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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Systematics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Systematics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Systematics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Systematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Historical classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_systematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_systematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern systematics</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_dimorphism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_dimorphism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sexual dimorphism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_dimorphism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olfaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olfaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Olfaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olfaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Persecution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Attacks on humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bird of prey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%83%D1%89%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%85_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%83_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Псэущхьэшх къуалэбзу хэкӀыгъуэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Псэущхьэшх къуалэбзу хэкӀыгъуэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofvo%C3%ABl" title="Roofvoël – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Roofvoël" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AD" title="طائر جارح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طائر جارح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_rapinyadera" title="Au rapinyadera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Au rapinyadera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B9_%D5%A9%D5%BC%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գիշատիչ թռչուններ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գիշատիչ թռչուններ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ave_de_presa" title="Ave de presa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ave de presa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1rt%C4%B1c%C4%B1_qu%C5%9Flar" title="Yırtıcı quşlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yırtıcı quşlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paksi_pamangsa" title="Paksi pamangsa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Paksi pamangsa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF" title="শিকারী পাখি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিকারী পাখি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Драпежныя птушкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Драпежныя птушкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Драпежныя птушкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Драпежныя птушкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Граблива птица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Граблива птица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evn-preizh" title="Evn-preizh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Evn-preizh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapinyaire" title="Rapinyaire – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rapinyaire" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%83%D1%82%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BD_%D0%B2%C4%95%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Çăткăн вĕçенкайăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çăткăн вĕçенкайăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drav%C3%BD_pt%C3%A1k" title="Dravý pták – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dravý pták" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aderyn_ysglyfaethus" title="Aderyn ysglyfaethus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aderyn ysglyfaethus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovfugle" title="Rovfugle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rovfugle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raubv%C3%B6gel" title="Raubvögel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raubvögel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%B6vlind" title="Röövlind – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Röövlind" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%AC" title="Αρπακτικά πτηνά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρπακτικά πτηνά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ave_de_presa" title="Ave de presa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ave de presa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabobirdo" title="Rabobirdo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rabobirdo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegazti_harrapari" title="Hegazti harrapari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegazti harrapari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پرنده شکاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرنده شکاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapace" title="Rapace – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rapace" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89in_chreiche" title="Éin chreiche – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éin chreiche" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eun-creachaidh" title="Eun-creachaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eun-creachaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves_de_rapina" title="Aves de rapina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aves de rapina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%B9%EA%B8%88%EB%A5%98" title="맹금류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맹금류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B9_%D5%A9%D5%BC%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գիշատիչ թռչուններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիշատիչ թռչուններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabljivice" title="Grabljivice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grabljivice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapt-ucelo" title="Rapt-ucelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rapt-ucelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung_pemangsa" title="Burung pemangsa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Burung pemangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1nfuglar" title="Ránfuglar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ránfuglar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapace" title="Rapace – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rapace" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עופות דורסים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עופות דורסים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಹಿಂಸ್ರ ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಂಸ್ರ ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მტაცებელი ფრინველები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მტაცებელი ფრინველები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жыртқыш құстар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жыртқыш құстар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balindey%C3%AAn_dirende" title="Balindeyên dirende – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Balindeyên dirende" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C4%93s%C4%ABgais_putns" title="Plēsīgais putns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plēsīgais putns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C4%97%C5%A1rieji_pauk%C5%A1%C4%8Diai" title="Plėšrieji paukščiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plėšrieji paukščiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Граблива птица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Граблива птица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF" title="ഇരപിടിയൻ പക്ഷി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇരപിടിയൻ പക്ഷി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title="शिकारी पक्षी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिकारी पक्षी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung_pemangsa" title="Burung pemangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Burung pemangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofvogels" title="Roofvogels – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roofvogels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%9B%E7%A6%BD%E9%A1%9E" title="猛禽類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="猛禽類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovfugl" title="Rovfugl – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rovfugl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovfuglar" title="Rovfuglar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rovfuglar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa%C3%A7" title="Rapaç – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rapaç" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yirtqich_qushlar" title="Yirtqich qushlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yirtqich qushlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%86%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="شکاری پنچھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شکاری پنچھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ave_de_rapina" title="Ave de rapina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ave de rapina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas%C4%83re_r%C4%83pitoare" title="Pasăre răpitoare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pasăre răpitoare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Хищные птицы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хищные птицы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furami" title="Furami – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Furami" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bird of prey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Птица грабљивица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Птица грабљивица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabljivice" title="Grabljivice – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grabljivice" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovf%C3%A5glar" title="Rovfåglar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rovfåglar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbas" title="Limbas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Limbas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="கொன்றுண்ணிப் பறவை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொன்றுண்ணிப் பறவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylal_asekliw" title="Aylal asekliw – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aylal asekliw" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%87_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ерткыч кошлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ерткыч кошлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="นกล่าเหยื่อ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นกล่าเหยื่อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1rt%C4%B1c%C4%B1_ku%C5%9F" title="Yırtıcı kuş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yırtıcı kuş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Хижі птахи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хижі птахи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chim_s%C4%83n_m%E1%BB%93i" title="Chim săn mồi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chim săn mồi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stekveugel" title="Stekveugel – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Stekveugel" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%9B%E7%A6%BD" title="猛禽 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="猛禽" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%9B%E7%A6%BD" title="猛禽 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="猛禽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%9B%E7%A6%BD" title="猛禽 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="猛禽" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q48428#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Paraphyletic group of birds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_Prey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Birds of Prey (disambiguation)">Birds of Prey (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_Prey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bird of Prey (disambiguation)">Bird of Prey (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raptor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Raptor (disambiguation)">Raptor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota biota-infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Birds of prey </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Birds_of_Prey_Diversity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Montage of extant raptors. From top left to right: Eurasian eagle-owl, king vulture, peregrine falcon, golden eagle and bearded vulture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Birds_of_Prey_Diversity.jpg/220px-Birds_of_Prey_Diversity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Birds_of_Prey_Diversity.jpg/330px-Birds_of_Prey_Diversity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Birds_of_Prey_Diversity.jpg/440px-Birds_of_Prey_Diversity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10378" data-file-height="7056" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section">Montage of extant raptors. From top left to right: <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl" title="Eurasian eagle-owl">Eurasian eagle-owl</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_vulture" title="King vulture">king vulture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bearded_vulture" title="Bearded vulture">bearded vulture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="min-width:15em;text-align:center;background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a><span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Telluraves" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Passerea" title="Passerea">Passerea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telluraves" title="Telluraves">Telluraves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Groups included </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Strigiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistically</a> included but traditionally excluded taxa </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coraciimorphae" title="Coraciimorphae">Coraciimorphae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psittacopasserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacopasserae">Psittacopasserae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariamiformes" title="Cariamiformes">Cariamiformes</a> (occasionally included) <sup id="cite_ref-BioOne_COMPLETE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioOne_COMPLETE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227369696">.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox{text-align:left;width:200px;font-size:100%}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td:not(.image-section){padding:2px 10px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox th.section-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.section-content{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.list-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.taxon-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.image-section{text-align:center;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy{margin:0 auto;text-align:left;background:transparent;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy td{padding:1px}</style> <p><b>Birds of prey</b> or <b>predatory birds</b>, also known as <b>raptors</b>, are <a href="/wiki/Hypercarnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercarnivorous">hypercarnivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> that actively <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">hunt and feed</a> on other <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and other smaller birds). In addition to speed and strength, these predators have <a href="/wiki/Bird_vision" title="Bird vision">keen eyesight</a> for detecting prey from a distance or during flight, strong feet with sharp <a href="/wiki/Talon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talon (anatomy)">talons</a> for grasping or killing prey, and powerful, curved <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beaks</a> for tearing off flesh.<sup id="cite_ref-Perrins_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perrins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burton_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although predatory birds primarily hunt live prey, many species (such as <a href="/wiki/Fish_eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish eagle">fish eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vultures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condor" title="Condor">condors</a>) also <a href="/wiki/Scavenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Scavenge">scavenge</a> and eat <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perrins_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perrins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the term "bird of prey" could theoretically be taken to include all birds that actively hunt and eat other animals,<sup id="cite_ref-Burton_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ornithologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithologists">ornithologists</a> typically use the narrower definition followed in this page,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> excluding many <a href="/wiki/Piscivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Piscivorous">piscivorous</a> predators such as <a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">storks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skua" title="Skua">skuas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfishers</a>, as well as many primarily <a href="/wiki/Insectivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivorous">insectivorous</a> birds such as <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerines</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Shrike" title="Shrike">shrikes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nightjar" title="Nightjar">nightjars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frogmouth" title="Frogmouth">frogmouths</a>, songbirds such as <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">ravens</a>, alongside opportunistic predators from predominantly <a href="/wiki/Frugivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Frugivorous">frugivorous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/Ratite" title="Ratite">ratites</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cassowaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassowaries">cassowaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rheas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheas">rheas</a>. Some extinct predatory <a href="/wiki/Telluravian" class="mw-redirect" title="Telluravian">telluravian</a> birds had talons similar to those of modern birds of prey, including <a href="/wiki/Mousebird" title="Mousebird">mousebird</a> relatives (<a href="/wiki/Sandcoleidae" title="Sandcoleidae">Sandcoleidae</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Messelasturidae" title="Messelasturidae">Messelasturidae</a> indicating possible <a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">common descent</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">Enantiornithes</a> also had such talons,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicating possible <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>, as enanthiornithines weren't even <a href="/wiki/Modern_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern birds">modern birds</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_names">Common names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Common names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>raptor</i> is derived from the Latin word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rapio#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:rapio">rapio</a></i>, meaning "to seize or take by force".