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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Protecting the power system from outages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protecting_the_power_system_from_outages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protecting_computer_systems_from_power_outages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protecting_computer_systems_from_power_outages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Protecting computer systems from power outages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protecting_computer_systems_from_power_outages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoring_power_after_a_wide-area_outage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoring_power_after_a_wide-area_outage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Restoring power after a wide-area outage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoring_power_after_a_wide-area_outage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blackout_inevitability_and_electric_sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blackout_inevitability_and_electric_sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Blackout inevitability and electric sustainability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Blackout_inevitability_and_electric_sustainability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Blackout inevitability and electric sustainability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Blackout_inevitability_and_electric_sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Self-organized_criticality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-organized_criticality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Self-organized criticality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-organized_criticality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OPA_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OPA_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>OPA model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OPA_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitigation_of_power_outage_frequency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigation_of_power_outage_frequency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Mitigation of power outage frequency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitigation_of_power_outage_frequency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_performance_indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_performance_indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Key performance indicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_performance_indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Power outage</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99r%C9%99yan%C4%B1n_k%C9%99silm%C9%99si" title="Cərəyanın kəsilməsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cərəyanın kəsilməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%AAng-ti%C4%81n" title="Thêng-tiān – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thêng-tiān" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestanak_elektri%C4%8Dne_energije" title="Nestanak električne energije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nestanak električne energije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDpadek_dod%C3%A1vky_elekt%C5%99iny" title="Výpadek dodávky elektřiny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výpadek dodávky elektřiny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriad_trydan" title="Toriad trydan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Toriad trydan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B8msvigt" title="Strømsvigt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Strømsvigt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromausfall" title="Stromausfall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stromausfall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apag%C3%B3n_el%C3%A9ctrico" title="Apagón eléctrico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apagón eléctrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrorompo" title="Elektrorompo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektrorompo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82)" title="خاموشی (برق) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خاموشی (برق)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panne_de_courant" title="Panne de courant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Panne de courant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%A0%84_(%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0)" title="정전 (전기) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정전 (전기)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati_listrik" title="Mati listrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mati listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_out" title="Black out – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Black out" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C" title="הפסקת חשמל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפסקת חשמל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetin%C4%97_avarija" title="Energetinė avarija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Energetinė avarija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangguan_bekalan_elektrik" title="Gangguan bekalan elektrik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gangguan bekalan elektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroomuitval" title="Stroomuitval – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stroomuitval" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E9%9B%BB" title="停電 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="停電" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr_uzilishi" title="Elektr uzilishi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektr uzilishi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterussion_el%C3%A9trica" title="Anterussion elétrica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Anterussion elétrica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaria_zasilania" title="Awaria zasilania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Awaria zasilania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apag%C3%A3o" title="Apagão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apagão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%83_de_electricitate" title="Pană de electricitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pană de electricitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Авария в энергосистеме – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авария в энергосистеме" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%C3%ABrprerja_e_rrym%C3%ABs" title="Ndërprerja e rrymës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndërprerja e rrymës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_cut" title="Power cut – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Power