym"></span>or taxonomic, synonyms (sometimes indicated by =) have different types. Some botanists <a href="/wiki/Lumpers_and_splitters" title="Lumpers and splitters">split</a> the <a href="/wiki/Taraxacum_officinale" title="Taraxacum officinale">common dandelion</a> into many, quite restricted species. The name of each such species has its own type. When the common dandelion is regarded as including all those small species, the names of all those species are heterotypic synonyms of <i>Taraxacum officinale</i> F.H.Wigg. Reducing a taxon to a heterotypic synonym is termed "to sink in synonymy" or "as synonym".</li></ul> <p>In botany, although a synonym must be a formally accepted scientific name (a validly published name): a listing of "synonyms", a "synonymy", often contains designations that for some reason did not make it as a formal name, such as manuscript names, or even misidentifications (although it is now the usual practice to list misidentifications separately<sup id="cite_ref-ICN1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICN1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_between_zoology_and_botany">Comparison between zoology and botany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synonym_(taxonomy)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparison between zoology and botany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the basic principles are fairly similar, the treatment of synonyms in botanical nomenclature differs in detail and terminology from zoological nomenclature, where the correct name is included among synonyms, although as first among equals it is the "senior synonym": </p> <ul><li>Synonyms in botany are equivalent to "junior synonyms" in zoology.</li> <li>The homotypic or nomenclatural synonyms in botany are equivalent to "objective synonyms" in zoology.</li> <li>The heterotypic or taxonomic synonyms in botany are equivalent to "subjective synonyms" in zoology.</li> <li>If the name of a species changes solely on account of its allocation to a new genus ("new combinations"), in botany this is regarded as creating a synonym in the case of the original or previous combination but not in zoology (where the fundamental nomenclatural unit is regarded as the species epithet, not the binomen, and this has generally not changed). Nevertheless, in popular usage, previous or alternative/non current combinations are frequently listed as synonyms in zoology as well as in botany.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practical_applications">Practical applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synonym_(taxonomy)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Practical applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scientific papers may include lists of taxa, synonymizing existing taxa and (in some cases) listing references to them. </p><p>The status of a synonym may be indicated by symbols, as for instance in a system proposed for use in <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a> by Rudolf Richter. In that system a <code>v</code> before the year would indicate that the authors have inspected the original material; a <code>.</code> that they take on the responsibility for the act of synonymizing the taxa.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthews1973_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews1973-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accurate use of scientific names, including synonyms, is crucial in <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">biomedical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacological</a> research involving plants. Failure to use correct botanical nomenclature can lead to ambiguity, hinder <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">reproducibility</a> of results, and potentially cause errors in medicine. Best practices for publication suggest that researchers should provide the currently accepted binomial with author citation, relevant synonyms, and the accepted family name according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III classification. This practice ensures clear communication, allows proper linking of research to existing literature, and provides insight into <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> relationships that may be relevant to shared chemical constituents or physiological effects. Online databases now make it easy for researchers to access correct nomenclature and synonymy information for plant species.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_&_Balick_2014_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_&_Balick_2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_usage">Other usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synonym_(taxonomy)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional concept of synonymy is often expanded in taxonomic literature to include <i>pro parte</i> (or "for part") synonyms. These are caused by splits and circumscriptional changes. They are usually indicated by the abbreviation "p.p."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <ul><li>When <a href="/wiki/James_Edgar_Dandy" title="James Edgar Dandy">Dandy</a> described <i><a href="/wiki/Galium_tricornutum" title="Galium tricornutum">Galium tricornutum</a></i>, he cited <i>G. tricorne</i> Stokes (1787) pro parte as a synonym, but explicitly excluded the type (specimen) of <i>G. tricorne</i> from the new species <i>G. tricornutum</i>. Thus <i>G. tricorne</i> was subdivided.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a>'s summary of plant classification states that family <a href="/wiki/Verbenaceae" title="Verbenaceae">Verbenaceae</a> "are much reduced compared to a decade or so ago, and many genera have been placed in <a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a>", but <i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia" title="Avicennia">Avicennia</a></i>, which was once included in Verbenaceae has been moved to <a href="/wiki/Acanthaceae" title="Acanthaceae">Acanthaceae</a>. Thus, it could be said that Verbenaceae pro parte is a synonym of Acanthaceae, and Verbenaceae pro parte is also a synonym of Lamiaceae. However, this terminology is rarely used because it is clearer to reserve the term "pro parte" for situations that divide a taxon that includes the type from one that does not.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synonym_(taxonomy)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chresonym" title="Chresonym">Chresonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_scientific_naming" title="Glossary of scientific naming">Glossary of scientific naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithocheirus#Discovery_and_naming" title="Ornithocheirus"><i>Ornithocheirus</i></a> – a case history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_inquirenda" title="Species inquirenda">Species inquirenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superseded_combination" title="Superseded combination">Superseded combination</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synonym_(taxonomy)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICNsyn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICNsyn_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ICN"><i>ICN</i></a>, "Glossary", entry for "synonym"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICZN Code</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ICN"><i>ICN</i></a>, Appendix IV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110603124724/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/synonym">"synonym"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries Online</i>. 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(2000), "Synonymies and related lists in zoology: general proposals, with examples in herpetology", <i>Dumerilia</i>, <b>4</b> (2): 33–98</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumerilia&rft.atitle=Synonymies+and+related+lists+in+zoology%3A+general+proposals%2C+with+examples+in+herpetology&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=33-98&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dubois&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynonym+%28taxonomy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ICZN" class="citation cs2">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/index.jsp"><i>International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</i></a> (4th ed.), The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85301-006-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85301-006-7"><bdi>978-0-85301-006-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=The+International+Trust+for+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-85301-006-7&rft.au=International+Commission+on+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fhosted-sites%2Ficzn%2Fcode%2Findex.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynonym+%28taxonomy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ICN" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104060236/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title"><i>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011</i></a>, vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154, A.R.G. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Nomenclature+for+algae%2C+fungi%2C+and+plants+%28Melbourne+Code%29+adopted+by+the+Eighteenth+International+Botanical+Congress+Melbourne%2C+Australia%2C+July+2011&rft.pub=A.R.G.+Gantner+Verlag+KG&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-87429-425-6&rft.au=McNeill%2C+J.&rft.au=Barrie%2C+F.R.&rft.au=Buck%2C+W.R.&rft.au=Demoulin%2C+V.&rft.au=Greuter%2C+W.&rft.au=Hawksworth%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Herendeen%2C+P.S.&rft.au=Knapp%2C+S.&rft.au=Marhold%2C+K.&rft.au=Prado%2C+J.&rft.au=Prud%27homme+Van+Reine%2C+W.F.&rft.au=Smith%2C+G.F.&rft.au=Wiersema%2C+J.H.&rft.au=Turland%2C+N.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iapt-taxon.org%2Fnomen%2Fmain.php%3Fpage%3Dtitle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynonym+%28taxonomy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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