<sup id="cite_ref-brown_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common names</a> for various birds of prey are based on structure, but many of the traditional names do not reflect the evolutionary relationships between the groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RaptorialSilhouettes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/RaptorialSilhouettes.svg/170px-RaptorialSilhouettes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/RaptorialSilhouettes.svg/255px-RaptorialSilhouettes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/RaptorialSilhouettes.svg/340px-RaptorialSilhouettes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="1743" /></a><figcaption>Variations in shape and size</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">Eagles</a> tend to be large, powerful birds with long, broad wings and massive feet. <a href="/wiki/Aquilinae" title="Aquilinae">Booted eagles</a> have legs and feet feathered to the toes and build very large stick nests.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">Falcons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kestrel" title="Kestrel">kestrels</a> are medium-size birds of prey with long pointed wings, and many are particularly swift flyers. They belong to the family <a href="/wiki/Falconinae" title="Falconinae">Falconidae</a>, only distantly related to the <a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a> above. <a href="/wiki/Caracara_(subfamily)" title="Caracara (subfamily)">Caracaras</a> are a distinct subgroup of the Falconidae unique to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, and most common in the <a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropics</a> – their broad wings, naked faces and appetites of a generalist suggest some level of convergence with either <i><a href="/wiki/Buteo" title="Buteo">Buteo</a></i> or the vulturine birds, or both.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accipitrinae" title="Accipitrinae">True hawks</a> are medium-sized birds of prey that usually belong to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Accipiter" title="Accipiter">Accipiter</a></i> (see below). They are mainly woodland birds that hunt by sudden dashes from a concealed perch. They usually have long tails for tight steering.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzzard" title="Buzzard">Buzzards</a> are medium-large raptors with robust bodies and broad wings, or, alternatively, any bird of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Buteo" title="Buteo">Buteo</a></i> (also commonly known as "hawks" in North America, while "buzzard" is colloquially used for vultures).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrier_(bird)" title="Harrier (bird)">Harriers</a> are large, slender hawk-like birds with long tails and long thin legs. Most use a combination of keen eyesight and hearing to hunt small vertebrates, gliding on their long broad wings and circling low over <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_(bird)" title="Kite (bird)">Kites</a> have long wings and relatively weak legs. They spend much of their time soaring. They will take live vertebrate prey, but mostly feed on <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> or even carrion.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a>, a single species found worldwide that specializes in catching fish and builds large stick nests.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Owls</a> are variable-sized, typically night-specialized hunting birds. They fly almost silently due to their special feather structure that reduces turbulence. They have particularly acute hearing and nocturnal eyesight.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Secretarybird" title="Secretarybird">secretarybird</a> is a single species with a large body and long, stilted legs endemic to the open grasslands of Sub-Saharan Africa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">Vultures</a> are <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a> and carrion-eating raptors of two distinct biological families: the <a href="/wiki/Old_World_vulture" title="Old World vulture">Old World vultures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Accipitridae" title="Accipitridae">Accipitridae</a>), which occurs only in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/New_World_vulture" title="New World vulture">New World vultures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cathartidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathartidae">Cathartidae</a>), which occurs only in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>. Members of both groups have heads either partly or fully devoid of feathers.</li></ul> <p>Many of these <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> group names originally referred to particular species encountered in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>. As English-speaking people travelled further, the familiar names were applied to new birds with similar characteristics. Names that have generalised this way include: kite (<i><a href="/wiki/Red_kite" title="Red kite">Milvus milvus</a></i>), sparrowhawk or sparhawk (<i><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_sparrowhawk" title="Eurasian sparrowhawk">Accipiter nisus</a></i>), goshawk (<i><a href="/wiki/Northern_goshawk" title="Northern goshawk">Accipiter gentilis</a></i>), kestrel (<i><a href="/wiki/Common_kestrel" title="Common kestrel">Falco tinninculus</a></i>), hobby (<i><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_hobby" title="Eurasian hobby">Falco subbuteo</a></i>), harrier (simplified from "hen-harrier", <i><a href="/wiki/Hen_harrier" title="Hen harrier">Circus cyaneus</a></i>), buzzard (<i><a href="/wiki/Common_buzzard" title="Common buzzard">Buteo buteo</a></i>). </p><p>Some names have not generalised, and refer to single species (or groups of closely related (sub)species), such as the <a href="/wiki/Merlin_(bird)" title="Merlin (bird)">merlin</a> (<i>Falco columbarius</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematics">Systematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_classifications">Historical classifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The taxonomy of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> grouped birds (class Aves) into orders, genera, and species, with no formal ranks between genus and order. He placed all birds of prey into a single order, <i>Accipitres</i>, subdividing this into four genera: <i><a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">Vultur</a></i> (vultures), <i><a href="/wiki/Falco_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falco (bird)">Falco</a></i> (eagles, hawks, falcons, etc.), <i><a href="/wiki/Strix_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strix (genus)">Strix</a></i> (owls), and <i><a href="/wiki/Lanius" title="Lanius">Lanius</a></i> (shrikes). This approach was followed by subsequent authors such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin" title="Johann Friedrich Gmelin">Gmelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Latham_(ornithologist)" title="John Latham (ornithologist)">Latham</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Turton" title="William Turton">Turton</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pierre_Vieillot" title="Louis Pierre Vieillot">Louis Pierre Vieillot</a> used additional ranks: order, tribe, family, genus, species. Birds of prey (order Accipitres) were divided into diurnal and nocturnal tribes; the owls remained monogeneric (family Ægolii, genus <i>Strix</i>), whilst the diurnal raptors were divided into three families: Vulturini, Gypaëti, and Accipitrini.<sup id="cite_ref-Veillot1816_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veillot1816-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Vieillot's families were similar to the Linnaean genera, with the difference that shrikes were no longer included amongst the birds of prey. In addition to the original <i>Vultur</i> and <i>Falco</i> (now reduced in scope), Vieillot adopted four genera from Savigny: <i>Phene</i>, <i>Haliæetus</i>, <i>Pandion</i>, and <i>Elanus</i>. He also introduced five new genera of vultures (<i>Gypagus</i>, <i>Catharista</i>, <i>Daptrius</i>, <i>Ibycter</i>, <i>Polyborus</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eleven new genera of accipitrines (<i>Aquila</i>, <i>Circaëtus</i>, <i>Circus</i>, <i>Buteo</i>, <i>Milvus</i>, <i>Ictinia</i>, <i>Physeta</i>, <i>Harpia</i>, <i>Spizaëtus</i>, <i>Asturina</i>, <i>Sparvius</i>). </p><p>Falconimorphae is a deprecated <a href="/wiki/Superorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Superorder">superorder</a> within Raptores, formerly composed of the orders Falconiformes and Strigiformes. The clade was invalidated after 2012. Falconiformes is now placed in <a href="/wiki/Eufalconimorphae" title="Eufalconimorphae">Eufalconimorphae</a>, while Strigiformes is placed in <a href="/wiki/Afroaves" title="Afroaves">Afroaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ericson20122_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ericson20122-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_systematics">Modern systematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bald.eagle.closeup.arp-sh.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bald.eagle.closeup.arp-sh.750pix.jpg/220px-Bald.eagle.closeup.arp-sh.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bald.eagle.closeup.arp-sh.750pix.jpg/330px-Bald.eagle.closeup.arp-sh.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bald.eagle.closeup.arp-sh.750pix.jpg/440px-Bald.eagle.closeup.arp-sh.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">Bald eagle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The order Accipitriformes is believed to have originated 44 million years ago when it split from the common ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Secretarybird" title="Secretarybird">secretarybird</a> (<i>Sagittarius serpentarius</i>) and the accipitrid species.<sup id="cite_ref-phy_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phy-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phylogeny of Accipitriformes is complex and difficult to unravel. Widespread <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphylies</a> were observed in many phylogenetic studies.<sup id="cite_ref-phy2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phy2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phy3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phy3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phy4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phy4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phy5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phy5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phy6_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phy6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent and detailed studies show similar results.