cut" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6katkos" title="Sähkökatkos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähkökatkos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elavbrott" title="Elavbrott – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elavbrott" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மின்சார நிறுத்தம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்சார நிறுத்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ไฟฟ้าดับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฟฟ้าดับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Аварія в енергосистемі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аварія в енергосистемі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n" title="Mất điện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mất điện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E9%9B%BB" title="停電 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="停電" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Loss of electric power to an area</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about accidental power failures. For intentionally engineered ones, see <a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">rolling blackout</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Power_Outage_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Power Outage (disambiguation)">Power Outage (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Power cut" redirects here. For the 2012 Punjabi film, see <a href="/wiki/Power_Cut" title="Power Cut">Power Cut</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calle_Larga_at_night_during_power_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Calle_Larga_at_night_during_power_cut.jpg/280px-Calle_Larga_at_night_during_power_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Calle_Larga_at_night_during_power_cut.jpg/420px-Calle_Larga_at_night_during_power_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Calle_Larga_at_night_during_power_cut.jpg/560px-Calle_Larga_at_night_during_power_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Vehicle lights provided the only illumination during the <a href="/wiki/2009_Ecuador_electricity_crisis" title="2009 Ecuador electricity crisis">2009 Ecuador electricity crisis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>power outage</b>, also called a <b>powercut</b>, a <b>power out</b>, a <b>power failure</b>, a <b>power blackout</b>, a <b>power loss</b>, a <b>blackout</b> or a <b>power drought</b> — is the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical power">electrical power</a> network supply to an <a href="/wiki/End_user" title="End user">end user</a>. </p><p>There are many causes of power failures in an electricity network. Examples of these causes include faults at <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a>, damage to <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electric transmission lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">substations</a> or other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Electricity_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity distribution">distribution</a> system, a <a href="/wiki/Short_circuit" title="Short circuit">short circuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure#Cascading_failure_in_power_transmission" title="Cascading failure">cascading failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">fuse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">circuit breaker</a> operation. </p><p>Power failures are particularly critical at sites where the environment and public safety are at risk. Institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewage_Treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage Treatment">sewage treatment plants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a> will usually have backup power sources such as <a href="/wiki/Emergency_power_system" title="Emergency power system">standby generators</a>, which will automatically start up when electrical power is lost. Other critical systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a>, are also required to have emergency power. The <a href="/wiki/Battery_room" title="Battery room">battery room</a> of a telephone exchange usually has arrays of <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead–acid batteries</a> for backup and also a socket for connecting a generator during extended periods of outage. During a power outage, there is a disruption in the supply of electricity, resulting in a loss of power to homes, businesses, and other facilities. Power outages can occur for various reasons, including severe weather conditions (e.g. storms, hurricanes, or blizzards), earthquakes, equipment failure, grid overload, or planned maintenance. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_outage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PowerOutageBlackout.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/PowerOutageBlackout.svg/220px-PowerOutageBlackout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/PowerOutageBlackout.svg/330px-PowerOutageBlackout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/PowerOutageBlackout.svg/440px-PowerOutageBlackout.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Blackout</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PowerOutageDropout.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/PowerOutageDropout.svg/220px-PowerOutageDropout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/PowerOutageDropout.svg/330px-PowerOutageDropout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/PowerOutageDropout.svg/440px-PowerOutageDropout.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Transient fault</figcaption></figure> <p>Power outages are categorized into three different phenomena, relating to the duration and effect of the outage: </p> <ul><li>A transient fault is a loss of power typically caused by a fault on a power line, e.g. a <a href="/wiki/Short_circuit" title="Short circuit">short circuit</a> or flashover. Power is automatically restored once the fault is cleared.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">brownout</a> is a drop in <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">voltage</a> in an electrical power supply. The term brownout comes from the dimming experienced by incandescent lighting when the voltage sags. Brownouts can cause poor performance of equipment or even incorrect operation.</li> <li>A blackout is the total loss of power to a wider area and of long duration.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the most severe form of power outage that can occur. Blackouts which result from or result in <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a> tripping are particularly difficult to recover from quickly. Outages may last from a few minutes to a few weeks depending on the nature of the blackout and the configuration of the electrical network.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">Rolling blackouts</a> occur when demand for electricity exceeds supply, and allow some customers to receive power at the required voltage at the expense of other customers who get no power at all. They are a common occurrence in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, and may be scheduled in advance or occur without warning. They have also occurred in developed countries, for example in the <a href="/wiki/California_electricity_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="California electricity crisis">California electricity crisis</a> of 2000–2001, when government deregulation destabilized the wholesale electricity market. Blackouts are also used as a public safety measure, such as to prevent a <a href="/wiki/Gas_leak" title="Gas leak">gas leak</a> from catching fire (for example, power was cut to several towns in response to the <a href="/wiki/Merrimack_Valley_gas_explosions" title="Merrimack Valley gas explosions">Merrimack Valley gas explosions</a>), or to prevent wildfires around poorly maintained transmission lines (such as during the <a href="/wiki/2019_California_power_shutoffs" title="2019 California power shutoffs">2019 California power shutoffs</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protecting_the_power_system_from_outages">Protecting the power system from outages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_outage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Protecting the power system from outages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossed_wires.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Crossed_wires.JPG/220px-Crossed_wires.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Crossed_wires.JPG/330px-Crossed_wires.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Crossed_wires.JPG/440px-Crossed_wires.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Tree limbs creating a short circuit in power lines during a storm. This typically results in a power outage in the area supplied by these lines</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Grid_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid (electricity)">power supply networks</a>, the power generation and the electrical load (demand) must be very close to equal every second to avoid overloading of network components, which can severely damage them. <a href="/wiki/Protective_relay" title="Protective relay">Protective relays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">fuses</a> are used to automatically detect overloads and to disconnect circuits at risk of damage. </p><p>Under certain conditions, a network component shutting down can cause current fluctuations in neighboring segments of the network leading to a <a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">cascading failure</a> of a larger section of the network. This may range from a building, to a block, to an entire city, to an entire <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grid</a>. </p><p>Modern power systems are designed to be resistant to this sort of cascading failure, but it may be unavoidable (see below). Moreover, since there is no short-term economic benefit to preventing rare large-scale failures, researchers have expressed concern that there is a tendency to erode the resilience of the network over time, which is only corrected after a major failure occurs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In a 2003 publication, Carreras and co-authors claimed that reducing the likelihood of small outages only increases the likelihood of larger ones.<sup id="cite_ref-ref2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that case, the short-term economic benefit of keeping the individual customer happy increases the likelihood of large-scale blackouts. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources</a> held a hearing in October 2018 to examine "<a href="/wiki/Black_start" title="Black start">black start</a>", the process of restoring electricity after a system-wide power loss. The hearing's purpose was for Congress to learn about what the backup plans are in the electric utility industry in the case that the electric grid is damaged. Threats to the electrical grid include cyberattacks, solar storms, and severe weather, among others. For example, the "<a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Northeast blackout of 2003">Northeast Blackout of 2003</a>" was caused when overgrown trees touched high-voltage power lines. Around 55 million people in the U.S. and Canada lost power, and restoring it cost around $6 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protecting_computer_systems_from_power_outages">Protecting computer systems from power outages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_outage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Protecting computer systems from power outages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computer systems and other electronic devices containing logic circuitry are susceptible to data loss or hardware damage that can be caused by the sudden loss of power. These can include data networking equipment, video projectors, alarm systems as well as computers. To protect computer systems against this, the use of an <a href="/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply" title="Uninterruptible power supply">uninterruptible power supply</a> or 'UPS' can provide a constant flow of electricity if a primary power supply becomes unavailable for a short period of time. To protect against surges (events where voltages increase for a few seconds), which can damage hardware when power is restored, a special device called a <a href="/wiki/Surge_protector" title="Surge protector">surge protector</a> that absorbs the excess voltage can be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoring_power_after_a_wide-area_outage">Restoring power after a wide-area outage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_outage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Restoring power after a wide-area outage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Restoring power after a wide-area outage can be difficult, as power stations need to be brought back online. Normally, this is done with the help of power from the rest of the grid. In the total absence of grid power, a so-called <a href="/wiki/Black_start" title="Black start">black start</a> needs to be performed to <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping#Electric_power_grid" title="Bootstrapping">bootstrap</a> the power grid into operation. The means of doing so will depend greatly on local circumstances and operational policies, but typically <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">transmission</a> utilities will establish localized 'power islands' which are then progressively coupled together. To maintain supply frequencies within tolerable limits during this process, demand must be reconnected at the same pace that generation is restored, requiring close coordination between power stations, transmission and distribution organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blackout_inevitability_and_electric_sustainability">Blackout inevitability and electric sustainability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_outage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Blackout inevitability and electric sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V4_Web_BOeLL-FF_Energiewende_(page_8_crop)_-_Stromausfall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/V4_Web_BOeLL-FF_Energiewende_%28page_8_crop%29_-_Stromausfall.jpg/220px-V4_Web_BOeLL-FF_Energiewende_%28page_8_crop%29_-_Stromausfall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/V4_Web_BOeLL-FF_Energiewende_%28page_8_crop%29_-_Stromausfall.jpg/330px-V4_Web_BOeLL-FF_Energiewende_%28page_8_crop%29_-_Stromausfall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/V4_Web_BOeLL-FF_Energiewende_%28page_8_crop%29_-_Stromausfall.jpg/440px-V4_Web_BOeLL-FF_Energiewende_%28page_8_crop%29_-_Stromausfall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1681" data-file-height="2017" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of duration of power outages (<a href="/wiki/SAIDI" title="SAIDI">SAIDI value</a>), in 2014.