<sup id="cite_ref-phy7_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phy7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to the findings of a 2014 study, the sister relationship between larger clades of Accipitriformes was well supported (e.g. relationship of <i>Harpagus</i> kites to buzzards and sea eagles and these latter two with <i>Accipiter</i> hawks are sister taxa of the clade containing Aquilinae and Harpiinae).<sup id="cite_ref-phy_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phy-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a> birds of prey are formally classified into six <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a> of two different orders (Accipitriformes and Falconiformes). </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accipitridae" title="Accipitridae">Accipitridae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buzzard" title="Buzzard">buzzards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrier_(bird)" title="Harrier (bird)">harriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kite_(bird)" title="Kite (bird)">kites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_World_vulture" title="Old World vulture">Old World vultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandionidae">Pandionidae</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittariidae" title="Sagittariidae">Sagittariidae</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Secretarybird" title="Secretarybird">secretarybird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconidae" title="Falconidae">Falconidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caracara_(subfamily)" title="Caracara (subfamily)">caracaras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forest_falcon" title="Forest falcon">forest falcons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathartidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathartidae">Cathartidae</a>: New World vultures, including condors</li></ul> <p>These families were traditionally grouped together in a single order <a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes</a> but are now split into two orders, the Falconiformes and <a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a>. The Cathartidae are sometimes placed in a separate order <a href="/wiki/Cathartiformes" title="Cathartiformes">Cathartiformes</a>. Formerly, they were sometimes placed in the order <a href="/wiki/Ciconiiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciconiiformes">Ciconiiformes</a>. </p><p>The secretary bird and/or osprey are sometimes listed as subfamilies of Acciptridae: Sagittariinae and Pandioninae, respectively. </p><p>Australia's <a href="/wiki/Letter-winged_kite" title="Letter-winged kite">letter-winged kite</a> is a member of the family <a href="/wiki/Accipitridae" title="Accipitridae">Accipitridae</a>, although it is a nocturnal bird. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> birds of prey—the <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a>—are classified separately as members of two <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a> of the order <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Strigiformes</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strigidae" title="Strigidae">Strigidae</a>: "typical owls"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tytonidae" title="Tytonidae">Tytonidae</a>: barn and bay owls</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a simplified phylogeny of <a href="/wiki/Telluraves" title="Telluraves">Telluraves</a> which is the clade where the birds of prey belong to along with passerines and several near-passerine lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-yuri2013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yuri2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ericson20122_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ericson20122-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis2014_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The orders in bold text are birds of prey orders; this is to show the <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyly</a> of the group as well as their relationships to other birds. </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:83%;line-height:125%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Telluraves" title="Telluraves">Telluraves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Afroaves" title="Afroaves">Afroaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a></b> (hawks, vultures, and relatives)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg/50px-Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg/75px-Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg/100px-Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="435" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Strigiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigiformes">Strigiformes</a></b> (owls)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre,_Surrey,_England-8a_(1)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Coraciimorphae" title="Coraciimorphae">Coraciimorphae</a> (woodpeckers, rollers, hornbills, etc.)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_(8277355382)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Australaves" title="Australaves">Australaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cariamiformes" title="Cariamiformes">Cariamiformes</a> (seriemas)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seriema_(Cariama_cristata)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eufalconimorphae" title="Eufalconimorphae">Eufalconimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes</a></b> (falcons)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_Peregrine_Falcon_(7172188034)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="301" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psittacopasserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacopasserae">Psittacopasserae</a> (parrots and songbirds)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png/50px-Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png/75px-Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png/100px-Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>A recent phylogenomic study from Wu et al. (2024) has found an alternative phylogeny for the placement of the birds of prey. Their analysis has found support in a clade consisting of the Strigiformes and Accipitriformes in new clade <a href="/wiki/Hieraves" title="Hieraves">Hieraves</a>. Hieraves was also recovered to be the sister clade to <a href="/wiki/Australaves" title="Australaves">Australaves</a> (which it includes the Cariamiformes and Falconiformes along with <a href="/wiki/Psittacopasserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacopasserae">Psittacopasserae</a>). Below is their phylogeny from the study.<sup id="cite_ref-Wuetal2024_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wuetal2024-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:83%;line-height:125%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Telluraves" title="Telluraves">Telluraves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Coraciimorphae" title="Coraciimorphae">Coraciimorphae</a> (woodpeckers, rollers, hornbills, etc.)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_(8277355382)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Halcyon_smyrnensis_in_India_%288277355382%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Hieraves" title="Hieraves">Hieraves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Strigiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigiformes">Strigiformes</a></b> (owls)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre,_Surrey,_England-8a_(1)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre%2C_Surrey%2C_England-8a_%281%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a></b> (hawks, vultures, and relatives)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg/50px-Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg/75px-Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg/100px-Gyps_fulvus_-Basque_Country-8_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="435" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Australaves" title="Australaves">Australaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cariamiformes" title="Cariamiformes">Cariamiformes</a> (seriemas)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seriema_(Cariama_cristata)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Eufalconimorphae" title="Eufalconimorphae">Eufalconimorphae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes</a></b> (falcons)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_Peregrine_Falcon_(7172188034)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Male_Peregrine_Falcon_%287172188034%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="301" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psittacopasserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacopasserae">Psittacopasserae</a> (parrots and songbirds)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png/50px-Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png/75px-Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png/100px-Carrion_crow_20090612_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_inclusion_of_Cariamiformes">Possible inclusion of Cariamiformes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Possible inclusion of Cariamiformes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cariamiformes" title="Cariamiformes">Cariamiformes</a> is an order of <a href="/wiki/Telluravian" class="mw-redirect" title="Telluravian">telluravian</a> birds consisting of the living <a href="/wiki/Seriemas" class="mw-redirect" title="Seriemas">seriemas</a> and extinct <a href="/wiki/Terror_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror bird">terror birds</a>. Jarvis et al. 2014 suggested including them in the category of birds of prey,<sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis2014.2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis2014.2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and McClure et al. 2019 considered seriemas to be birds of prey.<sup id="cite_ref-BioOne_COMPLETE_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioOne_COMPLETE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Peregrine_Fund" title="The Peregrine Fund">The Peregrine Fund</a> also considers seriemas to be birds of prey.