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-organized_criticality">Self-organized criticality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_outage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Self-organized criticality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Self-organized_criticality_control" title="Self-organized criticality control">Self-organized criticality control</a></div> <p>It has been argued on the basis of <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_outages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of power outages">historical data</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref2002a_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2002a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and computer modeling<sup id="cite_ref-ref2002b_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2002b-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hh2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hh2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that <a href="/wiki/Power_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Power grid">power grids</a> are <a href="/wiki/Self-organized_criticality" title="Self-organized criticality">self-organized critical systems</a>. These systems exhibit unavoidable<sup id="cite_ref-Carreras_et_al._2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carreras_et_al._2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> disturbances of all sizes, up to the size of the entire system. This phenomenon has been attributed to steadily increasing demand/load, the economics of running a power company, and the limits of modern engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobson_et_al._2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobson_et_al._2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While blackout frequency has been shown to be reduced by operating it further from its critical point, it generally is not economically feasible, causing providers to increase the average load over time or upgrade less often resulting in the grid moving itself closer to its critical point. Conversely, a system past the critical point will experience too many blackouts leading to system-wide upgrades moving it back below the critical point. The term critical point of the system is used here in the sense of statistical physics and nonlinear dynamics, representing the point where a system undergoes a <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transition</a>; in this case the transition from a steady reliable grid with few cascading failures to a very sporadic unreliable grid with common cascading failures. Near the critical point the relationship between blackout frequency and size follows a <a href="/wiki/Power_law" title="Power law">power-law</a> distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-hh2014_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hh2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dobson_et_al._2007_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobson_et_al._2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">Cascading failure</a> becomes much more common close to this critical point. The <a href="/wiki/Power-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Power-law">power-law</a> relationship is seen in both historical data and model systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobson_et_al._2007_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobson_et_al._2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of operating these systems much closer to their maximum capacity leads to magnified effects of random, unavoidable disturbances due to aging, weather, human interaction etc. While near the critical point, these failures have a greater effect on the surrounding components due to individual components carrying a larger load. This results in the larger load from the failing component having to be redistributed in larger quantities across the system, making it more likely for additional components not directly affected by the disturbance to fail, igniting costly and dangerous cascading failures.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobson_et_al._2007_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobson_et_al._2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These initial disturbances causing blackouts are all the more unexpected and unavoidable due to actions of the power suppliers to prevent obvious disturbances (cutting back trees, separating lines in windy areas, replacing aging components etc.). The complexity of most power grids often makes the initial cause of a blackout extremely hard to identify. </p><p>Leaders are dismissive of system theories that conclude that blackouts are inevitable, but do agree that the basic operation of the grid must be changed. The <a href="/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute" title="Electric Power Research Institute">Electric Power Research Institute</a> champions the use of <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">smart grid</a> features such as power control devices employing <a href="/wiki/Phasor_measurement_unit" title="Phasor measurement unit">advanced sensors</a> to coordinate the grid.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others advocate greater use of electronically controlled <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">high-voltage direct current</a> (HVDC) firebreaks to prevent disturbances from cascading across AC lines in a <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_synchronous_grid" title="Wide area synchronous grid">wide area grid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OPA_model">OPA model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_outage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: OPA model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, researchers at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> (ORNL), Power System Engineering Research Center of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a> (PSerc),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Fairbanks" title="University of Alaska Fairbanks">University of Alaska Fairbanks</a> proposed a mathematical model for the behavior of electrical distribution systems.<sup id="cite_ref-opa_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opa-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-initial_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-initial-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model has become known as the OPA model, a reference to the names of the authors' institutions. OPA is a cascading failure model. Other cascading failure models include Manchester, Hidden failure, CASCADE, and Branching.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OPA model was quantitatively compared with a complex networks model of a <a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">cascading failure</a> – Crucitti–Latora–Marchiori (CLM) model,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing that both models exhibit similar phase transitions in the average network damage (load shed/demand in OPA, path damage in CLM), with respect to transmission capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitigation_of_power_outage_frequency">Mitigation of power outage frequency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_outage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mitigation of power outage frequency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effects of trying to mitigate cascading failures near the critical point in an economically feasible fashion are often shown to not be beneficial and often even detrimental. Four mitigation methods have been tested using the <i>OPA</i> blackout model:<sup id="cite_ref-ref2003_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Increase critical number of failures causing cascading blackouts – Shown to decrease the frequency of smaller blackouts but increase that of larger blackouts.</li> <li>Increase individual power line max load – Shown to increase the frequency of smaller blackouts and decrease that of larger blackouts.</li> <li>Combination of increasing critical number and max load of lines – Shown to have no significant effect on either size of blackout. The resulting minor reduction in the frequency of blackouts is projected to not be worth the cost of the implementation.</li> <li>Increase the excess power available to the grid – Shown to decrease the frequency of smaller blackouts but increase that of larger blackouts.</li></ul> <p>In addition to the finding of each mitigation strategy having a cost-benefit relationship with regards to frequency of small and large blackouts, the total number of blackout events was not significantly reduced by any of the above-mentioned mitigation measures.<sup id="cite_ref-ref2003_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A complex network-based model to control large <a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">cascading failures</a> (blackouts) <i>using local information only</i> was proposed by A. E. Motter.<sup id="cite_ref-Motter2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motter2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, one of the solutions proposed to reduce the impact of power outage was introduced by M. S. Saleh.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_performance_indicators">Key performance indicators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_outage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Key performance indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utilities are measured on three specific performance measures: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAIDI" title="SAIDI">System Average Interruption Duration Index</a>, measured in minutes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAIDI" title="CAIDI">Customer Average Interruption Duration Index</a>, measured in minutes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAIFI" title="CAIFI">Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_outage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Dumsor" title="Dumsor">Dumsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_outage" title="Internet outage">Internet outage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_storage_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of energy storage projects">List of energy storage projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outage_management_system" title="Outage management system">Outage management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proactive_cyber_defence" title="Proactive cyber defence">Proactive cyber defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">Rolling blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organized_criticality_control" title="Self-organized criticality control">Self-organized criticality control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply" title="Uninterruptible power supply">Uninterruptible power supply</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Major power outages</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_power_outages" title="List of major power outages">List of major power outages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_blackouts" title="2019 Venezuelan blackouts">2019 Venezuelan blackouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Java_blackout" title="2019 Java blackout">2019 Java blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_India_blackouts" title="2012 India blackouts">2012 India blackouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Italy_blackout" title="2003 Italy blackout">2003 Italy blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Southwest_blackout" title="2011 Southwest blackout">2011 Southwest blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_California_power_shutoffs" title="2019 California power shutoffs">2019 California power shutoffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_13%E2%80%9317,_2021_North_American_winter_storm" title="February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm">February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_blackout_of_1977" title="New York City blackout of 1977">New York City blackout of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_1965" title="Northeast blackout of 1965">Northeast blackout of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Northeast blackout of 2003">Northeast blackout of 2003</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_outage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPetermannBradkeLüllmannPoetzsch2011" class="citation book cs1">Petermann, Thomas; Bradke, Harald; Lüllmann, Arne; Poetzsch, Maik; Riehm, Ulrich (2011). <i>What happens during a blackout – Consequences of a prolonged and wide-ranging power outage</i>. 