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like most birds of prey, seriemas and terror birds prey on <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. </p><p>However, seriemas were not traditionally considered birds of prey. There were traditionally classified in the order <a href="/wiki/Gruiformes" title="Gruiformes">Gruiformes</a>. And they are still not considered birds of prey in general parlance. Their bodies are also shaped completely differently from birds of prey. They have long legs and long necks. While <a href="/wiki/Secretarybird" title="Secretarybird">secretarybirds</a> also have long legs, they otherwise resemble raptors. Seriemas do not. Their beak is hooked, but too long. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration">Migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Migratory behaviour evolved multiple times within accipitrid raptors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strait_of_Messina_from_Dinnammare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Strait_of_Messina_from_Dinnammare.jpg/220px-Strait_of_Messina_from_Dinnammare.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Strait_of_Messina_from_Dinnammare.jpg/330px-Strait_of_Messina_from_Dinnammare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Strait_of_Messina_from_Dinnammare.jpg/440px-Strait_of_Messina_from_Dinnammare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption> An obliged point of transit of the <a href="/wiki/Migration_(birds)" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration (birds)">migration</a> of the birds of prey is the bottleneck-shaped <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, here seen from Dinnammare mount, <a href="/wiki/Peloritani" title="Peloritani">Peloritani</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest event occurred nearly 14 to 12 million years ago. This result seems to be one of the oldest dates published so far in the case of birds of prey.<sup id="cite_ref-phy_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phy-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a previous reconstruction of migratory behaviour in one <i>Buteo</i> clade<sup id="cite_ref-phy6_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phy6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a result of the origin of migration around 5 million years ago was also supported by that study. </p><p>Migratory species of raptors may have had a southern origin because it seems that all of the major lineages within Accipitridae had an origin in one of the biogeographic realms of the Southern Hemisphere. The appearance of migratory behaviour occurred in the tropics parallel with the range expansion of migratory species to temperate habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-phy_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phy-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar results of southern origin in other taxonomic groups can be found in the literature.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-origin2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-origin3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distribution and biogeographic history highly determine the origin of migration in birds of prey. Based on some comparative analyses, diet breadth also has an effect on the evolution of migratory behaviour in this group,<sup id="cite_ref-phy_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phy-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its relevance needs further investigation. The evolution of migration in animals seems to be a complex and difficult topic with many unanswered questions. </p><p>A recent study discovered new connections between migration and the ecology, life history of raptors. A brief overview from abstract of the published paper shows that "clutch size and hunting strategies have been proved to be the most important variables in shaping distribution areas, and also the geographic dissimilarities may mask important relationships between life history traits and migratory behaviours. The West Palearctic-Afrotropical and the North-South American migratory systems are fundamentally different from the East Palearctic-Indomalayan system, owing to the presence versus absence of ecological barriers."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximum entropy modelling can help in answering the question: why species winters at one location while the others are elsewhere. Temperature and precipitation related factors differ in the limitation of species distributions. "This suggests that the migratory behaviours differ among the three main migratory routes for these species"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may have important conservational consequences in the protection of migratory raptors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sexual dimorphism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falco_vespertinus_3_(Martin_Mecnarowski).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Falco_vespertinus_3_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg/220px-Falco_vespertinus_3_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Falco_vespertinus_3_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg/330px-Falco_vespertinus_3_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Falco_vespertinus_3_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg/440px-Falco_vespertinus_3_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Male (left) and female (right) <a href="/wiki/Red-footed_falcon" title="Red-footed falcon">red-footed falcons</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Birds of prey (raptors) are known to display patterns of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>. It is commonly believed that the dimorphisms found in raptors occur due to sexual selection or environmental factors. In general, hypotheses in favor of ecological factors being the cause for sexual dimorphism in raptors are rejected. This is because the ecological model is less <a href="/wiki/Maximum_parsimony_(phylogenetics)" title="Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics)">parsimonious</a>, meaning that its explanation is more complex than that of the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> model. Additionally, ecological models are much harder to test because a great deal of data is required.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dimorphisms can also be the product of <a href="/wiki/Intrasexual_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrasexual selection">intrasexual selection</a> between males and females. It appears that both sexes of the species play a role in the sexual dimorphism within raptors; females tend to compete with other females to find good places to nest and attract males, and males competing with other males for adequate hunting ground so they appear as the most healthy mate.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been proposed that sexual dimorphism is merely the product of <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_selection" title="Disruptive selection">disruptive selection</a>, and is merely a stepping stone in the process of speciation, especially if the traits that define gender are independent across a species. Sexual dimorphism can be viewed as something that can accelerate the rate of speciation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In non-predatory birds, males are typically larger than females. However, in birds of prey, the opposite is the case. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Kestrel" title="Kestrel">kestrel</a> is a type of falcon in which males are the primary providers, and the females are responsible for nurturing the young. In this species, the smaller the kestrels are, the less food is needed and thus, they can survive in environments that are harsher. This is particularly true in the male kestrels. It has become more energetically favorable for male kestrels to remain smaller than their female counterparts because smaller males have an agility advantage when it comes to defending the nest and hunting. Larger females are favored because they can incubate larger numbers of offspring, while also being able to brood a larger clutch size.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Olfaction">Olfaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Olfaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is a long-standing belief that birds lack any sense of smell, but it has become clear that many birds do have functional <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory systems">olfactory systems</a>. Despite this, most raptors are still considered to primarily rely on vision, with raptor vision being extensively studied. A 2020 review of the existing literature combining anatomical, genetic, and behavioural studies showed that, in general, raptors have functional olfactory systems that they are likely to use in a range of different contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persecution">Persecution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Persecution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birds of prey have been historically persecuted both directly and indirectly. In the Danish <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, there were rewards <i>Naebbetold</i> (by royal decree from 1741) given in return for the bills of birds of prey shown by hunters. In Britain, kites and buzzards were seen as destroyers of game and killed, for instance in 1684–5 alone as many as 100 kites were killed. Rewards for their killing were also in force in the Netherlands from 1756. From 1705 to 1800, it has been estimated that 624087 birds of prey were killed in a part of Germany that included Hannover, Luneburg, Lauenburg and Bremen with 14125 claws deposited just in 1796–97.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species also develop <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a> after accidental consumption of lead shot when feeding on animals that had been shot by hunters.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lead pellets from direct shooting that the birds have escaped from also cause reduced fitness and premature deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attacks_on_humans">Attacks on humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Attacks on humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some evidence supports the contention that the <a href="/wiki/Crowned_eagle" title="Crowned eagle">African crowned eagle</a> occasionally views human children as prey, with a witness account of one attack (in which the victim, a seven-year-old boy, survived and the eagle was killed),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the discovery of part of a human child skull in a nest. This would make it the only living bird known to prey on humans, although other birds such as ostriches and <a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">cassowaries</a> have killed humans in self-defense and a <a href="/wiki/Lammergeier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lammergeier">lammergeier</a> might have killed <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> by accident.