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electricity_delivery729" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electricity_delivery" title="Template:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electricity_delivery" title="Template talk:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electricity_delivery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electricity_delivery729" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_delivery" title="Electricity delivery">Electricity delivery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_generation_control" title="Automatic generation control">Automatic generation control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backfeeding" title="Backfeeding">Backfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_load" title="Base load">Base load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_factor" title="Demand factor">Demand factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droop_speed_control" title="Droop speed control">Droop speed control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_quality" title="Electric power quality">Electric power quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_fault" title="Electrical fault">Electrical fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_demand_management" title="Energy demand management">Energy demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_code" title="Grid code">Grid code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">Grid energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid strength">Grid strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_storage" title="Home energy storage">Home energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load-following_power_plant" title="Load-following power plant">Load-following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_order" title="Merit order">Merit order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">Nameplate capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_demand" title="Peak demand">Peak demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-flow_study" title="Power-flow study">Power-flow study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repowering" title="Repowering">Repowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">Utility frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">Variability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abspannportal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt"><img alt="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/120px-Abspannportal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/180px-Abspannportal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/240px-Abspannportal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">Fossil fuel power station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_station_technology" title="Category:Power station technology">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Combined cycle power plant">Combined cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_generator" title="Induction generator">Induction generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">Micro CHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_power_plant" title="Virtual power plant">Virtual power plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">Demand response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">Distributed generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_demand_(electric_power)" title="Dynamic demand (electric power)">Dynamic demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Electric power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_system" title="Electric power system">Electric power system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_busbar_system" title="Electrical busbar system">Electrical busbar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">Electrical substation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_retailing" title="Electricity retailing">Electricity retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">High-voltage direct current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_shore_connection" title="High-voltage shore connection">High-voltage shore connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interconnector" title="Interconnector">Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_management" title="Load management">Load management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country" title="Mains electricity by country">Mains electricity by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">Power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">Pumped hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return" title="Single-wire earth return">Single-wire earth return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_grid" title="Super grid">Super grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_system_operator" title="Transmission system operator">Transmission system operator</a> (TSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">Transmission tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Failure modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_start" title="Black start">Black start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">Brownout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">Cascading failure</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Power outage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">Rolling blackout</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Protective<br />devices</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupter" title="Arc-fault circuit interrupter">Arc-fault circuit interrupter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth-leakage_circuit_breaker" title="Earth-leakage circuit breaker">Earth-leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride_circuit_breaker" title="Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker">Sulfur hexafluoride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generator_interlock_kit" title="Generator interlock kit">Generator interlock kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_relay" title="Numerical relay">Numerical relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_system_protection" title="Power system protection">Power system protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_relay" title="Protective relay">Protective relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual-current_device" title="Residual-current device">Residual-current device</a> (GFI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Economics<br />and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_factor" title="Availability factor">Availability factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">Capacity factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_factor_(electrical)" title="Load factor (electrical)">Load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Certificate_(United_States)" title="Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)">Renewable Energy Certificates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Payments" title="Renewable Energy Payments">Renewable Energy Payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_spread" title="Spark spread">Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Statistics and<br />production</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption" title="Electric energy consumption">Electric energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_sectors" title="List of electricity sectors">List of electricity sectors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_distribution" title="Category:Electric power distribution">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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