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many stories of Brazilian indigenous peoples speak about children mauled by Uiruuetê, the <a href="/wiki/Harpy_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpy Eagle">Harpy Eagle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Tupi language</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Various large raptors like <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagles" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden eagles">golden eagles</a> are reported attacking human beings,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its unclear if they intend to eat them or if they have ever been successful in killing one. </p><p>Some fossil evidence indicates large birds of prey occasionally preyed on prehistoric hominids. The <a href="/wiki/Taung_Child" title="Taung Child">Taung Child</a>, an early human found in Africa, is believed to have been killed by an eagle-like bird similar to the <a href="/wiki/Crowned_eagle" title="Crowned eagle">crowned eagle</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a> may have preyed on early humans in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and this conclusion would be consistent with <a href="/wiki/Maori_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Maori folklore">Maori folklore</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Leptoptilos_robustus" title="Leptoptilos robustus">Leptoptilos robustus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> might have preyed on both <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></i> and anatomically modern humans, and the <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_crowned_eagle" title="Malagasy crowned eagle">Malagasy crowned eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teratorns" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratorns">teratorns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodward%27s_eagle" title="Woodward's eagle">Woodward's eagle</a> and <i>Caracara major</i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are similar in size to the Haast's eagle, implying that they similarly could pose a threat to a human being. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vision">Vision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birds of prey have incredible vision and rely heavily on it for a number of tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-AvianVision_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvianVision-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They utilize their high visual acuity to obtain food, navigate their surroundings, distinguish and flee from predators, mating, nest construction, and much more. They accomplish these tasks with a large eye in relation to their skull, which allows for a larger image to be projected onto the retina.<sup id="cite_ref-AvianVision_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvianVision-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">visual acuity</a> of some large raptors such as <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_World_vulture" title="Old World vulture">Old World vultures</a> are the highest known among vertebrates; the <a href="/wiki/Wedge-tailed_eagle" title="Wedge-tailed eagle">wedge-tailed eagle</a> has twice the visual acuity of a typical human and six times that of the <a href="/wiki/Common_ostrich" title="Common ostrich">common ostrich</a>, the vertebrate with the largest eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two regions in the retina, called the deep and shallow fovea, that are specialized for acute vision.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These regions contain the highest density of photoreceptors, and provide the highest points of visual acuity. The deep fovea points forward at an approximate 45° angle, while the shallow fovea points approximately 15° to the right or left of the head axis.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several raptor species repeatedly cock their heads into three distinct positions while observing an object. First, is straight ahead with their head pointed towards the object. Second and third are sideways to the right or left of the object, with their head axis positioned approximately 40° adjacent to the object. This movement is believed to be associated with lining up the incoming image to fall on the deep fovea. Raptors will choose which head position to use depending on the distance to the object. At distances as close as 8m, they used primarily binocular vision. At distances greater than 21m, they spent more time using monocular vision. At distances greater than 40m, they spent 80% or more time using their monocular vision. This suggests that raptors tilt their head to rely on the highly acute deep fovea.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like all birds, raptors possess <a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">tetrachromacy</a>, however, due to their emphasis on visual acuity, many diurnal birds of prey have little ability to see ultraviolet light as this produces <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">chromatic aberration</a> which decreases the clarity of vision.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/23px-Eagle_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/35px-Eagle_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/47px-Eagle_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="381" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Birds portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">Origin of birds</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vieillot included the caracaras (<i>Daptrius</i>, <i>Ibycter</i>, and <i>Polyborus</i>) in Vulturini, though it is now known that they are related to falcons.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BioOne_COMPLETE-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BioOne_COMPLETE_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BioOne_COMPLETE_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcClureSchulwitzAndersonRobinson2019" class="citation journal cs1">McClure, Christopher J. W.; Schulwitz, Sarah E.; Anderson, David L.; Robinson, Bryce W.; Mojica, Elizabeth K.; Therrien, Jean-Francois; Oleyar, M. David; Johnson, Jeff (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3356%2F0892-1016-53.4.419">"Commentary: Defining Raptors and Birds of Prey"</a>. <i>Journal of Raptor Research</i>. <b>53</b> (4). BioOne COMPLETE: 419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3356%2F0892-1016-53.4.419">10.3356/0892-1016-53.4.419</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207933673">207933673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Raptor+Research&rft.atitle=Commentary%3A+Defining+Raptors+and+Birds+of+Prey&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=419&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3356%2F0892-1016-53.4.419&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207933673%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McClure&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.+W.&rft.au=Schulwitz%2C+Sarah+E.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+David+L.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Bryce+W.&rft.au=Mojica%2C+Elizabeth+K.&rft.au=Therrien%2C+Jean-Francois&rft.au=Oleyar%2C+M.+David&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3356%252F0892-1016-53.4.419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+of+prey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perrins-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perrins_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perrins_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrinsMiddleton1984" class="citation book cs1">Perrins, Christopher M; Middleton, Alex L. A., eds. (1984). <i>The Encyclopaedia of Birds</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Exotic+Pet+Medicine&rft.atitle=Avian+Vision%3A+A+Review+of+Form+and+Function+with+Special+Consideration+to+Birds+of+Prey&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=69-87&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.jepm.2007.03.012&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft.au=Pierce%2C+Kenneth+E.&rft.au=Ward%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1557506307000341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+of+prey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitkusPotierMartinDuriez2018" class="citation cs2">Mitkus, Mindaugas; Potier, Simon; Martin, Graham R.; Duriez, Olivier; Kelber, Almut (2018-04-26), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/neuroscience/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264086-e-232">"Raptor Vision"</a>, <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience</i>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190264086.013.232">10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.232</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026408-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026408-6"><bdi>978-0-19-026408-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-30</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raptor+Vision&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Neuroscience&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190264086.013.232&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026408-6&rft.aulast=Mitkus&rft.aufirst=Mindaugas&rft.au=Potier%2C+Simon&rft.au=Martin%2C+Graham+R.&rft.au=Duriez%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Kelber%2C+Almut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fneuroscience%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190264086.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190264086-e-232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+of+prey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2000" class="citation journal cs1">Tucker, Vance A. (15 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/203/24/3745/8659/The-Deep-Fovea-Sideways-Vision-and-Spiral-Flight">"The Deep Fovea, Sideways Vision and Spiral Flight Paths in Raptors"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>203</b> (24): 3745–3754. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.203.24.3745">10.1242/jeb.203.24.3745</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11076738">11076738</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Deep+Fovea%2C+Sideways+Vision+and+Spiral+Flight+Paths+in+Raptors&rft.volume=203&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=3745-3754&rft.date=2000-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.203.24.3745&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11076738&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Vance+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.biologists.com%2Fjeb%2Farticle%2F203%2F24%2F3745%2F8659%2FThe-Deep-Fovea-Sideways-Vision-and-Spiral-Flight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+of+prey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindMitkusOlssonKelber2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lind, Olle; Mitkus, Mindaugas; Olsson, Peter; Kelber, Almut (15 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.082834">"Ultraviolet sensitivity and colour vision in raptor foraging"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>216</b> (10): 1819–1826. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.082834">10.1242/jeb.082834</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23785106">23785106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Ultraviolet+sensitivity+and+colour+vision+in+raptor+foraging&rft.volume=216&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1819-1826&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.082834&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23785106&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=Olle&rft.au=Mitkus%2C+Mindaugas&rft.au=Olsson%2C+Peter&rft.au=Kelber%2C+Almut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.082834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+of+prey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Leslie (2013). <i>British birds of prey : a study of Britain's 24 diurnal raptors</i>. Hammersmith, London: HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780007406487" title="Special:BookSources/9780007406487"><bdi>9780007406487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+birds+of+prey+%3A+a+study+of+Britain%27s+24+diurnal+raptors&rft.place=Hammersmith%2C+London&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780007406487&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+of+prey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunneKarlson2017" class="citation book cs1">Dunne, Pete; Karlson, Kevin (2017). <i>Birds of Prey Hawks, Eagles, Falcons, and Vultures of North America</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780544018440" title="Special:BookSources/9780544018440"><bdi>9780544018440</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/953709935">953709935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+of+Prey+Hawks%2C+Eagles%2C+Falcons%2C+and+Vultures+of+North+America&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F953709935&rft.isbn=9780544018440&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft.au=Karlson%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+of+prey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald_Lockhart2017" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald Lockhart, James (2017). <i>Raptor : a journey through birds</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226470580" title="Special:BookSources/9780226470580"><bdi>9780226470580</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959200538">959200538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raptor+%3A+a+journey+through+birds&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959200538&rft.isbn=9780226470580&rft.aulast=Macdonald+Lockhart&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+of+prey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1997" class="citation book cs1">Mackenzie, John P. S. (1997). <i>Birds of prey</i>. Toronto, Ont: Key Porter Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781550138030" title="Special:BookSources/9781550138030"><bdi>9781550138030</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37041161">37041161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+of+prey&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ont&rft.pub=Key+Porter+Books&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37041161&rft.isbn=9781550138030&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=John+P.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+of+prey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1999" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Kenneth (1999). <i>Kenneth Newman's birds of prey of southern Africa : rulers of the skies : an identification guide to 67 species of southern African raptors</i>. Knysna, South Africa: Korck Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0620245364" title="Special:BookSources/978-0620245364"><bdi>978-0620245364</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54470834">54470834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenneth+Newman%27s+birds+of+prey+of+southern+Africa+%3A+rulers+of+the+skies+%3A+an+identification+guide+to+67+species+of+southern+African+raptors&rft.place=Knysna%2C+South+Africa&rft.pub=Korck+Pub.&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54470834&rft.isbn=978-0620245364&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+of+prey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Olsen, Jerry 2014, Australian High Country raptors, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780643109162" title="Special:BookSources/9780643109162">9780643109162</a>.</li> <li>Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, and K. J. Zimmer. [Version 2007-04-05.] A classification of the bird species of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Ornithologists%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="American Ornithologists' Union">American Ornithologists' Union</a>. Accessed 2007-04-10.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamazaki2012" class="citation book cs1">Yamazaki, Toru (2012). <i>Field guide to Raptors of Asia</i>. London: Asian Raptor research and Conservation Network. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786021963531" title="Special:BookSources/9786021963531"><bdi>9786021963531</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857105968">857105968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+guide+to+Raptors+of+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Asian+Raptor+research+and+Conservation+Network&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F857105968&rft.isbn=9786021963531&rft.aulast=Yamazaki&rft.aufirst=Toru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABird+of+prey" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_of_prey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Birds of prey</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bird_of_prey" class="extiw" title="wikt:bird of prey">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Birds_of_prey" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Birds of prey">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/23px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/46px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Falconiformes" class="extiw" title="species:Falconiformes">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070114171742/http://www.peregrinefund.org/explore_raptors/index.html">Explore Birds of Prey</a> with The Peregrine Fund</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macaulaylibrary.org/the-internet-bird-collection-the-macaulay-library/">Explore Birds of Prey</a> on the Internet Bird Collection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdwatching-bliss.com/bird-pictures.html">Bird of Prey Pictures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalraptors.org">Global Raptor Information Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505032119/http://www.thearb.org/visit_birds-of-prey.php">The Arboretum at Flagstaff's Wild Birds of Prey Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><b><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Family</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sagittariidae (<a href="/wiki/Secretarybird" title="Secretarybird">secretarybird</a>)</li> <li>Pandionidae (<a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a>)</li> <li>Accipitridae (<a href="/wiki/Accipitridae" title="Accipitridae">buzzards, eagles, harriers, hawks, kites, and Old World vultures</a>)</li> <li>Cathartidae (<a href="/wiki/New_World_vulture" title="New World vulture">New World vultures</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_World_vultures_(family:_Cathartidae)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_World_vultures" title="Template:New World vultures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_World_vultures" title="Template talk:New World vultures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_World_vultures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New World vultures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_World_vultures_(family:_Cathartidae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_World_vulture" title="New World vulture">New World vultures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>: Cathartidae)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><b><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i>Coragyps</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_vulture" title="Black vulture">American black vulture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cathartes" title="Cathartes">Cathartes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_vulture" title="Turkey vulture">Turkey vulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_yellow-headed_vulture" title="Lesser yellow-headed vulture">Lesser yellow-headed vulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_yellow-headed_vulture" title="Greater yellow-headed vulture">Greater yellow-headed vulture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i>Gymnogyps</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_condor" title="California condor">California condor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i>Vultur</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_condor" title="Andean condor">Andean condor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i>Sarcoramphus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_vulture" title="King vulture">King vulture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Old_World_vultures_(subfamily:_Aegypiinae)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Old_World_vultures" title="Template:Old World vultures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Old_World_vultures" title="Template talk:Old World vultures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Old_World_vultures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Old World vultures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_World_vultures_(subfamily:_Aegypiinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_World_vulture" title="Old World vulture">Old World vultures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">subfamily</a>: <b>Aegypiinae</b>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><b><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;background:#eef;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i>Aegypius</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinereous_vulture" title="Cinereous vulture">Cinereous vulture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i>Gypaetus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_vulture" title="Bearded vulture">Bearded vulture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i>Gypohierax</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm-nut_vulture" title="Palm-nut vulture">Palm-nut vulture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gyps" title="Gyps">Gyps</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_griffon_vulture" title="Eurasian griffon vulture">Eurasian griffon vulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-rumped_vulture" title="White-rumped vulture">White-rumped vulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_vulture" title="Rüppell's vulture">Rüppell's vulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_vulture" title="Indian vulture">Indian vulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender-billed_vulture" title="Slender-billed vulture">Slender-billed vulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_vulture" title="Himalayan vulture">Himalayan griffon vulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-backed_vulture" title="White-backed vulture">White-backed vulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_vulture" title="Cape vulture">Cape vulture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i>Necrosyrtes</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_vulture" title="Hooded vulture">Hooded vulture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i>Neophron</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_vulture" title="Egyptian vulture">Egyptian vulture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i>Sarcogyps</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red-headed_vulture" title="Red-headed vulture">Red-headed vulture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i>Torgos</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lappet-faced_vulture" title="Lappet-faced vulture">Lappet-faced vulture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i>Trigonoceps</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-headed_vulture" title="White-headed vulture">White-headed vulture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buteoninae"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subfamily:_Buteoninae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Subfamily</a>: <a href="/wiki/Buteoninae" title="Buteoninae">Buteoninae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#eef;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></b> (extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Geranoaetus" title="Geranoaetus">Geranoaetus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-chested_buzzard-eagle" title="Black-chested buzzard-eagle">Black-chested buzzard-eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_hawk" title="Variable hawk">Variable hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_hawk" title="White-tailed hawk">White-tailed hawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Buteo" title="Buteo">Buteo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_buzzard" title="Common buzzard">Common buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_buzzard" title="Eastern buzzard">Eastern buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_buzzard" title="Himalayan buzzard">Himalayan buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_buzzard" title="Cape Verde buzzard">Cape Verde buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra_buzzard" title="Socotra buzzard">Socotra buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">Red-tailed hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-legged_buzzard" title="Long-legged buzzard">Long-legged buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough-legged_buzzard" title="Rough-legged buzzard">Rough-legged buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruginous_hawk" title="Ferruginous hawk">Ferruginous hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-shouldered_hawk" title="Red-shouldered hawk">Red-shouldered hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad-winged_hawk" title="Broad-winged hawk">Broad-winged hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swainson%27s_hawk" title="Swainson's hawk">Swainson's hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridgway%27s_hawk" title="Ridgway's hawk">Ridgway's hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-rumped_hawk" title="White-rumped hawk">White-rumped hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_hawk" title="Short-tailed hawk">Short-tailed hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-throated_hawk" title="White-throated hawk">White-throated hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galapagos_hawk" title="Galapagos hawk">Galapagos hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_hawk" title="Gray hawk">Gray hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone-tailed_hawk" title="Zone-tailed hawk">Zone-tailed hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_hawk" title="Hawaiian hawk">Hawaiian hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufous-tailed_hawk" title="Rufous-tailed hawk">Rufous-tailed hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_buzzard" title="Forest buzzard">Forest buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_buzzard" title="Mountain buzzard">Mountain buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_buzzard" title="Madagascar buzzard">Madagascar buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_buzzard" title="Upland buzzard">Upland buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-necked_buzzard" title="Red-necked buzzard">Red-necked buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal_buzzard" title="Jackal buzzard">Jackal buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archer%27s_buzzard" title="Archer's buzzard">Archer's buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augur_buzzard" title="Augur buzzard">Augur buzzard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Rupornis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roadside_hawk" title="Roadside hawk">Roadside hawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Parabuteo" title="Parabuteo">Parabuteo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harris%27s_hawk" title="Harris's hawk">Harris's hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-rumped_hawk" title="White-rumped hawk">White-rumped hawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Buteogallus" title="Buteogallus">Buteogallus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rufous_crab_hawk" title="Rufous crab hawk">Rufous crab hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_black_hawk" title="Common black hawk">Common black hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_black_hawk" title="Cuban black hawk">Cuban black hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_black_hawk" title="Great black hawk">Great black hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna_hawk" title="Savanna hawk">Savanna hawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Busarellus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-collared_hawk" title="Black-collared hawk">Black-collared hawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Leucopternis" title="Leucopternis">Leucopternis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-browed_hawk" title="White-browed hawk">White-browed hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-necked_hawk" title="White-necked hawk">White-necked hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-faced_hawk" title="Black-faced hawk">Black-faced hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbeous_hawk" title="Plumbeous hawk">Plumbeous hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barred_hawk" title="Barred hawk">Barred hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate-colored_hawk" title="Slate-colored hawk">Slate-colored hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiplumbeous_hawk" title="Semiplumbeous hawk">Semiplumbeous hawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudastur" title="Pseudastur">Pseudastur</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey-backed_hawk" title="Grey-backed hawk">Grey-backed hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hawk" title="White hawk">White hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantled_hawk" title="Mantled hawk">Mantled hawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Kaupifalco</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lizard_buzzard" title="Lizard buzzard">Lizard buzzard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Butastur" title="Butastur">Butastur</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rufous-winged_buzzard" title="Rufous-winged buzzard">Rufous-winged buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper_buzzard" title="Grasshopper buzzard">Grasshopper buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-eyed_buzzard" title="White-eyed buzzard">White-eyed buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-faced_buzzard" title="Grey-faced buzzard">Grey-faced buzzard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Harpyhaliaetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpyhaliaetus">Harpyhaliaetus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_eagle" title="Chaco eagle">Chaco eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_eagle" title="Solitary eagle">Solitary eagle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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